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_
_
4
11
W
1
I
4
~ u
1
~ v
1
/
k
1
1
/
k
1
1
_
_
_
_
and
~ w
o ~ w
ok
1
o ~ w
ok
2
_
_
_
4
11
C
1
C
1
C
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
2
oC1
ok
2
oC1
ok
2
_
_
_
_
~ w
1
o ~ w1
ok
1
o ~ w1
ok
2
_
_
_
_
;
1
where I
4
is a 4 4 identity matrix, W
1
are the Lagrange interpola-
tion functions and C
1
;
oC1
ok
1
and
oC1
ok
2
are the Hermite interpolation func-
tions, and their derivatives, respectively.
The element stiffness matrix K
r
of a skewplate without delam-
ination using the relationship represented in Eq. (1) can be rewrit-
ten in the natural coordinates
k
1
;
k
2
as
K
r
_
1
1
_
1
1
B
T
D
S
BjJjd
k
1
d
k
2
; 2
Cutout
Delamination region
Part
Part
Part
Fig. 1. Finite element model of composite plates with delamination around a
central cutout.
1
, X
Y
y
1
x
Cutout
(a) geometry (Top view)
m
~
1
~
+ m
(b) cross-section (Front view)
mth layer
kth layer
th layer
th layer
3rd layer
2nd layer
1stlayer
k
k+1
U
L
Fig. 2. Geometry and cross-section of skew laminates with delamination around
cutout.
226 T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236
where jJj is the determinant of the Jacobian matrix and D
S
is the
stiffness matrix in the global coordinates. The 13 28 straindis-
placement matrix B with 13 1 strain vector in the
k
1
;
k
2
coordi-
nates is given by
B
4
11
oW1
o
k
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
2
1
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
2
1
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
2
1
c
1
oW1
o
k
1
0
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
2
2
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
2
2
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
2
2
0 c
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
oW1
o
k
1
c
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0
oC1
o
k
2
0 0 0 W
1
0 0
oC1
o
k
1
0 0 W
1
0
0 0 c
2
oC1
o
k
2
0 0 0 c
2
W
1
0 0 c
2
oC1
o
k
1
0 0 c
2
W
1
0
_
_
_
_
;
3
where c
1
and c
2
are the parameters referred to as tracers, and the
13 13 stiffness matrix D
S
can be expressed as
D
S
A B E 0 0
B D F 0 0
E F H 0 0
0 0 0 A D
0 0 0 D F
_
_
_
_
: 4
The mass matrix of the skew element is given by the relationship
M
e
_
b
0
_
l
0
H
T
D
S
Hdk
1
dk
2
_
1
1
_
1
1
H
T
D
S
HjJjd
k
1
d
k
2
; 5
where H is a matrix consisting of Lagrange and Hermite interpola-
tion functions.
2.2. Delaminated elements: Part II
As mentioned earlier, Part II indicates the elements in the com-
pletely delaminated area. In this case, they are divided into two dif-
ferent type i.e. lower and upper elements due to delamination. For
the lower elements at the delaminated area, the stiffnesses of Eq.
(4) can be expressed as
A
L
ij
; B
L
ij
; D
L
ij
; E
L
ij
; F
L
ij
; H
L
ij
_
h
L
=2
h
L
=2
Q
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz
~ m
k1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz;
i; j 1; 2; 6;
A
L
ij
; D
L
ij
; F
L
ij
_
h
L
=2
h
L
=2
Q
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz
~ m
k1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz; i; j 4; 5:
6
For the upper elements at the delaminated area we have the follow-
ing expressions:
A
U
ij
; B
U
ij
; D
U
ij
; E
U
ij
; F
U
ij
; H
U
ij
_
h
U
=2
h
U
=2
Q
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz
m
k~ m1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz; i; j 1; 2; 6;
A
U
ij
; D
U
ij
; F
U
ij
_
h
U
=2
h
U
=2
Q
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz
m
k~ m1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz; i; j 4; 5:
7
Here, Q
k
ij
denotes the stiffnesses of the kth layer and the positions
at the top and bottom faces of the kth layer z
k1
and z
k
.
2.3. Elements at connecting boundaries: Part III
Part III is the most important part for the nite element for-
mulation because it reveals the discontinuity of the neutral axes
between the elements in the undelaminated and lower delami-
nated portions as shown in Fig. 3. For completeness, it is neces-
sary to address a nite element in order to model laminated
skew plates with delamination around the cutout. In this case,
the upper and lower elements in the delaminated region should
be joined to single plate elements along the boundary of the del-
aminated region. As shown in the gure, there exist three types
of elements at the boundaries of the delaminated and undelami-
nated portions. Here, based on HSDT, we provide a detailed
explanation on the formulation for connectivity between the ele-
Element in upper
delaminated portion
Element in
undelaminated portion
Element in lower
delaminated portion
Delamination
region
Element M
Element U
Element L
e
h
e
M
=
2
'
e
M
h
L
h
U
h
Midplane of element
M
Midplane of element
L
Midplane of element
U
Fig. 3. Elements at connecting boundaries between elements in the undelaminated
and lower delaminated portions.
T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236 227
ments in Part III. Fig. 4a shows the boundary of the lower dela-
minated portion; the boundary includes both nodes 1 and 4. In
order to ensure the continuity of the displacements across the
thickness of the plate at such nodes, the displacement vector
of the mid-plane of elements at the connecting boundary of
the lower delaminated portion should be essentially identical
to that of the points adjacent to these planes in the undelami-
nated portion. This implies that
jU
L
j jU
M
j
1
3
e
; 8
where jU
L
j is the mid-plane displacement vectors ~ u ~ v ~ w b c
T
at
nodes located on the delamination boundary of the lower delaminat-
ed portions and e is the distance between the f
M
1
f
M
2
-plane and f
L
1
f
L
2
-
plane. The element stiffness, mass matrices and element nodal dis-
placement vectors respectively for element M are denoted by k
M
,
m
M
and d f g
M
, andk
L
,m
L
and d f g
L
for element L. Theelement nodal
displacement vector d f g
M
and d f g
L
are, respectively, dened by
d f g
M
d
M
1
d
M
2
d
M
3
d
M
4
_ _
T
; 9
d f g
L
d
L
1
d
L
2
d
L
3
d
L
4
_ _
T
: 10
For HSDT, the seven degrees-of-freedom at node a can be expressed
as follows:
d
a
f g
~ u
a
~ v
a
~ w
a
o~ wa
ok
1
o~ wa
ok
2
/
k
1
a
/
k
2
a
_ _
T
; a 1; 2; 3; 4:
11
In order to satisfy the displacement continuity conditions at the
connecting boundary, the displacements and rotations can now be
expressed as
~ w
L
b
~ w
M
b
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
;
o ~ w
L
b
ok
2
o ~ w
M
b
ok
2
; b 1; 4;
/
L
k
1
b
/
M
o
1
b
; /
L
k
2
b
/
M
o
2
b
:
12
The displacement eld for the HSDT is given, respectively, as
~ u
M
b
~ u
b
z
M
/
M
k
1
b
4
3h
M
2
z
3
M
/
M
k
1
b
o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b
h
M
2
/
M
k
1
b
4
3h
M
2
h
M
2
_ _
3
/
M
k
1
b
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b
h
M
2
/
M
k
1
b
h
M
6
/
M
k
1
b
h
M
6
o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
~ u
b
h
M
3
/
M
k
1
b
h
M
6
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
; 13
~ u
L
b
~ u
b
z
L
/
L
k
1
b
4
3h
L
2
z
3
L
/
L
k
1
b
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b
h
L
2
/
L
k
1
b
4
3h
L
2
h
L
2
_ _
3
/
L
k
1
b
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b
h
L
2
/
L
k
1
b
h
L
6
/
L
k
1
b
h
L
6
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
~ u
b
h
L
3
/
L
k
1
b
h
L
6
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
; 14
z
M
h
M
2
; z
L
h
L
2
: 15
Substituting for ~ u
b
from Eq. (13) into Eq. (14) and making use of the
relations in Eq. (12) /
M
k
1
b
/
L
k
1
b
;
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
, the displacement ~ u
L
b
can be rewritten as
~ u
L
b
~ u
M
b
h
M
3
/
M
k
1
b
h
L
3
/
L
k
1
b
h
M
6
o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
h
L
6
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
~ u
M
b
2
3
h
M
h
L
2
_ _
/
M
k
1
b
1
3
h
M
h
L
2
_ _
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
~ u
M
b
1
3
e
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
2
3
e/
M
k
1
b
; b 1; 4: 16
Similarly, we also have
~ v
L
b
~ v
M
b
1
3
e
o~ w
M
b
ok
2
2
3
e/
M
k
2
b
; b 1; 4: 17
Therefore, Eqs. (12), (16) and (17) can be transformed into the mid-
dle plane using the following transformation relationship:
~ u
L
b
~ v
L
b
~ w
L
b
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
o ~ w
L
b
ok
2
/
L
k
1
b
/
L
k
2
b
_
_
_
1 0 0
e
3
0
2e
3
0
0 1 0 0
e
3
0
2e
3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
~ u
M
b
~ v
M
b
~ w
M
b
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
ok
2
/
M
k
1
b
/
M
k
2
b
_
_
_
_
; 18
or, in brief,
fd
b
g
L
gfd
b
g
M
; b 1; 4; e
h
M
h
L
2
: 19
U
3
U
2
U
1
M
3
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
1
L
2
L
3
L
1
_
_
1 0 0
e
0
3
0
2e
0
3
0
0 1 0 0
e
0
3
0
2e
0
3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
~ u
M
b
0
~ v
M
b
0
~ w
M
b
0
o~ w
M
b
0
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
0
ok
2
/
M
k
1
b
0
/
M
k
2
b
0
_
_
_
_
; 20
or, in brief,
fd
b
0 g
U
gfd
b
0 g
M
; b
0
1; 4; e
0
h
M
h
U
2
: 21
The transformation to satisfy the displacement continuity condi-
tions at the connecting boundary for element U and element L
can be established as follows:
fdg
UorL
Tf
~
dg
UorL
;
where
f
~
dg
U or L
b d
M
1
d
UorL
2
d
UorL
3
d
M
4
c
T
and T
g 0 0 0
0 I 0 0
0 0 I 0
0 0 0 g
_
_
_
_
;
22
where the matrix I denotes a unit matrix. The transformation ma-
trix T in Eq. (22) is used in conjunction with the node numbers 1
and 4 connecting the boundary as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 shows
the induced transformation matrix T for the eight different con-
necting boundaries represented in Fig. 5. In Fig. 6, the shaded area
indicates the delaminated region for the different connecting
boundaries.
The element stiffness and mass matrix transformed by the ma-
trix T are then expressed as
K
U or L
e
T
T
K
U or L
e
T; 23
M
U or L
e
T
T
M
U or L
e
T: 24
For a free vibration, the equation of motion is written in the follow-
ing form:
fM x
2
Kg f0g: 25
In order to understand the dynamic behavior of a system, we of-
ten need to know only a few low-order eigenvalues of the sys-
tem. In this study, the subspace iteration method [3] is adopted
to extract the eigenpairs representing the low-order natural fre-
quencies. This method selects a subspace whose dimensions,
determined by the desired number of eigenvalues to be obtained,
are the same as those of the entire matrix. The Jacobi iteration
method is then carried out on the selected matrix using the Ritzs
base vector as an initial vector. This method has the advantages
of effective memory management and computational efciency
as compared to other methods which carry the entire matrix in
the computation [3].
3. Numerical results
Based on the nite element formulation described earlier, we
compare the results of our technique with those published by
other researchers and study the inuences of skew angles on the
free vibration of composite structures containing delamination
around a quadrilateral cutout. In this case, we consider that the
delamination occurred in the middle layer of the laminates. Fig. 7
shows the dimensions and boundary conditions of square and
skew plates analyzed by the aforementioned theories for the mate-
rials whose properties are listed in Table 1. In the gure, the letters
S, C, and F denote simply supported edges, clamped edges, and free
edges, respectively.
3.1. Numerical verication
In order to validate the FEM code developed for free vibration
analysis, the normalized natural frequency of a symmetric com-
posite square laminate made of Material II is computed and com-
pared with the results reported by Kumar and Shrivastava [9].
The results are also compared with those calculated using a com-
mercial software [1], which is based on the FSDT. As shown in
Tables 24, the results obtained for the plates with or without cut-
out and delamination obtained in this study are in good agreement
with those reported by Kumar and Shrivastava [9]. Tables 5 and 6
show the induced natural frequencies of skew plates without cut-
out and delamination for different skew angles and length-to-
thickness ratios. In order to validate our results, we compare them
with those obtained by other studies. The comparison reveals that
the differences in the results obtained using the HSDT and FSDT are
negligible for the square and skew plates. However, it should be
noted that the results obtained using different theories would be
noticeably different depending on the given geometrical conditions
and layup sequences [13].
The normalized natural frequencies with respect to various
values of E
1
/E
2
are shown in Table 7 and are compared with
the three-dimensional solution obtained by ABAQUS (Fig. 8).
Normalized natural frequencies corresponding to rst mode are
obtained for all clamped square composite plates with 30%
delamination around central cutout. The present results show
somewhat larger values than 3D solutions and have accurate val-
ues within 510%.
3.2. Delamination size effect
Table 8 shows the normalized natural frequencies of simply
supported skew composite plates for different delamination sizes
around the central cutout (c=b 0:1). We extend the analysis in
this study in order to take into account plates with different skew
angles and delamination sizes, while considering a xed layup se-
quence and length-to-thickness ratio of the plate of 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
and b=h 75, respectively. It can be observed from
the table that the induced frequency is heavily dependent on the
Cutout
Case 1 Case 2
Case 4
Case 5 Case 6
Case 3
Case 8
Case 7
Delamination
Region
Fig. 5. Connecting boundaries at different locations of a delamination region.
T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236 229
skew angle, particularly in the case of u < 60
=
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
I
=
(c) Case 3 (d) Case 4
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
T
I
=
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
T
I
I
=
1
4 3
2
00 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
=
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
I
T
=
(e) Case 5 (f) Case 6
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
=
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
I
=
(g) Case 7 (h) Case 8
Fig. 6. Transformation matrix for the different locations.
230 T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236
icant for the case in which the skew angle of the plate is 75. In this
case, we notice that the natural frequencies for a ber angle of
approximately 45 are the lowest because of the inuence of the
degraded stiffness. For large values of skew angles and different -
ber angles, the material and structural axes could be close to each
other, resulting in a change in the stiffness of the plates. As shown
in the gure, there are certain peculiar and complex interactions
produced by the combined effect of the skew angles and ber
orientations.
Table 9 shows the natural frequency of a four-layer symmetric
cross-ply skew laminates containing 30% delamination around the
central cutout (c=b 0:2). For small skew angles (u < 30
), the
highest frequency occurs for the laminate with a layup sequence
of [30/60/60/30] or [45/45/45/45] because its stiffness is
greater than that of the others. On the other hand, it can be ob-
served that the natural frequencies for [0/90/90/0] are the highest
value of frequency for large skew angles because of the same rea-
son mentioned earlier. Furthermore, the differences between the
layup sequences for different skew angles depend on many geo-
metrical parameters such as the delamination and cutout sizes,
length-to-thickness ratio, and boundary conditions.
3.4. Length-to-thickness ratio effect
Tables 10 and 11 show the natural frequencies of the simply
supported skew laminates tabulated as a function of the length-
2
X
1
X
Cutout
Delamination
b
c
c
d
b
(a) Square plate
2
X
Delamination
2
1 1
, X
Cutout
b
l
(b) Skew plate
S S
S
S
C C
C
C
F S
S
S
F
C
F
F
(c) Boundary conditions
Fig. 7. The geometry and boundary conditions of square and skew plates with delamination around quadrilateral cutout.
Table 1
Mechanical and physical properties of the materials used in this study.
Material Source E
1
E
2
m
12
G
12
G
23
G
13
q
I Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 130.0 10.0 0.35 5.0 3.3 5.0 1500.0
II Lee and Park [12] 4000.0 100.0 0.25 0.6E
2
0.5E
2
0.6E
2
1.0
III Reddy [18] 2500.0 100.0 0.25 0.5E
2
0.2E
2
0.5E
2
1.0
The units of E
1
, E
2
, G
12
, G
23
, G
13
of Material I are GPa and that of q is kg/m
3
, respectively. And note that the properties of Materials II and III are normalized by E
2
.
Table 2
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square plates with cutout and
without delamination (SSSS, b=h 75, x xb
2
q=E2
_
=h, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
,
Material I).
Cutout ratio
(c=b)
Source Mode
I II III IV
0.0 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.59 29.11 37.79 53.93
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.71 29.50 38.30 54.85
ABAQUS (FSDT) 13.68 29.89 39.10 55.56
This study (HSDT) 13.59 29.00 37.66 53.60
0.2 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.15 28.39 35.79 52.40
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.40 29.06 36.90 53.42
ABAQUS (FSDT) 13.16 29.21 37.15 53.88
This study (HSDT) 13.11 28.24 35.52 51.96
0.4 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 14.24 25.65 28.64 48.71
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 14.86 26.68 29.91 49.76
ABAQUS (FSDT) 14.22 26.21 29.38 50.18
This study (HSDT) 14.17 25.64 28.60 48.26
0.6 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 19.52 28.20 29.37 45.22
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 21.06 30.06 31.41 49.42
ABAQUS (FSDT) 19.42 28.20 29.32 45.88
This study (HSDT) 19.33 27.81 28.86 43.98
Table 3
Normalized natural frequencies of all clamped square plates with cutout and without
delamination (CCCC, b=h 15, x xb
2
q=E2
_
=h, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, Mate-
rial I).
Cutout
ratio
(c=b)
Source Mode
I II III IV
0.2 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 21.50 32.89 37.83 50.47
(HSDT) 20.85 32.95 37.34 50.60
ABAQUS (FSDT) 21.03 32.46 36.98 50.74
This study (HSDT)
0.4 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 27.52 32.06 35.98 47.91
(HSDT) 26.90 31.30 34.97 47.52
ABAQUS (FSDT) 26.92 31.85 35.51 47.20
This study (HSDT)
0.6 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 45.48 45.72 54.90 57.77
(HSDT) 44.04 44.14 52.64 55.11
ABAQUS (FSDT) 43.28 47.31 55.76 60.05
This study (HSDT)
T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236 231
to-thickness ratio b=h (symmetric cross-ply laminates with a layup
sequence of [45/45/45/45], Material I). The plate has delamina-
tion sizes of 30% and 50% around the central cutout (c=b 0:2). For
thick plates (b=h < 20), it is interesting to observe that the natural
frequencies do not show a signicant change, regardless of the val-
ues of the skew angles. On the other hand, as the length-to-thick-
ness ratio increases (thin plates), the effect of the skew angle on
the frequencies becomes signicant, particularly for the rst mode.
This behavior leads us to the conclusion that thick skew plates
with b=h < 20 can be analyzed in this case as rectangular plates.
However, we cannot neglect the effect of the skew angle in analyz-
ing thin skew plates with b=h > 20 because the contributions made
by the skew angle could be signicant to the thickness of a skew
plate.
Table 4
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square plates with delamination
(SSSS, x xb
2
q=E2
_
=h, c=b 0:1, b=h 75, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, Material I).
Delamination (%)
c 2d=b 100
Source Mode
I II III IV
0 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.40 29.07 37.65 53.51
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.60 29.57 38.33 54.51
This study (HSDT) 13.40 29.06 37.58 53.83
30 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.35 28.04 34.86 52.84
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.41 28.98 36.33 54.36
This study (HSDT) 13.27 27.97 35.18 53.80
50 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.25 25.01 28.32 46.90
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.26 25.71 29.44 49.07
This study (HSDT) 12.98 25.42 28.93 44.15
70 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 12.48 21.65 23.42 24.08
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 12.80 23.19 25.64 27.30
This study (HSDT) 12.72 23.28 25.08 25.71
Table 5
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square and skew plates without
cutout and delamination (SSSS, b=h 1; 000, x xb
2
q=E2
_
=p
2
h, b=l 1,
45
= 45
=45
= 45
=45
, Material II).
Skew
angle u
Mode Normalized natural frequency (x)
This study
(HSDT)
This study
(FSDT)
Wang [23]
(FSDT)
Singha and Ganapathi
[20] (FSDT)
0 I 2.4284 2.4181 2.4339 2.4339
II 4.9905 4.9678 4.9865 4.9859
III 6.1367 6.1394 6.1818 6.1814
IV 8.5183 8.4275 8.4870 9.4849
V 10.2214 10.2528 10.2536 10.2506
VI 11.4669 11.5682 11.6464 11.6433
30 I 2.6040 2.5942 2.6119 2.6118
II 5.6476 5.6622 5.6902 506890
III 6.7934 6.7971 6.8316 6.8308
IV 9.3342 9.3931 9.4773 9.4737
V 11.7903 11.8545 11.8900 11.8828
VI 13.0764 13.2505 13.2355 13.2258
Table 6
Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported and clamped skew plates
without cutout and delamination (b=h 10, x xb
2
q=E2
_
=p
2
h,
45
= 45
=45
= 45
=45
=90
=90
=0
).
E
1
E
2
ratio (E
1
=E
2
) ABAQUS (3D) This study (2D) Difference (%)
25.0 2.5585 2.8295 9.58
5.00 1.2551 1.3725 8.55
2.50 0.9690 1.0279 5.73
1.67 0.8224 0.8718 5.66
1.25 0.7286 0.7763 6.15
1.00 0.6653 0.7096 6.24
Fig. 8. A three-dimensional model and mode shape I of plates with delamination
around central cut using ABAQUS.
232 T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236
4. Summary and conclusion
In this study, we developed a nite element based on the
HSDT to study the free vibration of laminated composite skew
plates with delamination around quadrilateral cutouts. An ef-
cient two-dimensional nite element model for delamination is
also presented in detail. The effects of the skew angle on the
natural frequencies and modes of the laminated composite
plates are studied using various parameters such as the
delamination and cutout sizes, layup sequences, and length-
to-thickness ratios. We found the following key observations
while designing composite skew structures containing
delamination.
1. The usage of a skew member could enable us to efciently con-
trol the dynamic characteristics of the delaminated composites.
Even for a small skew angle of 15, the frequencies of the rst
mode increase only by 1520% in comparison to those of rect-
angular plates.
2. For a large cutout size (c=b 0:2), the frequencies of the
rst mode for delamination of 0% and 30% show a negligi-
ble difference, regardless of the skew angle. On the other
hand, the difference tends to increase for a delamination
size of more than 30% because the skew angle of the plate
has a strong inuence on the natural frequency due to sig-
nicant changes in geometry resulting from the large
delamination size.
Table 8
Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported skew plates with cutout and
delamination (45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, c=b 0:1, b=h 75, Material I).
Skew angle u Mode Delamination size (%), c 2d=b 100
0 30 50 70
0 I 13.401 13.272 12.984 12.721
II 29.062 27.972 25.421 23.281
III 37.583 35.184 28.938 25.083
IV 53.832 53.805 44.159 25.713
15 I 14.738 15.747 15.379 14.649
II 29.307 27.907 25.513 23.399
III 40.517 39.738 32.904 25.860
IV 51.266 49.879 43.462 29.811
30 I 17.483 18.890 18.302 16.801
II 30.083 26.999 25.083 23.041
III 47.332 43.139 37.736 26.142
IV 49.752 47.261 39.037 33.236
45 I 20.412 21.521 20.661 18.583
II 31.262 26.093 24.730 22.643
III 48.972 35.334 32.004 26.985
IV 55.210 49.521 43.255 28.736
60 I 23.041 23.601 22.477 20.014
II 32.578 26.022 24.938 22.404
III 48.689 29.365 27.731 25.416
IV 62.173 36.083 34.743 30.357
75 I 24.881 23.843 22.813 20.491
II 33.632 24.943 24.463 21.792
III 48.673 25.721 24.914 22.884
IV 66.085 27.471 26.636 24.759
(a) Mode I
(b) Mode I I
(c) Mode III (d) Mode IV
Fig. 9. Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported skew plates with cutout and delamination (45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, c=b 0:2; b=h 75; Material I).
T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236 233
3. The effect of the unidirectional ber angles and skew angles on
the natural frequency becomes more signicant for a skew
angle of more than 30. For large skew angles and different ber
angles, the material and structural axes could be close to each
other, resulting in a change in the stiffness of the delaminated
plates.
4. In the case of symmetric cross-ply skew laminates with small
skew angles (u < 30