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Belt materials
Leather (Oak tanned or chrome tanned) fabrics (Canvas or woven cotton ducks) rubber (Canvas or cotton duck impregnated with rubber, For greater tensile strength, the rubber belts are reinforced with steel cords or nylon cords) plastics (Thin plastic sheets with rubber layers )
medium duty drives 5 kW to 20 kW power, velocity up to 20 m/s Ex: punch and printing machinery
Heavy duty drives More than 20 kW power, more than 20 m/s Ex: Turbines
For long distance about 5m to 20m Flat belts For short distance less than 5m V belts, toothed belts etc.
Flat belts
Power to be transmitted Service conditions Factors considered for selection of belt drives Based on wear resistance, durability, strength, flexibility & coefficient of friction Speed of the machinery shaft
Center distance
Velocity ratio
Advantages: long distance power transmission, withstand shock and vibration, adjusting misalignment between driving and driven machine, simple in design, low cost Disadvantages: large space, belt slipping, exert heavy load on the shaft and bearings, power loss due to friction, shorter life
Cemented joints
Laced joints
Hinged joints
Pulleys are rotating in opposite direction due to crossing, More angle of contact
Belts rubs during crossing leads to wear, bending in two different planes
Friction between the belt and the pulley is responsible for transmitting power from one pulley to the other. Due to the presence of friction between the pulley and the belt surfaces, tensions on both the sides of the belt are not equal.
Important terms
The motion of the belt and pulley assuming a firm frictional grip between
the belts and pulleys. Sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient and may cause forward motion of a pulley without carrying the belt. This is called slip of the belt. When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as creep.
Packing Depot
Baggage Handling
Coal industry
The belt thickness can be built up with a number of layers. The number of layers is known as ply.
Typical Belt drive specifications Material No. of ply and Thickness Maximum belt stress per unit width Coefficient of friction of the belt material Density of Belt material
considerable .
If the effect of centrifugal tension is considered, Then, the total tension in the tight side Tmax = T1 + TC Total tension in the slack side Tmin = T2 + TC Where, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt TC = Centrifugal tension
when the power transmitted is maximum, 1/3rd of the maximum tension (T) is absorbed as centrifugal tension (TC) .
Crowning of Pulley
Pulleys are provided with a slight conical shape or convex shape in their outer rim surface to prevent the belt from running off the pulley due to
upper side, the sag of the belt due to its own weight slightly increases the
arc of contact with the pulleys and increases the efficiency of the drive. If the lower side is slack side, then sag will reduce the angle of contact with the pulleys. This has to be avoided to gain the power transmission. In case of vertical belt drive, due to gravitational force on the belt, it will try to fall away from the lower surface of the lower pulley. This causes slip and reduces the efficiency of the drive. To run such a drive, the belt has to run with excessive tension with consequent increase in bearing reactions and reduced belt life.
Initial tension not required reduces the bearing action high strength to weight ratio costlier than the V and flat belts more sensitive to misalignment
Round Belts
Round belts are made of leather, canvas and rubber. The diameter of the round belts are usually 3 to 12 mm. They are suitable for , 90 twist, reverse bending or serpentine applications. Round belts are limited to light duties dish washer drives, sewing machines, vacuum cleaner, light duty textile machinery.
Trapezoidal groove
The force components T, T+ dT and Centrifugal force are same as like flat belt element. But the normal reaction which act on the sides of the V belt.
Left-hand Lang's lay (RHLL) wire rope Strands are twisted into a left hand side
Right-hand Lang's lay (RHLL) wire rope Strands are twisted into a right hand side
When a large amount of power is to be transmitted over long distances from one pulley to another (i.e. when the pulleys are upto 150 meters apart), then wire ropes are used.
Wire diameter dw
where d = rope diameter
0.106 d
6 x 19 6 x 37
8 x 19
0.063 d 0.045 d
0.05 d
0.38 d2 0.38 d2
0.38 d2
Cross or regular lay ropes direction of twist of wires in the strands is opposite to the direction of twist of the stands Parallel or lang lay ropes direction of twist of the wires in the strands is
Bending stress when the rope winds round the sheave or drum The approximate value of the bending stress in the wire as proposed by Reuleaux
Impact Loading: The load which is rapidly applied to the machine component is known as impact load.
Positive drive No slip No Creep high temperature service Easier to install compact than belt drives
Classification of Chains
Conveyor chains Used for carrying materials continuously in conveyors by sliding Detachable or hook joint type chain
Silent chain
Inverted tooth chain formed by laminated steel plates each plate has two teeth with space to accommodate tooth of the sprocket for high speed applications silent operation