Research Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.

2(6), 45-51, June (2013)

ISSN 2278 9472 Res. J. Engineering Sci.

Review Paper

Bioengineered Concrete - A Sustainable Self-Healing Construction

!"! Ses#agiri $ao, "! Srini%asa $edd&, ! Hafsa, '! "eena and '! Anus#a
Department of Ci il !n"ineerin", JN#$% Colle"e of !n"ineerin" %&'era(a', INDI) *e+ei e' 1,t -a& 2.1/, re i,e' 1,t June 2.1/, a++epte' 2.t0 June 2.1/

aterial

A%ailable online at( )))!isca!in

Abstract
It is a well known fact that concrete structures are very susceptible to cracking which allows chemicals and water to enter and degrade the concrete, reducing the performance of the structure and also requires e pensive maintenance in the form of repairs. !racking in the surface layer of concrete mainly reduces its durability, since cracks are responsible for the transport of liquids and gasses that could potentially contain deleterious substances. "hen microcracks growth reaches the reinforcement, not only the concrete itself may be damaged, but also corrosion occurs in the reinforcement due to e posure to water and o ygen, and possibly !#$ and chlorides too. %icro&cracks are therefore the main cause to structural failure. #ne way to circumvent costly manual maintenance and repair is to incorporate an autonomous self &healing mechanism in concrete. #ne such an alternative repair mechanism is currently being studied, i.e. a novel technique based on the application of biominerili'ation of bacteria in concrete. (he applicability of specifically calcite mineral precipitating bacteria for concrete repair and plugging of pores and cracks in concrete has been recently investigated and studies on the possibility of using specific bacteria as a sustainable and concrete &embedded self healing agent was studied and results from ongoing studies are discussed. Synthetic polymers such as epo y treatment etc are currently being used for repair of concrete are harmful to the environment, hence the use of a biological repair technique in concrete is focused. In the present paper, an attempt is made to incorporate dormant but viable bacteria in the concrete matri which will contribute to the strength and durability of the concrete. "ater which enters the concrete will activate the dormant bacteria which in turn will give strength to the concrete through the process of metabolically mediated calcium carbonate precipitation. !oncrete, due to its high internal p), relative dryness and lack of nutrients needed for growth, is a rather hostile environment for common bacteria, but there are some e tremophilic spore forming bacteria may be able to survive in this environment and increase the strength and durability of cement concrete. #verview of development of bioengineered concrete using bacterial strain *acillus subtilis J!+ and its enhanced mechanical and durability characteristics will be briefly described in this paper. *e&)ords( 1a+terial (iominerli2ation. +on+rete, (a+illu, ,u(tili,, ,elf-0ealin",

Introduction
1ioen"ineere' Self-repairin" +on+rete (iolo"i+all& pro'u+e, +al+ium +ar(onate +r&,tal, to ,eal +ra+3, t0at appear on t0e 1 ,urfa+e of t0e +on+rete ,tru+ture, . Spe+ifi+ ,pore formin" al3alip0ili+ (a+teria "enu, 1a+illu,, ,upplie' 4it0 a +al+ium(a,e' nutrient are in+orporate' in to t0e +on+rete ,u,pen'e' in mi5in" 4ater. #0i, (a+teria (a,e' ,elf 0ealin" a"ent i, (elie e' 2 to remain 0i(ernate' 4it0in t0e +on+rete for up to 2.. &ear, . 60en +ra+3, appear in a +on+rete ,tru+ture an' 4ater ,tart, to ,eep in t0rou"0, t0e ,pore, of t0e (a+teria ,tart, mi+ro(ial a+ti itie, on +onta+t 4it0 t0e 4ater an' o5&"en. In t0e pro+e,, of pre+ipitatin" +al+ite +r&,tal, t0rou"0 nitro"en +&+le t0e ,olu(le nutrient, are i, +on erte' to in,olu(le CaC7/. #0e CaC7/ ,oli'ifie, on t0e +ra+3e' ,urfa+e, t0ere(& ,ealin" it up. It mimi+, t0e pro+e,, (& 40i+0 (one fra+ture, in t0e 0uman (o'& are naturall& 0eale' (& o,teo(la,t +ell, t0at minerali2e to / reform t0e (one . #0e +on,umption of o5&"en 'urin" t0e meta(oli+ (io+0emi+al rea+tion, to form CaC7/ 0elp, in arre,tin" +orro,ion of ,teel (e+au,e t0e o5&"en i, re,pon,i(le to initiate t0e pro+e,, of +orro,ion t0ere(& in+rea,in" t0e 'ura(ilit& of ,teel reinfor+e' +on+rete ,tru+ture,. International Science Congress Association

+sing bacteria to self-#eal crac,s in concrete

1a+teria a''e' to +on+rete mi5 in ,u,pen,ion ,tate mu,t meet +ertain +riteria. Con+rete i, a 0i"0l& al3aline (uil'in" material , ,o (a+teria u,e' a, ,elf 0ealin" a"ent ,0oul' (e a(le to ,ur i e in t0i, 0i"0 al3aline en ironment for lon" 'uration, an' (e a(le to form ,pore, 80i"0l& re,i,tant ,tru+ture,9 4it0,tan'in" me+0ani+al for+e, 'urin" +on+rete mi5in". In t0e +on+rete te+0nolo"& la(orator&, a (a+terial +on+rete mi5 i, prepare' u,in" al3ali-re,i,tant ,oil (a+teria 1a+illu, ,u(tili, JC/ , alon" 4it0 nutrient, from 40i+0 t0e (a+teria +oul' potentiall& pro'u+e +al+ite (a,e' (io-mineral, . 28 'a&, +ure' (a+terial ,pe+imen, are e5amine' i,uall& (& S+annin" !le+tron -i+ro,+ope to e,ta(li,0 e i'en+e for t0e pre+ipitation of +al+ite +r&,tal, in 4 +on+rete . It 4a, foun' t0at ,train, of t0e (a+teria "enu, 1a+illu, 4ere foun' to t0ri e in t0i, 0i"0-al3aline en ironment. Su+0 "ram po,iti e (a+teria 0a e e5tremel& t0i+3 outer +ell mem(rane t0at ena(le, t0em to remain ia(le until a ,uita(le en ironment i, a aila(le to "ro4. #0e& 4oul' (e+ome li el& 40en t0e +ra+3, form on +on+rete ,urfa+e allo4in" 4ater to in"re,, into t0e ,tru+ture. #0i, p0enomenon 4ill re'u+e t0e p% 45 45

Research Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol. 2(6), 45-51, June (2013) of t0e +on+rete en ironment 40ere t0e (a+teria in+orporate' 5 (e+ome a+ti ate' . ) peptone (a,e' nutrient, ,upplie' alon" 4it0 (a+teria in ,u,pen,ion 0elp, in pro'u+in" +al+ite +r&,tal,. It i, foun' t0at t0i, (iominerali,ation pro+e,, 4ill not interfere 4it0 t0e ,ettin" time of t0e +on+rete. #0e mo,t e5pen,i e in"re'ient in 'e elopin" (a+terial +on+rete i, nutrient,. So an& ine5pen,i e alternati e for la(orator& "ro4t0 me'ia 4oul' potentiall& (rin" 'o4n t0e +o,t of t0e (a+teria (a,e' ,elf0ealin" ,u,taina(le +on+rete. 7nl& fa+tor nee' to (e +0e+3e' i, t0e effe+t of nutrient, me'ia on t0e ,ettin" time of +ement.

ISSN 2278 9472 Res. J. Engineering Sci. or 0a2ar'ou, for 0uman (ein", to rea+0 for repair 4or3 ,u+0 a, nu+lear po4er plant,, repair of 4a,te 4ater ,e4a"e pipe, et+.

ec#anis0 of self-#ealing using bacteria

#0e mi+roor"ani,m u,e' for manufa+turin" of mi+ro(ial +on+rete ,0oul' a(le to po,,e,, lon"-term effe+ti e +ra+3 ,ealin" me+0ani,m 'urin" it, lifetime ,er i+ea(ilit&. #0e prin+iple (e0in' (a+terial +ra+3 0ealin" me+0ani,m i, t0at t0e (a+teria ,0oul' a(le to tran,form ,olu(le or"ani+ nutrient, into in,olu(le inor"ani+ +al+ite +r&,tal, 40i+0 ,eal, t0e +ra+3,. ?or effe+ti e +ra+3 0ealin", (ot0 (a+teria an' nutrient, in+orporate' into +on+rete ,0oul' not 'i,tur( t0e inte"rit& of +ement ,an' matri5 an' al,o ,0oul' not ne"ati el& affe+t ot0er important fre,0 an' 0ar'ene' propertie, of +on+rete. 7nl& ,pore-formin" "ram po,iti e ,train (a+teria +an ,ur i e in 0i"0 p% en ironment of +on+rete ,u,tainin" ariou, ,tre,,e,. It 4a, reporte' t0at 40en (a+teria i, a''e' 'ire+tl& to t0e +on+rete mi5 in ,u,pen,ion, t0eir life-time i, limite' 'ue to t4o rea,on,; one i, +ontinuin" +ement 0&'ration re,ultin" in re'u+tion of +ement ,an' matri5 pore -'iameter an' ot0er i, 'ue to in,uffi+ient nutrient, to pre+ipitate +al+ite +r&,tal,. %o4e er, a no el met0o' of prote+tin" t0e (a+terial ,pore, (& immo(ili2ation (efore a''ition to t0e +on+rete mi5ture appeare' to ,u(,tantiall& 7 prolon" t0eir life-time .

icrobiologicall& Induced CaC-3 'reci.itation

#0ree main "roup, of mi+roor"ani,m t0at +an in'u+e t0e +ar(onate pre+ipitation in nature: i. p0oto,&nt0eti+ mi+roor"ani,m ,u+0 a, +&ano(a+teria an' mi+ro-al"ae t0at +an remo e C72; ii. ,ulp0ate re'u+in" (a+teria t0at are re,pon,i(le for 'i,,imilator& re'u+tion of ,ulp0ate,; an' iii. ,ome ,pe+ie, of mi+roor"ani,m parti+ipate in nitro"en +&+le (& an& one of t0e met0o', ,u+0 a, o5i'ati e 'eamination of amino a+i',, nitrate re'u+tion or 0&'rol&,i, of urea.

#0e e i'en+e of mi+roor"ani,m in ol ement in +al+ium +ar(onate pre+ipitation, 0a, lea' t0e 'e elopment of (iopro+e,, te+0nolo"& in t0e fiel' of +on,tru+tion material. #0e in ol ement of mi+roor"ani,m in CaC7/ pre+ipitation +an (e 'e,+ri(e' in t0ree t&pe of me+0ani,m: i. ,pontaneou, 1or,ing .rinci.le of Self-#ealing 'rocess me+0ani,m, u,uall& (& p0oto,&nt0eti+ mi+roor"ani,m; ii. In +on+rete t0e +ra+3, up to ..2 mm 4i'e are 0eale' t0rou"0 nitro"en +&+le; iii. t0rou"0 ,ulfur +&+le. auto"enou,l&. Su+0 mi+ro +ra+3, are a++epta(le a, t0e,e 'o not Currentl& urea,e en2&me a+ti it& in mo,t of mi+roor"ani,m 'ire+tl& influen+e t0e ,afet& an' ,tren"t0 of t0e +on+rete. meta(oli,m pro+e,, 0a, (een u,e' a, a tool to in'u+e t0e *e,ear+0 0a, ,0o4n t0at auto"eneou, 0ealin" 0appen, 'ue to pre+ipitation of +al+ite +r&,tal,. #0eoreti+all&, +al+ium 0&'ration of non-rea+te' +ement parti+le, pre,ent in t0e +ar(onate pre+ipitation o++ur in nature follo4in" ,e eral +on+rete matri5 40en +ome, in +onta+t 4it0 in"re,, 4ater pro+e,, ,u+0 a,: i a(ioti+ +0emi+al pre+ipitation from ,aturate' re,ultin" in +lo,ure of mi+ro +ra+3,. %o4e er, (e+au,e of t0e ,olution 'ue to e aporation, in+rea,e in temperature an'<or aria(ilit& of autonomou, +ra+3 0ealin" of +on+rete mi+ro 'e+rea,e in pre,,ure; ii. pro'u+tion of e5ternal an' internal +ra+3, +an ,till o++ur. #0e in(uilt (a+teria-(a,e' ,elf-0ealin" ,3eleton (& eu3ar&ote,; iii C72 pre,,ure 'eri ation un'er effe+t pro+e,, 4a, foun' to 0eal +ra+3, +ompletel& up to ..5 mm of autotrop0i+ pro+e,,e, 8p0oto,&nt0e,i,, met0ano"ene,i,9; i 4i't0. 7n t0e ,urfa+e of +ontrol +on+rete, +al+ium +ar(onate fun"al me'iation; 0eterotrop0i+ (a+terial me'iation. -o,t of 4ill (e forme' 'ue to t0e rea+tion of C72 pre,ent 4it0 +al+ium t0e mentione' pro+e,,e, a(o e are me'iate' (& mi+roor"ani,m. 0&'ro5i'e pre,ent in t0e +on+rete matri5 a++or'in" to t0e 1ot0 p0oto,&nt0eti+ an' 0eterotrop0i+ mi+roor"ani,m, 0a e follo4in" rea+tion: C72 @ Ca87%92 A CaC7 / @ % 27 natural a(ilit& to in'u+e t0e pre+ipitation of +al+ite +r&,tal,. #0e ,ele+te' mi+roor"ani,m ,0oul' meet t0e +riteria ,u+0 a,: i. 0a e #0e +al+ium +ar(onate pro'u+tion in t0i, +a,e i, 'ue to t0e a 0i"0 urea,e en2&me a+ti it&; ii. ammonium an' +al+ium ion limite' amount of C72 pre,ent. ), Ca87%92 i, a ,olu(le mineral = tolera(le; iii. not pat0o"eni+ . "et, 'i,,ol e' in in"re,, 4ater an' 'iffu,e out of t0e +ra+3 in t0e form of lea+0in".

Bacillus subtilis /C3

#0i, ,train i,olate' from ,oil 0a, +0ara+teri,ti+, of 0i"0 le el urea,e a+ti it&, in+e,,ant pre+ipitation of 'en,e in,olu(le +al+ite +r&,tal, an' 0a, 0i"0 ne"ati e 2eta-potential. >otential appli+ation, of (iolo"i+al mineral pre+ipitation are 4i'e ,u+0 a, in ,an' +on,oli'ation an' ,ta(ili2ation, reme'iation of +ra+3, in +on+rete, pre,er ation an' re,toration of 0i,tori+ 0erita"e ,tru+ture,, area, 40ere it i, not po,,i(le to ,0ut 'o4n t0e plant

#0e ,elf 0ealin" pro+e,, in (a+teria in+orporate' +on+rete i, mu+0 more effi+ient 'ue to t0e a+ti e meta(oli+ +on er,ion of +al+ium nutrient, (& t0e (a+teria pre,ent in +on+rete: Ca8C/%57292 @ 77 2 A CaC7 / @ 5C72 @ 5%27 #0i, pro+e,, 'oe, not onl& pro'u+e +al+ium +ar(onate 'ire+tl& 'ue to mi+ro(ial meta(oli+ pro+e,, (ut al,o in'ire+tl& 'ue to auto"eneou, 0ealin". #0i, pro+e,, re,ult, in effi+ient (io (a,e'

+ra+3 ,ealin" te+0niCue. $reol&ti+ (a+teria ,u+0 a, 1a+illu, ,u(tili, JC/ +an a(le to pre+ipitate CaC7/ in t0e 0i"0 al3aline en ironment (& +on ertin" urea into ammonium an' +ar(onate. #0e ammonia 'e"ra'ation of urea lo+all& in+rea,e, t0e p% an' promote, t0e mi+ro(ial 'epo,ition of +ar(onate a, +al+ite +r&,tal, in a +al+ium ri+0 en ironment alon" 4it0 maintainin" t0e p% of +on+rete. #0e,e pre+ipitate' +r&,tal, +an t0u, ,eal t0e +ra+3,. #0e en0an+ement of ,tren"t0 an' 'ura(ilit& propertie, of +on+rete 'ue to (a+teria in'u+tion i, ,tu'ie' in t0i, re,ear+0 (& +on'u+tin" 4ater permea(ilit& te,t,, ultra,oun' tran,mi,,ion mea,urement, an' i,ual e5amination. #0e mi+ro(ial pre+ipitation of +al+ite +r&,tal, i, 'etermine' (& fa+tor, ,u+0 a, t0e +on+entration of 'i,,ol e' inor"ani+ +ar(on in t0e form of a aila(le nutrient,, t0e p% of t0e en ironment, a aila(ilit& of +al+ium ion, an' t0e pre,en+e of nu+leation ,ite,. #0e fir,t t0ree fa+tor, are (a,e' on t0e meta(oli+ pro+e,, of t0e (a+teria ,pe+ie, a''e' 40ile t0e la,t fa+tor i, (a,e' on t0e +ell mem(rane of t0e (a+teria.

a,pe+t for t0e ,ur i al of t0e (a+teria. 7nl& ,pe+ifi+ al3alip0ili+ (a+teria +an ,ur i e in ,u+0 0o,tile en ironment of +on+rete. #0erefore, it i, ne+e,,ar& to immo(ili2e t0e (a+terial +ell, an' to 9 prote+t t0em from t0e 0i"0 p% in +on+rete . >ol&uret0ane 8>$9 0a, (een 4i'el& for immo(ili2ation of nutrient, an' (a+terial +ell, e en ,ili+a "el 4a, u,e' to prote+t t0e (a+teria a"ain,t t0e 1. 0i"0 p% in +on+rete .

Calciu0 carbonate (CaC-3)

Cal+ium +ar(onate 8CaC7/9 i, one of t0e mo,t naturall& pre+ipitate' mineral, on eart0 in t0e form of natural ro+3, an' e5i,t, in en ironment, ,u+0 a, marine 4ater, fre,0 4ater, an' 11,12 ,oil, . #0e aria(ilit& of t0e +on+entration in t0e ,olu(ilit& of t0e +al+ium or +ar(onate in ,olution +au,e, t0e natural pre+ipitation of CaC7/. ! en )(ioti+ +0an"e or (ioti+ a+tion 8mi+ro(ial a+tion9 re,ult, in t0e natural pre+ipitation of CaC7/. It 4a, foun' t0at CaC7/ pre+ipitation 'ue to (ioti+ pro+e,, 1/ e5+ee', t0e a(ioti+ in mo,t en ironment, on eart0 . Sto+3,14 ?i,+0er et al. 0a e foun' t0at t0i, mi+ro(ial rate of pre+ipitation 4a, ,i"nifi+antl& fa,ter t0an t0at of +0emi+al

#0e (a+teria u,e' for ,tu'& e50i(it, urea,e a+ti it& 40i+0 15 +atal&2e, @ pre+ipitation. %amme, an' Ver,traete ,u""e,te' t0at t0e t0e an' 0&'rol&,i, of urea 8C78N%2929 into ammonium 8N%4 9 +ar(onate 8C7/ 9. ?ir,t, urea i, 0&'rol&2e' to +ar(amate an'
2B

+0emi+al CaC7/ pre+ipitation i, +ontrolle' (& t0e +al+ium ion,

ammonia. Car(amate t0en 0&'rol&,e, to form a''itionall& ammonia an' +ar(oni+ a+i'. #0e,e pro'u+t, ,u(,eCuentl& form (i+ar(onate an' ammonium an' 0&'ro5i'e ion,. #0e ammonia i, re,pon,i(le for p% in+rea,e, 40i+0 in turn ,0ift, t0e (i+ar(onate eCuili(rium, re,ultin" in t0e formation of +al+ium +ar(onate ion,. Sin+e t0e +ell mem(rane of t0e (a+teria i, ne"ati el& +0ar"e', t0e (a+teria 'ra4 +ation, from t0e 2@ en ironment, in+lu'in" Ca , to 'epo,it on t0eir +ell ,urfa+e. #0e 2@ 2B,u(,eCuentl& rea+t 4it0 Ca ion, ,pe+imen, i, 'etermine'. t0e C7/ ion,, lea'in" to t0e pre+ipitation of CaC7/ at t0e +ell ,urfa+e t0at ,er e, a, a nu+leation "iabilit& of bacteria in concrete ,ite. 2@ 2@ 2@ 2Dro4t0 of (a+teria in +on+rete i, a mo,t Cue,tiona(le fa+tor Ca @ Cell A Cell- Ca Cell- Ca @ C7/ A Cell- CaC7/ (e+au,e of +on+rete , 0i"0 al3alinit& 40i+0 i, a re,tri+tin"

+on+entration, +ar(onate +on+entration, p% an' pre,en+e of nu+leation ,ite,. In mi+ro(ial CaC7/ pre+ipitation, t0e pre,en+e of nu+leation ,ite i, not a 3e& fa+tor for CaC7/ pre+ipitation (e+au,e t0e (a+teria t0em,el e, (e0a e a, nu+leation ,ite,. 1a+terial CaC7/ pre+ipitation i, a (iolo"i+all& me'iate' minerali2ation pro+e,, lea'in" to mineral nu+leation an' "ro4t0 1= of mineral pro'u+t, . $,in" #0ermo-"ra imetri+ anal&,i, 8#D)9, t0e pre,en+e of CaC7/ in t0e (a+terial +on+rete

2raditional crac, re.air s&ste0s

*epair of +ra+3, in +on+rete ,tru+ture, u,uall& in ol e, appl&in" a +on+rete mortar 40i+0 i, (on'e' to t0e 'ama"e' ,urfa+e. Sometime,, t0e mortar nee', to (e 3e&e' into t0e e5i,tin" ,tru+ture 4it0 metal pin, to en,ure t0at it 'oe, not fall a4a&. *epair, +an (e parti+ularl& (e time +on,umin" an' e5pen,i e (e+au,e it i, often er& 'iffi+ult to "ain a++e,, to t0e ,tru+ture to ma3e repair,, e,pe+iall& if t0e& are un'er"roun' or at a "reat 0ei"0t. ?or +ra+3 repair, a ariet& of te+0niCue, i, a aila(le (ut tra'itional repair ,&,tem, 0a e a num(er of 'i,a' anta"eou, a,pe+t, ,u+0 a, 'ifferent t0ermal e5pan,ion +oeffi+ient +ompare' to +on+rete an' al,o 0a e impa+t on en ironment an' 0ealt0. #0erefore, (io (a,e' +al+ite pre+ipitation 0a, (een propo,e' a, an alternati e an' 8 ,u,taina(le en ironmental frien'l& +ra+3 repair te+0niCue .

or.#olog& of 3aturall& 'reci.itated Calciu0 Carbonate Cr&stals

CaC7/ i, a aila(le in t0ree 'ifferent +r&,tal ,tru+ture, (ut 4it0 ,ame +0emi+al formula in t0e form of Cal+ite, ara"onite an' aterite. -o,t ,ta(le form of CaC7/, Cal+ite i, r0om(o0e'ra in 17 ,0ape . It i, forme' 'ue to t0e pre,en+e of ma"ne,ium, man"ane,e an' ort0op0o,p0ate ion,. )ra"onite i, a ort0or0om(i+ ,0ape' +r&,tal form of CaC7/ an' "eolo"i+all& +0an"e, into +al+ite o er time at 0i"0 temperature 18,19 or lo4 temperature in t0e pre,en+e of ma"ne,ium ion, an' 2. p% le,, t0an 11 . Vaterite mineral i, rarel& foun' in nature . It i, pro'u+e' in t0e 22 2@ p% ran"e from 8.5 to 1. , lo4 Ca +on+entration or lo4 2@ 2/ temperature an' 0i"0 Ca +on+entration . #0e morp0olo"& of aterite 'epen', on t0e p% alue an' temperature. It 4a, morp0olo"& of t0e +r&,tal, 'oe, not 'epen' on +al+ium ,our+e onl&. $,in" S!- anal&,i, it 4a, pro e' t0at t0e r0om(o0e'ra ,0ape to +al+ite +r&,tal, i, 'ue to t0e pre,en+e of +0lori'e ion, 40ere a, ,p0eri+al ,0ape to +r&,tal, i, 'ue to t0e pre,en+e of a+etate ion,.
21

$ole of +rease Acti%it& in Bio0inerali4ation

$rea i, naturall& a aila(le in t0e en ironment a, a 'eto5ifi+ation pro'u+t. $rea,e a+ti it& 80&'rol&,i, of urea9 i, mo,tl& foun' in mi+roor"ani,m, from ,oil an' aCuati+ en ironment,. 1ioti+ urea,e a+ti it& i, 4i'e,prea' in t0e en ironment t0at in+lu'e, t0e a+tion of (a+teria, &ea,t,, fun"i et+. $rea,e 0&'rol&,e, t0e urea "eneratin" ammonia an' +ar(amate. Car(amate 'e+ompo,e, to ammonia an' +ar(oni+ a+i'. #0e ammonia an' +ar(oni+ a+i' ,u(,eCuentl& eCuili(rate in 4ater 4it0 t0eir 'eprotonate' an' protonate' 24 form,, re,ultin" in an in+rea,e in t0e p%

7ne of t0e mo,t ro(u,t ureol&ti+ (a+teria i, 1a+illu, ,u(tili, 40i+0 i, an aero(i+, ,pore formin", ro' ,0ape' an' "ram po,iti e (a+terium. It u,e, urea a, an ener"& ,our+e an' pro'u+e, ammonia 40i+0 in+rea,e, t0e p% in t0e 2@ en ironment an' "enerate, +ar(onate, +au,in" Ca an' 2C7/ to (e pre+ipitate' a, CaC7/. )l3aline p% i, t0e primar& reCuirement for mi+roor"ani,m, for +al+ite pre+ipitation .In (a+teria in+orporate' mortar ,ample,, t0e li e +ell, of optimum +on+entration 4ere a''e' 'ire+tl& in ,u,pen,ion alon" 4it0 mi5in" 4ater to t0e +ement ,an' mi5ture to ,tu'& t0e appli+ation of mi+ro(iolo"i+all& in'u+e' +al+ite pre+ipitation in +ement (a,e' material,.

#0ere are a num(er of ,pe+ie, of CaC7/ mineral, a,,o+iate' #0e more CaC7/ pre+ipitate,, t0e (etter t0e ,elf-0ealin" 4it0 (a+teria, for e5ample +al+ite (& (a+illu, pa,turii , effe+t 4ill (e. #0e +on+entration, of (a+teria, urea an' Ca2@ aterite formation (& )+ino(a+ter ,p., ara"oniti+ ,0erulite, 4ill "reatl& affe+t t0e amount of pre+ipitate' CaC7 . / 25 2= (& Dele&a0lop0ila , +al+ite (& 1a+illu, ,u(tilu, an' ma"ne,ium +al+ite ,p0erulite, an' 'um((ell, (& t0e ,lime27,28 Conclusion pro'u+in" (a+teria, -&5o+o++u, 5ant0u, 9. -i+ro(ial mineral pre+ipitation re,ultin" from meta(oli+ a+ti itie, of ,ome ,pe+ifi+ mi+roor"ani,m, in +on+rete to impro e t0e o erall (e0a iour of +on+rete 0a, (e+ome an important area of re,ear+0. #0e follo4in" are t0e ,ummar& of re,ear+0 out+ome, 'one at JN#$ %&'era(a' (& Dr - V Se,0a"iri *ao et al. on 1ioen"ineere' +on+rete: )n al3alip0ili+ aero(i+ mi+roor"ani,m (a+illu, ,u(tili, JC/ i, in'u+e' into +ement mortar ,ample, at ariou, +ell +on+entration, in ,u,pen,ion alon" 4it0 t0e mi5in" 4ater. #0e "reate,t impro ement in +ompre,,i e ,tren"t0 o++ur, at 5 +ell +on+entration, of 1. +ell,<ml for all a"e,. #0e ,tu'& ,0o4e' t0at a 25E in+rea,e in 28 'a& +ompre,,i e ,tren"t0 of +ement mortar 4a, a+0ie e'. #0e ,tren"t0 impro ement i, 'ue to "ro4t0 of filler material 4it0in t0e pore, of t0e +ement,an' matri5 a, ,0o4n (& t0e ,+annin" ele+tron mi+ro,+op&. S+annin" !le+tron -i+ro,+op& 8S!-9 al,o +onfirme' t0e role of mi+ro(iolo"i+all& in'u+e' pre+ipitation 4it0in t0e mortar matri5. #0e mo'ifi+ation in pore ,i2e 'i,tri(ution an' total pore olume of +ement,an' mortar 'ue to ,u+0 "ro4t0 i, al,o note'. #0e +ell +on+entration of t0e mi+roor"ani,m 4a, 'etermine' from t0e ,tan'ar' +ur e ma'e (& o(,er in" opti+al 'en,it& at =2. nm ,. (a+terial +ell num(er, +ounte' in 0aemo+&tometri+all& un'er mi+ro,+ope. Different +ell +on+entration, 4ere 'eri e' from t0e (a+terial "ro4t0 +ulture (& ,erial 'ilution met0o'. Nitro"en a',orption +onfirm, t0e mo'ifi+ation in pore ,i2e 'i,tri(ution 'ue to t0e a''ition of mi+roor"ani,m,, an' 5 ,0o4, t0at a +ell +on+entration of 1. +ell,<ml "enerate, t0e "reate,t re'u+tion in poro,it&. #0e e5tra +ellular "ro4t0 pro'u+e' (& t0e mi+roor"ani,m i, e5pe+te' to +ontri(ute more to t0e ,tren"t0 of +on+rete. ! en t0e 'ea' +ell, ma& ,impl& remain in t0e matri5 a, or"ani+ fi(er,. 6ater permea(ilit& te,t,, ultra,oun' tran,mi,,ion mea,urement, ,0o4, t0at (a+terial +on+rete ,pe+imen, are 0i"0l& impermea(le an' 0a e e5+ellent Cualit&. >ore ,i2e an' ,tru+ture ,tu'ie' t0rou"0 nitro"en a',orption ,0o4, (a+terial

5igure-1 Calcite cr&stals .roduced b& bacteria binding t)o sand .articles

5igure-2 Bio-0inerals obser%ed b& S6

,pe+imen, 0a e mo'ifie' 'en,e pore ,tru+ture 'ue to +al+ite pre+ipitation. C0lori'e penetra(ilit& ,tu'ie, 'one u,in" *api' C0lori'e penetration te,t ,0o4, t0at +0ar"e' pa,,e' i, er& lo4 to ne"li"i(le in (a+terial +on+rete ,pe+imen,. 1a+terial

+on+rete 0a, impro e' mi+ro,tru+ture an' permeation propertie, t0an +ontrolle' +on+rete. Stu'ie, ,0o4e' t0at (a+terial +on+rete 0a, (etter a+i' re,i,tan+e in a""re,,i e en ironment,.

2able-1 Strengt# Studies on Bacteria incor.orated Concrete Strengt# Studies 7 28 da&s age Compre,,i e Stren"t0 8->a9 Split #en,ile Stren"t0 8->a9 ?le5ural Stren"t0 8->a9 Controlled Concrete 20 28.18 /.2= 4.=8 90 52..1 4.51 =.11 Bio Concrete 20 /2.74 /.7/ =.11 90 =1..= 5.1/ 7.7/

A..lication 1iolo"i+al mortar Cra+3 in +on+rete reme'iation Cra+3 in +on+rete reme'iation 1a+terial +on+rete 1a+terial +on+rete

2able-2 -%er%ie) of %arious Construction aterials 0ade using IC' icroorganis0 etabolis0 3utrients o5i'ati e Dro4t0 me'ia 8peptone, e5tra+t 'eamination of &ea,t, FN7/, NaCl9 @ CaCl2.2%27, 1a+illu, +ereu, amino a+i', )+ti+al, Natam&+ine 1a+illu, ,u(tili, 1a+illu, ,p0aeri+u, 1a+illu, ,u(tili, 1a+illu, ,u(tili, %&'rol&,i, of urea %&'rol&,i, of urea %&'rol&,i, of urea o5i'ati e 'eamination of amino a+i', Nutrient (rot0, urea, CaCl2.2%27, N%4Cl, Na%C7/ !5tra+t &ea,t, urea, CaCl2.2%27 Nutrient (rot0, urea, CaCl2.2%27, N%4Cl, Na%C7/ >eptone: 5 "<lit., NaCl: 5 "<lit., Gea,t e5tra+t: / "<lit.

Reference 2 1

7 1

2:

2&.e of 0icroorganis0 >0oto,&nt0eti+ or"ani,m : S&ne+0o+o++u, DH24 >0oto,&nt0eti+ or"ani,m : C0lorella Sulfate re'u+in" (a+teria: I,olate S*1 HVform= Nitro"en +&+le 1a+illu, ,u(tili, Nitro"en +&+le 1a+illu, +ereu, Nitro"en +&+le 1a+illu, ,u(tili, JC/

2able-3 icroorganis0 used for Calciu0 Carbonate 'reci.itation in Concrete S&ste0 Cr&stal t&.e -eromi+ti+ la3e Hur+ene Ha3e )no5i+ 0&per,aline la"oon $rea 'e"ra'ation in ,&nt0eti+ me'ium )mmonifi+ation an' nitrate re'u+tion )mmonifi+ation 8)mmo a+i' 'e"ra'ation9 Cal+ite 8CaC7/9 Cal+ite 8CaC7/9 Dolomite 8Ca8-"9 C7/9 Cal+ite 8CaC7/9 Cal+ite 8CaC7/9 Cal+ite 8CaC7/9

Reference 18 21 2= 1/ 12 2:

Research Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol. 2(6), 45-51, June (2013)

ISSN 2278 9472 Res. J. Engineering Sci.

5igure-3 Co0.ressi%e Strengt#s at different Cell concentrations of Bacillus subtilis /C3 90 days 60 days 28 days

90 days 5igure-9 +'S" Correlation cur%e bet)een 28 daysa nd co0.ressi%e strengt# of Bacterial and controlled concrete s.eci0ens of 60 days

20 ;rade

90 days 60 days 28 days 90 days

60 days 28 days

5igure-< Correlation cur%e bet)een +'S" and co0.ressi%e strengt# of Bacterial and controlled concrete s.eci0ens of

90;rade

International Science Congress Associatio n

5. 5.

Research Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol. 2(6), 45-51, June (2013)

ISSN 2278 9472 Res. J. Engineering Sci.

1<! %amme, ?. an' Ver,traete 6., Fe& role, of p% an' +al+ium meta(oli,m in mi+ro(ial +ar(onate pre+ipitation, Reviews in Environmental Science and *iotechnology, 1, /-7 (2002) #an" %.%. an' Do e >.-., Surfa+e ,ite-,pe+ifi+ intera+tion of ),partate 4it0 +al+ite 'urin" 'i,,olution; Impli+ation for (iominerali2ation, ,merican %ineralogist, 82, 878-887 (1==:) De Goreo J.J. an' Ve3ilo >.D., >rin+iple, of +r&,tal nu+leation an' "ro4t0, Review in %ineralogy and /eochemistry, 59(1), 57-9/ (2003)

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20! Ga"i %., I4a2a4a )., Sono(e *., -ateu(ara #. an' Fi3ita %., Cr&,tali2ation of +al+ium +ar(onate a++ompan&in" +0emi+al a(,orption, Industrial and Engineering !hemistry .undamentals. 23(2), 15/-158 (1=89) 21! San+0e2--oral S., Cana era, J.C., Hai2 H., Sai2-Jimene2 C., 1e'o&a J., an' HuCue H.. 1iome'iate' pre+ipitation of +al+ium +ar(onate meta,ta(le p0a,e, in 0&po"ean en ironment,: ) ,0ort re ie4, /eomicrobiology Journal, 20(<), 491-5.. (2003) FralJ D., 1reMe i H., an' Niel,en ).!., Vaterite "ro4t0 an' 'i,,olution in aCueou, ,olution I. Fineti+, of +r&,tal "ro4t0, Journal of !rystal /rowth, 109(9), 79/ (1==0) *oCue, %. an' Dirou )., Fineti+ of t0e formation +on'ition, of +ar(onate tartar,, "ater Research, 8, =0:-=20 (1=:9) -o(le& %.H.#. an' %au,in"er *.>., -i+ro(ial $rea,e,: Si"nifi+an+e, re"ulation an' mole+ular +0ara+teri2ation, %icrobiological Review, <3(1), 85-1.8 (1=8=) *i a'ene&ra -.)., *amo,-Cormen2ana )., Del"a'o D. an' Del"a'o *., >ro+e,, of +ar(onate pre+ipitation (& Dele&a 0alop0ila, !urrent %icrobiology, 32(6), /.8-/1/ (1==6) Don2Nle2--uOo2 -.#., 1en-C0e3roun F., 1en-)(ou' )., )ria, J.-. an' *o'ri"ue2-Dalle"o -., 1a+teriall& in'u+e' 2 -"-Cal+ite formation: *ole of -" @ in 'e elopment of +r&,tal morp0olo"&, Journal of Sedimentary Research, :0, 559-5=4 (2000) Se,0a"iri *ao -.V., C0 Sa,i3ala V. an' Srini a,a *e''&, ) 1iolo"i+al )pproa+0 #o !n0an+e Stren"t0 )n' Dura(ilit& In Con+rete Stru+ture,, International Journal of ,dvances in Engineering and (echnology 0IJ,E(9, Sept 2.12 9(2), /92/99 (2012) 6illiam, S.#., 8!',.9, *ergey s %anual of 2eterminative *acteriology, : (1==3)

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