Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concept mapping
Planning and
practical for science
activity
10 Objective
2.0 INTRODUCTION
For most pupils the move from primary to secondary school sees the move from doing
science in the classroom to doing science in the laboratory. Science becomes marked off from
other curriculum areas and pupils are inducted into the strange and mysterious world of Bunsen
burners and conical flasks. To what extent does that move hinder or enhance effective science
teaching, there is an acute danger that this demarcation of the subject given by many seconday
science teachers that what they are now embarked on is real effectiveness science teaching
because you cannot really do science without a science laboratory. In reality, much effectiveness
science education is carried out in the primary sector and this evidenced by the enthusiansm the
pupils have for the subject when they arrive in secondary school. Within two years much of that
enthusiams has evaporated – could this be due to the presentation of science as being something
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set apart from the rest of the curriculum and a subsequent sense of alienation in pupils to the
rituals and practices of the scholl science laboratory? These are question we want you to
There are no easy solutions for the improvement of science instruction. We are faced
with two significant realities the amount of knowledgeable to be learn is overwhelming for
students and teachers, and new knowledge his being constructed at a rate that is equally
overwhelming. Given these realities, what alternatively to the improvement of science education
remain viable? It has been argued elsewhere that our best hope may be in new efforts to help
students so they have a better chance to grasp the major ideas in science discipline and also to
help them learn how to knowledge is constructed, partly to facilitate their learning and partly to
help them understand the nature of science. The two strategies presented in this chapter are
examples of what Braid describes as metacognitive strategies that facilities students ability to
i. Concept mapping
One of major objectives of the new science curricula of the 1950s and 1960s was
to encourage the teaching af science in a manner that world depart from the all
mapping is a powerful tool to identify both valid and invalid concepts and
work, does little to alter students misconceptions. The result is that they do the
experiments but they do not see the meaning of the events or records they have
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studied. Their misconception are not modified. We find that the use of concept
maps not only can alert teachers to misconceptions have provide descriptions of
computer. The purpose of interfacing is to collect experimental data straight into the
computer memory. Apart from eliminating some errors while taking reading, a particular
advantage of this approach is that it permits continuous reading from experiments that
would otherwise be too rapid or too slow. For example, the discharge of capacitor can be
measured, or the fluctuation in temperature and oxygen in the pond can be monitor over a
week or more.
The sensors are normally set running by software which is capable of storing,
saving, and presenting the data collected. The variety of sensors is ever widening,
example; pH, movement, light, temperature, heart rate and a glimpse through a supplier’s
catalogue will probably whet your appetite, but there have a few snags. For most science
department budget the sensors and interface boxes are expensive. In your school or
college there may only a few sensors. They may have been brought over several years
and so may be from than one manufacturer, in which case they will not mix and match.
To ensure your ICT experience includes teaching with this equipment you may have to
use the equipment as a part of demonstration or else have the interfacing as part of a
circus of activities. The circus approach will require a particular teaching style that you
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The good news is that interfacing is rarely very demanding of the power of the
interface box to collect data. The problems may arise with a software. Interface boxes
require a software that you will have to learnt how to use it. It is quite possible to a data
to be collected and storing in computer running old dedicate software, but you may found
that you may have insufficient time to educate pupils in the use of software. Most
manufacturer continue rewrite and upgrading their software making their package more
intuitive, graphical and user friendly. But then you may find that the latest versions may
work under a recent operating system such as windows xp that won’t run an old machine.
But don’t despair, a fallback position is to use the old 386 with the interface box and its
sensors to capture the data, save that data to the file on the floppy disc, and reopen the
data under excel in other machine. The feasibility of this approach will depend on
facilities in school, and your experience is enthusiasm! You should learnt how to collect
and storing data and how to reopen it in excel. Once learned, the principle will apply to
other combination of hard – and software that you may encounter in future.
Many of the problems mentioned in the last few paragraph will diminish as pupils
get older and may become competent, autonomous users. At this stage, if not
earlier, you may wish to take advantage of another feature of many data loggers.
They can be used away from the computer. Several types can be taken out of lab,
for example to make reading as part of an ecological study of a pond. Security and
battery life permitting, the interface box can be left to gather data over a
protracted period. The box is then brought back to the lab or plugged into a laptop
and the data downloaded. In principles this is simple enough but you are strongly
advice to try it out several times before undertaking anything important such as
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3.2.1 Planning
significantly the complexity of reality, enabling students to work with simplified models
of the system they are studying. Good teaching with simulations engages students in
discussing and examining the similarities and different between model and reality. It is
often helpful to have students examine the fidelity of the situmulation and discuss how
they might create a better simulation. The use of simulation and practical activity
question of what is an appropriate sample size, for example is one that merits attention. In
conventional school labs, there is often too liltle time for sufficient number of trials or
3.2.1 Presenting
Using a word processor is not just about improving the presentation. You can use
a word processor in the many ways you might have used pencil and paper or paper only
tasks. As a teacher you can create, sequencing activities, completion tasks, and error
correction task. In sequencing activities, pupils use the mouse to drag and drop the
sentences written by tou in the correct order. For completing task, it just need to complete
the short accounts with phrases missing. And for error correction task, what you need to
do is, you write the account with deliberate errors, pupils find and correct them.
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these are not science specific. Many pupils will wish to include diagrams of their science
apparatus in their reports. This is potentially a great waste of time. Until pupils have
reasonable graphics skills, and probably good and apopriatiate software, it will be hard
for them to create worth while diagrams. It is unlikely that science lessons are an
appropriate occasion on which to develop pupils graphical skills. You, the teacher, have a
• Pupils leave a blank space in their report and draw, in pencil on the print out.
• You provide a ready drawn image on the computer for them to incorporate.
3.3.1 Discipline
For the safety of everyone concern, a strict discipline must be maintained in the
laboratory by the lecturer or demonstrator in charge of the class. A strict compliance with
upon. The student must not be allowed to become scapegoat for the untidy habits of other
and every laboratory workers., whatever his position must be required to share the
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All students and teachers should wear a laboratory coat. This is a proctective
measure and is especially important in the case of female persons, whose clothing is the
most dangerous in the laboratory. The other advantages of wearing laboratory clothing
During practical periods the benches should be kept clean and tidy and all
spillages of chemicals and stains should be immediately wiped up to protect both the
benches top and personal clothing. At the close of the class of the bench top sould be
cleaned down with a squeegee and finally with a swab, before the student leaves the
laboratory.
All students should be trained to use the waste containers which should be
provided and wide-mouth bottles or other suitable waste containers should be provided in
chemistry laboratory for tarry residues. This prevents the permanent containers and also
serious if the damage is reported immediately. No attempt should be made by the student
himself to effect repairs to an instrument, for even though he may act with the best of
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intentions an instrument, for even though he may act with irreplaceable damage may be
incubators must never be altered without permission. No student should handle any
3.4 Conclusion
The planning and practical for science activity arise from the fact that they are heavily
populated by persons undergoing training. Because the students have reached different levels in
the instruction, no two teaching laboratories, even though they may be used for teaching the
same subject, are exactly alike in design or equipment. For these reasons they differ considerably
from non-teaching laboratories. Certain basic needs are, however, common to all teaching
laboratories.
Question
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B. I & IV D. I & IV
B. To help teacher present the diagram or video that related in the topic
B. I & IV D. I & IV
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References
Amritage, Philip and Fasemore, Johnson. (1977). Laboratory Safety: A Science Teacher’s
Chisman, Dennis (1987) Preliminary Issues, Practical Secondary Education: Planning for
Fahkru’l-Razi Ahmadun, Chuah Teong Guan and Mohd Halim Shah. 2005. Safety:
Principles & Practices in the Laboratory, Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
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Hegarty-Hazel, Elizabeth (1990), The Student Laboratory and the Science Curriculum: An
Overview, The Student Laboratory and the Science Curriculum, pt.1, pg.3.
Woolnough, Brian E. (1991). Setting the scene, Practical Science, pt.1, pg.6. Woolnough,
Brian E. (1991). Setting the scene, Practical Science, pt.1, pg. 13.
Woolnough, Brian E. (1991). Setting the scene, Practical Science, pt.1, pg. 14.
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