Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

Energy Dissipation

Hydraulic Jump
A hydraulic jump is formed in a channel whenever supercritical flow changes to subcritical flow.

Subcritical, Supercritical, and Critical Flows

The Froude number Fr, is equal to the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces and it is defined as:

Froude number Fr =

(In general)

Fr< 1 Fr=1 Fr>1

Subcritical flow critical flow supercritical flow

For rectangular section :

Fr =

The Froude number is a dimensionless value

Example: Water flows uniformly at a steady state of 14 cfs in a

triangular flume which has side slopes of 1:1 as shown in fig. The depth of flow in flume is is 1.49 ft.
1

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

a- Is the flow subcritical or supercritical b- Is the flow laminar or turbulent Solution:

ft2 Q=VA V=14/2.22=6.3 ft/sec R=A/P=2.22/4.2=0.52 ft T=2y=2*1.49=2.98 ft =4.2 ft

Specific Energy
A useful concept in hydraulic analysis is that of "specific energy". The specific energy at a given section is defined as the total energy, or total head, of the flowing water with respect to the channel bottom. For a channel of small slope;

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

Where: E = Specific energy, y = Depth of flow = velocity head The first term on the right sides relates to the static energy and the second to the kinetic energy. The specific energy at section 1

The specific energy at section 2

For steady flow this can be written in terms of discharge

Assume wide rectangular open channel

or

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

When the depth of flow is plotted against the specific energy, for a given discharge and channel section, the resulting plot is called a specific energy diagram (see Figure below). The curve shows that for a given specific energy there are two possible depths, a high depth and a low depth. These flow depths are called alternate depths. Starting at the upper right of the curve with a large depth and small velocity (subcritical flow). The specific energy decreases with a decrease in depth, reaching a minimum energy content at a depth of flow known as critical depth, the flow below this point is supercritical flow (low depth, high velocity).(i.e) For a fixed discharge: 1. The specific energy is a minimum, E c, at depth y c, This depth is known as critical depth. 2. For all other values of E s there are two possible depths. These are called alternate depths. For Subcritical flow y > yc Supercritical flow y < yc

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

For the condition of a minimum specific energy differentiating eq.

Since

Sub stituting in ( ) give us

At critical state the specific energy is a minimum and

The eqution becomes

The term on the left side of eq.( )is The Froude number (Fr) , As stated in previous section (Fr=1) is the condition of critical flow, hence the specific energy is a minimum at the critical flow

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

Rearrangement the above eq. which used for computation of critical depth in open channels

Critical depth formulas, based on the above equation, for various channel cross-sections include:

Rectangular sections,

A=Byc T=B

critical depth for rectangular section

Where q = Flow per unit width Flow at critical depth is called critical flow. The flow velocity at critical depth is called critical velocity. The channel slope which produces critical depth and critical velocity for a given discharge is the critical slope.

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber

When the depth of flow is greater than critical depth, the velocity of flow is less than critical velocity for a given discharge and hence, the flow is subcritical. Conversely, when the depth of flow is less than critical depth, the flow is supercritical.

a relationship between the flow depths upstream and downstream of the jump. The flow depths upstream and downstream of the jump are called sequent depths . efficiency

Loss of energy

Hydraulic Structure Engineering

A.lecture Ali Hussein Jaber