CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In this modern world, the demand for electricity goes higher and higher.

Thus, the use of renewable source of energy can be done. Water energy has been the most widely used form of renewable energy for the production of electricity. With todays emphasis on environmental considerations and conservation of fossil fuels, other renewable resources are being used to employ the energy sources of the sun and the earth for electricity generation. Some of these resources that represent a viable alternative to fossil fuels are solar power, wind power, geothermal, biomass, and tidal power. These resources, especially solar power and wind power, have the capability to produce sustainable energy indefinitely with no direct emission of pollutant and greenhouse gases. Power plants using these renewable sources of energy are described in the following sections. The aspiration for bulk generation of power in the future is nuclear fusion. If nuclear fusion is harnessed economically, it would provide clean energy from an abundant source of fuel, namely water. ydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower! the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for "# percent of global electricity generation $ %,&'( terawatt)hours of electricity production in '*"*, and is e+pected to increase about %.", each year for the ne+t '- years. ydropower is mostly derived from the potential energy of dammed water which is harnessed to turn a water turbine that further drives a generator that produces electricity. ydro Power is one of the largest sources of energy accounting for roughly '*, of the worldwide demand of electricity and for well resourced countries it accounts for ma.ority of the energy. ydro Power like all other things in life suffers from ydro /am can result in massive losses of disadvantages as well. The failure of a

human life and cause widespread devastation. 0arge /ams have always been controversial leading to displacement of people and ecology. They have also been cited as the reason for earth1uakes due to large land changes.

ydropower is considered to be a renewable energy source because it uses the continuous flow of water without using up the water resource. It is also nonpolluting, since it does not rely on burning fossil fuels. In '**2, it accounted for about #% percent of all other renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and biomass. 3eclamation is the nations second largest producer of hydroelectric power, with -4 hydroelectric power plants and "2& generating units in operation and an installed capacity of "&,#2% 5W. 6lmost all suitable sites for dams have already been developed, so there is not much scope for further growth in water power. owever, there are numerous areas where research can lead to increases in the efficiency and reliability of hydroelectric plants and decreases in maintenance costs. Presently, wind and solar energy are growing at a rapid rate, and in a near future they will be the ma.or sources of renewable energy for production of electric power. The Philippines has many rivers, lakes, waterfalls, irrigation canals, springs, ponds and other water bodies that have vast hydropower potential. /epending on the volume and kinetic energy of the falling or running water many of these water sources are technically feasible for development of micro) mini) or large hydropower pro.ects. 5any places in the Philippines especially those in rural areas still need a supply of electricity. 7sing such a renewable source of energy like hydroelectric power plant, there need can be sustain. 8onsidering these facts, the proponent designed a hydroelectric power plant which was proposed to be located at 9ongabong 3iver in :riental 5indoro. This is a solution to energy crisis suffered in the country since the design will supply energy and contribute to power generation in Philippine using our own available resources.

Plant Site Description 9ongabong 3iver is a stream in 5indoro :riental, Philippine. Its coordinates are "';&*<4= > and "'";%'<&#= ? in /5S @/egrees 5inutes SecondsA or "'.##42 and "'".-&# @in decimal degreesA. 6 Stream is a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.

9ongabong was derived from the word B9I>6C6:D, meaning a big and turbulent river, attributed from the first settlers, known as 5angyans. This turbulent and wide river is now called 9ongabong 3iver the longest span bridge connecting 9arangay agan E 0isap in the south. The town had been given several names, since it was first known as B9I>6C6:D during the Spanish times. /uring the short)lived 3evolutionary administration, the towns name was changed to BS75I06>CD by 8ol. F76> >6C7IT wGc means Bsumikat ang arawD signifying its being the first town to be born under the 5indoro 3evolutionary government. The present name according to an anecdote was taken from an incident that happened during the 6merican 3egime. It runs this wayH B:ne early morning, an 6merican soldier armed wG rifle while leisurely walking along the bank of the Sucol 3iver @now 9ongabong 3iverA saw a betel tree called locally as BbungaD laden wG fruits and upon seeing the nuts in cluster fired his weapon making the betel nut his target and comes out wG a sound of a gun BbongD. The BbungaD and the sound of the gun BbongD were combined into one word and came to be associated with the place and became B9:>C69:>CD. Irom then on up to /ecember (, "2'( when 0egislative 9ill >o. %&"- of the colonial Philippine 8ommission was passed and approved, the name 9:>C69:>C was recogniJed, a municipality with glorious past.D The Spaniards erected a fort and church at Sucol @now 9rgy. 6nilaoA, a area near the 9ongabong 3iver.

RESERV

DAM

Figure 1 Location Detail of onga!ong Ri"er

RESERV OIR

DA M

Figure # Location Detail of onga!ong Ri"er

Figure $

Figure %

Design O!&ecti"es The main ob.ectives of this research are to study and locate proper location for hydroelectric power generator, to compute for flow rate and finally to estimate the power generation. ". To provide the following schematic diagramH a. Plant layout b. Cenerator set c. ydraulic Turbine '. To respond to the great electric demand of people in 5indoro. %. To come up with the appropriate design of a hydroelectric power plant with at least %4** m' reservoir type hydroelectric power plant. &. To make the design of the said power plant an economical. -. To give an affordable electricity to the peple.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ydropower, hydrokinetic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower has been used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as watermills, sawmills, te+tile mills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts. Since the early '*th century, the term is used almost e+clusively in con.unction with the modern development of hydro)electric power, the energy of which

could be transmitted considerable distance between where it was created to where it was consumed. 6nother previous method used to transmit energy had employed a trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water that could then be piped to power other machinery at a distance from the energy source. Water<s power is manifested in hydrology, by the forces of water on the riverbed and banks of a river. When a river is in flood, it is at its most powerful, and moves the greatest amount of sediment. This higher force results in the removal of sediment and other material from the riverbed and banks of the river, locally causing erosion, transport and, with lower flow, sedimentation downstream.

CLASSIFICATION OF H'DROELECTRIC PLANTS The classification of hydroelectric plants based uponH @aA Kuantity of water available @bA 6vailable head @cA >ature of load The classification according to Kuantity of water available is discussed below. Run(off Ri"er plants )it*out pon+age These plants do not store water! the plant uses water as it comes. The plant can use water as and when available. Since these plants depend for their generating capacity primarily on the rate of flow of water, during rainy season high flow rate may mean some 1uantity of water to go as waste while during low run)off periods, due to low flow rates, the generating capacity will be low. Run(off Ri"er plants )it* pon+age In these plants pondage permits storage of water during off peak periods and use of this water during peak periods. /epending on the siJe of pondage provided it may be possible to cope with hour to hour fluctuations. This type of plant can be used on parts of the load curve as re1uired, and is more useful than a plant without storage or pondage. When providing pondage tail race conditions should be such that floods do not raise tail)race water level, thus reducing the head on the plant and impairing its

effectiveness. This type of plant is comparatively more reliable and its generating capacity is less dependent on available rate of flow of water.

Hig*(*ea+ *,+ro-electric plants = igh head= power plants are the most common and generally utiliJe a dam to store water at an increased elevation. The use of a dam to impound water also provides the capability of storing water during rainy periods and releasing it during dry periods. This results in the consistent and reliable production of electricity, able to meet demand. eads for this type of power plant may be greater than "*** m. 5ost large hydro) electric facilities are of the high head variety. demand on a distribution system. H'DROELECTRIC ENER.' AD/ANTA.ES ydroelectric power plant has advantages which are also considered as the design consideration of the design plant. No Fuel Cost ydro ?nergy does not re1uire any fuel like most other sources of energy. This is a huge advantage over other fossil fuels whose costs are increasing at a drastic rate every year. ?lectricity prices are increasingly rapidly in most parts of the world much faster than general inflation. Price shocks due to high fuel costs are a big risk with fossil fuel energy these days Lo) Operating Costs an+ little 0aintenance :perating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation. Lo) Electricit, CostH igh head plants with storage are very valuable to electric utilities because they can be 1uickly ad.usted to meet the electrical

The ?lectricity produced from a normal hydro power plant.

ydro Power is 1uite low making it very attractive

to construct hydro plants. The payback period is estimated to be between -)4 years for ydro Plants also have long lives of between -*)"** years which means that they are e+tremely profitable No .reen*ouse .as E1issions2Air Pollution ydroelectricity does not produce any C C emissions or cause air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels unlike coal, oil or gas. This makes them very attractive as a source of cheap, non carbon dio+ide producing electricity. Energ, StorageH Pumped ydro Storage is possible with most of the hydro power plants. This makes them ideal storage for wind and solar power which are intermittent in nature. ydro /ams can be modified at low costs to allow pumped storage. S1all Si3e Possi!le ydroelectricity can be produced in almost any siJe from " 5W to "**** 5W which makes it very versatile. Small are possible Relia!ilit, ydro Power is much more reliable than wind and solar power though less than coal and nuclear as a base load source of power. is low in the catchment areas. Hig* Loa+ Factor The 0oad Iactor for Solar and Wind ?nergy ranges from "-)&*, which is 1uite low compared to Iossil Iuel ?nergy. factor of almost &*)#*,. ydroelectricity on the other hand has a load ydroelectricity is more or less predictable much in advance though it can decrease in summer months when the water ydro Plants are being encouraged by government as they cause less ecological affects than large hydro plants. ?ven micro hydro plants

Long Life ydro Plants has a very long life of around -*) "** years which is much longer than that of even >uclear Power Plants. The long life implies that the lifecycle cost of a ydro Power Plant becomes very low in the long term H'DROELECTRIC ENER.' DISAD/ANTA.ES /isadvantages of ydroelectric Power Plant also affect the design of the plant especially for safety purposes. En"iron1ental4 Dislocation an+ Tri!al Rig*ts 0arge /am construction especially in populated areas leads to massive Tribal /isplacement, 0oss of 0ivelihood and 3eligious Infringement as potentially sacred 0and is occupied by the Covernment. 5il+life an+ Fis*es get Affecte+ The Iishes are the most affected species from /am 8onstruction as the normal flow of the river is completely changed from its river character to a lake one. Submergence of land also leads to ecological destruction of the habitat of land based wildlife. Eart*-ua6e /ulnera!ilit, 0arge /am 8onstruction has been linked to increased propensity of ?arth1uakes. Siltation When water flows it has the ability to transport particles heavier than itself downstream. This has a negative effect on dams and subse1uently their power stations, particularly those on rivers or within catchment areas with high siltation. Tail Ris64 Da1 Failure

9ecause large conventional dammed)hydro facilities hold back large volumes of water, a failure due to poor construction, terrorism, or other cause can be catastrophic to downriver settlements and infrastructure. /am failures have been some of the largest man)made disasters in history. Cannot !e uilt An,)*ere ydro ?nergy is present with other forms of ?nergy as well.

This disadvantage of

Some forms of ?nergy are .ust better suited to some places. Ior e+ample you cant build a nuclear plant on top of an earth1uake prone region, you cant build a wind farm near the /ead Sea . ydro ?nergy can only be built in particular places though enough of those places e+ist globally Long .estation Ti1e The time to construct a large hydro power pro.ect can take between -)"* years which leads to time and cost overruns. T'PES OF H'DROPO5ER PLANTS ydroelectric Power Plant has also different types which are considered in the list of consideration of the designer for better guidance of good design.

Run(of(t*e(ri"er *,+roelectricit, @3:3A is a type of hydroelectric generation whereby a considerably smaller water storage called pondage or none is used to supply a power station. 3un)of)the)river power plants are classified as with or without pondage. 6 plant without pondage has no storage and is, therefore, sub.ected to seasonal river flows and serves as a peaking power plant while a plant with pondage can regulate water flow and serve either as a peaking or base load power plant. CO0PONENTS OF H'DROELECTRIC PO5ER PLANTS

Larious components of hydroelectric power plants and the working of hydroelectric power plants were considered for the design and economic analysis of the plant. The most important part of the hydroelectric power plant is the dam, which acts as the water reservoir. The water flowing in the river comprises of kinetic energy and potential energy. In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water is utiliJed to produce electricity. There are eight important components of the hydroelectric power plant. 6ll these components and their working have been described belowH Da1 The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power plant. In fact the name Mdam is considered to be synonymous to the Mhydroelectric power plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant 1uantity of water throughout the year. The dam is built at location where the height of the river is sufficiently high so as to get ma+imum possible potential energy from water.

Figure 7 Cross Sectional /ie) of H,+roelectric Plant

5ater reser"oir Water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located at the height above the rest of the dam structure. The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy water possesses. also enables it to move downwards effortlessly due to gravity. The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural height of water flowing in the river, hence water in reservoir is considered to be altered e1uilibrium. This igher the height of water more is its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir

also helps to increase the overall potential energy of water, which helps ultimately produce more electricity in the power generation unit. Inta6e or control gates These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters the power generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy. T*e penstoc6 The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit that comprises of the turbines and generator. The water in penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height. The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock. The amount of water flowing through the penstock is controlled by the control gates. 5ater tur!ines The water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit that comprises of the turbines and generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine. /ue to rotation of blades the shaft of the turbine also rotates. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator. In most of the hydroelectric power plants there are more than one power generation units comprising of the turbine and generator. There is large difference in height between the level of turbine and level of water in the water reservoir. This difference in height, also called as head of water, decides the total amount of power that can be generated in the hydroelectric power plant.

There are various types of water turbines such as Naplan turbine, Irancis turbine, Pelton wheels etc. The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the reservoir, 1uantity of water and the total power generation capacity. .enerators It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in the coils of the generator. It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. ence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential energy of water is converted into electricity. H'DRAULIC TUR INES 6 hydraulic turbine, also known as a hydro turbine or water turbine, is a turbine that converts the energy from flowing water into mechanical energy by way of a rotating shaft connected to a generator for the purpose of producing hydroelectricity in a dam. The use of modern hydraulic turbines can be traced back to the use of waterwheels that used the weight effect of water to produce energy for work. Today, modern hydraulic turbines are considered a form of fluid dynamic machinery, featuring .ets, noJJles, and vanes that operate on impulse or reaction principles. Francis tur!ine

Figure 8 Francis tur!ine Irancis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a head range of "* to #-* meters @%% to ',"%% feetA and are primarily used for electrical power production. The power output generally ranges from "* to (-* megawatts, though mini)hydro installations may be lower. 3unner diameters are between " and "* meters @% and %% feetA. The speed range of the turbine is from 4% to "*** rpm. 5edium siJe and larger Irancis turbines are most often arranged with a vertical shaft. Lertical shaft may also be used for small siJe turbines, but normally they have horiJontal shaft. Irancis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Irancis type units cover a head range from '* to (** meters @"** to ',%** feetA, and their output power varies from .ust a few kilowatts up to one gigawatt. 0arge Irancis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 2*,. In addition to electrical production, they may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine @acting as a pumpA during low power demand, and then reversed and used to generate power during peak demand. 0ETHODOLO.' This presents the methods and procedures of calculating the parameters used in the analysis of hydroelectric power plant. 0et*o+s of Deter1ining t*e Rate of Disc*arge 3ate of /ischarge is the product of cross)sectional area and velocity of water.

whereH O cross)sectional area,

O velocity, mGs

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e .ross Hea+ Ior 3eaction @IrancisA Turbine and Propeller @NaplanA, gross head is the difference in elevation between the headwater and tailwater.

whereH O elevation of headwater, m O elevation of tailwater, m

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e Net Hea+ >et ead is the effective head. It is the difference between the gross head and friction head loss.

whereH O gross head, m O head loss, m

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e Penstoc6 Efficienc, The penstock efficiency is the ratio of net head and gross head.

whereH O net head, m O gross head, m

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e 5ater or H,+raulic Po)er Water or ydraulic Power is the power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water.

whereH specific weight, 2.4" k>G O flow rate, O head, m Gs , "*** kgG

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e Friction Loss Iriction ead 0oss is e+pressed as a percentage of the gross head. 7sing /arcys ?1uationH

whereH f O coefficient of friction l O length of penstock,m v O velocity, mGsec g O gravity, 2.4" mGs / O inside diameter, m 0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e .enerator Spee+ Is related to generator fre1uency@cycles per second of generator voltageA by a fi+ed linear e1uation.

whereH

> O speed, rpm O fre1uency, usually #* J

O number of poles @even numberA

0et*o+ of Deter1ining t*e Specific Spee+ of H,+raulic Tur!ine The specific speed in rpm at which the turbine impeller would operate if reduced proportionally in siJe so as to deliver to the rated capacity of " unit rate of volume. In SI unit ,rpm whereH O 9rake Power, > O speed, rpm O head, ft In ?nglish unit ,rpm whereH O 9rake Power, kW > O speed, rpm O head, m p

CHAPTER III TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION

This chapter presents technical consideration that will be needed for the construction of the proposed hydroelectric power plant. Tec*nical Aspect In selecting specific e1uipment to be used, the hydroelectric power plant must follow a lot of technical consideration including its output and efficiency. 6s with pumps, there are families of different types of turbine to deal with different types of situation. Figure 19

Sc*e1atic Diagra1 of H,+roelectric Po)er Plant Turbine Specification, shown in Table ", was gathered from the market used for the computation of the components of the plant.

Discussions of Results 9ongabong 3iver is one of the largest river in :riental 5indoro in terms of drainage basin siJe. 8onsidering these gathered data and design assumption, parameters were computed. C6T ?3?/ /6T6H

0atitudeH "'.##42;> 0ongitudeH "'".-&#* ;? 6verage 6nnual 3ainfall O '*** ) %#** mm 0ength of 3iver O &.- km /?SIC> P6365?T?3SH 8atchment 6rea O %.4* km' 0ength of Penstock O &* m eadwater ?levation O '** m Tailwater ?levation O ) % m Penstock efficiency O Turbine efficiency O /iameter of the discharge O '.-m /ischarge length O %- m

Figure 11 Reser"oir T,pe :Design Selection T,pe; Design Calculation for Reser"oir 3eservoir type hydroelectric power plant has a catchment area of %.4* km'. Tail water is standing % m below the turbine setting. 9ongabong 3iver holds potential for hydro power developments.

A< Design Calculation for Flo) Rate The evaporation of water from a water surface, as an open tank, a swimming pool or river, depends the temperature in the water and the temperature in the air, the actual humidity of the air and the velocity of the air above the surface.

9. The amount of evaporated water can be e+pressed asH gs = A (xs - x) / 3600 or gh = A (xs - x) where C. gs = amount of evaporated water per second (kg/s) D. gh = amount of evaporated water per hour (kg/h) ?. = (2 ! "# v) = evaporat$on coeff$c$ent (kg/m2h) F. v = ve%oc$t& of a$r a'ove the water surface (m/s) G. A = water surface area (m2) H. xs = hum$d$t& rat$o $n saturated a$r at the same temperature as the water surface (kg/kg) (kg (2) $n kg *r& A$r) I. x = hum$d$t& rat$o $n the a$r (kg/kg) (kg (2) $n kg *r& A$r)

8:5P7TI>C ?L6P:36TI:> 0:SS gh = A (xs - x) Civen the following constant value in the said area v = *.- mGs xs O *.*' kgGkg x O *.**24 kgGkg Sa O %4***** m%
gh = @ '- P "2 @*.- mGsAA @%4*****A @@*.*' kgGkgA ) @*.**24kgGkgAA O " %%( ''* kgGhr O %(".&- kgGs , O *.%( m rainfall " mm rainfall O " kgGs

O %.' m $ *.%( m O '.4% m

KO %%.(%2' m%Gs Kriver O "* m%Gs Ktotal O %%.(%2' m%Gs P "* m%Gs Ktotal O &%.(%2'

! peak hrs O 4 hrs O @&%.(%2'A@'&AG 4 Kma+ O "%".'"(# m%Gs Pavailable O KQ

O @"%".'"(#A @2.4"A @'*'A Pavailable O '#**'%.&'*-kw or '#*5W 7>IT I E II @'- 5WA P?>ST:8N /?SIC>

Pg O Where H Pg H generator output power @NL6A e H effective head @mA K H volume flow rate @m%GsA H combined efficiency typical 4*, p.f H power factor

'4*** NL6 O K O "-.2*"- m%Gs 6ssume suction inside diameter of penstock ".' meter and length of %** meter Solving for velocity in suction KO 6S + LS "-.2*"- m%Gs O LS O "&.*# mGs Solving for friction loss R suction Solving for the fre1uency using 8olebrook ?1uationH + LS

Solving for 3eynolds >umber R PO "*".%'- NPa, TO'-;8

whereH

Solving for 3elative 3oughness O*.****&# @commercial steelA

O *.****%4%%

O '#*4#.2-#-'

fs

fs

fs

O &".&(4 m discharge diameter O ".- meter

Solving for KO 6/ + L/

fd

"-.2*"- m%Gs O L/ O 4.22 mGs

+ L/

Solving for the fre1uency using 8olebrook ?1uationH

Solving for 3eynolds >umber R PO "*".%'- NPa, TO'-;8

whereH

Solving for 3elative 3oughness O*.****&# @commercial steelA

O *.****%*#(

O %'#*4.#2-#

fd

0 O -* meters

fd

O O %.4#2( m O
fs

fd ft ft ft

fd

O &".&(4 P%.4#2( O &-.%&(( m

Solving for Cross ead

C C C

ft

O &-.%&(( P '*'

O '&(.%&(( meters

Penstock ?fficiency O

+ "**,

O Penstock ?fficiency O 4',

+ "**,

Intake /epth @3ule of thumbA

Intake pipe should be submerged %S the pipe diameter %@".'A O %.# meters

% 7>IT %,& E - @-*5WA

Pg O

-----NL6 O K O %".--#%*22 m%Gs Solving for KO 6/ + L/ %".--#%*22 m%Gs O L/ O 4.#"**# mGs Solving for the fre1uency using 8olebrook ?1uationH + L/ discharge diameter O '."# meter

fd

Solving for 3eynolds >umber

Solving for 3elative 3oughness

O*.****&# @commercial steelA

O *.****'"'2

O &#2-#.-'"(&

fd

0 O -* meters

fd

O O '.'( meter

fd

Solving for velocity in suction /iameter ".4meter @assumeA KO 6S + LS %".--#%*22 m%Gs O LS O "'.%24&2 mGs Solving for friction loss R suction Solving for the fre1uency using 8olebrook ?1uationH + LS

Solving for 3eynolds >umber

Solving for 3elative 3oughness O*.****&# @commercial steelA

O *.****'---

O %2"%*.&%&(4

Solving for the 0ength of the Penstock O P

ft ft ft

O '&(.%&(( ) '*' O ("."2"(( O )

fs fs fs

ft

fd

O ("."2"(( $ '.'( O #4.2' meters

fs

#4.2' O 0 O #%4.#*#( meters

Surge tan6 Surge tank /iameter O (.% meter O&(.2 meter Ilow rate O "-.2*' m%Gs 6ssume level in surge tank is stationary "meter below the level in the reservoir K O "-.2*' m%Gs O 6L

8ross section area of surge tank

6 O cross section of upstream pipe 0 O length of pipe surge tank to reservoir

o

O steady state head on turbine

CHAPTER / SU00AR'4 CONCLUSION AND RECO00ENDATION This chapter discuss the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the designed %4.- 5W Su11ar, ydroelectric power is a effective source ine+pensive electricity. It comes from a renewable energy source without emitting polluted gasses. 6nd, unlike other energy sources such as fossil fuels, water is not consumed during electrical production, but can be reused for other purposes. 9ased on the design, the reservoir will be the 9ongabong 3iver. The water out flow has a flow rate of ma+imum of %% cubic meters per second. 6s the design has been finaliJed, the designer comes up with the total supply of %4.- 5W for the energy crisis in the area of 5indoro. Conclusions The designer concluded the following after the finaliJation of the study and locate proper location for hydroelectric power plant, to compute the parameters and estimate the power generation and cost. ". The plant design will accommodate supply of energy to the 9arangays and areas surrounding the 3iver. ydroelectric Power Plant of ydroelectric Power Plant.

'. The design of %4.- 5W is sufficient enough to solve the energy crisis within the area of 5indoro. %. The proposed design is a positive distributor for the area grid of electricity demand using the available resources. &. The plant is estimated to its feasible cost of Php 2 9illion which reflects to the viability of the design to generate %4.- 5W per day and to be paid after ".#years. Reco11en+ation ". ard work and patience in gathering data must e+ist to the researchers. design which the designer should consider in the operation. %. The designer must have deep study about the design and the actual costs of the units in order to come up with more effective design. &. 6wareness of the recent power plant technologies, operations and e1uipment for technical modifications to upgrade a more advanced plant operation necessary to increase its efficiency. '. 8onsultation to the professional and higher persons added to the feasibility of the