Unit 1 GAS POWER CYCLES SYLLABUS GAS POWER CYCLES 9 Otto, Diesel, Dual, Brayton cycles, Calculation of mean

effective pressure and air standard efficiency, Actual and theoretical PV diagram of Four stroke engines, Actual and theoretical PV diagram of two stroke engines. PART A

2. What is the name of the process of heat rejection in diesel cycle? [NOV/DEC 2006/5] 3. Define air standard efficiency of Dual cycle. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/1]

5. With the help of p-v and T-s diagrams, show that for the same maximum pressure and temperature of

6. Name the gas power cycle for a gas turbine. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/6]

8. Sketch the diesel cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/6] 9. Prove that for the same quantity of heat added, increase of compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency of Otto-cycle. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2003/5] 10. Define compression ratio of an IC engine. What are its typical values for SI and CI engines? [APRIL/MAY 2005/6] 11. Define the terms as applied to reciprocating I.C. engines. "Mean effective pressure" and "Compression ratio".[NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/5] 12. Define mean effective pressure of an I.C engine.[NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/2] [APR/MAY 05/5]

PART B 13. Derive an expression for efficiency for Otto cycle in terms of compression ratio. (6) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/13a(i)]

w. ch

en

7. Explain the effect of pressure ratio on the net output and efficiency of a Brayton cycle. [MAY/JUNE 2006R/2]

na
Page 1 of 17

the cycle and the same heat rejection, Diesel > Dual > Otto .[APR/MAY 03/6]

itu

4. For a given compression ratio and heat addition explain why Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel cycle? [MAY/JUNE 2006R/1]

iti

on

1. What are the assumptions made for air-standard cycle analysis? [APRIL/MAY 2003/5] [NOV/DEC 2003/6] [APRIL/MAY 2005/4]

s. in

14. Sketch the Otto cycle on PV and TS diagrams and derive the expression for the mean effective pressure of Otto cycle. [MAY/JUNE 2006R/12a] 15. Explain a Diesel cycle. (4) [APRIL/MAY 2005/13a(i)]

21. In an air standard diesel cycle, the pressure and volume at the beginning of compression are 100 kPa and 0.03 m3 respectively. Pressure after Isentropic compression is 4.2 MPa, and after isentropic expansion is 200 kPa. Determine (i) compression ratio (ii) cut-off ratio (iii) expansion ratio and (iv) cycle efficiency. Assume = 1.4, Cv= 0.718 kJ/kgK. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/11] 22. An air-standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and the heat transferred to the working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K. Calculate: (i) The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle (ii) The thermal efficiency (iii) The mean effective pressure. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2003/13b] 23. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16, and compression begins at 1 bar, 50C. The maximum pressure is 70 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate (i) the pressures and temperatures at cardinal points of the cycle (ii) the cycle

w. ch

en

20. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and the heat transferred to the working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression process the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15C. Determine a. The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle. b. The thermal efficiency. c. The mean effective pressure. (10) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/13a(ii)]

na
Page 2 of 17

19. 1 kg of air is taken through a diesel cycle. Initially the air is at 25C and 1 bar. The compression ratio is 14 and the heat added is 1850 kJ. Calculate the ideal cycle efficiency and mean effective pressure. (16) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/12b]

itu

18. The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of compression process the pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K. The heat transfer to the air per cycle is 1900 kJ/kg of air. Calculate: (i) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle (ii) Thermal efficiency (iii) The mean effective pressure. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2003/13a]

iti

on

17. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m3, pressure 1 bar and temperature 30C at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of compression stroke, the pressure is 11 bar and 210 kJ of heat is added at constant volume. Determine (i) pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points in the cycle (ii) efficiency. [MAY/JUNE 2007R/11a]

s. in

16. Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of an ideal diesel cycle. (12) [APRIL/MAY 2005/13a(ii)]

efficiency (iii) the m.e.p. of the cycle. (For air C p = 1 .005 kJ/kg K and C v = 0 .718 kJ/kgK). + 3 + 5) [APRIL/MAY 2003/14a]

(8

Brayton cycles

4.Consider a stationery power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle. The pressure ratio of the cycle is 8 and the gas temperature at the compressor inlet and turbine inlet are 27C & 1027C respectively. Determine the following: (i) Gas temperature at the compressor and turbine exit, (ii) back work ratio, and (iii) thermal efficiency Assume Pr1 = 1.386 and Pr3 = 330.9 Where Pr is the relative press. (16) [APRIL/MAY 2005/13b] 5.In a Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor is 3 bar and temperature efficiency (ii) heat supplied to air (iii) of air leaving the turbine. compressor at 1 bar and 25C. The pressure of air leaving the at turbine inlet is 650C. Determine per kg of air (i) cycle work output (iv) heat rejected in the cooler and (v) temperature (3+4+6+3)[APRIL/MAY 2003/14b]

w. ch

3.Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 25 C. For a pressure ratio of 5 and a maximum temperature of 850 C determine the thermal efficiency using the Brayton cycle. (6) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/11b(ii)]

en

27. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of a Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio. (8) (ii) Prove that the pressure ratio for maximum work is a function of the limiting temperature ratio.(8) [APRIL/MAY 2007/11b]

na
Page 3 of 17

26. A gas turbine works on an air standard Brayton cycle. The initial condition of the air is 25C and 1 bar. The maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 3 bar and 650C. Determine the following : (i) Cycle efficiency (ii) Heat supplied and heat rejected/kg of air (iii) Work output/kg of air (iv) Exhaust temperature. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007R/11b

itu

iti

on

25. A dual combustion air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The constant pressure part of combustion takes place at 40 bar. The highest and the lowest temperatures of the cycle are 1727 C and 27 C respectively. The pressure at the beginning of compression is 1 bar. Calculate (i) the pressures and temperatures at key points of the cycle, (ii) the heat supplied at constant volume, (iii) the heat supplied at constant pressure, (iv) the heat rejected, (v) the work output, (vi) the efficiency and (vii) mep. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/11a]

s. in

24. An air standard dual cycle has compression ratio of 16 and begins at 1 bar, 50C. The heat transferred at constant pressure is 312 kJ/kg and it is equal to that at constant volume. Determine the temperature at all the cardinal points of the cycle and thermal efficiency. Take Cp and Cv for air as 1.005 and 0.718 kJ/kg K respectively. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/13b]

Unit 2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES SYLLABUS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 9 Classification of IC engine, IC engine components and functions. Valve timing diagram and port timing diagram. Comparison of two stroke and four stroke engines. Fuel supply systems, Ignition Systems, Performance calculation. Comparison of petrol & diesel engine. Fuels, Air-fuel ratio calculation, Knocking and Detonation. Lubrication system and cooling system. Exhaust gas analysis, pollution control norms. PART A 1. What is the function of push rod and rocker arm? [NOV/DEC06R/3]

2. What are the importance of valve timing diagram? [MODEL PAPER/5]

5. What is the purpose of a Thermostat in an engine cooling system? [APRIL/MAY 2003/6]

7. Define Cetane number. [APRIL/MAY 2003/7]

8. Define delay period and delay period angle in CI Engine. [MODEL PAPER/7] 9. What are the major losses in an IC Engine? [MODEL PAPER/8] 10. What are the various methods to determine the FHP of the engine? [MAY/JUNE 06R/3] 11. Differentiate between brake power and indicated power of an I.C. Engine. [APRIL/MAY 2003/8] PART B

12. Explain with neat sketches the method of lubrication of the following parts of the I.C. Engines. (i) Piston and cylinder (ii) Crank-pin and Gudgeon pin (iii) Cam-shaft. [NOV/DEC06R/12b] 13. Explain with suitable sketch the Magneto-ignition system used in petrol engine and state its advantages and disadvantages over battery ignition system. (12) [MAY/JUNE 06R/13a(ii)]

w. ch

en

na

6. What are the antifreeze solutions IC Engine? [MODEL PAPER/6]

used

itu
in the

4. What are the basic requirements of a fuel injection system of a diesel engine? [NOV/DEC06R/4] [MAY/JUNE06R/4]

iti
water

3. What do you mean by scavenging in I.C. Engines? [APRIL/MAY 2003/5]

on
cooling system of an

Page 4 of 17

s. in

14. What are the important requirement of the spark ignition system? Name two ignition systems which are in common use and what is the basic difference between them. (8) [MODEL PAPER/14a(i)] 15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of water cooling system in I.C. Engine?(8) [MODEL PAPER/14a(ii)]

17. Explain with neat diagram the pressure lubrication used in I.C. Engine. (8) [MODEL PAPER/14b(i)]

19. Discuss the phenomenon of knocking and the various engine factors which affect it in a SI engine.(10) [APRIL/MAY 2003/14a(i)] 20. What are the causes of knock in C.I. engines? (4)[MAY/JUNE 06R/13a(i)]

21. Discuss the need, effects and the methodology of supercharging. (6) [APRIL/MAY 2003/14a(ii)] 22. Explain the various methods of finding the frictional power of an IC engine and discuss the relative merits. (8) [APRIL/MAY 2003/14b(i)] 23. Explain the significance and the methodology of heat balance test conducted on an IC engine.(8) [APRIL/MAY 2003/14b(ii)] 24. During the trial (60 minutes) on a single cylinder oil engine having cylinder diameter 300 mm, stroke 450 mm and working on the four stroke cycle, the following observations were made : Total fuel used : 9.6 liters CV. of the fuel : 45000 kJ/kg Total No. of Revolutions : 12624 Gross IMEP : 7.24 bar Pumping IMEP : 0.34 bar Net load on the brake : 3150N Diameter of the brake wheel drum : 1.78m Diameter of the rope : 40 mm Cooling water circulated : 515 liters Cooling water temperature rise : 25C Specific gravity of oil : 0.8. Determine the indicated power, brake power and mechanical efficiency. (6 + 6 + 4) [APR/MAY 10/12b]

25. Air consumption for a four stroke petrol engine is measured by means of a circular orifice diameter 3.2 cm. The co-efficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.62 and the pressure across the orifice is 150 mm of water. The barometer reads 760 mm of Hg. The temperature of air in the room is 20C. The piston displacement volume is 0.00178 m3. The compression ratio is 6.5. The fuel consumption is 0.135 kg/min and the calorific value is 43,900 kJ/kg. The brake power developed at 2500 rpm is 28 kW. Determine, Page 5 of 17

w. ch

en

na

itu

iti

on

18. What are the various factors affecting the Ignition Lag.

(8) [MODEL PAPER/14b(ii)]

s. in

16. Explain why cooling is necessary in I.C. engine. With neat sketches describe the working of water cooling system used for multi-cylinder engine. Why should a pump and thermostat be provided in the cooling system of an engine? [NOV/DEC06R/12a]

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

The volumetric efficiency on the basis of air alone. The air fuel ratio. The brake mean effective pressure. The relative efficiency on the brake thermal efficiency basis. [NOV09/12b]

w. ch

28. Following data are available for a four stroke petrol engine : Air fuel ratio (by weight) 15.5:1 Calorific value of the fuel 45,000 kJ/kg Mechanical efficiency 80% Air standard efficiency 53% Relative efficiency based on indicated thermal efficiency 70% Volumetric efficiency 80% Stroke/Bore ratio 1.25 Suction conditions 1 bar, 27C Speed 2400 RPM Power at brakes 75 kW. Calculate (i) Compression ratio (ii) Indicated thermal efficiency (iii) Brake specific fuel consumption (iv) Bore and stroke.

en

na
Page 6 of 17

itu

27. The following details were noted in a test on a four-cylinder, four stroke engine, diameter = 100mm ; stroke = 120 mm ; speed of the engine = 1600 rpm ; fuel consumption = 0.2 kg/min ; fuel calorific value = 44,000 kJ/kg ; difference in tension on either side of the brake pulley = 40 kg ; brake circumference is 300 cm. If the mechanical efficiency is 80 %, calculate: (i) brake thermal efficiency (ii) indicated thermal efficiency (iii) indicated mean effective pressure and (iv) brake specific fuel consumption. [NOV08/12b]

29. The following data refer to a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine : Compression ratio = 5.6 Mechanical efficiency = 80% Brake specific fuel consumption = 0.37 kg/kW h Calorific value of fuel = 44000 kJlkg Adiabatic index for air = 1.4 Find (i) brake thermal efficiency (ii) indicated thermal efficiency (iii) air standard efficiency (iv) relative efficiency with respect to indicated thermal efficiency and (v) relative efficiency with respect to brake thermal efficiency. [NOV 2007/12b]

iti

on

(3) (3) (5) (5) [APR/MAY 08/12b]

s. in

26. An eight-cylinder, 4 stroke engine of 0.09 m bore and 0.08 m stroke with a compression ratio of 7 is tested at 4500 rpm on a dynamometer which has 0.54 m arm. During a 10 min test the dynamometer scale beam reading was 42 kgf and the engine consumed 4.4 kg of gasoline having a calorific value of 44,000 kJ/kg. Air 300 K and 1 bar was supplied to the carburettor at the rate of 6 kg/min. Find the brake power delivered, brake mean effective pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific air consumption, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and the air fuel ratio. [APR/MAY 09/12b]

w. ch

en
Page 7 of 17

na

itu

iti

on

31. A four cylinder, four stroke cycle petrol engine 79 mm bore, 132 mm stroke develops 28.35 kw brake power while running at 1450 r.p.m. and using a 20% rich mixture. If the volume of the air into the cylinder when measured at 15.5C and 760 mm of mercury is 70% of the swept volume, the theoretical air fuel ratio is. 14.8, the heating value of petrol used is 44000 kJ/kg and the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 90%, find the indicated thermal efficiency. Take R = 0.287 kJ/kg K. (16) [MAY/JUNE 06R/13b]

s. in

30. Following data relates to 4 cylinder, A stroke petrol engine. Air/Fuel ratio by weight 16:1. Calorific value of the fuel = 45200 Kj/kg, mechanical efficiency = 82%. Air standard efficiency = 52%, relative efficiency = 70% volumetric efficiency = 78%, stroke/bone ratio = 1.25 suction conditions = 1 bar, 25C. Speed = 2400 rpm power at brakes = 72 kW. Calculate (i) Compression ratio (ii) Indicated thermal efficiency (iii) Brake specific fuel consumption and (iv) Bore and stroke. [MAY 2007/12b]

Unit 3 STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES

SYLLABUS

STEAM NOZZLES
PART A

1. Explain the phenomenon of supersaturated expansion in steam nozzle. [APRIL/MAY 2003/1] 2. What are the effects of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? [APRIL/MAY 2003/2] 3. What is metastable flow? [NOV/DEC 2003/1]

4. Explain the term 'critical pressure' as applied to steam nozzles. [NOV/DEC 2003/1]

5. What are the effects of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? [NOV/DEC 2004/1]

7. Draw the T-s and h-s plot of supersaturated expansion of steam in a nozzle. [APRIL/MAY 2005/1]

9. Define the term 'Steam nozzle'. What are the types of nozzle? [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/1] 10. State the relationship between the velocity of steam and heat drop during any part of a steam nozzle. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/2]

11. What is the effect of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? [MAY/JUNE 2006R/5] 12. What is super saturated flow in a nozzle? [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/5]

w. ch

8. What are the various types of nozzle arid their functions? [APRIL/MAY 2005/2]

en

6. What are the conditions that produce super saturation of steam in nozzles? [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/2]

13. Steam at 10.5 bar and 0.95 dryness is expanded through a convergent divergent nozzle. The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find (i) the velocity of steam at throat for maximum Page 8 of 17

na
PART B

itu

iti

on

s. in

STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES 9 Flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure ratio, supersaturated flow. Impulse and reaction principles, compounding, velocity diagrams for simple and multistage turbines, speed regulations-governors and nozzle governors.

discharge (ii) the area at the exit (iii) the steam discharge if the throat area is 1.2 cm2. Assume the flow is isentropic and there are no friction losses. Take n = 1 .135 . (5 + 8 + 3) [APRIL/MAY 2003/12a] 14. Dry saturated steam at 2.8 bar is expanded through a convergent nozzle to 1.7 bar. The exit area is 3 cm2. Calculate the exit velocity and the mass flow rate, assuming (i) isentropic expansion and (ii) supersaturated flow. (8 + 8) [APRIL/MAY 2003/12b]

17. A convergent-divergent adiabatic steam nozzle is supplied with steam at 10 bar and 250C. The discharge pressure is 1.2 bar. Assuming that the nozzle efficiency is 100% and initial velocity of steam is 50 m/s, find the discharge velocity. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/12b] 18. Define critical pressure and critical temperature ratios of a nozzle.

na
Page 9 of 17

itu

21. Discuss why attainment of sonic velocity determines the maximum mass rate of flow through steam nozzle. (8) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/11a(ii)] 22. Steam enters a group of convergent-divergent nozzles at a pressure of 2.2 Mpa and with a temperature of 260 C. Equilibrium expansion takes place through nozzles to an exit pressure of 0.4 MPa. Up to the throat of the nozzles the flow can be considered as frictionless. From the throat to exit the isentropic efficiency of expansion is 85%. The rate of stem flow through the nozzles is 11 kg/so Using mollier chart determine the velocities and areas of throat and exit.

23. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at pressure of 12 bar and is discharged to a pressure of 1.5 bar. If the dryness fraction of a discharged steam is 0.95 what will be the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity of steam. (8) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/14b(ii)]

w. ch

20. Steam is expanded in a set of nozzles from 10 bar and 200 C to 5 bar. What type of nozzle is it? Neglecting the initial velocity find minimum area of the nozzle required to allow a flow of 3 kg/s under the given conditions. Assume that expansion of steam to be isentropic. (8)

[NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/11a(i)]

[NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/11b]

en

19. Dry saturated steam, at 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to 0.4 bar. The throat area is 7 cm2 and the inlet velocity is negligible. Determine the mass flow and the exit area. Assume isentropic flow and take the index n - 1.135 for dry saturated steam.(12) [APRIL/MAY 2005/11(ii)]

iti

16. Steam at 3 bar with l00C superheat is passed through a convergent nozzle. The velocity of steam entering the nozzle is 91.5 m/s. The back pressure is 1.5 bar. Assuming nozzle efficiency of 90%, determine the area of the nozzle at exit. Discharge through the nozzle is limited to 0.45 kg/sec. Take Cps (superheated steam) = 2.2 kJ/kg0C. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004/12a]

on

15. The inlet condition of steam to a convergent-divergent nozzle is 2.2 MN/m2 and 260C. The exit pressure is 0.4 MN/m2. Assuming frictionless flow up to the throat and a nozzle efficiency of 85 percent, determine (i) the flow rate for a throat area of 32.2 cm2; (ii) the exit area. [NOV/DEC 2003/11]

(4) [APRIL/MAY 2005/11(i)]

s. in

STEAM TURBINES
PART A

1. What is compounding of a turbine? [MODEL PAPER/3] [MAY 2010/6] 2. Define stage efficiency of a multistage turbine. [MODEL PAPER/4] 3. Explain the need of compounding in steam turbines. [MAY 2003/3]

4. Define degree of reaction for a reaction turbine. [APRIL/MAY 2003/4] 5. Define 'degree of reaction' in a steam. turbine. [MAY/JUNE 2006R/6] 6. Explain the diagram efficiency of steam turbine. [NOV006R/6]

9. At a particular stage of a reaction turbine, the mean blade speed is 60 m/s and the steam pressure is 3.5 bar with a temperature of 175C. The identical fixed and moving blades have inlet angles of 30 and outlet angles of 20. Determine (i) the blade height if it is 1/10 of the blade ring diameter, for a flow rate of 13.5 kg/s (ii) the power developed by a pair and (iii) the specific enthalpy drop if the stage efficiency is 85%. [MODEL PAPER/13b] 10. The following data refer to a single stage impulse turbine : Page 10 of 17

w. ch

8. The blade speed of a single ring of an impulse turbine is 300 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20. The isentropic heat drop is 473 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency is 0.85. Given that the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7 and the blades are symmetrical, draw the velocity diagrams and calculate for a mass flow of 1 kg/s : (i) Axial thrust on the blading (ii) Steam consumption per B.P. hour if the mechanical efficiency is 90 per cent (iii) Blade efficiency, stage efficiency and maximum blade efficiency. [MODEL PAPER/13a] [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/13b]

en

7. Explain with sketches the working principle of a single stage reaction turbine.(8) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/14b(i)]

na
PART B

itu

iti

on

s. in

24. Steam at a pressure of 15 bar with 50 C of superheat is allowed to expand through a convergentdivergent nozzle. The exit pressure is 1 bar. If the nozzle is required to supply 2 kg/sec. of steam to the turbine, then calculate (i) The velocities at throat and exit (ii) Areas at throat and exit Assume 10% frictional loss in divergent part only and percentage taken as % of total heat drop. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/13a]

w. ch

en

13. Steam enter the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 500 m/s at an angle of 30 to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 285 m/s. The blade angle on the exit side is 35. The blade friction coefficient is 12%. Determine. (i) The angle of the blade on the entry side (ii) The work done per kg of steam (iii) The diagram efficiency and (iv) The axial thrust per kg of steam/second. (16) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/14a]

na
Page 11 of 17

itu

12. A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s, using 2 kg of steam per sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400 m/s. Velocity coefficient of the blades is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially. Determine nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit, assuming no shock. [NOV09/13b]

iti

on

11. One stage of an impulse turbine consists of a converging nozzle ring and one ring of moving blades. The nozzles are inclined at 220 to the blades whose tip angles are both 35. If the velocity of steam at exit from the nozzle is 660 m/s, find the blade speed so that the steam passes without shock. Find the diagram efficiency neglecting losses if the blades are run at this speed. (16) [MAY 2010/13b]

s. in

Isentropic nozzle enthalpy drop 200 kJ/kg Nozzle efficiency 90% Nozzle angle 25 Ratio of blade speed to whirl component of steam speed 0.5 Blade velocity coefficient 0.9 The velocity of steam entering the nozzle 30 m/sec Find (i) the blade angles at the inlet and outlet if the steam enters the blade without shock and leaves the blade in the axial direction (ii) blade efficiency (iii) power developed (iv) axial thrust if the steam flow rate is 10 kg/sec. (16) [APRIL/MAY 2003/11]

Unit 4 AIR COMPRESSOR

SYLLABUS
AIR COMPRESSOR 9 Classification and working principle of various types of compressors, work of compression with and without clearance, Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency and Isentropic efficiency of reciprocating compressors, Multistage air compressor and inter cooling work of multistage air compressor

PART A
1. Classify the various types of air-compressors. [NOV/DEC 2003/4]

2. Indicate the application of reciprocating compressors in industry. [NOV/DEC 2004/4]

4. What is the effect of inter-cooling in multi stage compressors? [NOV/DEC 2009/8] 5. Define the terms 'free air delivery and volumetric efficiency. [NOV/DEC 2003/3] [NOV2006/3] 6. Define the mechanical efficiency and isothermal efficiency of a reciprocating air compressor. [APRIL/MAY 2005/3] 7. What is meant by isothermal efficiency of reciprocating air compressor? [NOV/DECEMBER 2006/4] [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006 R/8] [NOV/DEC 2004/3] 8. Define volumetric efficiency of a compressor. [MAY/JUNE 2006R/8] 9. What are the advantages of multi-stage air compressor? [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/7] [APRIL/MAY 2003/3] [MAY/JUNE 2006R/7]

w. ch

en

10. Define the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor and explain why it is less than unity. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/14a(i)]

11. Explain with suitable sketches the working of two stage air compressor with actual p - v diagram.(6) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/11(i)]

12. Derive the equation for volumetric efficiency of Air compressor in terms of pressure ratio and clearance ratio. (6) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/12a(i)] 13. Derive the condition for the minimum work done for two-stage air compressor with the perfect intercooling. (8) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/12b(i)]

na
PART B
Page 12 of 17

itu

iti

3. Discuss the effect of clearance upon the performance of an air-compressor. [APRIL/MAY 2003/4]

on

s. in

14. Sketch and explain a centrifugal compressor. [NOV/DEC 2004/13b(i)] 15. A two-stage co with the help of schematic and p-V diagrams explains the working of a vane type compressor. [APRIL/MAY 2005/12b] 16. Discuss the merits and demerits of Rotary compressor over reciprocating compressors. [NOV/DEC 2004/13b(ii)] [NOV/DEC 2003/12b]

21. A single-acting two-stage compressor with complete inter-cooling delivers 5 kg/min of air at a pressure of 15 bar. The intake state of air is 1 bar and 15C. The clearance volumes of L.P. and H.P. cylinders are 5% and 6% of the respective cylinder swept volumes. The speed of the compressor is 420 rpm. Assuming the compression and expansion processes are polytropic with n = 1 .3 . Calculate (i) the power required (ii) the isothermal efficiency (iii) swept and clearance volumes of the L.P. and H.P. cylinders. (4 + 2 + 10) [APRIL/MAY 2003/13b]

22. A three-stage air-compressor delivers 5.2 m3 of free air per minute. The suction pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 30C. The pressure and temperature and 1.03 bar and 20C at the free air Page 13 of 17

w. ch

20. Compressor delivers 2 m3 free air per minute. The temperature and pressure of air at the suction are 27C and 1 bar. The pressure at the delivery is 50 bar. The clearance is 5% of the stroke in L.P. cylinder as well as in H.P. cylinder. Assume perfect inter-cooling between the two stages, find (i) the minimum power required to run the compressor. (ii) If the compressor is to run at 200 rpm find the diameters and strokes assuming the strokes of both the cylinders are equal to the diameter of L.P. cylinder. (4 + 12) [APRIL/MAY 2003/13a]

en

19. A single stage, single acting compressor running at 1000 rpm delivers air at 25 bar. The suction conditions are 1.013 bar and 15C, and the volume delivered measured at this suction conditions is 0.25 m3/min. The clearance volume is 3% of the swept volume and the stroke/bore ratio is 1.2 : 1. The index of compression is 1.3. Calculate : (1) The volumetric efficiency, (2) The bore and stroke, (3) The indicated power, (4) The isothermal efficiency. (10) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/12a(ii)]

na

itu

iti

18. A single-stage single-acting compressor delivers 15 m3 of free air per minute from 1 bar to 8 bar. The speed of compressor is 300 rpm.Assuming that compression and expansion follow the law pV1.3 = constant and clearance is 1/16th of swept volume, find the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take L/D = 1.5.The temperature and pressure of air at the suction are same as atmospheric air. [NOV/DEC 2003/12a]

on

17. A single acting single stage compressor is belt driven from an electric motor at 400rpm. The cylinder diameter is 15 cm and the stroke 17.5 cm. The air is compressed from 1 bar to 7 bar and the law of compression PV 1. 3 = constant. Find the power of the motor, if transmission efficiency is 97% and the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 90%. Neglect clearance effects. (10) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/11(ii)]

s. in

condition. The air is cooled to 30C after each stage of compression. The delivery pressure of the compressor is 150 bar. The R.P.M. of the compressor is. 300. The clearances of L.P., I.P., and H.P. cylinders are 5% of the respective strokes. The index of compression and re-expansion in all stages is 1.35. Neglecting pressure losses, find the B.P. of the motor required to run the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is 80%.[NOV/DEC 2004/13a]

25. Determine the size of the cylinder of a double acting air-compressor of 32 KW LP. in which air is drawn in at 1 bar and compressed to 16 bar according to the law pv1.25 =constant. R.P.M. = 300, Piston speed = 180 m/min, Volumetric efficiency = 0.8.[NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/14a(ii)] 26. A two-stage double acting air compressor, operating at 200 r.p.m, takes in air at 1.013 bar and 27 C. The size of the L.P. cylinder is 350 x 380 mm, the stroke of H.P. cylinder is the same as that of the L.P. cylinder and the clearance of both the cylinders is 4%. The L.P. cylinder discharges the air at a pressure of 4.052 bar. The air passes through the inter-cooler so that it enters the H.P. cylinder at 27 C and 3.850 bar, finally it is discharged from the compressor at 15.4 bar. The value of n is both cylinders is 1.3. Cp = 1.0035 kJ/kg-K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K.Calculate : (i) The heat rejected in the inter-cooler. (ii) The diameter of H.P. cylinder and (iii) The power required to drive H.P. cylinder. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/14b]

w. ch

en

na
Page 14 of 17

itu

iti

24. A two stage compressor with complete inter-cooling delivers 10 kg/min of air at 16 bar. The suction occurs at 1 bar and 15C. The expansion and compression processes are reversible polytropic with index n = 1.25. Calculate the power required and isothermal efficiency. (8) [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/12b(ii)]

on

s. in

23. Consider a single-acting 2-stage reciprocating air compressor running at , 300 rpm. Air is compressed at a rate of 4.5 kg/min from 1.013 bar and 288 K through a pressure ratio of 9 to 1. Both the stages have the same pressure ratio and the index of compression and expansion in both stages is 1.3. Assume a complete inter cooling, find the indicated power and the cylinder swept volumes required. Assume that the clearance volumes of both stages are 5% of their respective swept volumes. [APRIL/MAY 2005/12a]

Unit 5 REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

SYLLABUS

REFRIGERATION
PART A
1. Define COP of refrigeration. [NOV/DEC 2007/9]

3. What is the unit of refrigeration and explain. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006/9] 4. What is a ton of refrigeration? [MAY/JUNE 2006/9] 5. What should be the properties of an ideal refrigerant? [MAY/JUNE 2006/10]

w. ch

en
Liquid 100.04 -54.56

6. Draw a neat sketch of a simple vapour compression refrigeration system and explain its principle of operation. (5) [NOV/DEC 2007/15a(i)] 7. An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tonnes of ice from and at OC in a day of 24 hours. The temperature range in the compressor is from 25C to 15C. The vapour is dry saturated at the end of compression and an expansion valve is used. Calculate the coefficient of performance. The properties of the refrigerant are given in the following table : (11) [NOV/DEC 2007/15a(ii)]

Temperature C

Enthalpy KJ/kg Vapour 1319.22 1304.99

na
PART B
Page 15 of 17

2. A carnot refrigerator requires 1.3 kW per tonne of refrigeration to maintain a region at low temperature of - 38C. Determine the COP of the refrigerator and the higher temperature of the cycle. [MAY/JUNE 2007/9]

itu

Entropy of Liquid KJ/kg-K 0.3473 -2.1338

25 -15

iti
Entropy of Vapour KJ/kg-K 4.4852 5.0585

on

s. in

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING 9 Vapour compression refrigeration cycle- super heat, sub cooling Performance calculations - working principle of vapour absorption system, Ammonia Water, Lithium bromide water systems (Description only) - Alternate refrigerants Comparison between vapour compression and absorption systems - Air conditioning system: Types, Working Principles - Psychrometry, Psychrometric chart - Cooling Load calculations - Concept of RSHF, GSHF, ESHF.(Use of standard thermodynamic tables, Mollier diagram, Psychrometric chart and refrigerant property tables are permitted in the examination)

en

AIR-CONDITIONING
PART A

11. Define wet bulb temperature and degree of saturation. [NOV/DEC 2007/10] 12. Define dew point temperature.[MAY/JUNE 2007/10] 13. Define degree of saturation and specific humidity. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/10]

w. ch

14. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30C DBT and 75 RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/min/person, find the following : (i) Capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration (ii) Capacity of the heating coil in kW (iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour Assume that required air inlet conditions are 20C DBT and 60% RH, Air is conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating. (iv) If the heating coil surface temperature is 25C, find the by-pass factor of the heating coil? [NOV/DEC 2007/15b] Page 16 of 17

na
PART B

10. A simple R-12 plant is to develop 5 tonnes of refrigeration. The condenser A and evaporator temperatures are to be 400C and l0C respectively. Determine (i) the refrigerant flow rate in kg/s (ii) the volume flow rate handled by the compressor in m3/s (iii) the compressor discharge temperature (iv) the heat rejected to the condenser in kW (v) the COP and (vi) the power required to drive the compressor. How does this COP compare with that of a Carnot refrigerator operating between 40C and l0C. (16) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/15a]

itu

iti

on

9. Freon 12 is compressed from 200 kPa to 1.0 MPa in an 80 percent efficient compressor. The condenser exiting temperature is 40 C. Calculate the COP and the refrigerant mass flux for 100 tons (352 kW) of refrigeration. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/15a]

s. in

8. A refrigeration system of 10.5 tonnes capacity at an evaporator temperature of 12C and a condenser temperature of 27C is needed in a food storage locker. The refrigerant ammonia is sub cooled by 6C before entering the expansion valve. The vapour is 0.95 dry as it leaves the evaporator coil. The compression in the compressor is of adiabatic type. Find (i) Condition of vapour at the outlet of the compressor (ii) Condition of vapour at the entrance of the evaporator (iii) COP and (iv) The power required. Neglect valve throttling and clearance effect. [MAY/JUNE 2007R/15 (a)]

w. ch

en
Page 17 of 17

na

17. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30C DBT and 75 RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/min/person, find the following : (i) Capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration (ii) Capacity of the heating coil in kW (iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour. Assume that required air inlet conditions are 25C DBT and 65% RH. Air is conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating. If the heating coil surface temperature is 28C, find the by-pass factor of the heating coil. (16) [MAY/JUNE 2006R/15b]

itu

iti

16. 100 m3 of air per minute at 15 C DBT and 80% R.H. is heated until its temperature becomes 22 C. Find the following (i) Heat added to the air per min. (ii) R.H. of the heated air. Assume air pressure is at 1.033 bar. [NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006R/15b]

on

s. in

15. A sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings. Dry bulb temperature = 35C Wet bulb temperature = 25C Calculate the following : (i) specific humidity (ii) relative humidity (iii) vapour density in air (iv) dew point temperature and (v) enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0132 bar. [MAY/JUNE 2007/15b]