SPE 124484

New Technique to Determine Biot Coefficient for Stress Sensitive Dual

Porosity Reservoirs
H.H. Abass and A.M. Tahini, Saudi Aramco; Y.N. Abousleiman, Oklahoma University; and Mirajuddin Khan,
Saudi Aramco
Copyright 2009, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2009 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 47 October 2009.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
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Abstract
Poroelasticity plays a vital role in many applications of rock mechanics in petroleum engineering. To model dual porosity
stress sensitive reservoirs such as tight gas, it is necessary to quantify the stress-dependant hydraulic conductivities of their
porous components, the matrix and natural fractures. The role of effective stress concept near the wellbore is more
pronounced as the reservoir pressure declines rather rapidly approaching the bottom hole flowing pressure. The porous media
changes when reservoir pressure is altered and therefore the elastic coefficient () becomes a function of reservoir pressure
for both components; matrix and fractures.

Rock samples from tight formation were tested to determine the stress-dependant matrix permeability. Various combinations
of net effective stresses were applied and the corresponding permeabilities were measured at each stress level. Applying the
definition of effective stress with an iterative assumption of Biots coefficient enabled the determination of () as a function
of pressure.

Additionally, the Biot coefficient was determined for a natural fracture. A tensile fracture was simulated by splitting a whole
core following a Brazilian test procedure. The stress dependent permeability was evaluated under varied effective stresses
simulating a reservoir depletion scenario. The concept of effective stress within the natural fracture was totally different than
that of rock matrix; therefore, the effective stress function for both matrix and natural fractures were evaluated and
representative functions for both media were obtained. These stress-dependent permeability functions can then be used in any
rock mechanics application in petroleum engineering. The developed experimental procedure is fairly simple and is discussed
in details, and selective relavant applications are presented.

The new technique for determining the Biot coefficient is based on the application it is being used for; the effect of effective
stress on matrix and natural fracture permeabilities. This paper shows that two poroelastic coefficients, and not one, should
be used in any dual porosity system to obtain reasonable prediction of reservoir performance. Varying the coefficient as a
function of pore pressure allowed for determining a pressure dependant function for a given porous medium.

Introduction
Tight reservoirs behave as dual porosity/permeability systems in which the rock matrix, natural fractures network and created
hydraulic fractures, if these reservoirs are hydraulically fractured, contribute to the hydrocarbon transport in a very complex
manner. Permeability loss due to increasing effective stress as a result of reservoir depletion can result in substantial
cumulative recovery loss
1
. An increased effective stress, which is a combined effect of stress and pore-pressure, may
decrease reservoir permeability slightly or considerably depending on its initial permeability. The permeability of tight
reservoirs has been postulated to be highly sensitive to changing effective stresses. This permeability sensitivity to changing
stresses is most pronounced in tight; over pressured, naturally fractured reservoirs where the apertures of natural fractures are
very sensitive to applied closure stress resulted from reservoir depletion.


A working model consistent in both fluid flow and geomechanical considerations is required to link various fluid-rock
information (e.g., flow/storage properties, rock mechanical properties, reservoir fluid pressure and stress level) measured by
2 SPE 124484
different techniques and to forecast reservoir performance
2
. Natural fractures impact on production has been studied by
various authors whom have proposed that these fissures if kept open can contribute substantially to production.
3-9

Transvers anisotropy of Biot coefficient in the vertical and horizontal directions was experimently determined
10
.
Understanding the hydraulic characteristics of the matrix frame, natural fractures, and created hydraulic fractures as a
function of effective confining stress is vital to design optimum stimulation treatments, to predict reservoir performance via
reservoir simulation.

The objective of this study was to investigate permeability reduction characteristics of natural fractures in highly stressed
reservoirs with lowered pore pressure. A pore pressure versus permeability relationship is essential for optimizing field
development scenarios. This matrix-fracture flow transfer function has been used to simulate fluid flow through fractured
porous medium. A shape factor is usually imbedded within the transfer function. Considering the work presented in this
paper, a new perspective for the transfer function including the shape factor should be considered to include the stress
dependant fracture aperture and its permeability, in addition to the stress dependant matrix permeability.


Effective Stress Concept

The effective stress concept suggests that pore pressure helps counteract the mechanical stress carried by the grain-to-grain
contact. The efficiency of reservoir pressure, p
r
, in supporting the earth stresses is measured by the poroelastic factor , and
the relationship is
11,12
:


p a = .... (1)


Where , is the effective stress, and is the total stress. The coefficient, , is given by:

= 1
c
c
ma
b
, 0 1 .. (2)

With the bulk compressibility, c
b
, given by:


c
3(1 2 )
E
b
=

(3)


If the rock has low porosity as it is the case in TGS, the matrix compressibility, cma, may be close to cb, and therefore
approaches zero. Conversely, with high porosity, the matrix compressibility is much smaller than the bulk compressibility;
therefore, becomes closer to one. The role of effective stress concept near the wellbore is more pronounced as the reservoir
pressure declines rather rapidly, approaching the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP). Understanding the effective stress
concept in TGS is critical to explain many of the unique observations encountered in producing these reservoirs. Lets
consider a given pressure drawdown profile of a single well. The reservoir pressure as a function of radial distance from a
given well can be simplified as follows:

w
e
w
w e w
r
r
r
r
P P P r p ) ( ) ( + =
... (4)

For example, if pe = 12,000 psi, pw = 2,500 psi, re = 4,000 ft, rw = 0.5 ft, =15,000 psi, and = 1.0 or 0.3, then the pressure
and effect stress gradients around the flowing wellbore for the given example is shown in Figure 1.

SPE 124484 3
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
Distance (ft)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

p
s
i
reservoir pressure
effective stress (Alfa=1)
effective stress (Alfa=0.3)
total stress

Figure 1: Reservoir pressure and effective stress gradients around a wellbore.

The greatest pressure drop occurs within a short distance from the wellbore. Therefore, the effective stress will be the highest
near the wellbore, causing permeability reduction in addition to that caused by radial flow convergence and skin. Although
is assumed to be constant, it is really a function of pressure. The near wellbore permeability in specific, and the reservoir
permeability in general, changes with pressure, thus affecting our well test analysis, single-well reservoir simulation studies,
and the reservoir management strategies as a whole. Therefore, modeling this mechanism is critical to how these petroleum
engineering tools are used for TGS reservoir evaluation and performance prediction. Changes in fracture permeability caused
by changes in effective stress, caused by changes in the pore pressure, have been observed at both laboratory and field
studies. Although the terminology Stress-sensitive reservoirs has been widely used in the literature, all reservoirs exhibit
stress-sensitive permeability. The effective stress magnitude and resulting deformation which produce permeability changes,
differs from one reservoir to another. The effective stress is a function of pore pressure, total stress, and Biots coefficient,
and the deformation is a function of the rock elastic and plastic characteristics. Therefore the resulting permeability change is
a very complex function for an analytical equation and should be experimentally evaluated for a given rock formation at in-
situ conditions.

Experimental Simulation

An experimental procedure was designed to simulate the reservoir permeability (matrix, natural fractures and induced
fractures) reduction as a function of increasing effective stress. Whole core samples were used with dimensions of 4-in.
diameter and various lengths (4 - 8 in). The sample is then tested for matrix conductivity, as it is positioned inside the rock
mechanics loading frame where confining pressure is applied around the sample and a linear flow is established at a given
pore pressure to determine the permeability as a function of various combinations of confining and pore pressures.

Carbonate Sample

Selected samples such that they do not appear to have microfractures were tested to determine the stress-dependant matrix
permeability. Various combinations of net effective stresses were applied and the permeability measured at each stress level.
Table 1 presents all combinations of applied confining stresses and the pore pressure levels and gradients for a given flow
test.

Recalling the definition of effective stress as given in equation 1, it is required to assume a value for the Biots coefficient
(). Assuming is 1, and plotting matrix permeability as a function of effective stress, we obtain Figure 2. Close
examination of Figure 2 suggests that for a given effective stress multiple values of permeabilities are measured. This is not
an experimental error rather the assumption of being one is not valid.

The next step is to change and replot the stress-dependant permeability function until a meaningful trend is obtained. Since
is function of stress, then varying it within the constraints from the first step would produce the stress-dependant
permeability presented in Figure 3 with estimated function (p).





4 SPE 124484
Table 1: applied confining stresses for various flow tests

C
p
P
out
P
in
P
av
P Q K
psi psi psi psi psi mlcc/m D
2488 2004 1000 1502 1004 7.644 0.313
4519 4010 3000 3505 1010 6.359 0.2588
4506 2013 1000 1507 1013 4.224 0.1714
8555 8006 7000 7503 1006 5.124 0.2093
6495 4002 3000 3501 1002 3.616 0.1484
6487 1999 1000 1499 999 3.178 0.1308
8511 4006 3000 3503 1006 2.857 0.1167
8511 2005 1000 1502 1005 2.595 0.1061
10012 2005 1000 1502 1005 2.521 0.1032

Stress-dependant matrix permeability
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Effective confining stress, psi
M
a
t
r
i
x

p
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,

M
i
c
r
o
-
D
a
r
c
y
Stress-dependant matrix permeability
y = 1.9989x
-0.1236
y = 21.548x
-0.5937
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Effective confining stress, psi
M
a
t
r
i
x

p
e
r
m
,

M
i
c
r
o
-
D
a
r
c
y
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
B
i
o
t

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Perm
Biot Coeff.

Figure 2: Stress-dependant matrix permeability ( =1). Figure 3: Stress-dependant matrix perm with variable (p).


Tight Sandstone Reservoir 1

In this case a very tight carbonate formation was tested to determine the absolute permeability as a function of effective
stress. As explained earlier, combinations of hydrostatic stress and pore pressure were designed to provide enough data to
determine meaningful trends such that the poroelastic coefficient, , can be logically unfold for a given rock formation. The
benefit of determining, , this way is to ensure that the process used to yield, , is the same for which, , is being applied to.
In other words, if we are evaluating the fluid flow through porous media under a given stress path, then, , should be
determined based on its effect on the conductivity of that specific porous medium.

Examining the k-Pc relationship evaluation plotted in Fig. 4, as is changed such that it is 0, 0.25, 0.65, and 1, an immediate
awareness of a reasonable trend appears when =0.65. Detailed modeling of the data set may be further performed to refine
as a function of Pc, then an iteration computation is required, however, an explicit prediction is necessary. One possibility is
to use the area enclosed within the higher and lower boundaries enclosing the data points. The objective is then to determine
the dependent variable when the defined area is minimum.


SPE 124484 5


Figure 4: From left to right; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0; permeability changes as
function of confining pressure assuming = 0.25; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0.65;
permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 1.0.


Tight Sandstone Reservoir 2

Similar measurements and analysis are performed for a tighter sandstone cores from Reservoir 2. As it can be noticed from
Fig. 5 that the iterations of has resulted in reasonable trend appears when =0.35.


Figure 5: From left to right; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0; permeability changes as
function of confining pressure assuming = 0.35; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0.6;
permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 1.0.

Tensile Fracture

When the reservoir pressure decreases, the elastic displacement in response to the increase in effective stress will cause
natural fractures to close leading to a decline in reservoir productivity. The matrix medium feed the natural tensile fractures
and the latter conduct the fluids to the wellbore. The decline in conductivity with increasing effective stress should follow a
logical declining rate to support a given production rate.



Figure 6: Simulated tensile fracture shows the failed whole core (left) and the resulting fracture surface (right).

6 SPE 124484
The elastic closure response occurs when the net effective horizontal stress increases as a result of reservoir depletion. The
elastic response to close the fracture follows Hookes law of elasticity and it is controlled by Youngs modulus of the
formation:
E
e

= .. (5)
The aperture of the fracture will decrease causing a corresponding reduction of fracture conductivity. If we assume 50 ft of
the rock perpendicular to the fracture will contribute to fracture closure, then for a Youngs modulus of 3 x 10
6
psi, the
decrease in fracture width corresponding to a decrease in reservoir pressure from 7,000 to 4,000 psi will be 0.05 inches. The
fracture will not close by 0.05 inches rather the contact points (asperities) will carry the applied stress to prevent fracture
closure if they are strong enough to withstand the stress. The compressive strength of the asperities will determine the final
fracture permeability. The reduction in conductivity is due to a combined effect of elastic response and compressive failure of
the asperities. Compressive failure also generates rock particles and fines that will further reduce fracture conductivity. The
fracture asperities in tensile and shear fractures differ considerably, as the first one is not accompanied with formation
shifting while the rock in the latter experience formation shifting which generate a higher conductivity. As shown in Fig. 6, a
4-in sample was failed in tension following a Brazilian test. The induced failure plain represents a tensile fracture. The flow
testing through the fracture was performed and separated from the total permeability using the following equation:
ma ma f f t t
A K A K A K + = ...... (6)

By following the same analysis provided earlier in Fig. 7, one can show that = 0.95 provides the best relation for the K-Pc.
A final dominating fracture has caused the resulting permeabilities to be in the range of milidarcy rather than microdacry
observed in the previous samples. This indicates that the fracture is main conduit for the fluid transmission, and therefore
should be only assigned to the fracture and not to the whole sample. Although it has not attempted in this paper, a new
transfer function between the matrix and fractures maybe derived as a function of the poroelastic coefficients in the two
media.



Figure 7: From left to right; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0; permeability changes as
function of confining pressure assuming = 0.25; permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0.5;
permeability changes as function of confining pressure assuming = 0.95.



Applications

1) Pore Volume Compressibilities

Pore volume compressibility (PVC) plays a critical role as a driving meganisim for fluid flow through porous media and the
recovery of oil and gas. The PVC is an important parameter to match the recovery performance of a given reservoir. Its role
becomes even more critical in naturally fractured reservoirs as it is necessary to assign two PVCs for the matrix and fractures
in a dual porosity system. It has been documented that quantifying fracture compressibility is a major problem when
simulating naturally fractured reservoirs
13
. The following equation has been suggested to determine fracture
compressibility
14
:

=
h
k
f
P
P
C
ln P
1 -
k
(7)
SPE 124484 7
Where P
k
is the net stress applied on the fracture and P
h
is the fracture healing stress. For example, if we assume P
k
is 4400
psi and P
h
is 20000 psi, then C
f
is calculated to be 0.00015 psi
-1
. To understand how the technique presented in this paper can
provide an estimate of fracture compressibility, the following equation is assumed to describe the sample with one fracture:

f
ma
c
c
1 =
f
.. (8)
Equation 8 assumes that the bulk compressibility is controlled by the fracture compressibility. If we assume a typical matrix
compressibility of 2.5 x 10
-7
psi
-1
, then must approach 1 to get the fracture compressibility of 0.00015 psi
-1
. This is in
agreement with the fracture test where is close to 1.0 for the collected data to follow a reasonable trend. Additionally a
fracture acts as a piston like in counteracting the external strength which supports a value of 1.0 to be assigned to the
fractures in a dual porosity system. For the non-fractured blocks, the new technique suggests testing the rock formation that
has no obvious fractures to determine the appropriate . If we apply the following equation with same value of matrix
compressibility, it is observed from Fig. 8 that the resulting from the test can provide an estimated value of the bulk
compressibility and if natural fractures or microfracures exist in the rock formation.

b
ma
c
c
1 =
b
(9)


0.000000
0.000002
0.000004
0.000006
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Biot Coef f icient

Figure 8: Bulk compressibility as a function of Biot coefficient

2) Reservoir Simulation

A mathematical model
15
was used to compare stress-dependant permeability vs. constant permeability. The reservoir
properties used the simulation were; a gas reservoir with a net pay of 46 feet, reservoir pressure of 7620 psi, permeability is
0.5 md at initial conditions. A single porosity reservoir was considered with constant matrix permeability and with stress-
dependant matrix permeability. Fig. 8 shows the results from these two cases labeled as w/o stress and w/stress. In the
w/o stress case, the initial matrix permeability was kept constant as the reservoir pressure decreases, while in the w/stress
case the initial matrix permeability decreases as the reservoir pressure decreases. The stress effect is responsible for 50% loss
of the PI.

8 SPE 124484
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (days)
P
I
,

M
s
c
f
/
d
/
p
s
i
w/o stress
w/ stress

Figure 8: PI as a function of time for single porosity with and without the effect of stress on matrix permeability.


3) Tight Gas Reservoirs

The effect of stress-dependant permeability becomes more exagurated in tight gas reservoirs. It is therefore, imperative to
consider the stress-dependant in fractures as well as in the matrix in tight gas reservoirs. The microfractures are not
necessarily characterized by a unit poroelastic coefficient as it depends on their apperature and surface rouphness. To get
relastic reservoir simulation results in tight gas reservoirs, extensive experimental testing should be performed on matrix and
micro-fractured rock samples to determine the Biot poroelastic coefficients in both media.

There is a mjor difference between naturally fracture reservoirs and naturally fractured tight gas reservoirs. The natural
fractures in tight gas reservoirs are basically microfractures especially in deep tight gas sand. The fundamental difference
between low gas permeability (0.1 md - 1 md) and tight gas permeability (0.001 md - 0.1 md) appears to be the difference in
the values of the matrix and fractures poroelastic coefficients. In tight gas san reservoirs, filling the existing microfractures
with small mesh proppant will lead to more production than depleting the reservoir as a naturally fractured reservoir. This
conclusion does not carry a general consensus rather it depends on the stress level and mechanical characteristics of the
reservoir formation. In shallow reservoirs, the natural fractures may behave as infinite conductivity fractures and filling them
with proppant will only reduce their contribution to the overall reservoir flow efficiency. However, in a reservoir with
micofractures, the limited initial conductivity may vanish when reservoir pressure is decreased.

4) Laboratory measurements of

Several methods have been introduced in the literature to evaluate the poroelastic factor, , required for various applications
in petroleum engineering
16 - 19
. The determination of from fluid flow through rock samples under confining stress provides
the data that reflects the actual process of fluid recovery under stress. Such direct technique to determine based on rock
permeability under stress has been attempted in the literature
20
; however constant value of was reported. The current
techniqure is based on the stress dependant permeability under the effect of pore pressure and confining stress. It is important
to simulate the natural process of flowing the reservoir at high pressure initially and then as the reservoir is depleted the, pore
pressure decreases causing the effect stress to increase. The new method uses combined effects of the pore pressure and
confining stress and not to perform flow testing at constant pore pressure gradient at increasing levels of confining stress.

Conclusions

1. A new laboratory procedure to determine the poroelastic coefficients for the matrix and fractures media is presented.
The coefficients should be used in a dual porosity reservoir simulation study to obtain reasonable prediction of reservoir
performance.
SPE 124484 9
2. This study has uncovered an important phenomenon related to the stress dependant poroelastic effect during production
of naturally fractured reservoirs. The poroelastic coefficient in the matrix domain is considerably different than that of
the natural fractures system.
3. In tight gas sand reservoirs or stress-sensitive reservoirs where permeability loss is substantial, keeping the natural
fractures open should be the primary objective. Propping these fractures with small proppant mesh at early time should
be considered as an effective reservoir management strategy for these reservoirs.
4. Many wells in naturally fractured reservoirs are initially good producers but after a short period of time a sharp decline in
productions is observed. This is frequently interpreted as a flush production which is a rapid drainage of the fracture
network, whereas fluid bleed-off from the lower permeability matrix rock occurs at much lower rates. This study
suggests a new explanation related to unsynchronized permeability reduction rate in the matrix and fissures media due to
different poroelastic coefficients in these media.
5. The contribution of matrix, natural fractures and microfractures to the overall reservoir productivity follow different
stress-dependant permeability functions. The permeability functions of these porous components should be carefully
determined for any reservoir simulation study.

Nomenclature
A : Fracture area
E : Youngs modulus
K : Bulk modulus, psi
K : Permeability, md
P
e
: External pressure, psi
P
h
: Fracture healing stress, psi
P
k
: Net stress on fracture, psi
P
w
: Wellbore pressure, psi
PI : Productivity Index, Mscf/d/psi
P : Pressure drawdown (P
e
-P
w
), psi
r
e
: External radius, inch
r
w
: Wellbore radius, inch
w : Fracture displacement during width development
: Biots coefficient

e
: Displacement due to elastic response
: Effective grain-to-grain stress.
t
: Total minimum horizontal stress
Subscript
b : bulk
e : external
e : elastic
f : fracture
ma : matrix
p : Pore
t : total
w : well

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