Retaining Wall

Stem

Toe

Heel

Shear Key
DCS - II Dr PVR 1

Soil on Heel Wall

Active Lateral Soil Pressure

Soil on Toe

Footing Shear Key

DCS - II Dr PVR 2

Passive Lateral Soil Pressure

ACTUAL FRICTION is not the same as FRICTION CAPACITY!

Friction Vertical Reaction

DCS - II Dr PVR 3

Computing Soil Bearing Stress

Resolve applied forces into a concentric vertical force and moment on the contact area. Ix = bL3/12 A = bL c = L/2 smax = P/A + Mc/Ix smin = P/A Mc/Ix

DCS - II

Dr PVR

Sliding
Vslide = Driving Force = Demand Vresist = sum(Resisting Forces) = Capacity

Driving Force Resisting Capacity

FS = Vresist / Vslide

Design for FS > 1.55

Friction CAPACITY = m N Actual Friction Reaction DCS Not - II Dr PVR

Overturning
MO = Driving Force*arm = Demand MR = sum(Resisting Moments) = Capacity

Resisting Forces Driving Force

FS = MR / MO

Design for FS > 1.55

Point of DCS - II Rotation

Dr PVR

Draw FBDs

Stem

Toe

Heel

DCS - II

Dr PVR

Stem Diagrams
FBD Shear
Make stem thick enough for shear

Moment

Capacity

Add Sec. Steel

Select Steel to provide flexural capacity

DCS - II Dr PVR 8

Capacity

Toe
Add T&S Steel

Vu can be calculated a distance d from face of wall since there is a compressive reaction with the wall.

Flexural Steel extends a development length into the heel and should develop within the length of the toe.

Design Shear Shear

Mu is computed at the face of the wall.

Design Moment Moment

DCS - II Dr PVR 9

Heel
Vu must be calculated at the face of wall since there is a tensile reaction with the wall.

Flexural Steel extends a development length into the toe and should develop within the length of the heel.

Add T&S Steel

Mu is computed at the face of the wall.

Shear

Design Shear

Moment
DCS - II Dr PVR

Design Moment
10

Provide the more base (b), shear key is unsafe against sliding

H H+a a A R C pp B a ka(H+a) mW a PA

pp = p tan2 (45 +/2) = p kp where pp= Unit passive pressure on soil above shearing plane AB p= Earth pressure at BC
R=Total passive resistance = ppxa

R= Total passive force = pp x a

=45 + /2

DCS - II

Dr PVR

11

If W= Total vertical force acting at the key base = shearing angle of passive resistance R= Total passive force = pp x a PH=Active horizontal pressure at key base for H+a mW=Total frictional force under flat base

For equilibrium, R + mW =FOS x PH FOS= (R + mW)/ PA 1.55

DCS - II

Dr PVR

12

x1 W2

W1

W4 W PH R H/3

x2

T x

W3 e b 0.75m 0.45m b/6

b/2
1.8m

Pmin. 30.16 kN/m2

Pmax 120.6 kN/m2 22.6

97.99

54.3

Forces acting on the wall and the pressure below the wall
13

DCS-II Pressure below the Retaining Wall

Check for overturning FOS = MR/ MO= 413.55/140.05 = 2.94 >1.55 Safe Check for Sliding FOS = W/ PH= 0.6* 226.24/ 91.72 = 1.48 < 1.55 Unsafe Pressure below the base slab PMax=120.66 kN/m2 < SBC, safe PMin = 30.16 kN/m2 > zero, No tension or separation, safe
Pmin. Pmax 120.6 kN/m2 22.6
DCS-II

0.45

97.99

54.3

30.16 kN/m2

14

pp = 97.99x3 = 293.97 kN/m2

R = Total passive resistance = ppxa = 293.97x0.45 = 132.28 kN H H+a 0.45 pp B a = 0.45 ka(H+a) PH

Check for Sliding FOS = (R + W)/ PH = (59.53+0.6* 226.24)/ (1/2 x1/3x18x(5.2+0.45)2 ) = 2.78 > 1.55 Safe
Ok Ok

C mW

=45 + /2

97.99

DCS - II

Dr PVR

15

The Design Process

Select the overall dimensions (height, embedment, footing length and position, and estimated footing & wall thicknesses) based on stability (sliding and overturning) and soil strength (max/min bearing pressures) using service level loads. Check slab (wall and footing) thicknesses using shear criteria and factored loads. Adjust thicknesses as necessary, rechecking stability and soil strength of the values change. Select the flexural steel for the three cantilever slab elements using factored loads. Select the temperature and shrinkage steel for wall and footing. Draw the resulting wall cross section (to scale!)
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