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, 2
, 3
.
Strain ener"y at a o'ation of the eement
The strain energy at a particular location of the element can be segregated into three
categories, namely
!a" Total strain energy per unit #olume of the stressed element, arising from the principal
stresses 1
, 2
, 3
.
!b" $train energy per unit #olume arising from the change of #olume caused by a
hydrostatic stress, which is uniform in all three directions
!c" $train energy per unit #olume arising from distortion of the element, and which can be
considered as being the difference between !a" and !b".
ELASTIC STRESS,STRAIN RELATIONS
Uni,A)ia #tre##
This is the case of a single principal stress 1
.
%rincipal strains are then gi#en by the expressions
E E E
1
3
1
2
1
1
, ,
Where,
, 2
1
( )
2 1
1
E
,
2
( )
1 2
1
E
, and
3
( )
2 1
1
+
E
Tri,A)ia #tre## #it%ation
This is the case of three principal stresses
1
,
2
,
3
1
( ) [ ]
3 2 1
1
+
E
!1"
2
( ) [ ]
3 1 2
1
+
E
!2"
3
( ) [ ]
2 1 3
1
+
E
!3"
ENERGY PER UNIT -OLUME AT STRESS LOCATION
Tota #train ener"y U
The total strain energy is the strain energy caused by the three principal stresses
1
,
2
, 3
.
It is gi#en by
U
1 1
2
1
(
2 2
2
1
(
3 3
2
1
!)"
$ubstituting the three strains 3 2 1
, , and
in equations !1",!2" and !3" into equation !)"
yields
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
!*"
Strain Ener"y !%e to Chan"e of -o%me (Hy!ro#tati' #tre##* ony
The stress that causes change of #olume only !hydrostatic stress" may be considered as the
a#erage of the three principal stresses av
av
3
3 2 1
+ +
!+"
$ubstituting for the hydrostatic stress av
v
U ( ) [ ]
2 2
3 2 3
2
1
av av
E
!,"
1
'echanical -ngineering .esign/ $higley, 0oseph, pg 12), 'c1raw 2ill, $e#enth -dition, 233)
Nyangasi %age 2 of + ./ 0an%ary 1//2
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
v
U
[ ]
2 1
2
3
2
E
av 4
[ ]
2
2
2 1 3
av
E
!5"
$ubstituting the #alue of av
v
U
[ ]
2
3 2 1
3 2
2 1 3
,
_
+ +
E
4
[ ]
( )
2
3 2 1
2 6 7
2 1 3
+ +
v
U
[ ]
( )
2
3 2 1
+
2 1
+ +
E
4
[ ]
( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+
2 1
+ + + + +
v
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+
2 1
+ + + + +
E
!7"
This
v
U
is the strain energy per unit #olume caused by the uniform !hydrostatic" stress,
which is part of the three principal stresses 1
, 2
, 3
.
Di#tortion Ener"y at the o'ation of $rin'i$a #tre##e# 1
3 2
3 3
The distortion energy can then be obtained as the difference between the total strain energy at
the location of principal stresses, and the strain energy due to the hydrostatic portion of the
stresses at the same location. The distortion energy is then deri#ed from the expression
d
U U 8
v
U
Where,
d
U
.istortion energy in the element at the location of principal stresses 1
3 2
3 3
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
!*"
v
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+
2 1
+ + + + +
E
!7"
Therefore,
d
U
4 ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
8
( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+
2 1
+ + + + +
E
d
U
4 ( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ 3
+
1
+ + + +
E
8
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 6 2 6 2 2
+
1
+ + + + + + + + +
E
Nyangasi %age 3 of + ./ 0an%ary 1//2
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
d
U
4
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 6 2 6 2 2
+ 3
+
1
E
d
U
4
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ + + + +
+ + + +
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
6 2 2
2 2
+
1
E
d
U
4
( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 2 2 2 2
+
1
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + +
E
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+
2 2 1
+ + + +
+
E
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1
+ + + +
+
E
!13"
9ut
( ) ( )
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + 4
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ +
Therefore
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3 6 2
1
+ +
+
E
!11"
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+
1
+ +
+
E
!12"
THE CASE OF SIMPLE TENSION TEST 4HEN YIELDING OCCURS
Nyangasi %age ) of + ./ 0an%ary 1//2
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
:or the simple tension test specimen, the three principal stresses when yielding occurs are
1
4 y
S
, 2
43, 3
43
$ubstituting for the principal stresses in equation !12" yields
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
+
1
+ +
+
y y
S S
E
d
U
4
( )
[ ]
2
2
+
1
y
S
E
+
!13"
THE CASE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS 4HEN YIELDING OCCURS
The distortion energy theory of failure states
When Yie!in" occurs in any material, the !i#tortion #train ener"y $er %nit &o%me at the
point of failure equals or exceeds the !i#tortion #train ener"y $er %nit &o%me when
yie!in" occurs in the ten#ion te#t #$e'imen.
This can be restated that when yielding occurs in any situation
d
U
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+
1
+ +
+
E
!12"
E5UALS
d
U
4
( )
[ ]
2
2
+
1
y
S
E
+
!13"
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ + 4
2
2
y
S
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
4 y
S
!1)"
E5UI-ALENT (-on,Mi#e#* STRESS
The expression on the left hand side of equation !1)" is therefore considered as the
e6%i&aent #tre##
e
4
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
!1*"
The equi#alent stress e
4
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
4
. .s f
S
y
!1+"
APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN E5UATION
The principal stresses 1
3 2
3 3