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\f0 Arial;}{ \f1 Symbol;}{ \f2 Times New Roman;}{ \f3 georgia;}{ \f4 sans-serif;}{ \f5 serif;}{ \f6 Helvetica;} } {\*\generator Apache XML Graphics RTF Library;} \fet0 \ftnbj \paperw12240 \paperh15840 \margt1800 \margb1080 \margl1080 \margr10 80 \headery720 \footery720 \itap0 \cols1 \sectd {\header { {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clpadb60 \clpadfb3 \clpadl400 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \clbrdrr \trql \clver talb \clwWidth9380 \cellx9380 \intbl {\li0 \f0 \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\f0 \b1 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 Evans, Jonathan } } {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\f0 \b1 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 2/8/2014 } } {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \par } } {\li0 \f0 \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\f0 \b1 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 For Educational Use Only } } {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } }\f0 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \qc \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clpadb60 \clpadfb3 \clpadl400 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrb \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \brdrs \clb rdrl \trql \clvertalb \clwWidth9380 \cellx9380 \clpadb60 \clpadfb3 \clpadl400 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrb \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \brdrs \clb rdrr \trql \clwWidth700 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \f0 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\f0 \b1 \fs18 \cf18 \i0 {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf18 \i0 Biggs v. Public Service Coordinated Transport, 280 F.2d 311 (1960)

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efcedf38d3175d3aa3dc5ff8b6fdcfdf76163ea7f063ed6770c20e3fe5b4a1dbef35754fe586ad41 99949b3167e7ff8f6997d6c6f8cc67df19b7c4b767cf9a3b9e7c9ec2fa72e4eb812de7ff7cccf49c b3453b632dc15fac5cc7d67f12bf7947bffb9ae9b38ec6510fffe196cdcbfcf776c0e00d3c549a34 de5ef3ebd60e4fb94f76fbe3aefde93fa4f1ff3eb1dac3a96bc6d91afec8c4dcbf62de08cb8f8f65 95154ea4f86bffcb378a630fefc732cf2c674068b1ad675d3755245affe071ac7a0b1f5d01186af1 62577775c559338eb20bf37fba9e4b4036b3a6ae51edd3eb5a780e3fc5d0fd588fab5ea978318645 6dc3c75fb8bc86d0686f7ed2b0e04293cb0d9df59fee5c45bd5363115a309e5071800dbb45cde95f 0d3420000000049454e44ae426082}} {\f0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf17 \i0 \u169\'3f 2014 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. } }\f0 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20 \ri0 \cf17 \i0 \intbl \cell \int bl {\li0 \f0 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf17 \qr \i0 {\b0 \i0 \ul0 \fs20 \f0 \chpgn } }\f0 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs20 \ri0 \cf17 \i0 \qr \intbl \cell \row }}\par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \par}\sect\sbknone\pgncont\cols1{ \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_document_2}{\*\bkmkend co_document_2} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart I1b46ef5b8ec711d9a707f4371c9c34f0_L1DfDN}{\*\bkmkend I1b46ef5b8ec7 11d9a707f4371c9c34f0_L1DfDN} \par } {\li0 \f3 \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 280 F.2d 311 \par } } {\li0 \f3 \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\li0 \f3 \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit. \par } } } {\li130 \f3 \b0 \ri130 \fs26 \cf19 \qc \i0 {\li130 \f3 \b0 \ri130 \fs26 \cf19 \qc \i0 {\li130 \f3 \b0 \ri130 \fs26 \cf19 \qc \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 Eleanor G. BIGGS \par } } {\li130 \f3 \b0 \ri130 \fs26 \cf19 \qc \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 v. \par } } {\li130 \f3 \b0 \ri130 \fs26 \cf19 \qc \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa260 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 PUBLIC SERVICE COORDINATED TRANSPORT, Appellant v. Robert WASHINGTON Third-Party Defendant. \par } } } }

{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \qc \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 No. 13079. } } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 | } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Argued April 21, 1960. } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 | } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Decided July 5, 1960. } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 | } } {\f3 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f3 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa260 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Rehearing Denied July 25, 1960. \par } } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Action against bus company by passenger in automobile for personal injuries suff ered when automobile collided with bus. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, George A. Welsh, J., entered judgment based o n a verdict for plaintiff and defendant bus company appealed. The Court of Appea ls, Goodrich, Circuit Judge, held that where corporate status of defendant bus c ompany as a New Jersey corporation was deemed admitted, the opening of the recor d, three months after trial, on ex parte motion of plaintiff, to permit the intr oduction of a certificate signed by the New Jersey Secretary of State showing bu s company\rquote s New Jersey citizenship, had no substantial bearing on the cas e and for that reason was not a violation of Constitution and that evidence was sufficient to sustain judgment. \par } }

} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Affirmed. \par } } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_attorneysAndLawFirms_2}{\*\bkmkend co_attorneysAndLawFirms_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa260 \sb260 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 Attorneys and Law Firms \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 } {\f2 \b1 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_350_312_2}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_350_312_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 *312 } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Joseph Head, Philadelphia, Pa. (Swartz, Campbell & Henry, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief) for appellant. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., Norris, Green, Harris & Higginboth am, by William H. Brown, III, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellee. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Norman Paul Harvey, Philadelphia, Pa. (John J. McDevitt, 3rd, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief), for third-party defendant. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Before BIGGS, Chief Judge, and GOODRICH and KALODNER, Circuit Judges.

\par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_opinion_2}{\*\bkmkend co_opinion_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 Opinion \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa260 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 GOODRICH, Circuit Judge. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_Ica11d6278a8b11e38578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_Ica 11d6278a8b11e38578f7ccc38dc} \par {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 This is a suit for personal injuries and property damage sustained by plaintiff when her car, driven by a man named Robert Washington, collided with a bus owned and operated by the defendant. Plaintiff was a passenger in the car. The accide nt took place April 2, 1956, on the Camden Plaza side of the Benjamin Franklin B ridge. This area is just below the New Jersey exit of the bridge which runs from Philadelphia to Camden. In the accident the plaintiff received substantial inju ries. The amount of the damages is not questioned upon this appeal. The driver o f the plaintiff\rquote s car, Robert Washington, was joined as a third-party def endant; he was represented at the trial by independent counsel. The jury returne d a verdict in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant and also found that Washington was not negligent. The defendant appeals. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The first ground for the defendant\rquote s appeal is an alleged violation of th e Fifth and Seventh Amendments of the Constitution of the United States. This al leged constitutional infringement is based upon what took place some three month s following the trial. Upon plaintiff\rquote s motion, and ex parte, the record was opened to permit the introduction of a certificate signed by the New Jersey Secretary of State showing the defendant\rquote s New Jersey citizenship. In spi te of the fact that the certificate states that which the defendant does not den y, it is nevertheless argued that such an ex parte opening of the record is a de nial of defendant\rquote s constitutional rights. \par } }

} {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 This point would make a highly substantial problem if the admitted certificate h ad any substantial bearing on the case. There is a measure of discretion in a co urt to reopen a case for additional testimony, as Moore puts it, \u8216\'3fin th e interest of fairness and substantial justice,\u8217\'3f 6 Moore, Federal Pract ice P 59.04(13), and see, as to the diversity issue, our opinion in } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1960103884&pubNum=350&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 Seideman v. Hamilton, 1960, 275 F.2d 224. }}} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 But certainly the reopening should not be ex parte on motion of one of the liti gants. We do think, } {\f2 \b1 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_350_313_2}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_350_313_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 *313 } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 however, that, in the circumstances of this case, the erroneous procedure follo wed does not require us to reverse the judgment entered since every relevant fac t contained in the certificate had already been admitted by the defendant. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The reason for our conclusion on this point follows. The plaintiff, in her compl aint, alleged diversity of citizenship saying that she was a citizen of Pennsylv ania and that the defendant was a New Jersey corporation. } {\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00111960100366_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_B00111960100366_ID0} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00111960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 1 }}} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 In the defendant\rquote s answer two paragraphs of the plaintiff\rquote s compl aint were admitted; others were denied because of lack of knowledge and the rest were met by a general denial. } {\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00221960100366_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_B00221960100366_ID0} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00221960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 2

}}} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 One of the paragraphs subject to this general denial was the one in which the d iversity of citizenship was alleged, paragraph 1. } {\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00331960100366_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_B00331960100366_ID0} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00331960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 3 }}} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Defendant, however, did not specifically deny that it was a New Jersey corporat ion. } {\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00441960100366_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_B00441960100366_ID0} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00441960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 4 }}} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 We do not think that the able and experienced lawyer for the defendant should b e put in the position of having to urge that his general denial applied to the c orporate citizenship of his client. } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=L&pubNum=1004365&cite=USFRCPR11&originatingDoc=I1b46ef5b8ec711d9a707f4371c 9c34f0&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D ocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 }}} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 provides in part that \u8216\'3fthe signature of an attorney constitutes a cert ificate by him that he has read the pleading; that to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief there is good ground to support it; * * *. For a wilful violation of this rule an attorney may be subjected to appropriate disciplinary action.\u8217\'3f \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F11960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [1] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B11960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B11960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 }

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F21960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [2] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B21960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B21960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 We cannot for a moment believe that defendant\rquote s counsel was denying in g ood faith that his client was a New Jersey corporation. } {\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00551960100366_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_B00551960100366_ID0} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00551960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 5 }}} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 We think the } {\f2 \b1 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_350_314_2}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_350_314_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 *314 } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 only fair interpretation of the pleading in this case is that the denial does n ot run to the allegation of defendant\rquote s citizenship. Therefore, that alle gation must be deemed to be admitted. } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=L&pubNum=1004365&cite=USFRCPR8&originatingDoc=I1b46ef5b8ec711d9a707f4371c9 c34f0&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(d) }}} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 . Thus, the certificate added nothing to the case and we can ignore it. \par } } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F31960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [3] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B31960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B31960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0

} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F41960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [4] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B41960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B41960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The defendant complains that there was no proof of its negligence and that the driver, Washington, was conclusively guilty of individual negligence. We do not need to get into all of this. Whether defendant\rquote s negligence was proved a nd whether Washington was negligent or not all depends upon whose version of the facts is believed. This is clearly a jury matter. If the jury accepts the state ment of one witness over another statement of even more than one witness it is n o ground for us to interfere with its conclusion unless it is so inherently impr obable that no reasonable man could take it. That is not the case Here. The test imony of witnesses, as is usual in these cases, was in some conflict. The scene of the accident is one in which there is a great deal of traffic. But the jury w as informed of all the facts about the situs through charts and the witnesses wo rked with the charts in presenting their testimony. Each side brought out its po int of view in competent fashion. The jury was obviously quite alert. Jurors ask ed questions from time to time dealing with the testimony of a given witness. We do not think there was confusion. And we do think that the jury had a thorough picture of the problem which it had to resolve. \par } } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Complaint is made that the defendant did not get a fair trial because of the att itude of the trial judge. He is alleged to have favored the plaintiff, and discr iminated against the defendant. Instances were cited where, in the opinion of co unsel, this discrimination was shown. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F51960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [5] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B51960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B51960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The only way to meet this point is to examine the testimony, not depending upon sentences plucked out here and there. } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 This we have done. Our conclusion is not in agreement with the defendant. We th

ink the trial judge was impartial and that he made every effort to be fair. He d id stop counsel sometimes from interrupting a witness, directing that the witnes s be allowed to finish his sentence before objection was received. But he did th is regardless of whose witness was being examined or who was doing the examining . There is one point in the record where counsel objected to a look or gesture o n the part of the trial judge. The attorney for the plaintiff met this by denyin g that the trial judge looked or gestured in a way to show partiality. Until we get motion picture or video-tape recordings of trials it is not easy to see how an appellate court can do anything about this kind of an objection. We are neces sarily confined in our judgment to what the trial judge says and not the way he looks or gestures when he says it. This trial judge was apparently very anxious to be fair and in fact could have been more strict with the lawyers trying the c ase than he actually was. All of this is a very clear conclusion from a reading of what went on at the trial. It is not to be expected that losing counsel shoul d take the same view of it. \par } } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The appellant attacks the charge to the jury made by the trial judge. He complai ns that it was prejudicial in favor of the plaintiff and that it was inaccurate and confusing to the jury. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The best way to appraise this point is to examine the charge, not in isolated se ntences or paragraphs but in the large. } {\f2 \b1 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_350_315_2}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_350_315_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 *315 } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Was it an instruction to the jury to help that body see the problems it had to answer and give it the necessary instruction about law points to enable it to ac t correctly? \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F61960100366_2" }{\fldrslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 [6] }}} {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B61960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B61960100366_2} } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The charge contains some unnecessary and irrelevant comment. But an examination of it shows that this was not put in such a way as to divert the attention of t he jury from the task it had. The trial judge summed up the jury\rquote s proble m in the first five minutes of the charge. He pointed out that the case was base d on the plaintiff\rquote s claim that the defendant was negligent and that the defendant denied its negligence and said if there was any negligence it was that of the driver Washington. \u8216\'3fNow, there you have the dispute,\u8217\'3f he said. Then he told the jury that it was its function to make up its mind abou t the conflicting stories of the witnesses. He emphasized that this was for the jury and not for him. He told the jurors that differences in testimony did not r equire them to think that anybody had perjured himself and that observation and memories were not the same for all people. He defined negligence, told them the elements of damages should they find in favor of the plaintiff and ended up by p utting to them definite questions. One required the jury to answer whether the b us company was negligent and whether that negligence was a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff\rquote s injuries. The second was whether the driver of p laintiff\rquote s car, Washington, was negligent and whether his negligence was a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff\rquote s injuries. The jury answer ed the first question in favor of the plaintiff and the second in favor of Washi ngton. It assessed the damages at $15,000. \par } } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 \u160\'3f \par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 There was a great deal of objection made by defense counsel to the court at the time of his charge. But it is our conclusion that the case went to a jury which had a fair understanding of its problems and came back with considered and categ orical answers and with a verdict which was not excessive. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Other points noted by the defendant have been examined but do not require furthe r discussion. \par } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb260 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 The judgment of the district court will be affirmed. \par } } } }

} } } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_parallelCitations_2}{\*\bkmkend co_parallelCitations_2} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa260 \sb520 \fs26 \cf19 \i0 Parallel Citations \par } } {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 3 Fed.R.Serv.2d 105 \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 { {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clpadl260 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth10080 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 Footnotes \par } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth600 \cellx600 \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9480 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_B00111960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_B00111960100 366_2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_B00111960100366_ID0" }{\fld rslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 1 }\f2 \super \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 }} \par } } }\f2 \li0 \b0 \ql \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 Paragraph 1 of the eight-paragraph complaint reads as follows: \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3f1. The jurisdiction of this Court is founded on the diversity of citiz

enship of the parties. The plaintiff, Eleanor G. Biggs, is a citizen of the Comm onwealth of Pennsylvania, City and County of Philadelphia, and resides at 1231 N orth Conestoga Street. The defendant, Public Service Bus Company, is a New Jerse y Corporation, and is doing business in the City of Philadelphia, Commonwealth o f Pennsylvania, at 13th and Filbert Streets; the amount in issue is in excess of Three Thousand Dollars ($3,000.00), exclusive of costs and interest.\u8217\'3f \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 Paragraph 2 alleged defendant\rquote s ownership of the bus involved and paragra ph 3 contained allegations relating to the master-servant relationship of the de fendant and the bus driver. Paragraph 4 alleged the happening of the accident an d the negligence of the bus driver. Paragraphs 5 through 8 dealt with damages. \par } } } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth600 \cellx600 \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9480 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_B00221960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_B00221960100 366_2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_B00221960100366_ID0" }{\fld rslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 2 }\f2 \super \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 }} \par } } }\f2 \li0 \b0 \ql \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 The complete answer reads as follows: \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fAnswer. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fFirst Defense. \par }

} {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fThe complaint fails to state a claim against defendant upon which reli ef can be granted. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fSecond Defense. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fDefendant admits the allegations contained in paragraphs 2 and 3 of th e complaint; alleges that it is without knowledge or information sufficient to f orm a belief as to the truth of the allegations contained in paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the complaint; and denies each and every other allegation contained in the complaint. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fThird Defense. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fThe defendant specifically denies that the amount in issue is in exces s of $3,000. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fFourth Defense. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fThe accident was caused by the negligence of the plaintiff, Eleanor G. Biggs, and the negligence of Robert Washington, 5526 W. Master Street, Philadel phia, Pennsylvania. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fFifth Defense. \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 \u8216\'3fThere is no such company as the Public Service Bus Company, and the pr

oper name of the defendant is The Public service Coordinated Transport.\u8217\'3 f \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 The fifth defense was overcome by stipulation of the parties permitting the name of the defendant in this case to be changed to Public Service Coordinated Trans port. \par } } } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth600 \cellx600 \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9480 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_B00331960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_B00331960100 366_2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_B00331960100366_ID0" }{\fld rslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 3 }\f2 \super \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 }} \par } } }\f2 \li0 \b0 \ql \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 The other paragraph subject to the general denial was paragraph 4. \par } } } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth600 \cellx600 \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9480 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_B00441960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_B00441960100 366_2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_B00441960100366_ID0" }{\fld rslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0

4 }\f2 \super \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 }} \par } } }\f2 \li0 \b0 \ql \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 But it did specifically deny that the amount in controversy was in excess of $3, 000. See note 2 supra. \par } } } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \lastrow \trleft0 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth600 \cellx600 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9480 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \b0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_B00551960100366_2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_B00551960100 366_2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_B00551960100366_ID0" }{\fld rslt {\super \f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 5 }\f2 \super \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs26 \cf5 \i0 }} \par } } }\f2 \li0 \b0 \ql \fs26 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\li0 \ri0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 A series of opinions handed down by Judge Kirkpatrick about twenty years ago mak es it perfectly clear that a denial stating lack of \u8216\'3fknowledge or infor mation sufficient to form a belief as to the truth\u8217\'3f of the averment wou ld be insufficient to serve as a denial of an allegation such as this. See } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1940123130&pubNum=345&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_345_31" }{\fldr slt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Nieman v. Long, D.C.E.D.Pa.1939, 31 F.Supp. 30, 31; }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1940123129&pubNum=345&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1

.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Nieman v. Bethlehem Nat. Bank, D.C.E.D.Pa.1939, 32 F.Supp. 436, }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 affirmed per Curiam } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1940123127&pubNum=350&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 3 Cir., 1940, 113 F.2d 717; }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1940123944&pubNum=345&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Squire v. Levan, D.C.E.D.Pa.1940, 32 F.Supp. 437; }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1941122490&pubNum=344&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Reed v. Turner, D.C.E.D.Pa.1941, 2 F.R.D. 12; }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1941122487&pubNum=344&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Reed v. Hickey, D.C.E.D.Pa.1941, 2 F.R.D. 92; }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1942119250&pubNum=345&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Ice Plant Equipment Co. v. Martocello, D.C.E.D.Pa.1941, 43 F.Supp. 281. }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 See also } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1957109359&pubNum=350&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_350_756" }{\fld rslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Mesirow v. Duggan, 8 Cir., 240 F.2d 751, 756, }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

certiorari denied sub nom. } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1957206463&pubNum=708&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt {\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 Duggan v. Green, 1957, 355 U.S. 864, 78 S.Ct. 93, 2 L.Ed.2d 70 }\f2 \strike0 \ul1 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }} {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 . \par } } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0 A similar rationale would appear to be appropriate in determining the meaning of the general denial in the case at bar. \par } } } } }\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row }}\par } {\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs26 \cf1 \i0 { {\trowd \lastrow \trleft0 \clpadt24 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr24 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \brdrw10 \ brdrcf20 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth4320 \cellx4320 \clpadt24 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr24 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \brdrw10 \ brdrcf20 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth5760 \cellx10080 \intbl {\li24 \ri24 {\li24 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri24 \fs16 \cf20 \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \cf20 \i0 End of Document \par } } }\f2 \li24 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs16 \ri24 \cf20 \i0 \intbl \cell \i ntbl {\li24 \ri24 {\li24 \f2 \b0 \ri24 \fs16 \cf20 \qr \i0 {\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \cf20 \i0 \u169\'3f 2014 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. \par } } }\f2 \li24 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \ri24 \cf20 \i0 \qr \intbl \cell \r ow }}\par } }\sect }