Biodiesel

Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal fats. These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of triglycerides. These triglycerides when rea w striking similarity to petroleum derived diesel and are called "Biodiesel". s !ndia is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be material of choice for producing bio diesel . "or this purpose #atropha curcas considered as most potential source for it. Bio diesel is produced by transesterification of oil obtains from the plant. #atropha $urcas has been identified for !ndia as the most suitable Tree Borne %ilseed (TB%) for production of bio-diesel both in view of the non-edible oil available from it and its presence throughout the country. The capacity of #atropha $urcas to rehabilitate degraded or dry lands, from which the poor mostly derive their sustenance, by improving land&s water retention capacity, makes it additionally suitable for up-gradation of land resources. 'resently, in some !ndian villages, farmers are e(tracting oil from #atropha and after settling and decanting it they are mi(ing the filtered oil with diesel fuel. lthough, so far the farmers have not observed any damage to their machinery, yet this remains to be tested and '$) is working on it. The fact remains that this oil needs to be converted to bio-diesel through a chemical reaction - trans-esterification. This reaction is relatively simple and does not re*uire any e(otic material. !%$ ()+,) has been using a laboratory scale plant of -.. kg/day capacity for trans-esterification0 designing of larger capacity plants is in the offing. These large plants are useful for centrali1ed production of bio-diesel. 'roduction of bio-diesel in smaller plants of capacity e.g. 2 to 3. kg/day may also be started at decentrali1ed level in villages. 1.Technical Feasibility $an be blended in any ratio with petro-diesel 4(isting storage facilities and infrastructure for petro-diesel can be used with minor alteration. "rom environment and emissions point of view it is superior to petro-diesel. !t can provide energy security to remote and rural areas. !t has good potential for employment generation 2.Sources of Bio-diesel ll Tree Bearing %il (TB%) seeds - edible and non edible Edible: 5oya-bean, 5un-flower, 6ustard %il etc. Non-edible: #atropha $urcas, 'ongemia 'innata, 7eem etc. 4dible seeds can&t be used for bio-diesel production in our country, as its indigenous production does not meet our current demand. mong non-edible TB%, #atropha $urcas has been identified as the most suitable seed for !ndia. 3.Advanta es of !atro"ha #atropha $urcas is a widely occurring variety of TB%

!t grows practically all over !ndia under a variety of agro climatic conditions. $an be grown in arid 1ones (3. cm rainfall) as well as in higher rainfall 1ones and even on the land with thin soil cover. !ts plantation can be taken up as a *uick yielding plant even in adverse land situations vi1. degraded and barren lands under forest and non-forest use, dry and drought prone areas, marginal lands, even on alkaline soils and as agro-forestry crops. !t grows as a tree up to the height of 8 - 2 mt. !t is a good plantation for 4co-restoration in all types wasteland. #.A ro $ractices (as per 7%9%,, 6inistry of griculture, :%!) Nursery raisin 7urseries may be raised in poly-bags filled with mi(ture of soil and farm yard manure in the ratio of ;<-. Two seeds are sown in each bag. $lantation 8. cm ( 8. cm ( 8. cm pits are dug "arm yard manure (3-8 kg), 3. gm urea, -3 gm 5ingle 5uper 'hosphate (55') + -= gm 6ono 'hosphate (6') $lantin density 32.. plants / ha at 3m ( 3m Trans"lantation !t should be done during rainy reason. Fertili%er "rom second year in the ratio of ;.<=.<3. 7itrogen 'hosphorous and 'otassium (7'>) kg/ha &rri ation !t is re*uired only for the first two years $runin ,uring first year when branches reach a height of ;.-=. cms $est ' (isease control 7o disease or insects noticed to be harmful Flo)erin and fruitin "lowering< 5ept.- ,ec. + 6arch- pril Fruitin fter 3 months of flowering. *.State-)ise area underta+en by N,-,( for !atro"ha $lantation

State ndhra 'radesh Bihar $hhatisgarh :u?arat @aryana >arnataka 6adhya 'radesh 6aharashtra 6i1oram )a?asthan Tamil 7adu Attaranchal Attar 'radesh

Area .ha/ ## 10 110 2#0 1#0 20 230 1*0 20 24* 30 *0 200

Econo5ics .as "er $lannin 6o55ission 7e"ort on Bio-fuels8 2003/ Activities 5eed $ost of collection + oil e(traction Bess cake produced Trans-esterification Bess cost of glycerin produced $ost of Bio-diesel per kg $ost of Bio-diesel per litre (5p. :ravity ..C2) 7ate.7s. 9 : / *.00 2.33 1.00 3.34 #0 to 30 ;uantity.: / 3.22 1.0* 2.23 1.00 0.01* 6ost.7s./ 13.#0 2.#2 .-/ 2.23 3.34 .-/ 3.2 to *.4 11.*2 to 14.32 13.*1 to 1#.12

4. E5"loy5ent "otential (as per 'lanning $ommission report on bio-fuels, 3..8)) Bikely demand of petro diesel by 3..=-.D will be 23 66T and by 3.----3 it will increase to =D 66T. 2E blend of Bio-diesel with petro diesel will re*uire 3.= 66T of Bio-diesel in 3..=.D By 3.----3, for 3.E blend with 'etro-diesel, the likely demand will be -8.; 66T. To meet the re*uirement of 3.= 66T of bio-diesel, plantation of #atropha should be done on 3.3 - 3.= million ha area. --.3 - -8.; million ha of land should be covered by 3.-- - -3 for 3.E bio-diesel blending !t will generate following no. of ?obs in following areas. ,"eration of B( <ear No. of =obs in "lantation &n 5aintenance units

3..=-.D 3.----3

3.2 million -8.. million

..D2 million 8.F million

..-. million ..8. million

,il content 82E to ;.E 6ollection and "rocessin )ipe fruits collected from trees. 2. Efforts of National ,ilseed and -e etable ,il (evelo"5ent Board .N,-,(/ 5ystematic state/region wise survey for identification of superior trees and superior seeds. 6aintenance of record on seeds/trees. 5amples of high yield to be sent to 7ational Bureau of 'lant :enetic )esources (7B':)) for accession and cryo-preservation. N,-,( has develo"ed i5"roved !atro"ha seeds8 )hich have oil contents u" to 1.* ti5es of ordinary seeds. @owever, being in short supply, initially these improved #atropha seeds would be supplied only to gricultural Aniversities for multiplication and development. fter multiplication these would be supplied to different states for further cultivation. This program is likely to take 8 - ; years. !t is also working for development of multi-purpose post-harvest technology tools like decorticator and de-huller, which would further improve oil recovery. 1. Trans-esterification $rocess 6atalyst.Sodiu5 or @lycerin.Ased for Bio-e etable ,il Alcohol $otassiu 5 >ydro?ide/ 5edicinal value/ diesel -.. gm 12 5 1 5 11 5 1* 5

!t is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a similar process to hydrolysis. 9egetable %il i.e. the triglyceride can be easily trans-esterified in the presence of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric pressure and at temperature of appro(imately =. to D.o$ with an e(cess of methanol. !f -.. gm of vegetable oil is taken, - gm of the alkaline catalyst ('otassium @ydro(ide), and -3 gm of 6ethanol would be re*uired s a first step, the alkaline catalyst is mi(ed with methanol and the mi(ture is stirred for half an hour for its homogeni1ation. This mi(ture is mi(ed with vegetable oil and the resultant mi(ture is made to pass through reflu( condensation at =2o$. The mi(ture at the end is allowed to settle. The lower layer will be of glycerin and it is drain off. The upper layer of bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is washed to remove entrained glycerin. The e(cess methanol recycled by distillation. This reaction works well with high *uality oil. !f the oil contains -E "ree "atty cid ("" ), then difficulty arises because of soap formation. !f "" content is more than 3E the reaction becomes unworkable. 6ethanol is inflammable and 'otassium @ydro(ide is caustic, hence proper and safe handling of these chemicals are must. 10. A encies ' &nstitutes )or+in in the field of bio-diesel

7ational %il seeds and 9egetable %il Board, :urgaon '$) - 'etroleum $onservation )esearch ssociation (6%'+7:) !%$ ()+,) $entre, "aridabad ,elhi $ollege of 4ngineering !!T, ,elhi !!', ,ehradun ,ownstream 7ational %il $ompanies !ndian !nstitute of $hemical Technology, @yderabad $5!) 6inistry of 7on-conventional 4nergy 5ources $entral 'ollution $ontrol Board Bureau of !ndian 5tandards !ndian )enewable 4nergy ,evelopment gency States8 )hich have 5ade so5e lead Attranchal: Attaranchal Bio-fuel Board (ABB) has been constituted as a nodal agency for biodiesel promotion in the state. @as undertaken #atropha plantation in an area of - lakh hectare. ABB has established #atropha :ene Bank to preserve high yielding seed varieties. @as ambitious plan to produce -.. million liters of bio-diesel. Andhra $radesh: :ovt. of ' (:o ') to encourage #atropha plantation in -. rain shadow districts of ' Task force for it has been constituted at district and state level :o ' proposed #atropha cultivation in -2 lakh acres in ne(t ; years !nitial target is 3 lakh acres !rrigation to be dovetailed with #atropha cultivation F.E drip subsidy is proposed #atropha cultivation to be taken up only in cultivable lands with e(isting farmers. $rop and yield insurance is proposed 6hhattis arh: = lakh saplings of #atropha have been planted with the involvement of 5tate&s "orest, griculture, 'anchayat and )ural ,evelopment ,epartments s per the ,eputy $hairman, 5tate 'lanning Board, the state has the target to cover - million ha of land under #atropha plantation Ten reputed bio-diesel companies, including the A>-based ,- %ils, have offered to set up #atropha oil-e(traction units or to buy the produce from farmers in $hhattisgarh. $ompanies like !ndian %il, !ndian )ailways and @industan 'etroleum have each deposited )s -. lakh as security for future 6oAs with the state government. 11. Far5ersB &nitiatives in >aryana "armers in @aryana have formed 7:%s and cooperatives for promotion of #atropha plantation. These 7:%s and cooperatives are raising nurseries for #atropha plantation and supplying saplings to others for further cultivation. They have been blending directly #atropha %il into diesel fuel and successfully using this blend in their tractors and diesel engines without any problems. These 7:%s and cooperatives are also organi1ing the practical demonstration of this usage in their demonstration workshops.

They are organi1ing local seminars, workshops and conferences etc. to promote the usage of #atropha oil. 7:%s have also printed some booklets on #atropha plantation. 12. 6urrent usa es of bio-diesel 9 Trials ' testin of bio-diesel Asages of bio-diesel are similar to that of petro-diesel 5hatabadi 4(press was run on 2E blend of bio-diesel from ,elhi to mritsar on 8-st ,ec. 3..3 in association with !%$. "ield trials of -.E bio-diesel blend were also done on Bucknow- llahabad #an 5hatabdi 4(press also through association with !%$. @'$B is also carrying out field trials in association with B45T Bio-,iesel blend from !%$ ()+,) is being used in buses in 6umbai as well as in )ewari, in @aryana on trial basis . $5!) and ,aimler $hrysler have ?ointly undertaken a successful 2... km trial run of 6ercedes cars using bio-diesel as fuel. 7%9%, has initiated test run by blending -.E bio diesel in collaboration with !!T, ,elhi in Tata 5umo + 5wara? 6a1da vehicles. For :no)in $67ABs Efforts clic+ on the lin+ $67A Efforts