Key Concepts, Events, and People: Immanuel Kant: German philosopher, defined enlightenment, mans leaving his selfcaused

d immaturity, earlier periods handicapped by inability to use ones intelligent genre without the guidance of another Reason: one of the favorite words of the scientific revolution, advocating the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life Fontenelles Plurality of Worlds: presented in the form of an intimate conversation between a lady aristocrat and her lover who are engaged in conversation under the stars Pierre Bayle: remained protestant, became big skeptic of traditional religious attitudes, attacked superstition and religious tolerance James Cooks Travels: an account of his journey, best seller, educated Europeans responded to it in different ways John Lockes tabula rasa: a blank mind, our knowledge from environment not heredity Essay Concerning Human Understanding: John Lockes, denied Descartes belief in innate ideas, born with tabula rasa Philosophes: the intellectuals of the Enlightened, few French of philosophers, literary people, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformers Montesquieus The Spirit of the Laws: a comparative study of governments is in which Montesquieu attempted to apply the scientific method Voltaires Treatise on Toleration: religious toleration had treated no problems for England and reminded government that all men are brothers under God Deism: a religious outlook shared by most other philosophes built on the Newtonian world Denis Diderots Encyclopedia: Great work of his life change the general way of thinking science of man: social sciences, philosophes arrived at natural laws that they believed governed human actions, emergence in 18th century David Hume: a pioneering social scientist Treatise on Human Nature, An Attempt to Introduce on Essay Francois Quesnay: wealth itself could be increased only by agriculture because all other economic activities were unproductive and sterile Adam Smiths Wealth Nations: best statement of laissez faire, strong attack on mercantilism condemned the merchants Laissez faire: the state should in no way interrupt the play of natural economic force by government of the economy, leave it alone Condorcet and Baron dHolbach: French philosophes The Progress of the Human Mind

Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Social Contract and the general will: tried to harmonize individual liberty with government authority, and agreement on the war of an entire society to be governed by its general will Emile 1762: important work on education of the natural man, foster not restrict youths natural instincts Mary Astells A Serious Proposal to the ladies: women need to become better educated, men dont agree because they are sexist, so she is too, women are better than men Mary Wollstonecraft: founder of modern European feminism, women should have equal rights with men in education and economics and political life as well Vindication of the Rights of Woman: women must obey men is wrong The salon and the coffeehouse: elegant drawing rooms in the urban house of the wealthy where invited philosophes and guests talked about ideas, spread enlightenment ideas, women could affect as hostesses Marie-Therese de Geoffrin: wealthy bourgeois, encyclopedists welcomed to her salon and she offered the financial assistance Rococo: emphasized grace and gentle actions, rejected strict geometrical patters and had a fondness for curves