Task: Process the information below for consecutive translation Crime The law Laws are made by MPs.

Someone in parliament will suggest a new law, or an alteration to an existing one, such as changes to punishments for carrying illegal guns. Sometimes new laws are needed to ensure that the UK complies with International or uropean Law. !he "uman #ights $ct %&&' and the (reedom of Information $ct )*** are recent examples of this. !his draft + or proposed + law is called a ,ill. It must be discussed in the "ouse of -ommons and in the "ouse of Lords. .hen this is done and the new law has been agreed, the /ueen must gi0e her appro0al. !he ,ill then becomes an $ct. The police !here are 12 police forces in ngland and .ales. !hey are paid for by central and local go0ernment through taxes. What do the police do?

Protect us and our property. 3eal with emergencies. Keep order, allow freedom of speech and peaceful demonstrations. In0estigate crimes with police officers, -riminal In0estigation 3epartments 4-I35 and specialist units such as the 3rug S6uad and the Special ,ranch. 7ather and prepare information to prosecute offenders in court. "elp the 0ictims of crime by putting them in touch with 0ictim support ser0ices. Manage traffic and ma8e sure people are safe on the roads. Patrol the streets to ma8e people feel safe. "elp with crime pre0ention and reduction. !ell people the time when they as89 Shoplifting and youth crime :oung offenders are far more li8ely to be found guilty of, or cautioned for, theft and handling stolen goods than for any other offence. More than )* percent of shoplifters are under %' 4some people say the figure may be as high as thirty percent5. Shop8eepers say the total cost of youth shoplifting is about ;%&*,***,*** a year. !he 0ast ma<ority of thefts from record, sports and health and beauty shops are by children. =nly about ten percent of thefts from 3I: shops are by children.

Kent v. United States (1966) Issue >u0eniles and Serious -rime !ottom "ine !eens -an ,e !ried as $dults

!ac#ground Morris Kent, %?, who had been on probation since he was %1 for burglary and theft, was arrested and charged with three home burglaries, three robberies, and two counts of rape in .ashington, 3.-. ,ecause of the seriousness of the charges and Morris@s pre0ious criminal history, the prosecutor mo0ed to try Morris in adult court. Morris@s lawyer wanted the case to stay in <u0enile court where the penalties were much less se0ere. "e had planned to argue that Morris had a mental illness that should be ta8en into account when deciding where he would be tried. .ithout a hearing, the <udge sided with the prosecutor and sent Morris to adult court, where he was found guilty and sentenced to 2* to &* years in prison. Morris appealed, arguing that the case should ha0e remained in <u0enile court. $uling !he Supreme -ourt ruled against Morris, and said that a minor can be tried and punished as an adult. "owe0er, the >ustices said that in deciding whether to remo0e a case from <u0enile court, <udges must weigh a 0ariety of factors, including the seriousness of the crimeA the <u0enile@s ageA and the defendant@s criminal bac8ground and mental state. Impact "ow the courts treat <u0eniles in the legal system 0aries from state to state. In many states, those under %' can be tried as adults for crimes such as murder, sexual assault, or possession or sale of drugs, with punishments that range up to life in prison without the possibility of parole. In )**B, the Supreme -ourt abolished the death penalty for <u0enile offenders, saying it 0iolated the ighth $mendment@s protection against Ccruel and unusual punishments.C DeShaney v. Winnebago ounty Social Services (19%9) Issue -onstitutional #ights at "ome !ottom "ine !he -onstitution 3oesn@t Protect Kids from !heir Parents !ac#ground (our+year+old >oshua 3eShaney li0ed with his father, who physically abused him, in Deenah, .isconsin. $t one point, the State 3epartment of Social Ser0ices too8 custody of >oshua but returned him after three days. Later, >oshua was hospitaliEed with bruises all o0er his body and se0ere brain damage. "e sur0i0ed, but was permanently paralyEed and mentally disabled. "is father was con0icted of child abuse and sent to prison. >oshua@s mother sued the 3epartment of Social Ser0ices for returning him to his father. She argued that the department had a duty to protect her son under the (ourteenth $mendment, which forbids the state from depri0ing Cany person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.C $uling !he -ourt ruled against >oshua and his mother. It said essentially that the -onstitution does not protect children from their parents and that therefore the go0ernment was not at fault in >oshua@s abuse. Impact !he Supreme -ourt has consistently respected parents@ rights to discipline their children. ,ut e0en though the go0ernment isn@t re6uired under the -onstitution to protect children, all states assume this responsibility through child protection laws. !he Supreme -ourt has generally deferred to state and local go0ernments to enforce these laws and to inter0ene in cases of mistreatment. !ernonia School District v. "cton (199&) Issue Student $thletes and 3rug !esting !ottom "ine Schools -an #e6uire It

!ac#ground >ames $cton, a %)+year+old se0enth+grader at .ashington 7rade School in Fernonia, =regon, wanted to try out for the football team. "is school re6uired all student athletes to ta8e drug tests at the beginning of the season and on a random basis during the school year. >ames@s parents refused to let him be tested because, they said, there was no e0idence that he used drugs or alcohol. !he school suspended >ames from sports for the season. "e and his parents sued the school district, arguing that mandatory drug testing without suspicion of illegal acti0ity constituted an unreasonable search under the (ourth $mendment. $uling !he Supreme -ourt ruled in fa0or of the school district. Schools must balance students@ right to pri0acy against the need to ma8e school campuses safe and 8eep student athletes away from drugs, the -ourt said. !he drug+ testing policy, which re6uired students to pro0ide a urine sample, in0ol0ed only a limited in0asion of pri0acy, according to the >usticesG CStudents who 0oluntarily participate in school athletics ha0e reason to expect intrusions upon normal rights and pri0ileges, including pri0acy.C !he -ourt noted that all students surrender some pri0acy rights while at schoolG !hey must follow school rules and submit to school discipline. ,ut student athletes ha0e e0en fewer pri0acy rights, the >ustices said, and must follow rules that don@t apply to other students. >oining a team usually re6uires getting a physical exam, obtaining insurance co0erage, and maintaining a minimum grade point a0erage. $nd athletes must be willing to shower and change in loc8er rooms, further reducing their pri0acy. CSchool sports are not for the bashful,C the -ourt said. Impact More recently, the -ourt has ruled in fa0or of school policies re6uiring random drug testing for all extracurricular acti0ities 4Board of Education v. Earls, )**)5. Tinker v. Des #oines $nde%endent School District (1969) Issue (reedom of Speech at School !ottom "ine :ou "a0e the #ight !o xpress :ourselfHUp to a Point !ac#ground In 3ecember %&?B, >ohn and Mary ,eth !in8er and their friend -hris c8hardt wore blac8 armbands to school in 3es Moines, Iowa, to protest the war in Fietnam. School officials told them to remo0e the armbands, and when they refused, they were suspended 4>ohn, %B, from Dorth "ighA Mary ,eth, %2, from .arren "arding >unior "ighA and -hris, %?, from #oose0elt "igh5. .ith their parents, they sued the school district, claiming a 0iolation of their (irst $mendment right of freedom of speech. $uling !he Supreme -ourt sided with the students. Students and teachers don@t Cshed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate,C the -ourt said. !he -ourt did not, howe0er, grant students an unlimited right to self+expression. It said (irst $mendment guarantees must be balanced against a school@s need to 8eep orderG $s long as an act of expression doesn@t disrupt classwor8 or school acti0ities or in0ade the rights of others, it@s acceptable. #egarding the students in this case, Ctheir de0iation consisted only in wearing on their slee0e a band of blac8 cloth,C the -ourt said. C!hey caused discussion outside of the classrooms, but no interference with wor8 and no disorder.C Impact In %&'?, applying the Cdisruption testC from the !in8er case, the Supreme -ourt upheld the suspension of Matthew (raser, a %I+year+old senior at ,ethel "igh School in !acoma, .ashington, who ga0e a school speech containing sexual innuendos 4,ethel School 3istrict 0. (raser5. !he -ourt said Cit is a highly appropriate function of public school education to prohibit the use of 0ulgar and offensi0e terms in public discourse.C

Lower courts ha0e relied on !in8er in rulings on school attire, allowing nose rings and dyed hair, for example, but disallowing a !+shirt displaying a -onfederate flag. In >une, the Supreme -ourt weighed in on another student expression case, (rederic8 0. Morse, ruling that schools can limit student speech that seems to ad0ocate illegal drug use. !he case concerned >oseph (rederic8, an %'+year+old senior at >uneau+3ouglas "igh School in $las8a, who was suspended in )**) for holding a banner that said C,ong "its 1 >esusC while standing across the street from the school during the =lympic torch relay.

Task: Study the differences between lawyer& attorney& solicitors& barristers& legal e'ecutives& etc. !he word lawyer is a general term and can mean anyone who gi0es legal ad0ice or belie0es himself learned in one or more areas of law + it is often used to describe solicitors, 'arristers, legal e(ecuti)es and others + more often than not it is used to describe the whole legal profession !he traditional legal profession is howe0er di0ided into solicitors and barristers. solicitors ad0ise clients and represent them in ci0il and criminal courts and also deal with business ad0ice wills con0eyancing and e0ery area of law + some specialise in specific areas of law and others may be Cgeneral practitioners. 'arristers 4often called counsel5 may be <unior counsel or /ueens counsel 4selected for special ability and experience5. !heir clients are the solicitors who CinstructC them. $t one time barristers had sole rights to appear in the "igh -ourt and the court of appeal and the house of Lords but this monopoly is now disappearing. $t one time the solicitor appearing in open court wore a robe but the barrister wore a robe and a horsehair wig, but the wig is now being abolished. *ttorney is $merican nglish word for a ,ritish nglish lawyer. !he 3.$. or 3istrict $ttorney is a lawyer in the U.S. who wor8s for the state and prosecutes people on behalf of it. !here are also, of course, defense attorneys in $merica who act on behalf of their clients. -onsider the followingG @Dobody wanted the position of district attorney J it was poorly paid in comparison with that of defense attorney.@ 4Dote that in ,ritish nglish defence is spelt KdefenceL and not KdefenseL.5 .e also spea8 about the prosecution counsel or the defence counsel when referring to the team of lawyers who are operating on behalf of either the state or a clientG @!he counsel for the defence argued that the case should ne0er ha0e been brought to court as it relied only on circumstantial e0idence.@ "owe0er, please note that we do not use the term counsellor in the legal sense at all9 $ counsellor can be any person whose <ob it is to gi0e ad0ice, care and support to those who need it. -onsider the followingG @!his hospital employs %B counsellors whose <ob it is to deal with patients suffering from se0ere depression.@

Task: Translate the words and word combinations in the picture