USFOS Grouted Members

Theory

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Table of Contents

1.

Modelling of grouted members................................................................................... 3 1.1 Plastic capacity.................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Simplified interaction equation........................................................... 5 1.1.2 Reduced bending capacity on compression side......................................... 8 1.1.3 Yield surface convexity .............................................................................. 9 1.1.4 Local buckling .......................................................................................... 10 1.1.5 Shear force interaction .............................................................................. 10 1.2 Elastic properties............................................................................................... 11 1.3 Mass calculation................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Buckling............................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Mid-hinge.......................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Concluding remarks .......................................................................................... 12 APPENDIX-B Interaction relationships for grouted sections .......................................... 14

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1. Modelling of grouted members

1.1 Plastic capacity The following principles are adopted when the plastic section properties are calculated, refer Figure 1-1: The steel tubes behaves as an ordinary pipe section The grout can only take compressive stresses, the yield stress is assumed to be constant over the compressive section. On the tension side the stress is zero

This complies with Eurocode 4 specifications

-fys

-fyc

D t +fys
Figure 1-1 Plastic stress distribution for grouted section On this basis the following interaction equation can be calculated: For the pipe section
N M = sin MP 2 NP
(1.1)

+fyc= 0

or alternatively

M = sin , M Ps

N = 1 N Ps 2

(1.2)

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4 ________________________________________________________________________ where the plastic capacities in bending and axial tension/compression are
M Ps = f ys D 3 ( D 2t ) ( D 2t ) , N Pg = f ys 6 4
3 2

(1.3)

Where fys is the yield stress for steel and D and t represents the diameter and thickness of the tube, respectively For the grouted section there is obtained:
M = sin 3 , M Pg N 1 1 = sin 2 2 N Pg
(1.4)

where the plastic capacities in bending and axial compression are

M Pg = f yg

( D 2t )
12

, N Pg = f yc

( D 2t )
4

(1.5)

where fygs is the yield stress for grout. The grouted section contributes only on the compression side of the interaction. For the composite section the two interaction equation can be added. The angle to the neutral axis, , constitutes the interrelation. The resulting equation is plotted in Figure 1-2, for an example where all plastic capacities are set equal to unity. Compression is defined positive. It is observed that the maximum bending moment occurs when the plastic neutral axis is at midsection (i.e. = /2) when M D = M Ps + M Ps and ND = 0.5NPg. The points B and C correspond to bending moments MB = MC and NB = 0, ND = NPg. The bending moments can be determined solving for from the condition Nsteel = - Ngrout, see Section 1.1.1. The axial force at points A and F are NA = NPs + NPg and NF = - NPs , respectively

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2.5 2.0 1.5
Axial force
C A Steel Grout Total

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Moment
F B D

Figure 1-2 Example of plastic interaction function for grouted steel tube

Interaction equations that can be calculated for tubes with grout Durocrit D4 and S5 are compared with interaction equation and FE analysis results given in Safetec Report OD2000-0065, 2001. The diagrams are presented in Appendix B. It is observed that the agreement with Eurocode 4 curves is excellent, as expected.
1.1.1 Simplified interaction equation

Haukaas, M. and Yang, Q. (2000) proposed to use cos1/ type function as an approximation to the interaction curve. Two curves are defined; one above the maximum bending moment and the other below maximum bending moment. The equations are given as
NC N D ln cos N ND M 2 N A ND = cos1/ 1 , 1 = MD M 2 N A ND ln C MD
(1.6)

above the maximum bending moment and

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NB ND ln cos N ND M 2 NF ND = cos1/ 2 , 2 = MD M 2 NF ND ln B MD
(1.7)

below the maximum bending moment. It is seen that the factor is determined so that the interaction curve goes through the points (NC,MC) and (NB,MB) in addition to (ND,MD), (NA,0) and (NF,0). Confer Figure 1-3 for definition of the various points on the interaction curve.

Figure 1-3 Points on yield surface ( Haukaas, M. and Yang, Q. (2000))

The various points are, as shown before, defined by:

M D = M Ps + M Pg
1 N Pg 2 N c = N Pg ND = N A = N Ps + CompFac N Pg N F = - TensFac N Ps
(1.8)

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7 ________________________________________________________________________ The factor TensFac takes into account additional tension capacity due to the grout. If there is assumed that the grout prevents the steel from contracting when subjected to plastic tension, a tensile stress equal to Y is produced in the circumferential direction. The effective yield stress then becomes 1.12Y. Hence, the default value assumed in USFOS is TensFac= 1.12. The factor CompFac takes into account any reduction in the compression capacity of the grout. By default CompFac = 1.0 The moments MB and MC are determined from the requirement NB = 0. This yields the following equations: sin 2B (1.9) B ( N Pg + 2 N Ps ) = N Pg + N Ps 2 M B = M Ps sin B + M Pg sin 3 B (1.10) The angle B (0,/2) has to be solved by an iteration procedure. The Interval bi-section method, which is a stable method, is used. Figure 1-4 shows an example of the simplified interaction equation along with the exact relationship. The agreement is good. Note: The tension capacity is augmented by 12% on the tension side only for the approximate curve. The exponent = 1.14 below the maximum moment and = 1.25 above. The following data need to be stored for the grouted cross-section: MD = maximum plastic bending moment NA = Maximum compressive capacity NF = Maximum tension capacity 1 = Exponent for on compression side 2 = Exponent on tension side Alternatively the three first properties may be normalized against the yield stress for steel to obtain: M WP = D = equivalent plastic section modulus f ys

Ac = At = NA = equivalent plastic compressive area f ys NF = equivalent plastic tension area f ys

In addition the equivalent elastic area needs to be stored as discussed below

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8 Steel Concrete Total cos-beta

6
Axial force

-2 0 1 Moment 2 3

Figure 1-4 Exact (Total) and approximate (cos1/) interaction curve

1.1.2 Reduced bending capacity on compression side

It is possible to specify a reduced bending capacity of the grout, so that the nose on the compression side is not taken fully into account. This is done such that a new point D* is defined
' MD = M B + M Red (M D - M B )

0 M Red 1

(1.11)

where the user can define the bending reduction factor MRed. Default is 1.0.
' has to be determined from the interaction relationship The corresponding axial force, N D

below the ND:

ND ND MD = cos1/ 2 MD 2 NF ND
(1.12)

, ND ) is then described by The yield surface above ( M D

N ND M = cos1/ 1 MD 2 N A ND
(1.13)

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9 ________________________________________________________________________ For simplicity the 1-factor will not be changed, i.e. the shape of the yield surface is assumed to remain unchanged.
, ND ) the non-modified interaction equation will be used. Below the point D ( M D

The modified interaction function is illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 1-5 If MRed = 1 the surface is not modified, if MRed = 0, the maximum bending moment is at N = 0 and is equal to MB.
8 Steel Concrete Total cos-beta

6 Axial force

Reduced capacity
0

MD`,ND`
-2 0 1 Moment 2 3

Figure 1-5 Possible modification of yield surface (dotted line)

1.1.3 Yield surface convexity

The yield surface should preferably be convex. Otherwise, spurious elastic unloading from the yield surface could result. A convex surface is achieved as long as the beta factor is larger than unity. For potential combinations of plastic section moduli and plastic axial capacities of the grout and the steel, the yield surface could become nonconvex. This is evident in the example given in Figure 1. The plastic capacities used to derive Figure 1 are, however, probably not realistic for grouted steel sections. Another factor that could trigger non-convex surface is if the tension capacity is considerably larger than 1.12 of the steel plastic tension force.

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10 ________________________________________________________________________ A warning be given if < 1 and is put equal to 1.This will relax the requirement that M = MB for N = 0. (M will be slightly larger than MB). Another option is to reduce the plastic axial capacity until > 1. For the various Durocrit sections studied it seems that > 1 for all the cases.
1.1.4 Local buckling

Finite element analysis shows that the effect of local buckling is significant for members with D/t exceeding 40. Haukaas, M. and Yang, Q. (2000) propose to take this into account by the reducing the compressive strength of the grout by the factor D (1.14) yg = max 1 , 0.003 + 0.88 t so that f yg f yg / yg
(1.15)

1.1.5 Shear force interaction

For short members the shear force may become significant, notably because the bending moment capacity may increase significantly due to the grout. In order to limit the shear force it must be implemented in the interaction equation. This is accomplished by modifying the bending moment term in the interaction equation. In the three-dimensional case the following equivalent non-dimensional bending moment is calculated:
m
2 4 4 my + mz2 + mx + qy + qz4

(1.16)

where m y =

My MD

, mz =

Q Mx Mz Q , mx = , q y = y , qz = z MD MT QP QP

The influence from shear (and torsion) is moderate until the shear force becomes significant. The shear force and torsional moment is assumed carried primarily by the steel pipe. The shear capacity may be augmented beyond the steel shear capacity by a user-defined factor, ShearFac 1, such that
QP = ShearFac t Y As
(1.17)

where As is shear area of the steel tube.

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1.2 Elastic properties

The effective bending stiffness is taken as the sum of the steel and grout bending stiffness: (EI )= (EI )s + I Red (EI )g (1.18)

Red is a factor that accounts for a reduced contribution from the grout. According to Eurocode 4, Red = 0.8, while Haukaas, M. and Yang, Q. (2000) recommend Red = 1.0. It is possible to specify value in the input. The default value is Red = 1.0
The elastic axial stiffness is taken as the sum of the steel and grout axial stiffness ( EA) = ( EA)s + ( EA) g (1.19) The same stiffness is used for axial tension and compression for the following reasons: It is practical to have the same elastic properties, because the sign of the axial force is not known a priori It is physically plausible that the grout will take moderate tension The bending stiffness used assumes implicitly that the grout acts in tension It is better to limit the tension taken by the grout by means of the plastic interaction function, as shown in the previous paragraph It is beneficial to modify the elastic bending stiffness such that the steel properties can be used, i.e. equivalent moment of inertia and equivalent area are defined E E (1.20) Aeq = As + g Ag I eq = I s + I Red g I g Es Es
1.3 Mass calculation

An equivalent density may be defined such that the total mass of the grouted pipe is correct: A (1.21) r eq = r s + r g g As where s is density of steel and g is density of grout. At present the user needs to specify the equivalent density of the grouted members in to obtain correct weight. In most cases the weight contribution may probably be neglected.

1.4 Buckling

USFOS calculates the exact buckling load for members subjected to end forces and end moments for a given imperfection. According to Eurocode 4 buckling shall be calculated according to Eurocode 3, curve a for concrete-filled hollow sections. USFOS contains an
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12 ________________________________________________________________________ automatic module for generation of shape imperfections according to curve a, so this requirement is easily complied with. For simultaneous bending and compression, the resistance will be governed by the combined effect of elastic buckling and the plastic interaction function for the grouted section.
1.5 Mid-hinge

The grouted section model is easily implemented for beam ends. The conventional beam element used in USFOS allows automatic subdivision of a beam into two new beams once the yield surface is exceeded at beam mid-span. This is, however, not straightforward to accomplish when it comes to grouted beams. The reason for this is that the plastic surface for a grouted section due to its asymmetry (about N = 0 axis) can be considered a surface with an off-set corresponding to N = ND = 0.5NPg. This is analogous to the surface offset produced by kinematic hardening of conventional non-grouted pipe sections. In order to introduce artificial hardening caused by the asymmetry, the code needs significant careful rewriting. At present it is therefore suggested that this problem is circumvented by modelling grouted members with two beams, thus avoiding the need for introduction of mid-span hinges. The code seems to work reasonably well, even if mid-hinges are introduced, but there will be small jumps in the bending moment-axial force histories

1.6 Concluding remarks

The grouted section model is based upon the plastic hinge concept assuming grout to contribute to the resistance only when subjected to compression. A plastic interaction relationship for pipes with internal grout is established, mainly according to the propositions given y Haukaas and Yang (2002) The module developed is quite flexible, allowing user defined efficiency of the grout properties in bending and axial compression and tension. The elastic axial stiffness and moment of inertia are modified to account for the contribution of the grout. It is found very inconvenient to use different axial stiffness in compression and tension, so that equal stiffness is assumed. It is believed, however, that this has a negligible impact on the results in practical cases. It is verified that the model works correctly by comparing axial force-bending moment interaction relationships obtained in simulations of column buckling with analytical relationships (see Verification manual).

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13 ________________________________________________________________________ Grouted column tests carried out at Chalmers University of Technology (1999) have been analysed, see Verification manual. Very good agreement between tests results and numerical predictions are obtained when Durocrit D4 and Durocrit S5 are used as grout material. When Densiphalt is used the accuracy is fairly poor, but this is due to poor behaviour of the Densiphalt as such. A significantly better agreement may be obtained by using reduced yield stress of Densiphalt. Best correspondence between buckling tests and simulations are obtained when the yield surface size is set to 0.6 of the fully plastic surface. This is smaller than the default value 0.79 for ungrouted pipes. When design or reassessment analysis is performed it is recommended to introduce imperfections calibrated to column curves, e.g. to Eurocode 3, curve a. Then the default value 0.79 for the yield surface size may be used, i.e. no modification is necessary (GBOUND command)

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APPENDIX-B Interaction relationships for grouted sections

Axial force

Steel Grout Total

-2 0 20 40 Moment 60 80

Interaction diagram for Durocrit D4, D/T=40.

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Axial force

Steel Grout Total 0 20 40 Moment 60 80

-2

Interaction diagram for Durocrit D4, D/T=60.

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Axial force

Steel Grout Total

-2 0 20 40 60 Moment 80

Interaction diagram for Durocrit D4, D/T=80

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4 Axial force

Steel Grout Total

-2 0 20 40 60 Moment 80

Interaction diagram for Durocrit S5, D/T=40

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Axial force

Steel Concrete Total

0 20 40 Moment 60 80

-2

Interaction diagram for Durocrit S5, D/T=80

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