Works Cited Primary Sources Chicago History Museum. Margaret Sanger, Birth Control Advocate. [Web Site Title].

N.p., n.d. Web. This is a photograph of Margaret Sanger. She is standing by a train while holding numerous documents. The year the photo was taken is unknown. Cover of Birth Control Review. Nov. 1923. Illustration. Smith Coll. Sophia Smith Collection, Northampton. Repository Number: 182; SSCFileNames: 182.tif. This is the cover of a journal of the twenties, illustrating the purpose of the work and was edited by Margaret Sanger. It's a primary source. It was published by the American Birth Control League of New York City, New York. The illustration epitomizes Sanger's true desire to inform women of her opinion of their situation: it was a yoke. The woman is on the ground, withheld from advancement by the large weight shackled around her ankles that is labeled "Unwanted Babies." The woman is attired in the common flapper dress and bob-cut. Instead of looking at the real problem, her ball and chain, the woman continues looking elsewhere with an expression of agony and desperation. The image festoons Sanger as a hero of sorts, or angel, either way she's the harbinger, or savior who rescues and frees the ignorant woman of her torment by opening her eyes to other options. It's great, because it's primary, from a journal edited by my topic, and it fits right in with the theme of my paper and website. It holds a message that will aid in the proving of my case. Feldt, Gloria. "Margaret Sanger's Obscenity." New York Times [New York City] 15 Oct. 2006: n. pag. Print. Gloria Feldt is a former Planned Parenthood president and obviously, a very strong supporter of Sanger's acts. She has published and edited many other pieces that

glorify the work of Sanger, so this is biased and secondary. Despite biases, this article offers valuable statistics on the death rate and severity of home abortions. Showing these facts highlights the good or positive of contraceptives, which were illegal, and an indirect factor to the deaths of many women. It gives a mini biography and the piece is relatively short, but that bit of information shall be easily put to use on my website. Haverford University Library. 1887 Letter from Anthony Comstock to Josiah Leeds. [Web Site Title]. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a photograph of a letter sent in 1887 from Anthony Comstock to Josiah Leeds. It discusses how things have not been looking good in the media on Comstock and how he is dealing with the topic of abortion, but through the letter he is assuring Leeds that the law is on their side. Planned Parenthood. "Margaret Sanger Health Center- Tucson, AZ." [Web Site Title]. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a photograph of one of the recent Planned Parenthood buildings. It is from Planned Parenthood's website. Poster about Meeting with Margaret Sanger. [Web Site Title]. N.p., n.d. Web. This image is of a poster from 1917. It informs people on a meeting with Margaret Sanger; people could go 25 cents to listen to Sanger discuss birth control. Sanger, Margaret. An Autobiography. New York City: W.W. Norton & Company, 1938. Print. As a primary source, this book offers experiences from the perspective of Sanger, published in 1938, around the time of her strengthening fight against the Comstock Laws. She waxed more popular with the American public at this time and I'm assuming that's why she decided to write the autobiography, to expound to the people her life, to become more personable. The more common she should appear, the better the reaction from the

readers. In the book, there is a specific section, where she described a scenario that epitomized her current journey for legal contraception and sexual freedom for women. It was that of a poor woman who, like most immigrants living in the slums, was bound to home, caring for children, and struggling to feed and clothe the growing number of mouths. The story for this young woman didn't end happily as she died from a self induced abortion. The story is eye catching and heart wrenching, as it appeals to the senses, causing mixed emotions. Sadness conjures at the thought of young babies going on with no mother. It raises anger towards the Comstock laws, that perhaps counterfactually, she would have lived if it didn't exist. It reveals the depth of deprivation that came as an effect of the laws. So it serves as a prime example of the damage of the laws and the qualities that could be without Comstock. It's powerful and I plan to designate it as my introduction for its potency to capture attention. - - -. "The Children's Era." Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference. New York City. 30 Mar. 1925. Speech. The speech was a first hand experience as it was from the mouth of Sanger. It was given to a particular group of eugenicists. The speech, unlike it's other eugenic related speeches, captures attention as it exhibits skillful tactics to hold and coerce the audience's attention. She used analogies, including gardens, weeds, and flowers to illustrate her point. She also spoke of the well being of children and how they ought to be spared the "weeds" takeover. Sanger spoke of how it was time something was done socially, and politically about the current circumstances that bind women. Despite the slightly prejudice message that was conveyed, she did well in speaking the speech, and one of the captivating quotes were remarked in the website.

- - -. "Comstockery in America." International Socialist Review (1915): 46-49. Print. Published in 1915, this primary source article is very early in the campaign. Sanger responded roguishly to the federal law, Comstock Acts. She explains that the Acts are a travesty to the image of America to Europeans, who see that women in our country too must fight. She uses the paper as a propaganda for her cause, asserting that women do have a right to their own bodies and ought to take up that right that is owed them by America. The paper is inspiring as she describes the "persecutions" of Comstock and what is to be done about it. I used a quote from it that epitomizes her fight to be rid of Comstock and his influence. - - -. "Contraception or Abortion?" Woman and the New Race. New York City: Brentano, 1920. N. pag. Print. A book written in 1920, by none other, it's a primary source. Sanger wrote the book to discuss various topics dealing with reproduction and her stance on debates. The book mirrors that same message of many of her other writings, but in this particular book, one section, Contraception or Abortion?, is very interesting. I used a quote from this chapter, because I myself was quite shocked at the declaration made in the words. Sanger didn't uphold abortion, although she was very firm in her belief about contraception. Seems contradictory, but not in her eyes. She doesn't even quite state why she finds abortion irrelevant. Ironically, her fight for contraception brought on the fight and success of abortion. So it is just a misconception of people's to assume should stood for both, and that's why it was used. - - -. "Eugenic Value in Birth Control Propoganda." Birth Control Review (1921): n. pag. Print. It is a primary source since it's written by my subject, and was an article of early 20s. Unlike most of her other writings, this paper takes the focus off of birth control for the

sake of women, but places the light on its advantages towards the goals of eugenicists. This surprised me, since I didn't know of her beliefs in this, and she was a social Darwinist. Reading this article made me ponder, in my opinion, it dimmed the glory of her cause and the effects she had on America and the world. But other sources affirm she was following the trends to get support or some similar excuse. This isn't the only paper she wrote about "purifying the race," nor is it the only instance she speaks of such things, but actually congregated with famous eugenicists. The article was used in my essay, just to state that perhaps all her efforts were actually for this purpose, but despite it, she still gained much support and conquered Comstock. - - -, comp. Mother in Bondage. New York: Brentano's, 1928. Print. It's a collection of letters written to Sanger by the lowly poor wives all around America in need of contraceptive advice. It was published in 1928, therefore a primary source. The correspondence shows a mere fraction of the actual number of letters requesting the information. The twenty letters I read resonated the same tone of desperation, misery, and sadness. They are first hand experiences of women that up until the book seemed to be an exaggeration created by Sanger. The documents were a banner of proof for Sanger as they will pose in my statement. The stories appeal to the emotions as they describe the circumstance, each oddly similar with penury, sorrowful motherhood, and a slavery of marriage. They are sad. They bring up a reason for contraception, and how it could have spared the women their current suffering. Not only the women are affected, but the men as well who have to provide for every mouth. It shows that the law not only affected politics but the home life too, disabling women's reproductive rights as well as men's.

- - -. "Woman and Birth Control." 104 5th Avenue. New York City. Dec. 1923. Speech. Given in 1923, this speech is a primary source, recited early in her campaign years. The speech is quite similar to others given on behalf of the American Birth Control League. This one gives instances in Sanger's personal experience that validate the necessity of birth control to the lives of especially, poor families without the means to provide for the mouths. She utilizes statistics that draw an illustration of the nuisances created with lack of conception prevention. She discusses the sexually transmitted diseases imposed on the people and great number falling from the diseases. She also expounds on the cycle faced by women who have to continue to produce babies, eventually wearing their bodies to indecency. She says that basic understanding of sex and reproduction and decrease these large numbers as well as contraceptives, which decrease the number of unwanted babies produced. It is great for pirmary sources, and the statistics can prove very effective in the argument that contraceptives save lives. - - -. "'The Woman Rebel' and Birth Control." Apr. 1916. TS. Margaret Sanger Microfilm. New York State Archives, University of New York. Records of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities. It's a primary source and was printed in 1916 as a response to pleas for revival of the repressed magazine, The Woman Rebel. In this short response, Sanger explains how ignorance is the true perpetrator of women, especially the poor ones. Because of Comstock, simple information that could spare women the suffering is restrained. She replied that her magazine had completed its course and she would not start it up again. She explained the indictments and charges placed on her head as result of her courage. And still after she traveled to Europe, she returned with more illegal pamphlets to hand out, the contents being new methods of contraception

developed in different countries. The paper exhibits and lists all her daring acts and how she had challenged the law, despite her incarceration and exile. United States. Cong. House. 19th Amendment. 66th Cong., 2nd sess. H.J. Res. 19. Washington: GPO, 1920. Print. The official document and a landmark in equality for women in American history, this is a primary source and very valuable in paving the way for other rights like that to contraception. It was ratified in 1920, at the end of World War 1. The addition of this to the Constitution extended voting rights to women. It gave them a higher political status, and influenced a dramatic shift in the societal role and vision of women. It brought women a sense of independence that drove women to new frontiers in education, politics, work etc. The Amendment indirectly brought a change in the world's view of women that allowed greater tolerance and even acceptance of sexuality with the flappers, and ushered in the idea of contraception and abortion. Sanger was greatly helped by this, and could more easily present her case. So the role of this source to my thesis, it acts as a bridge that defines forces that affected Sanger's rebellious crusade in a time of such high morality standards.

Secondary Sources Baker, Jean H. Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion. New York City: Hill and Wang, 2011. Print. This is a book about Margaret Sanger. The author's intention is to inform the reader on the life of Margaret Sanger and all her achievements. It has 349 pages which include an introduction, ten chapters, an epilogue, notes, acknowledgements, and an index. The book was written for a general reader. It is written from a feminist's point of view, since the author is a feminist. From this book, I learned more about Sanger's work than I had

known before. It focuses on Sanger's early life, how she got involved with abortion, the creation of the first family planning clinic, how she became well known around the world, and how the birth control pill came to be. Benner, Louise. "A New Woman Emerges." Editorial. NCPedia. State Library of North Carolina, 2004. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://ncpedia.org/>. This is an article from a webpage. It has been reprinted on the website with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian in Spring of 2004. A quote and other information from this article was used to help show how women gained more rights and responsibilities in the 1920's. D.C. Leg. Senate. U.S. Congress. Comstock Law of 1873. 1873 Leg. N.p.: Congress, 1873. Print. Published in 1873, this document was a federal act that defined the limited freedom and lack of regard for women and their rights to their own bodies. It was upheld for many years following the colonial times, up until catalysts like Sanger rose to oppose it. The act not only affected women, but medical knowledge too. It stopped the dissemination and education of the human body, which was critical for advancement in medicine. I will use this document to mount my argument. It is dire to my proposition as my opposition. It violated every person's right to privacy as well as the women's to their personal affairs. It brought up a list of topics of discussion about reproductive functions. It also indirectly led to the overturning of abortion prohibition as well as contraceptive rights, which were introduced by Margaret Sanger. Gallaudet, Charles. Anthony Comstock. 1878. Image. New York. This photo is a secondary source, since it occurred before Sanger's crusade, but yet it is around the time of the Comstock Act's passage as a federal law of America. The photo is that of Anthony Comstock, the commissioner of the infamous Obscenity

Act. This is the face of the man who made it all happen: he led the campaign to stop immorality, and evidently helped hurt many women than can be numbered. He was the direct object of Sanger's opposition and his Act was the antagonist of her goals. He caused the outlawing of contraceptives and made any dispersal of such information illegal and worthy of repercussion. "History of Abortion." Prochoice. National Abortion Federation, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. <http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/history_abortion.html>. This website is funded and organized by the the National Abortion Foundation. It offers history and information on many of the programs offered by this establishment. It's an international institution that includes other countries' past and present. The importance of abortion is accentuated on the webpage labeled "History of Abortion". It explains in depth the effects of Comstock laws on the utilization of abortion in America. It prohibited a right, according to the website which aids as support to my thesis. The whole webpage is evidence of Comstock's prevalence and proscription. It also explains the laws and actions taken to stop the antiabortion laws and bring legality back to America. This will be added again for the establishment of my case against the Comstock laws and the freedom obtained with its abolition. Hooper, Ruth. "Flapping Not Repented If." New York Times [New York City] 16 July 1922: n. pag. Print. Ruth Hoopers article articulates a literary definition of a flapper. Written by an ex- flapper; Hooper justifies and clarifies the behaviors and ideologies of flappers. She remarks on generalizations made about them(monolithically wild and reckless: essentially disgraces to Victorian morale). She explains the different types of flappers, and the wars aid to the rise of Flappers.

Answering a direct inquiry to how women used their newly gained rights to their advantage, the text divulges deeper. They took to the mans point of view. So liberation allowed them privilege to smoke, drive, party how they wanted, not to mention speak their own opinions on topics considered manly(politics, and sports) . Their display however became a shame to the older generations, who viewed them as one of the saddest types of all. "The International Planned Parenthood Resources." International Planned Parenthood Federation. Large Blue, 2013. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. This is a website recently edited and published in 2013. It is a secondary source, a global website describing and expounding on the interactions of the Federation throughout the nations. This is the twenty first century product of Sanger's lifetime fight. It still survives and thrives in the present, assisting in many areas besides sexual education and dispensation of contraceptives. It's amazing how involved the institution is with anything that involves individual rights, and insisting that the basic necessities granted in America be privileged to other countries. It works in 182 countries! The struggle that Sanger bore has produced to constitutional rights of privacy to not only contraception, but abortion, and now it even affects LGBT rights. This is the conclusion of both my argument and Sanger's hard work, and will be utilized in similar fashion. Library of Congress, ed. "Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony." America's Story. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/>. This is a webpage from the Library of Congress. It discussed the work of Elizabeth Cady Stanton

and Susan B. Anthony and how they contributed to the increase of women's rights. A quote and additional information from the webpage was used in our project. McBride, Alex. "Landmark Cases: Griswold V. Connecticut." PBS. Alex McBride, Dec. 2006. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. Published in 2006, this source is secondary. Its author is a third year law student who achieved awards for Constitutional law work. The website describes a "landmark" case that gave Sanger a major satisfaction as it opened the door for legal contraceptive use for Americans. It also ended the Comstock Act, claiming contraceptives a right to privacy. This opened the door for many more cases that also liberalized and legalized contraception and abortion in the United States. It was evoked in the case of Roe v. Wade, which made abortion legal. So this case's ruling paved the way for many more cases with similar conclusions that lead to our current "right to privacy." Some still utilized the case for promotion of gay rights. So it proves useful as the finality of Sanger's goals and beginning of reproductive rights for married couples, and later anyone. McElroy, Wendy. Freedom, Feminism, and the State. New York City: Holmes & Meiers, 1991. Print. Wendy McElroy is a historian of a college. The book contains other works, not just McElroy's. It's a secondary source, since it was written after the fact. This book is biased. But it does hold facts in it that are obviously true. Also, the point she makes about abortion is very valid and still biased. It discusses the Roe v. Wade case, and it explains the impact of such a ruling on American society. The book attributes the extent of the controversy that arises with abortion as she gives her own opinion. It can be useful in understanding the depth of the ruling and the debates sides.

National Women's History Museum, ed. "Reforming Their World: Women in the Progressive Era." National Women's History Museum. National Women's History Museum, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nwhm.org/>. This source is a website by the National Women's History Museum. The webpage my group used discussed women during the progressive era, or the 1900's. We used a quote along with additional information from the page on our website and to help us while we were researching the topic. It talks about the newly gained rights and responsibilities of women during this time period. Snapshots: The Decades: The 1920s. Western Reserve PBS. PBS, 2006. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. A historical video with a commentator, it's a secondary source, but contains clips of primary source videos of 1920s. The video gives a quick, general scope of the 1920s, exactly what I needed for my website multimedia contribution. This summary of the decade also holds very important information pertaining to women's rights that developed during this time. That was the point of its inclusion- was how it led into Margaret Sanger's rise to popularity on the social and political scene of America, because of the women'a suffrage and 19th Amendment. The video discusses other topics that I had learned while researching, so it was accurate and that it necessary, so I decided to use it. Weatherford, Doris L. American Women's History: An A-to-Z of People, Organizations, Issues and Events. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994. Print. This was a published book after the fact, in 1994, so it is a secondary source. It's author is a historian who studies women's history. Sanger was one of the many women included in her women's history timeline of progression, as a monumental player in the rights gained by women of today. The specific selection I used was the one about Sanger. The quoted words in my essay is

about the statistics on Sanger and her sister's impact on the community with the first few days of their newly opened birth control clinic. It was the first in all America and with much thrill were they greeted by the women of the city and even the country, all in want of their resources. It brought Sanger pride and encouragement to see the numbers flow in. With the women's experiences at the clinic did they start to appeal to the government, asking for more to be opened. Sadly Sanger was shut down after a little over a week, but her supporters continued prodding the official to respond to their desires. This shows that women were interested in these privileges and would disobey the law to get to them. So this is an embellishment yo my argument as it supports it through statistics. When Abortion Was Illegal: Untold Stories. By Dorothy Fadiman. FADIMAN Social Documentaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <https://archive.org/details/when_abortion_was_illegal>. A documentary of 1992, this is a secondary source created by an Award winning director who has made many historical videos. The video is very striking as it gives real life experiences from women who were subject to the Comstock laws that prohibited abortions. The women of the video were in very harsh situations, ignorant, and left to their problems, deserted by doctors who could offered no assistance after conception. The video gives insight on the struggle and varied stories of these women who miraculously survived their procedures. A lot, as asserted in the film, were admitted in the hospital too late, and many women died daily with the attempts. I found it advantageous in its details and description which convey the severity and sadness of the time before Roe v. Wade. So it validates the ruling in the fact that with

legal abortions, meant legitimate practitioners who were knowledgeable in the affairs and could safely do it. Wright, Jennifer. Group of People Spreading the Word about Planned Parenthood. [Web Site Title]. Defy Media, n.d. Web. In this picture, there is a group of people celebrating and spreading the word about Planned Parenthood. The photo was included in an article talking about Margaret Sanger and Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood is related to Margaret Sanger because she helped create it by making the first family planning facility. The author of the article most likely used this picture to help argue her point-of-view on Margaret Sanger, since she is talking about how people think bad of Sanger even though she did so many important and influential things in history. This source helped me because it showed me how important Planned Parenthood is to people and also how important Margaret Sanger's contribution to the cause of abortion and family planning was.