Jamshedpur Research Review 6: International Research Journal

JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW Year 2 Volume 2 Issue VI ISSN 2320-2750 RNI-JHAEN !20"3!
53"5#
JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW

GOVT REGD. MULTI DISCIPLINARY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL Year II Vol. II Issue VI
RNI JHA/ENG/2 !"/#"!#$ ISSN% 2"2 &2'# Pos(al Re)*s(ra(*o+ No.&G/S,M&-$/2 !"&!-
March 1 2014 May 31 2014 YEAR II : Vol.II : Issue VI
Da(el*+e% Mar./ ! 2 !-& Ma0 "! 2 !Year II% Volu1e II% Issue% VI Pla.e% Ja1s/e23ur La+)ua)e% E+)l*s/ Per*o2*.*(0% 4uar(erl0 Pr*.e% Rs.!# No. o5 Pa)es& 67 Na(*o+al*(0 o5 (/e e2*(or% I+2*a+ Na1e o5 (/e e2*(or% M*(/*les/ 8u1ar C/ou9e0. O:+er% G0a+;0o(* E2u.a(*o+al a+2 Resear./ <ou+2a(*o+ =Trus(>? 72? ,lo.@ No.&"? S/as(r*+a)ar? 8a21a? Ja1s/e23ur? J/ar@/a+2? P*+&6"! #. Pu9l*s/er% M*(/*les/ 8u1ar C/ou9e0 Na(*o+al*(0 o5 (/e Pu9l*s/er% I+2*a+ Pr*+(er% M*(/*les/ 8u1ar C/ou9e0 Na(*o+al*(0 o5 (/e Pu9l*s/er% I+2*a+ Pr*+(*+) Press% G0a+;0o(* 3r*+(*+) 3ress? G0a+;0o(* E2u.a(*o+al a+2 Resear./ <ou+2a(*o+ =Trus(>? 72? ,lo.@ No.&"? S/as(r*+a)ar? 8a21a? Ja1s/e23ur? J/ar@/a+2? P*+&6"! #.
Editor- in - hie! "r. Mithilesh #u$ar hou%ey

&yan'yoti.!oundation(redi!!$ail.co$
A )u%lication o!
De.lara(*o+% O:+er o5 Ja1s/e23ur Resear./ ReA*e:? E+)l*s/ 4uar(erl0 *s G0a+;0o(* E2u.a(*o+al a+2 Resear./ <ou+2a(*o+ =Trus(>? 72? ,lo.@ No "? S/as(r*+a)ar 8a21a? Ja1s/e23ur? J/ar@/a+2? P*+ &6"! #? a+2 3u9l*s/e2 a+2 3r*+(e2 90 M*(/*les/ 8u1ar C/ou9e0 a+2 3r*+(e2 a( G0a+;0o(* Pr*+(*+) Press? G0a+;0o(* E2u.a(*o+al a+2 Resear./ <ou+2a(*o+? 72? ,lo.@ No.&"? S/as(r*+a)ar? 8a21a? Ja1s/e23ur? J/ar@/a+2? P*+&6"! #? a+2 3u9l*s/e2 a( G0a+;0o(* E2u.a(*o+al a+2 Resear./ <ou+2a(*o+=Trus(>? 72? ,lo.@ No.&"? S/as(r*+a)ar? 8a21a? Ja1s/e23ur? J/ar@/a+2? P*+&6"! #? a+2 e2*(or *s M*(/*les/ 8u1ar
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March 2014-May2014 Page1
JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW Year 2 Volume 2 Issue VI ISSN 2320-2750 RNI-JHAEN !20"3!53"5#
Pa3er ReA*e: Co11*((ee

Pro5. A;*( S*+)/
Head, University Dept of Commerce, o!"an University, J"ar#"and$
Dr. 8.8 Sa/a0

Head, Dept of socio!o%y, o!"an University, J"ar#"and$
Dr. Mus(aB A/1a2

Dept$ of Commerce, arim City Co!!e%e Jams"edp&r$ J"ar#"and$
Dr. S.,.P Gu3(a

University Dept$of Commerce, 'i!am(er Pitam(er University, Pa!am&, J"ar#"and$
Dr. Da+*s/ Al* 8/a+

Associate Professor, 'I), Jams"edp&r, J"ar#"and$
Dr A9/a0 8r Pa+2e0
D$ Co!!e%e, D&mraon, *&+ar, *i"ar$
Pro5. L 8a./a3
Head, Dept of Psyc"o!o%y, Jams"edp&r Co,operative Co!!e%e, o!"an University, J"ar#"and$
Dr. S. A+sar*?
Head, , Dept of Hindi, arim City Co!!e%e, Jams"edp&r$ J"ar#"and$
Dr. Poo+a1 Sa/a0

Dept$ of psyco!o%y, A*M Co!!e%e, o!"an University, Jams"edp&r$
Dr. 8.M Ma/a(o

Head, Dept of Commerce, Jams"edp&r, Co,operative Co!!e%e, o!"an University, Jams"edp&r$
Dr.P.8 Pa+*?
Dept of Commerce, A*M Co!!e%e, o!"an University, Jams"edp&r$
IMPORTANT DATES <OR PAPER SU,MISSION

!s( Issue % 2+2 Issue % "r2 Issue % -(/ Issue % ! <e9ruar0 ! Ma0 ! Au)us( ! NoAe19er Se+2 0our 3a3er
)0a+;0o(*.5ou+2a(*o+Cre2*551a*l..o1
EDITORIAL
"r. Mithilesh #r. hou%ey In India -"ere parents stay to%et"er and p&t t"e "appiness of t"eir c"i!dren a(ove everyt"in% e!se$ )"e (i%%est !essons !earnt from one.s parents are often &nspo#en$ Scott Ha!t/man, a reno-ned US socio!o%ist, "as s"o-n t"at "appier fami!ies &nderstand -"o t"ey are, -"at t"ey va!&e and -"y$ )"is #eeps fami!ies (a!anced in (ot" %ood and (ad times as t"ey &nderstand t"at on!y deep contentment can transcend momentary periods of p!eas&re and pain$ )"e rise of %!o(a! CE0s -"o spent t"eir formative years in India is ac#no-!ed%ement t"at t"e co&ntry is doin% at !east some t"in%s ri%"t$ Many -o&!d a%ree some of t"e 1&a!ities t"ese !eaders possess 2 "&m(!eness, "&mi!ity and a stron% -or# et"ic 2 -ere ac1&ired -e!! (efore t"ey !eft t"e territoria! frontiers of India$ Standin% on t"e roof of Jams"edp&r Co,operative Co!!e%e, Jams"edp&r, I often o(serve tiny 'CC tents, in t"e co!!e%e camp&s and fifty to si+ty 'CC cadets performin% t"eir ro&tine dri!!s$ I reca!! my sc"oo! days$ Participatin% in t"e 'CC -as to&%" for me$ We "ad to marc" in sync"ronisation in &nre!entin% "eat, perform dri!!s t"at didn.t appear to "ave any rea! -or!d app!ication, -ear pressed &niforms t"at -o&!d -rin#!e -it"in min&tes of p&ttin% t"em on, and s"ine s"oes for !on%er t"an seemed necessary$ W"at co&!d one "ave possi(!y !earnt from t"is e+perience3 In "indsi%"t, it -as a %ood -ay to 4&d%e discip!ine and responsi(i!ity$ Hydera(ad P&(!ic Sc"oo! 5HPS6 prod&ced fo&r %!o(a! CE0s from India7 Satya 'ade!!a 5Microsoft6, S"antan& 'arayen 5Ado(e6, Prem Watsa 58airfa+6 and A4ay *an%a 5MasterCard6$)"e Hydera(ad P&(!ic Sc"oo!, *e%&mpet or HPS, *e%&mpet is a private!y f&nded p&(!ic sc"oo! in Hydera(ad in t"e state of And"ra Prades"$ Ear!ier #no-n as Ja%irdar Co!!e%e, it -as esta(!is"ed in 9:;< as a sc"oo! e+c!&sive!y for t"e sons of 4a%irdars and ot"er aristrocats$ It -as renamed as Hyder(ad P&(!ic Sc"oo! in 9:=9 after >amindari system -as a(o!is"ed in 9:=?$ 0f co&rse, a first,rate ed&cationa! system and a p!et"ora of sportin% activities -ere a definitive advanta%e$ *&t it appears t"at t-o t"in%s differentiated HPS from ot"er sc"oo!s$ 8irst, t"ere -as t"e ster!in% !eaders"ip of t"e principa! of HPS, MC Watsa$ And, second, t"e 'CC trainin% 2 -"ic" invo!ved mi!itary e+ercises 2 may "ave "e!ped st&dents deve!op some of t"e 1&a!ities t"ey possess today$ )"ere are many %ood sc"oo!s in Jams"edp&r, and ot"er (i% cities of J"ar#"and provin% 1&a!ity ed&cation to t"e c"i!dren of midd!e c!ass fami!ies$ *&t, t"ese sc"oo!s@ !ac# orientation to-ards 'CC and sports$ )oday, many (e!ieve t"at t"e West is "ome to creative (&siness t"in#ers and innovators, and t"at India is !ar%e!y a !and of (oo# -orms, a p!ace -"ere (rea#t"ro&%"s are rare$ W"en -e as# -"y, t"e ans-ers vary$ Some peop!e (!ame t"e ed&cation system$ *oo# -orms don.t "ave t"e creativity to t"in# of ne- ideas or desi%ns$ Ho- can st&dents so comp!ete!y foc&sed on test scores possi(!y (e innovators3 )"o&%" o&r fami!y &p(rin%in% can "e!p in creatin% f&t&re %!o(a! Indian CE0s, (&t o&r st&dents need Ami!itary trainin%@ !i#e atmosp"ere, and a(i!ity to t"in# Ao&t of (o+@$ Mithilesh / !6/2/2 !-
<ACTORS A<<ECTING ADOPTION O< ELECTRONIC ,AN8ING SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIAN ,AN8ING INDUSTRY
A0a+a Ge1e./u ,ul(u1
Department of Acco&ntin% and 8inance Co!!e%e of *&siness BEconomic, Am(o University, P$ 0$ *o+ 9:, Am(o, Et"iopia Mo(i!e 'o7 C;=9,:9:<?D?:; E,mai!7,ayana%emec"&Eya"oo$com FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 8e0 Dor2s% E&9a+@*+)? M*Ee2 resear./ A9s(ra.( a33roa./? Te./+olo)0 or)a+*Fa(*o+? )"e aim of t"is paper is to identify e+A*ro+1e+( 5ra1e :or@ =TOE>. factors t"at affect adoption of E,(an#in% in t"e Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry$ )"e st&dy -as cond&cted (ased on t"e data %at"ered from fo&r !. I+(ro2u.(*o+ (an#s in Et"iopiaG t"ree private (an#s 5Das"en "e rapid!y %ro-in% information and (an#, >emen (an# and We%a%en (an#6 and one comm&nication tec"no!o%y 5IC)6 is state o-ned (an# 5commercia! (an# of #noc#in% t"e front,door of every Et"iopia6$ A mi+ed researc" approac" -as &sed or%ani/ation in t"e -or!d, -"ere Et"iopian to ans-er t"e researc" 1&estions t"at emer%e (an#s -o&!d never (e e+ceptiona!$ In t"e face of t"ro&%" t"e revie- of e+istin% !iterat&re and t"e rapid e+pansion of e!ectronic payment 5E, e+periences of t"e researc"er in respect of t"e E, payment6 systems t"ro&%"o&t t"e deve!oped and (an#in% system in Et"iopia$ )"e st&dy t"e deve!opin% -or!d, Et"iopian@s financia! statistica!!y ana!y/es data o(tained from t"e sector cannot remain an e+ception in e+pandin% s&rvey 1&estionnaire$ A researc" frame-or# t"e &se of t"e system 5Iardac"e- ;?9?, p$;6$ deve!oped (ased on tec"no!o%y,or%ani/ation, )ec"no!o%ica! innovations p!ay a cr&cia! ro!e in environment mode! 5)0E6 deve!oped (y (an#in% ind&stry (y creatin% va!&e for (an#s and )ornat/#y and 8!eisc"er$ )"e res&!t of t"e st&dy c&stomers, t"at it ena(!es c&stomers to perform indicated t"at, t"e ma4or (arriers Et"iopian (an#in% transactions -it"o&t visitin% a (ric# and (an#in% ind&stry faces in t"e adoption of mortar (an#in% system$ 0n t"e ot"er "and E, E!ectronic (an#in% are7 sec&rity ris#, !ac# of (an#in% "as ena(!ed (an#in% instit&tions to tr&st, !ac# of !e%a! and re%&!atory frame -or#, compete more effective!y in t"e %!o(a! Hac# of IC) infrastr&ct&re and a(sence of environment (y e+tendin% t"eir prod&cts and competition (et-een !oca! and forei%n (an#s$ services (eyond t"e restriction of time and space )"e st&dy s&%%ests a series of meas&res -"ic" 5)&r(an ;??J6$ Ho-ever, mirrorin% t"e co&!d (e ta#en (y t"e (an#in% ind&stry and (y deve!opment of E,commerce, t"e adoption and %overnment to address vario&s c"a!!en%es diff&sion of e!ectronic (an#in% 5E,(an#in%6 identified$ )"ese meas&res inc!&de7 esta(!is"in% system is not -e!! deve!oped in Et"iopia$ a c!ear set of !e%a! frame-or# on t"e &se of tec"no!o%y in (an#in% ind&stry, s&pportin% A!! (an#s in Et"iopia are too !ate to move (an#in% ind&stry (y investin% on IC) -it" tec"no!o%ica! advancement and t"ey s"o&!d infrastr&ct&re and (an#s needs to (e foc&sed on c!ear!y c"art o&t t"e time sc"ed&!e for t"eir tec"no!o%ica! innovation competition rat"er t"an inte%ration and tec"no!o%ica! advancement$ traditiona! (ases of retai! (an# competition$ Some of t"e (an#s even today do not "ave t"eir o-n -e(sites -"ic" can "e!p t"em to provide at !east t"e information on financia! services
offered (y t"em$ A!! most, a!! (an#s operated in Et"iopia -it" some e+emptions9 provide service to c&stomers (y &sin% traditiona! systems, t"at is -"y every (an# c&stomer is "i%"!y dissatisfied (y t"e disappointin% stat&s of financia! deve!opment in Et"iopia$ Even t"e time -asted in trave!!in% for searc" of (an# (ranc"es and t"e !on% -aitin% time to access t"e acco&nt is rea!!y disappointin%$ )"is is partic&!ar!y (eca&se of t"e non,inte%ration of (ranc"es of t"e same (an#, i$e$ even -it"in individ&a! (an#s t"eir (ranc"es are not !in#ed to eac" ot"er and it is a m&st to p"ysica!!y visit t"e (ranc" in -"ic" an acco&nt "as (een opened$ As it is stated in different E,(an#in% !iterat&re some of t"e pro(!ems re!ated -it" adoption of E,(an#in% are7 Ho- !eve! of internet penetration and poor!y deve!oped te!ecomm&nication infrastr&ct&re$ Accordin% to Jensen 5;??<6, most co&ntries in Africa, e+cept So&t" Africa, "ave Internet infrastr&ct&re on!y in t"eir ma4or cities$ Hac# of s&ita(!e !e%a! and re%&!atory frame-or# for E,commerce and E, payment is anot"er impediment for t"e adoption of netec"no!o%y in (an#in% ind&stry$ Et"iopia "as not yet enacted !e%is!ation t"at dea!s -it" E, commerce concerns inc!&din% enforcea(i!ity of t"e va!idity of e!ectronic contracts, di%ita! si%nat&res and inte!!ect&a! copyri%"t and restrict t"e &se of encryption tec"no!o%ies and Hi%" rates of i!!iteracy$ Ho- !iteracy rate is a serio&s impediment for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia as it "inders t"e accessi(i!ity of (an#in% services$ 8or citi/ens to f&!!y en4oy t"e (enefits of E,(an#in%, t"ey s"o&!d not on!y #no- "o- to read and -rite (&t a!so possess (asic IC) !iteracy 5Iardac"e- ;?9?6$ *&t ris#s re!ated -it" sec&rity iss&e, !ac# of competition amon% !oca! B forei%n (an#s and socia! a-areness on t"e E,(an#in% system -ere not addressed$ In order to enco&ra%e f&rt"er E, (an#in% adoption in deve!opin% co&ntries, a (etter &nderstandin% of t"e (arriers and drivers impactin% E,(an#in% adoption is critica! 5>"ao et a!$ ;??J6$ *y %ainin% an in,dept" &nderstandin% of t"e factors and conditions t"at inf!&ence deve!opin% co&ntry@s a(i!ity to f&!!y adopt and rea!i/e its (enefits, strate%ic
9
imp!ications can (e %enerated for t"e researc"ers and practitioners re%ardin% "o- to promote t"e %ro-t" of E,(an#in% in t"e deve!opin% co&ntries$ Ho-ever, despite t"e importance of t"ese adoptions, !imited st&dies are c&rrent!y avai!a(!e in deve!opin% co&ntries, especia!!y in Et"iopia$ )"erefore, more st&dies are sti!! re1&ired to &nderstand t"e re!evance of E, (an#in% in t"e co&ntry to identify areas in -"ic" t"e co&ntry !a%s (e"ind t"at in"i(it t"eir E, (an#in% adoption and diff&sion$ )"erefore, to address t"e c&rrent %ap in t"e !iterat&re, t"is st&dy is desi%ned to identify t"e E,(an#in% adoption sit&ation in Et"iopia and common!y foc&sin% on t"e investi%ation of factors t"at affect adoption of E,(an#in% system$ )"e remainin% parts of t"e paper are or%ani/ed as fo!!o-s$ )"e second section presents revie- of !iterat&re$ )"e t"ird section provides 0(4ective of t"e st&dy$ )"e fo&rt" section provides met"ods, -"i!e t"e fift" section is res&!ts$ )"e fina! section, section si+ presents conc!&sion$ 2. E&9a+@*+) s0s(e1 *+ E(/*o3*a+ 9a+@*+) *+2us(r0 )"e appearance of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia %oes (ac# to t"e !ate ;??9, -"en t"e !ar%est state o-ned, commercia! (an# of Et"iopia 5C*E6 introd&ced A)M to de!iver service to t"e !oca! &sers$ In addition to ei%"t A)M Hocated in Addis A(a(a, C*E "as "ad Visa mem(ers"ip since 'ovem(er 9K, ;??=$ *&t, d&e to !ac# of appropriate infrastr&ct&re it fai!ed to reap t"e fr&it of its mem(ers"ip$ Despite (ein% t"e pioneer in introd&cin% A)M (ased payment system and ac1&ired visa mem(ers"ip, C*E Ha%%ed (e"ind Das"en (an#, -"ic" -or#ed a%%ressive!y to maintain its !ead in E,payment system$ As C*E contin&es to move at a snai!.s pace in its t&rn#ey so!&tion for Card *ased Payment system, Das"en *an# remains so far t"e so!e p!ayer in t"e fie!d of E,*an#in% since ;??D$ 5Iardac"e- ;?9?6 Das"en (an#, a forer&nner in introd&cin% E, (an#in% in Et"iopia, "as insta!!ed A)Ms at convenient !ocations for its o-n card"o!ders$ Das"en@s A)M is avai!a(!e ;K "o&rs a day, seven days a -ee# and <D= days a year
providin% service to De(it Card"o!ders and Internationa! Visa Card"o!ders comin% to t"e co&ntry$ At t"e end of J&ne ;??:, Das"en (an# "as insta!!ed more t"an K? A)Ms in its area (ranc"es, &niversity compo&nds, s"oppin% ma!!s, resta&rants and "ote!s$ In t"e year ;?99 t"e payment card services "ave -itnessed si%nificant strides, Das"en@s A)M service e+panded to L? and L?K P0S termina!s 5Ann&a! report of t"e (an# ;?996$ Avai!a(!e services on Das"en *an# A)Ms are7 Cas" -it"dra-a!, *a!ance In1&iry, Mini statement, 8&nd transfer (et-een acco&nts attac"ed to a sin%!e card and Persona! Identification '&m(er 5PI'6 c"an%e$ C&rrent!y, t"e (an# %ives de(it card service on!y for Visa cards$ Das"en (an# c!ients can -it"dra- &p to =,??? (irr in cas" and can (&y %oods and services &p to J,??? to 9<??? (irr per day$ E+pandin% its !eaders"ip, Das"en *an# "as (e%&n acceptin% MasterCard in addition to Visa cards$ Das"en -on t"e mem(ers"ip !icense from MasterCard in ;??J$ Harnessin% its !eaders"ip -it" advanced (an#in% tec"no!o%y, Das"en *an# si%ned an a%reement -it" iVery, a So&t" African E,payment tec"no!o%y company, for t"e introd&ction of mo(i!e commerce in Apri! ;9, ;??:$ Accordin% to t"e a%reement, iVery Payment )ec"no!o%ies "as !icensed its Iate-ay and MiCard E,payment processin% so!&tion to Das"en *an#$ Das"en@s Mod(irr &sers can transfer =?? (irr to ot"er Mod(irr &sers in ;K "o&rs a day$ )"is -o&!d ma#e Das"en *an# t"e first private (an# in Et"iopia to ac1&ire E, commerce and mo(i!e merc"ant transactions 5Amanye"&n ;?996$ A!t"o&%" Das"en@s netec"no!o%y is one step a"ead in t"at it a!!o-s transfer of f&nds from one@s acco&nt to ot"ers, t"e first ever E,(an#in% %ate-ay -as si%ned (et-een Et"iopian Commodity E+c"an%e 5ECM6 and Das"en *an# and C*E$ )"e E,(an#in% system (ein% deve!oped -it" (ot" (an#s is desi%ned to %ive a sec&re e!ectronic data s"arin% %ate-ay (et-een c!ients, (an#s and ECM, (y faci!itatin% a smoot" transaction 5A(iy ;??J6 *y t"e end of ;??J We%a%en *an# "as si%ned an a%reement -it" )ec"no!o%y Associates 5)A6, a enyan (ased information
tec"no!o%y 5I)6 firm, for t"e deve!opment of t"e so!&tions for t"e payment system and insta!!ation of a net-or# of A)Ms on Decem(er <?, ;??J,>emen *an#, t"e on!y Et"iopian (an# anc"ored in t"e idea of sin%!e (ranc" (an#in%, (y !a&nc"in% f&!!,(!o-n internet (an#in%, a service -"ic" is ne- to Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry in t"e year ;?9?$ )"e (an# tested t"e vent&re t"ro&%" its first p"ase of t"e on!ine service, and no- it is a!ready started t"e f&!!, f!ed%ed version, -"ic" ena(!e c&stomers to ma#e on!ine money transfer free!y$ Previo&s!y, t"e on!ine (an#in% service, de!ivered (y t"e (an#, on!y %ave access to (an# statements and e+c"an%e rate information$ )"e ne- and never, (een,tried service proposed (y t"e (an# is to inc!&de free acco&nt money transfer, corporate payro!! &p!oadin% system -"ere emp!oyers co&!d &p!oad payro!! to t"e system and ma#e payments to individ&a! -or#er@s acco&nts on!ine and on!ine &ti!ity (i!! sett!ement system, -"en &ti!ity companies are ready5Asrat ;?9?6$ )"e a%reement si%ned (y t"ree private commercia! (an#s to !a&nc" A)M and P0S termina! net-or#, in 8e(r&ary ;??: is -e!comin% strate%y to improve e!ectronic card payment system in Et"iopia$ )"ree private commercia! (an#s , A-as" Internationa! *an# S$C$, 'i( Internationa! *an# S$C$ and United *an# S$C$ "ave a%reed in princip!e to esta(!is" an A)M net-or# ca!!ed 8ettan A)M net-or#$ If everyt"in% %oes as p!anned, 8ettan A)M -i!! insta!! over 9K? A)M mac"ines and over <K? P0Ss across Et"iopia$ )"ere -i!! (e one A)M at every (ranc" of t"e consorti&m (an#s, a!! domestic airports serviced (y Commercia! service, s"oppin% comp!e+es and merc"ants$ )"e a%reement is t"e first si%nificant cooperation (et-een competin% (an#s in Et"iopia, -"ic" ot"ers s"o&!d (e enco&ra%ed to fo!!o- as t"ere is no sin%!e (an# in Et"iopia t"at can afford to provide E+tensive %eo%rap"ica! covera%e and access 5*inyam ;??:6$ )"e fo!!o-in% ta(!e ;$9 provides t"e E, (an#in% services, -"ic" are avai!a(!e in t"e Et"iopia (an#in% ind&stries at present$
Ta9le. 2.!. E&,a+@*+) serA*.es 3roA*2e2 90 5our E(/*o3*a+ 9a+@s. S.No. ,a+@s SerA*.es 9 Commercia! *an# of Et"iopia5C*E6 Das"en (an# A&tomated te!!er mac"ine, 5A)M6 and )e!ep"one (i!! payments, point of sa!es termina!5P0S6 A&tomated te!!er mac"ine 5A)M6, Mo(i!e *an#in% 5Mod(irr6, point of sa!e 5P0S6 termina!s, )e!ep"one (an#in%$ A&tomated te!!er mac"ine, 5A)M6, point of sa!e 5P0S6 termina!s and )e!ep"one (an#in% service$ A&tomated te!!er mac"ine, 5A)M6, on!ine (an#in%$ Point of sa!e 5P0S6 termina!s, internet (an#in%, Mo(i!eNp"one (an#in% )0E frame-or# -as proposed (y )ornat/#y and 8!eisc"erG it is desi%ned for st&dyin% t"e !i#e!i"ood of adoption s&ccess of tec"no!o%y innovations$ )"is frame-or# is a compre"ensive and -e!! received frame-or# in t"e conte+t of innovation adoption (y or%ani/ations and "as (een &sed in many st&dies 5Sa!-ani, et a!, B E!!is ;??:G C"an% et a! ;??L, >"& B raemer ;??D6$ Accordin% to )ornat/#y and 8!eisc"er 59::?6, tec"no!o%y adoption -it"in an or%ani/ation is inf!&enced (y factors pertainin% to t"e tec"no!o%ica! conte+t, t"e or%ani/ationa! conte+t, and t"e e+terna! environment$ *ased on t"is, t"e researc"er adopts t"e )0E frame-or# to s&mmari/e possi(!e #ey factors affectin% E, (an#in% adoption as s"o-n in 8i%&re K$9$as fo!!o-s
<
We%a%en *an#
>emen *an#
Sour.e% T/e resear./er? 2 !2 <a.(ors *+5lue+.*+) ,a+@s (o a2o3( E& 9a+@*+) s0s(e1% Many researc"ers "ave (een &sed different frame -or#s in t"e st&dy of adoptin% netec"no!o%ica! innovation$ Amon% frame-or#s t"at "ave (een deve!oped (ased on t"e past st&dies inc!&des, t"e )ec"no!o%y, or%ani/ation,Environment frame-or# 5)0E6 5)ornat/#y B 8!eisc"er 9::?6,-"ic" identifies t"ree (asic 8actors for t"e adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation, i$e, tec"no!o%ica! factors, or%ani/ationa! and environmenta! factors$
8i%&re7 ;79$ )ec"no!o%y,0r%ani/ation,Environment frame-or# 5Sour.e% Tor+a(F@0 a+2 <le*s./er =!$$ > E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(ors Or)a+*Fa(*o+al 5a.(ors He%a! frame-or# 8inancia! and "&man reso&rces 'ationa! IC) infrastr&ct&re Competitive press&re Iovernment s&pport E,*an#in% Adoption
Te./+olo)*.al 5a.(ors Perceived ris#s5re!ative disadvanta%e6 Perceived (enefits5re!ative advanta%e6
)"e tec"no!o%ica! factor refers to adopter@s perception of E,(an#in% attri(&tes$ )ypica! c"aracteristics of tec"no!o%y considered in tec"no!o%y adoption st&dies are (ased on t"e ass&mption of Ro%er@s diff&sion of innovation 5Ro%ers ;??<6, W"ic" inc!&de re!ative advanta%es 5perceived (enefits6, and re!ative disadvanta%es 5perceived ris#s6$W"i!e t"e or%ani/ationa! factor refers to t"e or%ani/ation@s c"aracteristics t"at inf!&ence its a(i!ity to adopt and &se of E,(an#in% system$ )"e environmenta! factor refers to t"e e+terna! environment in -"ic" an or%ani/ation operates and its condition for s&pportin% t"e deve!opment of E,(an#in% services$ 8or eac" conte+t, vario&s factors "ave (een identified from t"e !iterat&re (&t on!y t"ose t"at are considered re!evant for E, (an#in% adoption are inc!&ded in t"e frame-or#$ Detai!s of factors considered in t"is st&dy are disc&ssed (e!o-$ 2.2. E13*r*.al EA*2e+.es Some re!ated st&dies are cond&cted (y different researc"ers in different parts of t"e -or!d$ Ho-ever, t"ere are !imited n&m(ers of st&dies cond&cted in Et"iopia on t"e adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation$ Specifica!!y,
Iardac"e- 5;?9?6 cond&cted researc" on t"e opport&nities and c"a!!en%es of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia$ )"e aim of "is st&dy -as foc&sed on ana!y/in% t"e stat&s of e!ectronic (an#in% in Et"iopia and investi%ates t"e main c"a!!en%es and opport&nities of imp!ementin% E,(an#in% system$ )"e a&t"or cond&cted a s&rvey on t"e e+istin% operatin% sty!e of (an#s and identifies some c"a!!en%es of &sin% E,(an#in% system, s&c" as, !ac# of s&ita(!e !e%a! and re%&!atory frame -or#s for E,commerce and E, payments, po!itica! insta(i!ity in nei%"(orin% co&ntries, "i%" rates of i!!iteracy and a(sence of financia! net-or#s t"at !in#s different (an#s$ Wond-ossen and )se%ai 5;??=6 a!so st&died on t"e c"a!!en%es and opport&nities of E, payments in Et"iopiaG t"eir o(4ective -as st&dyin% of E,payment practices in deve!opin% co&ntries, Africa and Et"iopia$ )"e a&t"ors emp!oys intervie- and on site o(servation to investi%ate c"a!!en%es to E,payment in Et"iopia and fo&nd t"at, t"e main o(stac!es to t"e deve!opment of E,payments are, !ac# of c&stomers tr&st in t"e initiatives, Unavai!a(i!ity of payment !a-s and re%&!ations partic&!ar!y for E,payment, Hac# of s#i!!ed manpo-er and March 2014-May2014 Page9
8re1&ent po-er disr&ption$ Accordin% to Wond-ossen and )se%ai 5;??=6, an ade1&ate !e%a! str&ct&re and sec&rity frame-or# co&!d foster t"e &se of E,payments, -"ic" is contradictin% -it" t"e findin% of t"e previo&s st&dy$ 0n t"e ot"er "and t"e st&dy cond&cted (y Da%"fo&s and )o&fai!y 5;??L6 on t"e s&ccess and critica! factors in adoption of E,(an#in% (y He(anese (an#s$ )"e researc" -as cond&cted on t"e factors t"at can !ead to s&ccess t"e adoption of E,(an#in% and t"e ot"er factors t"at can constit&te as (arrier to its adoption, it foc&s on t"e or%ani/ationa!, str&ct&ra! and strate%ic factors -"ic" can acce!erate or, on t"e contrary, s!o- t"e adoption of t"is e!ectronic mode of distri(&tion and comm&nication (y t"e (an#s, t"ro&%" ana!y/in% t"e case of t"e He(anese mar#et$ In order to test t"e va!idity of t"e t"eoretica! frame-or#, str&ct&red s&rvey -as &sed, intervie- 1&estionnaire t"at -as %iven to E,(an#in% mana%ers or to information tec"no!o%y mana%ers of a!! t"e (an#s on t"e officia! !ist of instit&tions operatin% on t"e He(anese mar#et, -it" a tota! of =L (an#s, <9 of t"em operate internationa!!y and ;D are strict!y !oca! -ere &sed to %at"er data$ )"e res&!ts of t"eir st&dy s"o-s t"at t"e or%ani/ationa! varia(!es 5(an# si/e, f&nctiona! divisions, tec"nica! staff, tec"nica! infrastr&ct&re, perceived ris#s, decision ma#ersO internationa! e+perience and mastery of innovation6 are varia(!es -"ic" e+ert si%nificant impact on t"e adoption of E,(an#in%, amon% t"e str&ct&ra! c"aracteristics, t"e res&!t revea!ed t"at interna! tec"no!o%ica! environment of t"e (an# is a very important factor in determinin% t"e adoption of E,(an#in%, a!so t"e res&!t s"o-s t"at (an#s -"ic" are deve!opin% in t"e internationa! sca!e are more !i#e!y to adopt E,(an#in% innovations$ 8ina!!y t"e res&!t of t"e st&dy indicated t"at e+tent of penetration of E,(an#in% in t"e %ro-t" p"ase of an emer%in% mar#et "as an important corre!ation -it" t"e improvement of commercia! performance$ )"e ot"er descriptive case st&dy ana!ysis cond&cted (y "a!fan et a! 5;??D6 on A8actors inf!&encin% t"e adoption of internet (an#in% in 0man, aimed to identify t"e main potentia! factors or impediments t"at are
c&rrent!y in"i(itin% t"e incorporation or adoption of E,commerce app!ications in t"e 0mani *an#in% sector$ Data, &sed in t"eir st&dy -ere co!!ected &sin% semi str&ct&red intervie-s and s&rvey 1&estionnaire as -e!! as revie-in% some (an# doc&ments$ )"e res&!ts of t"eir st&dy provide a Pra%matic pict&re a(o&t t"e adoption of E,Commerce app!ications in t"e core financia! sector domain of 0man$ 0ne of t"e main findin%s is t"at sec&rity and data confidentia!ity iss&es "ave (een a ma4or (arrier$ )"e (an#in% sector -as re!&ctant to &se E, commerce app!ications as t"ey fe!t t"at transactions cond&cted e!ectronica!!y -ere open to "ac#ers and vir&ses, -"ic" are (eyond t"eir contro!$ Hac# of top mana%ement s&pport is t"e ot"er in"i(itin% factor in t"e adoption of e!ectronic commerce app!ications as per t"eir findin%$ )"e st&dy of S"a" et a!$ 5;??=6 on critica! s&ccess factors 5CS86 in E,*an#in% cond&cted in United in%dom, aims to determine t"e critica! iss&es re!ated to financia! sector or%ani/ations -"en t"ey esta(!is" (&sinesses on!ine$ )"e s&rvey met"od -as &sed (y researc"ers -"ic" tar%et t"e financia! sector in t"e U $ )"e st&dy indicates t"at Understandin% t"e CS8s in E,(an#in% is important for senior mana%ement of (an#in% re!ated or%ani/ations, (eca&se it -o&!d potentia!!y "e!p t"em improve t"eir strate%ic p!annin% process$ )"e ana!ysis of t"e st&dy indicates t-o ma4or types of statistica! ana!yses -ere cond&cted, descriptive statistica! ana!yses and factor ana!ysis$ In descriptive ana!yses, t"e factors 5or varia(!es6 -ere ran#ed in order of t"eir mean score, t"e "i%"est score (ein% t"e most important and so on$ )"e top si+ factors in order of importance -ere7 &ser, friend!y -e(site, systems sec&rity, s&pport from top mana%ement, fast responsive c&stomer service, promotion of e!ectronic commerce -it"in or%ani/ation, and a!! time avai!a(i!ity of services and rapid de!ivery of services$ 8actor ana!ysis, -"ic" -as done to %ro&p to%et"er, re!ated varia(!es to &ncover factors 5in terms of factor ana!yses6, fo&nd t"e fo!!o-in% factors to (e critica! for t"e s&ccess in E, (an#in%$ Iss&es re!ated to or%ani/ationa!
f!e+i(i!ity and speed of services de!ivery -ere fo&nd to (e at t"e top of t"e importance !ist$ Iss&es re!ated to or%ani/ationa! f!e+i(i!ity and speed of services de!ivery -ere fo&nd to (e at t"e top of t"e importance !ist$ *&siness processes and systems inte%ration and en"anced c&stomer services -ere ne+t in t"e !ist of importance$ Ierrard et a!$ 5;??D6 in t"eir st&dy in Sin%apore identify ris# to (e an important factor for Internet *an#in% adoption$ A!! respondents -"o did not &se Internet *an#in% services "ad a ne%ative perception of t"e sec&rity in Internet *an#in%$ )"e respondents perceived t"at t"ere -ere many sec&rity ris#s -"en &sin% t"e internet$ )"ey fe!t t"e privacy -as a concern, fee!in% a!! t"eir financia! information co&!d (e in 4eopardy$ Ris# -as one of t"e t-o most fre1&ent!y mentioned factors in t"eir st&dy, PConcern a(o&t ris# -as mentioned (y a!! respondents$ An empirica! investi%ation cond&cted (y Sat"ye 59:::6 on t"e adoption of Internet *an#in% (y A&stra!ian cons&mers a!so identified, sec&rity concerns as #ey factor in internet (an#in% adoption$ A report on Internet *an#in% in A&stra!ia finds t"at, sec&rity concerns amon% (an#s and c&stomers are #eepin% (ot" a-ay from Internet *an#in%Q Sat"ye 59:::6$ )"e st&dy of erem 5;??<6 on t"e adoption of e!ectronic (an#in%7 &nder!yin% cons&mer (e"avio&r and critica! s&ccess factors cond&cted in Estonia, -as intended to st&dy t"e f&rt"er &nderstandin% of, "o- cons&mers perceive e!ectronic (an#in% in t"e "eyday of interactive c"anne!s in Estonia, as Estonia is internationa!!y reno-ned for (ein% a pioneer in t"e acceptance of netec"no!o%ies$ A series of an in dept" intervie-s -as cond&cted -it" !eadin% ind&stry e+perts in Estonia$ )"e se!ection criterion for t"e respondent -as main!y t"eir invo!vement -it" t"e deve!opment of Internet (an#in% systems from t"e ear!y days of its emer%ence$ )"e s&rvey cond&cted for t"is researc" addressed si+ different iss&es inf!&encin% t"e adoption of Internet (an#in% 5*etter prices, Recommendations, *etter service, Mar#etin% efforts, *etter access and "i%"er
privacy6$ )"e most important factors in startin% to &se Internet (an#in% are first and foremost (etter access to t"e services 5convenience6, (etter prices and "i%"er privacy$ *etter service 5i$e$ preferrin% se!f service over office service6 -as a!so of a(ove t"e avera%e importance$ )-o factors t"at t"e respondents did not consider re!evant to t"eir adoption decision -ere (an#s. mar#etin% activities and persona! recommendations from friends and co!!ea%&es$ A!so t"e s&rvey cond&cted si+ main o(stac!es 5comp&ters are diffic&!t, no access to internet, internet (an#in% is e+pensive, !o- sec&rity, "ave "ad no c"ance to try and I prefer persona! contact6 in adoptin% Internet (an#in% 5res&!ts of a pre!iminary st&dy, 9?? respondents6, t"e most important factors disco&ra%in% t"e &se of Internet (an#in% are !ac# of Internet access and not "avin% a c"ance to try o&t Internet (an#in% in a safe environment$ 8ina!!y t"e researc" indicates t"at (an#in% activities a!one may not (e s&fficient in ac"ievin% %ro-t" if %enera! infrastr&ct&re, economic environment and %overnment initiatives are not s&pportive$ )"e researc" cond&cted on identifyin% t"e attit&dina!, socia! and perceived (e"aviora! contro! factors t"at mi%"t inf!&ence t"e adoption of Internet (an#in% (y Hoppe et a!$ 5;??96 -ere (ased on t"eory of p!anned (e"avior 5)P*6 and t"e diff&sion of innovations t"eory 5DI)6 deve!oped (y a previo&s researc" in Sin%apore$ )"e aim of t"e st&dy -as to co!!ect So&t" African data in order to test o&t t"e "ypot"eses re%ardin% t"e factors, -"ic" affect adoption of Internet (an#in% and compare t"ese res&!ts -it" t"ose co!!ected in ot"er co&ntries$ 0n!ine 1&estionnaire -as &sed to co!!ect empirica! data and t"e res&!ts of t"e st&dy s"o-s t"at intention to adopt Internet (an#in% can (e predicted (y attit&dina! factors, perceived (e"aviora! contro! factors to a !esser de%ree, and not (y s&(4ective norms$ A!! attit&dina! factors e+cept (an#in% needs are fo&nd to (e si%nificant, -it" comp!e+ity and ris# s"o-in% a ne%ative re!ations"ip$ In %enera!, Revie- of Empirica! st&dies s"o-s t"at &nderstandin% t"e critica! s&ccess factors 5CS8s6 in E,(an#in% is important for (an#in% ind&stries (eca&se it -o&!d potentia!!y
"e!p t"em improve t"eir strate%ic p!annin% process$ )"e main o(stac!es and (arriers t"at oppose E,(an#in% adoption are t"e concerns of sec&rity, privacy of information and tec"no!o%y investment cost$ A!so t"e !iterat&re indicates t"at accordin% to t"e c&stomers t"ere are different factors t"at inf!&encin% t"e adoption of E, (an#in% s&c" as, perceived advanta%es and ot"er factors re!ated to t"e services itse!f B "o- to (e accepted and &sed (y t"e c&stomers, -"ic" differ from co&ntry to co&ntry, ref!ectin% t"e economica! and tec"no!o%ica! deve!opment in eac" co&ntry$ In t"is st&dy researc"er "as identified t"e main factors inf!&encin% adoption of E,(an#in% in Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stries (y &sin% s&rvey and interviecond&cted -it" mana%ers of t"e se!ected (an#s$ ". Me(/o2s A2o3(e2 In order to attain t"e o(4ective of t"e st&dy and ans-er t"e researc" 1&estionsG researc"er adopts (ot" 1&antitative and 1&a!itative 5Mi+ed6 researc" approac"$ )"e rationa!e of &sin% s&c" a mi+ed approac" is to %at"er data t"at co&!d not (e o(tained (y adoptin% a sin%!e met"od and for trian%&!ation 5Cres-e!! ;??<6$)"e met"od of data co!!ection tec"ni1&es consists of S&rvey, intervie-s and doc&ment ana!ysis$ Wit" re%ard to s&rvey, 1&estionnaire -as distri(&ted to t"e staff of t"e K p&rpose!y se!ected (an#s 5one state o-ned (an# and t"ree private commercia! (an#s6 to identify t"eir intension on t"e adoption of E,(an#in% systems$ )"e 1&estionnaire -as distri(&ted to 9D? emp!oyees, a!! staff of E,payment or I) department of eac" (an# -as participated in t"e st&dy$ Intervie-s -ere cond&cted -it" t"e mana%ers of t"e p&rpose!y samp!ed (an#s fo&nd in Addis A(a(a and -it" one person 5(an#in% s&pervision department mana%er6 at 'ationa! *an# of Et"iopia 5'*E6$ Co!!ectin% of data (y &sin% 1&estionnaire and intervie- -ere s&pported (y different doc&ments o(tained from records and reports of t"e ind&stry, from -e( site, (oo#s, artic!es and Jo&rna!s$ 8ina!!y t"e data o(tained from s&rvey -ere ana!y/ed (y &sin% descriptive statistics, statistica! pac#a%e for socia! science 5SPSS6$ -. <INDING
A!t"o&%" t"ere are many associated (enefits -it" t"e adoption of E,(an#in%, t"ere are many?reasons -"ic" o(str&ct imp!ementation of t"e system$ In case of Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stries, many private?(an#s sti!! &sin% o!d (an#in% system and don@t "ave access to ta#e advanta%e from e!ectronic (an#in% faci!ities$ Wond-ossen B )se%ai 5;??=6 o(served t"e fo!!o-in% reasons -"ic" may (e considered as "indrance factors for t"e &se of e!ectronic payment system in Et"iopia$ )"ese "indrance factors inc!&de, !ac# of appropriate infrastr&ct&re for E,payment, !ac# of internet faci!ities -it" c&stomer and !earnin% "o- to interact -it" (an# -e(site$ Moreover, factors t"at can affect adoption of E,(an#in% in t"e co&ntry re%ardin% t"e tec"no!o%ica! factor, or%ani/ationa! factor and Environmenta! factor -ere presented as fo!!o-s$ Te./+olo)*.al 5a.(or )"e iss&es raised in t"is st&dy in re!ation -it" tec"no!o%ica! factor are t"e re!ative advanta%es 5perceived (enefit6 t"e firm %ained from adoption of E,(an#in% system and t"e re!ative disadvanta%es 5perceived ris#6 -"ic" "inder (an#in% ind&stries from t"e adoption of netec"no!o%ica! innovations$ Per.e*Ae2 R*s@ 0ne of t"e (asic (arrier a firm faces, -"i!e adoptin% tec"no!o%ica! innovation is t"e perceived ris#s$ 8or e+amp!e t"e st&dy of So"ai! and S"anm&%"am 5;??<6 s&%%ests t"at one of t"e (arriers in t"e adoption of e!ectronic (an#in% is fear of sec&rity ris#s$ More over, a!! of t"e (an# mana%er@s participated in t"is st&dy -ere as#ed -"et"er sec&rity iss&e is raised -it" t"e &se of tec"no!o%ica! faci!ity in t"e (an#in% ind&stries, and a!! of t"em stated t"at sec&rity is t"e main concern t"at "inders o&r (an# to &se tec"no!o%ica! faci!ities$ )"ese -ere a!so s&pported (y t"e s&rvey res&!t s"o-n on ta(!e =$9, as fo!!o-s$
Ta9le #%!? Te./+olo)*.al 5a.(or Cus(o1ers 5ear r*s@ (o use ATM La.@ o5 .o+5*2e+.e :*(/ (/e se.ur*(0 I+ (/e .ase o5 us*+) 1o9*le 9a+@*+)? ATM a+2 o(/ers? se.ur*(0 r*s@ a55e.( users 2e.*s*o+ (o use (/e s0s(e1 Cus(o1ers 2o +o( (rus( (/e (e./+olo)0 3roA*2e2 90 9a+@s La.@ o5 (rus( *s .o+s*2ere2 as 9arr*ers 5or (/e a2o3(*o+ o5 E& 9a+@*+) s0s(e1. E(/*o3*a. 9;D ? ;$???? ;$??
'
Va!id
9;D ? ;$???? ;$??
9;D ? ;$???? ;$??
9;D ? ;$???? ;$??
9;D ? <$???? ;$??
Missin% Median Mode
No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&s(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*sa)ree a+2 #&S(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree. Sour.e% surAe0 resul(? 2 !2 )"e res&!t presented in t"e a(ove ta(!e s"o-s t"at, t"e respondents as#ed -"et"er c&stomers of (an#s fear ris# to &se A)M, and t"e descriptive statistics res&!t %ives median and mode of ;$??, t"at means t"e !ar%est n&m(er of respondent -ere a%reed on t"e iss&e, t"erefore fear of ris# is one of t"e factor t"at "inder adoption of E,(an#in% system in t"e co&ntry$ Simi!ar!y t"e res&!t s"o-n on t"e a(ove ta(!e revea!ed t"at !ac# of confidence -it" t"e sec&rity iss&e is considered as (arrier for t"e adoption E,(an#in% system, -ere median and mode va!&e for t"e second 1&estion is ;$??$ )"is res&!t -ere consistent -it" t"e findin%s of I"a/i and "a!id 5;?9;, p$:6G "a!fan et a! 5;??D6 in -"ic" a!! indicted t"at, tec"no!o%ica! (arriers, s&c" as sec&rity ris# as "indrance factor for t"e adoption of E,(an#in%$ A!so t"e res&!t s"o-n on t"e a(ove ta(!e indicated t"at !ac# of tr&st on t"e &se of tec"no!o%ica! faci!ity provided (y (an# is anot"er factor t"at can "inder adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation (y Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stries$ )"is res&!t confirms t"e findin% of Sat"ye 59:::6 -"ic" s&%%estsG t"e %reatest c"a!!en%e amon% t"e e!ectronic (an#in% sector is -innin% t"e tr&st of c&stomers in t"e iss&e of sec&rity or perceived sec&rity ris# as a #ey in"i(itor in t"e adoption of on!ine (an#in%$ Or)a+*Fa(*o+al 5a.(or 0ne of t"e (asic iss&e re!ated -it" or%ani/ationa! factor is, t"e avai!a(i!ity of financia! as -e!! s#i!!ed "&man reso&rce to imp!ement t"e system$ In t"is st&dy costs re!ated -it" t"e &se of E,(an#in% instr&ment and tec"nica! or mana%eria! s#i!!s re1&ired to imp!ement E,(an#in% system -ere considered as or%ani/ationa! factors$ As it is s"o-n in t"e fo!!o-in% ta(!e =$;, re%ardin% t"e cost inc&rred on t"e &se of different E,(an#in% system !i#e internetNon!ine (an#in% and mo(i!e (an#in% t"e !ar%est n&m(er of respondents =9 o&t of t"e tota! or K?R did not a%reed -it" t"e idea$ Simi!ar!y t"e descriptive statistics res&!t s"o-s t"at, median and mode va!&e for t"e first t-o 1&estions in t"e ta(!e is K$??$ 0n t"e ot"er "and
t"e res&!t presented on ta(!e =$;$ *!o- revea!ed t"at &nfami!iarity -it" t"e service provided t"o&%" A)M, Internet (an#in%, te!ep"one and mo(i!e p"one (y c&stomers, Hac# of tec"nica!
Ta9le #.2 Or)a+*Fa(*o+al <a.(ors Us*+) *+(er+e( 9a+@*+) *+.reases .os( (o 2o 9a+@*+) (as@. Rela(*Ael0 us*+) o5 Mo9*le (o )e( 9a+@*+) serA*.e *s eE3e+s*Ae 5or .us(o1ers.
and mana%eria! s#i!!s on t"e &se of tec"no!o%ica! innovation and Hac# of s#i!!s to imp!ement E, (an#in% system are considered as (arriers for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% system$
Cus(o1ers o5 our 9a+@ :ere +o( 5a1*l*ar :*(/ serA*.e 3roA*2e2 (/ou)/ ATM? I+(er+e( 9a+@*+)? (ele3/o+e a+2 1o9*le 3/o+e. 9;D ? <$???? ;$??
La.@ o5 La.@ o5 s@*lls (o (e./+*.al a+2 *13le1e+( E&9a+@*+) 1a+a)er*al s0s(e1. s@*lls o+ (/e use o5 (e./+olo)*.al *++oAa(*o+. 9;D ? ;$???? ;$?? 9;D ? <$???? ;$??
'
Va!id Missin%
9;D ? K$???? K$??
9;D ? K$???? K$??
Median Mode
No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&S(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*sa)ree a+2 #&S(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree )"e a(ove res&!ts -ere a!so s&pported (y an intervie- script received from a!! respondents, -"ic" indicated t"at, Acompared -it" traditiona! (an#in% system, &sin% different tec"no!o%ica! innovation in (an#in% ind&stry is &sed to perform (an#in% activities at !o-er costs$ )"is findin% is consistent -it" t"e findin% of Raso&!ina B Java"eri5;??D6 -"ic" s&%%ests, cost, infrastr&ct&re, Socio,c&!t&ra!, time, information, !e%is!ation and re%&!ation and economic as t"e most effective iss&es affectin% t"e e!ectronic activities$ )"ese iss&es can (e eit"er drivers or (arriers$ 8or instance, if a co&ntry "as mana%ed to ac"ieve a cost red&ction %reater t"an t"e investment made in adoption of netec"no!o%y, t"en t"e cost factor can (e considered as a driver rat"er t"an as (arrier$In %enera!, &sin% of E,(an#in% service s&c" as internet (an#in%, mo(i!e (an#in% and ot"ers is not e+pensive -"en compared -it" traditiona! (an#in% system$ 0n t"e ot"er "and !ac# of socia! a-arenessN!ac# of fami!iarity -it" different tec"no!o%y and !ac# of s&fficient s#i!!s to &se and imp!ement E,(an#in% system -ere considered as (arriers to adopt E,(an#in% system in Et"iopia$
E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(or Anot"er factor -"ic" can affect t"e adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation in (an#in% ind&stry is an e+terna! environment7 in t"is st&dy fo&r (asic environmenta! factors are considered, t"ese are !e%a! frame -or#s, nationa! IC) infrastr&ct&re, competitive press&re and %overnment s&pport$ )"e res&!t o(tained from s&rvey, intervie- and !iterat&re re%ardin% t"ose fo&r iss&es -ere presented in t"e fo!!o-in% sections$ La.@ o5 le)al a+2 re)ula(or0 5ra1e:or@ E!ectronic payments are not c&rrent!y covered in Et"iopian !e%a! system$ Hac# of s&c" !e%a! frame-or# may t"&s "inder t"e introd&ction of cost effective modern e!ectronic payment instr&ment s&c" as A)Ms, credit and de(it cards, mo(i!eNte!ep"oneNinternet (an#in%$ 0t"er po!icy initiative -"ic" is c&rrent!y &nder consideration is t"e deve!opment of sec&rities mar#et, partic&!ar!y, t"at of !on% term de(t
instr&ments 5Ieta"&n ;??J6$ Simi!ar!y t"e st&dy of Iardac"e- 5;?9?6 revea!ed t"at !ac# of !e%a! frame -or# is one of t"e c"a!!en%es for E, (an#in% system in Et"iopia$ In contrary t"e st&dy of Wond-ossen and )se%ai 5;??=6 revea!ed t"at an ade1&ate !e%a! str&ct&re and sec&rity frame-or# co&!d enco&ra%e t"e &se of E,payments in Et"iopia$ Ho-ever, t"e res&!t of
s&rvey presented in ta(!e =$< a(o&t !e%a! frame -or# on imp!ementation of E,(an#in% system revea!ed t"at !ac# of !e%a! frame -or#s and cross co&ntry !e%a! and re%&!atory difference is considered as (arriers faced (y (an#in% ind&stries for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% system in Et"iopia$
Ta9le #.".E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(or=La.@ o5 le)al a+2 re)ula(or0 5ra1e :or@> La.@ o5 le)al 5ra1e Cross&.ou+(r0 le)al a+2 re)ula(or0 2*55ere+.es :*ll /aAe :or@s (/a( e+5or.e *13a.( o+ (/e a2o3(*o+ o5 +e: (e./+olo)*.al *++oAa(*o+ *+ (/e 9a+@*+) *+2us(r*es (o 9a+@*+) se.(or l*@e? ATM? *+(er+e( 9a+@*+)? 1o9*le 9a+@*+) a2o3( (e./+olo)*.al a+2 Po*+( o5 sale (er1*+als =POS>. *++oAa(*o+ ' Va!id 9;D ? ;$???? ;$?? 9;D ? ;$???? ;$?? Missin% Median Mode
No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&s(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*sa)ree a+2 #&s(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree? Sour.e% SurAe0 resul(? 2 !2 !e%is!ation is an initia! (arrier t"at inf!&ence E, (an#in% adoption in c"ina$ Res&!ts reported on ta(!e =$<, s"o-s t"at t"e median and mode va!&e for t"e first 1&estions -ere ;$??, -"ic" means, t"e !ar%est n&m(er of La.@ o5 a2eBua(e ICT *+5ras(ru.(ure respondents K; or <<R o&t of t"e tota! Despite t"e recent improvements made respondents -ere a%reed t"at t"ere is no !e%a! (y Et"iopian %overnment on t"e nationa! frame -or#s in Et"iopia$ Hi#e-ise, t"e median infrastr&ct&re, t"e overa!! IC) infrastr&ct&re in and mode va!&e for t"e second 1&estion in t"e Et"iopia remains inade1&ate$ Card,(ased a(ove ta(!e -ere ;$??, !ar%est n&m(er of payment systems in Et"iopia "ave (een %ro-in% respondents DL or =<R -ere a%reed t"at t"e fast in recent years$ 8o&r commercia! (an#s in differences on (an#in% re%&!ation in different t"e co&ntry 5inc!&din% t"e state o-ned co&ntry -i!! "ave impact on t"e adoption of neCommercia! *an# of Et"iopia6, Das"en (an#, tec"no!o%ica! innovation$ Simi!ar!y, An >emen (an# and We%a%en (an# "ave introd&ced interviecond&cted -it" one of t"e (an# -ider &se of de(it or A)M cards$ Commercia! s&pervision mana%er at nationa! (an# of (an#s in Et"iopia a!so cited p!ans to &se neEt"iopia 5'*E6 a!so prove t"at, Et"iopia does tec"no!o%ies for remittance transfers, inc!&din% not "ave specia! r&!e on t"e &se of E,(an#in% mo(i!e,p"one transfers and remittance,!in#ed system or it is not yet inc!&ded in t"e (an#in% financia! prod&cts s&c" as prepaid cards$ re%&!ation$ Since t"ere is no !e%a! frame -or#s Ho-ever, si%nificant c"a!!en%es to t"ese p!ans on t"e adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation at inc!&de, !ac# of ade1&ate financia! and centra! (an#, Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry cannot te!ecomm&nications infrastr&ct&re for t"e ne(e enforced to imp!ement E,(an#in% system$ So tec"no!o%ies 5A!emaye"& B Jac1&e!ine ;?996$ !ac# of !e%a! frame -or# for t"e imp!ementation Simi!ar!y t"e st&dy of Wond-ossen and )se%ai of E,(an#in% system is one (asic (arrier for 5;??=6 stated t"at !ac# of s&fficient Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry$ )"e findin% of t"is te!ecomm&nication infrastr&ct&re is one of t"e st&dy -ere a!so consistent -it" t"e st&dy of )an (asic c"a!!en%es in t"e deve!opment of E, and 0&yan% 5;??;6, t"ey fo&nd t"at !ac# of
payment in Et"iopia$ More over t"e 1&estionnaire res&!t in t"is st&dy presents fo&r
1&estions to e+amine t"e perception of (an# staff on t"e iss&e$
Ta9le #.-.E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(or=La.@ o5 a2eBua(e ICT *+5ras(ru.(ure> I+(er+e( Us*+) *+(er+e( Mo9*le 9a+@*+) 9a+@*+) *s 2*55*.ul( .o++e.(*o+ :as +o( La.@ o5 serA*.es 1a0 +o( 3er5or1 2ue (o lo: *+(er+e( )oo2 e+ou)/ (o aAa*la9le ICT :ell 9e.ause o5 +e(:or@ 3er5or1 o+l*+e *+5ras(ru.(ure 3ro9le1s a..ess *+ E(/*o3*a (ra+sa.(*o+s *+ 9;D 9;D 9;D 9;D ? ;$???? ;$?? ? ;$???? ;$?? ? ;$???? ;$?? ? ;$???? ;$??
'
Va!id
Missin% Median Mode
No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&s(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*s a)ree a+2 #&s(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree? Sour.e% SurAe0 resul(? 2 !2 )"e a(ove ta(!e =$K s"o-s t"at IC) infrastr&ct&re in Et"iopia for internet access is not s&fficient to &se on!ine (an#in% service, -ere t"e median and mode va!&e for t"e first 1&estion is ;$??$ Simi!ar!y t"e median and mode va!&e of t"e rest t"ree 1&estions is ;$??, -"ic" indicated t"at !ac# of avai!a(!e IC) infrastr&ct&re in t"e co&ntry in"i(its to &se E, (an#in% system$ Simi!ar!y, an intervie- script received from t"e C*E E,payment mana%er indicates t"at At"e poor 1&a!ity of te!ecomm&nication net-or# service is a ma4or o(stac!e for a!! (an#s in Et"iopia to effective!y de!iver some services s&c" as internet (an#in%, mo(i!e (an#in% and ot"ers$ Moreover, t"e I) mana%er of >emen (an#, indicated t"at7 A0&r (an# -ere a%%ressive!y doin% on t"e provision of "i%" 1&a!ity service to c&stomers (y emp!oyin% different tec"no!o%ica! innovation, for e+amp!e t"e (an# p&rc"ase C0RE (an#in% system soft -are, -"ic" offers service to c&stomers more t"an t"e sop"isticated A)M mac"ine$ It -o&!d ena(!e (an#s to provide Internet (an#in% to de!iver prod&ctNservice to c&stomers$ It "e!ps c&stomers to vie- t"eir (a!ances, transfer f&nds, and pay (i!!s on!ine$ *an#s co&!d a!so offer mo(i!e (an#in% services t"ro&%" -"ic" c&stomers can c"ec# t"eir (a!ance and transfer f&nds (y s"ort messa%e service 5SMS6, as -e!! as p"one (an#in% to c"ec# (a!ances and ma#e acco&nt in1&ires (y p"one$ Ho-ever, some e+perts in t"e (an#in% ind&stry spec&!ate t"at &nderdeve!oped te!ecomm&nications infrastr&ct&re may "inder t"e visi(i!ity and practica!ity of t"e C0RE (an#in% system$)"erefore, one of t"e ma4or o(stac!e factor identified in t"is st&dy is !ac# of IC) infrastr&ct&re, to &se E,(an#in% service, s&c" as internet (an#in%, mo(i!e (an#in%, A)M and ot"ers$ La.@ o5 .o13e(*(*o+
As it is stated in different E,(an#in% !iterat&re, competitive press&re is considered as driver for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% in deve!oped co&ntry$ 8or e+amp!e, t"e st&dy of Haforet B H& 5;??=6 and Sa!-ani 5;??:6 s&%%ests t"at, t"e forei%n f&nded (an#s are more competitive in sec&rin% corporate c!ients over t"e C"inese (an#s (eca&se t"ey are perceived to offer (etter services and more strin%ent sec&rity meas&res %iven t"eir !on%er e+perience in E,(an#in% deve!opment$ Ho-ever, !ac# of competition in Et"iopia amon% !oca! and forei%n (an# "inders Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stries to adopt E, (an#in% system$ Respondents -ere as#ed -"et"er !ac# of competition amon% !oca! and forei%n (an#s inf!&ence adoption of E,(an#in% and t"e res&!t o(tained from s&rvey is s"o-n in t"e fo!!o-in% ta(!e$
Ta9le #.#.E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(or=La.@ o5 .o13e(*(*o+> O3(*o+s Va!id Stron%!y a%ree A%ree 'e&tra! Disa%ree Stron%!y disa%ree <reBue+.0 ;? =: 9< ;: = Per.e+( 9=$: KD$J 9?$< ;<$? K$? Val*2 Per.e+( Cu1ula(*Ae Per.e+( 9=$: KD$J 9?$< ;<$? K$? 9=$: D;$L L<$? :D$? 9??$?
)ota! 9;D 9??$? 9??$? No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&s(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*s a)ree a+2 #&s(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree. Sour.e% SurAe0 resul(? 2 !2 )"e a(ove ta(!e =$= s"o-s t"at t"e !ar%est n&m(er of respondents =: or KD$JR, -ere a%reed -it" t"e idea t"at !ac# of competition (et-een Et"iopian (an#in% sector and forei%n (an# is considered as (arrier for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% system$ Simi!ar!y, an intervieres&!t revea!ed t"at, Et"iopian %overnment did not a!!o- forei%n (an#s to operate in t"e co&ntry, t"ese is d&e to protectin% of !oca! (an#s from t"e -e!! deve!oped forei%n (an# competition$ )"erefore, Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry did not consider a(o&t competition -it" forei%n (an#s and s&c" po!icies co&!d disco&ra%e (an#in% sector of t"e co&ntry from t"e adoption of E,(an#in% system$ GoAer+1e+( su33or( In addition to t"e competitive press&re, t"e st&dy of C"on% and Pervan@s 5;??L6 s&rvey of A&stra!ian SME s&%%est t"at, %overnment initiatives are t"e most si%nificant factor determinin% t"e e+tent and dep!oyment of E, (&siness adoption$ Simi!ar!y t"e st&dy of S"era" et a! 5;??:6 noted t"at %overnment s&pport is t"e ma4or driver for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% in c"ina$ )"e 1&estionnaire res&!t a(o&t %overnment s&pport -as s"o-n on ta(!e =$D as fo!!o-s$
Ta9le #.7? E+A*ro+1e+(al 5a.(or=GoAer+1e+( su33or(> La.@ o5 su55*.*e+( )oAer+1e+( su33or( :*ll a55e.( .us(o1ers :*ll*+)+ess Cus(o1ers 1a0 +o( :*ll*+) (o (o use (e./+olo)*.al *++oAa(*o+ a..e3( E&9a+@*+) serA*.e ' Va!id 9;D 9;D Missin% ? ? Median <$???? K$???? Mode K$?? K$?? No(e% N&Nu19er o5 res3o+sesG Res3o+se 1easure1e+(s? !&s(ro+)l0 a)ree? 2&A)ree? "&Neu(ral? -&D*s a)ree a+2 #&s(ro+)l0 2*sa)ree? Sour.e% surAe0 resul(? 2 !2 As it is depicted on t"e a(ove ta(!e, respondents -ere as#ed -"et"er, !ac# of %overnment s&pport is an in"a(itin% factor for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia and t"e median and mode va!&e %ives <$?? and K$?? respective!y$ (y !oo#in% t"e mode va!&e of K$??, it is possi(!e to say t"at t"e !ar%est n&m(er of respondents did not a%reed -it" t"e idea t"at
!ac# of %overnment s&pport affect adoption of E, (an#in% system in Et"iopia$ 8or t"e second 1&estion t"e median and mode va!&e is K$??, it imp!ies t"at &n-i!!in%ness of c&stomers to accept E,(an#in% system is not considered as (arrier for t"e adoption of tec"no!o%ica! innovation$ 0n t"e ot"er "and an interviecond&cted -it" I) mana%ers NE,payment mana%ers confirms t"at, Et"iopian %overnment -ere doin% on improvement of nationa! infrastr&ct&re, it -i!! enco&ra%e o&r (an# to adopt different tec"no!o%ica! innovation$ #. Co+.lus*o+ )"is st&dy aims at investi%atin% t"e main factors affectin% adoption of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia$ )o ac"ieve t"e proposed o(4ective )ec"no!o%y,or%ani/ation,Environment 5)0E6 frame -or# -ere &sed$ 0n t"e ot"er "and (ot" 1&antitative as -e!! as 1&a!itative 5mi+ed6 researc" approac" -as emp!oyed in t"e st&dy$ E,(an#in% system, s&c" as A)M, mo(i!e (an#in%, internet (an#in% and ot"ers -ere not -e!! adopted (y Et"iopian (an#in% ind&stry$ )"is is d&e to !o- !eve! of IC) infrastr&ct&re and !ac# of !e%a! frame -or#s at '*E, -"ic" can initiate (an#in% ind&stry to imp!ement t"e system$ In addition to t"e a(ove t-o (asic factors affectin% adoption of E,(an#in% in Et"iopia, Res&!t of t"e st&dy a!so s"o-s t"at sec&rity ris# and !ac# of tr&st on t"e &se of tec"no!o%ica! adoption are ot"er ma4or (arriers Re5ere+.es% 9$ A(iy, D ;??J, capita!, -ee#!y ne-spaper, Marc", 9L, ;??J$ ;$ A!a%"e(and, P ;??D, Adoption of e!ectronic (an#in% services (y Iranian C&stomers, MA t"esis, H&!ea University of )ec"no!o%y, "ttp7NN---$ep&(!$!t&$seN9D=<, ?9JLN;??DNK:NH)U,P*, EM,?DKSE$pdf Vie-ed 9? Septem(er ;?99$ <$ C"an%, et a! ;??L, A8actors affectin% t"e adoption of e!ectronic si%nat&re7 E+ec&tives K$ Perspective of "ospita! information department@, Decision S&pport Systems, KK5K67<=?,<=:$ =$ C"on%, S B Pervan, I ;??L,O8actors Inf!&encin% t"e e+tent of dep!oyment of
for t"e system$ )"e !eve! of sec&rity ris# associated -it" E,(an#in% prod&ct or service, s&c" as A)M, internet (an#in%, mo(i!e (an#in% and ot"ers, pose different c"a!!en%es to different (an#s$ Improvements are re1&ired to ens&re c!ient confidence$ Hac# of competition amon% !oca! and forei%n (an#s is a!so anot"er c"a!!en%e for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% in t"e co&ntry$)ec"nica! and mana%eria! s#i!!s avai!a(!e in Et"iopian (an#s for t"e adoption of E,(an#in% are a!so !imited$ )"is is inf!&encin% t"e c"oice of tec"no!o%y in Et"iopian (an#s$ In %enera!, t"e findin%s of t"is st&dy offer additiona! insi%"ts into t"e c&rrent E,(an#in% adoption sit&ation and its imp!ications for E, (an#in% %ro-t" in Et"iopia as an e+amp!e of a deve!opin% co&ntry$ 8&rt"ermore, t"e &nderstandin% of t"e (arriers to E,(an#in% adoption identified in t"is st&dy may "e!p to identify t"e (est co&rse of actions to promote its deve!opment$ It -i!! a!so (e va!&a(!e to a!! (an#in% ind&stries of t"e co&ntry to increase t"eir a-areness and &nderstandin% of E,(an#in% (enefits$ )"erefore, Et"iopian %overnment s"o&!d esta(!is" a c!ear set of !e%a! frame -or# on t"e &se of tec"no!o%y in (an#in% ind&stry, s&pport (an#in% ind&stry (y investin% on IC) infrastr&ct&re and (an#s needs to (e foc&sed on tec"no!o%ica! innovation competition rat"er t"an traditiona! (ases of retai! (an# competition$
e!ectronic commerce for sma!! (&siness and medi&m si/ed enterprises@, Jo&rna! of E!ectronic commerce in or%ani/ations, =5967;;$ D$ Cres-e!!, W ;??<, Researc" Desi%n7 S&a!itative, S&antitative and Mi+ed Approac"es,@ ;nd edition$ Sa%e p&(!ication, Ca!ifornia$ L$ Da%"fo&s, ' and )o&fai!y, E ;??L, )"e adoption of E,(an#in% (y He(anese (an#s7 s&ccess and critica! factors, researc" paper, Universte d& S&e(ec a Montrea! Retrieved 9;$D$;?9< J$ Das"en (an# ;?99, Ann&a! Report, avai!a(!e at7 "ttp7NN---$das"en(an#$com$
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Iardac"e-, W ;?9?, O E!ectronic ,(an#in% in Et"iopia7 practices, opport&nities and C"a!!en%es@, Jo&rna! of internet *an#in% and commerce,9=5;67;,: Ierrard, P, C&nnin%"am, J B Dev!in, J ;??D,O W"y cons&mers are not &sin% Internet *an#in%7 a 1&a!itative st&dy@, Jo&rna! of Services Mar#etin%,;?5<679D?T 9DJ$ Ieta"&n, ' ;??J, Po!icy initiatives for improved financia! service provision7 t"e case of Et"iopia, 'ationa! *an# of Et"iopia$ Jensen, S ;??<, O)"e Evo!&tion of t"e Internet in Africa@ In *ee(e, 9J$ amr&!, H ;??:, E,*an#in% in *an%!ades"7 )"e 8&t&re of *an#in%, Sc"oo! of *&sinessSt&dies, MA t"esis, State University of *an%!ades" 9:$ erem, ;??<,O Adoption of e!ectronic (an#in%7 &nder!yin% cons&mer (e"avio&r and critica! s&ccess factors@ Case st&dy of Estonia@, paper presented at t"e ;??< conference of t"e tec"no!o%y and everyday !ife net-or#, Hondon, U$ $ "a!fan, A, A!refaei, S B A!,Ha4ery, M ;??D, A8actors inf!&encin% t"e adoption of internet (an#in% in 0man7 a descriptive case st&dy ana!ysis,@ internationa! 4o&rna! of financia! services mana%ement, 95;N<679==, 9L; Haforet, S$ ;??=, ACons&mers. attit&des to-ards on!ine and mo(i!e (an#in% in
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C"ina@ Internationa! Jo&rna! of *an# Mar#etin%, ;<5=67<D;,<J?$ Ma!a#, J ;??L, Readiness of t"e Pa!estinian (an#in% sector in adoptin% t"e e!ectronic (an#in% system 7e+p!oratory st&dy, MA t"esis, )"e Is!amic University of Pa!estine$ Rosa!ina, M B Java"eri, M ;??D, ODrivers and *arriers of imp!ementin% E,commerce in Iran$ 'ara%" University of Iran$ Ro%ers$ M ;??<, Diff&sion of Innovations, =t" edition, 'e- Uor#7 8ree Press$ Sa!-ani, et a!$ ;??:, AE,commerce &sa%e and (&siness performance in t"e Ma!aysian to&rism sector7 empirica! ana!yses, Information Mana%ement B Comp&ter Sec&rity$ 9L5;679DD,9J=$ Sat"ye, M 9:::, OAdoption of Internet (an#in% (y A&stra!ian cons&mers7 an empirica! investi%ation@, Internationa! Jo&rna! of *an# Mar#etin%, 9L5L67<;K,<K$ S"a", M, *ran"%an/a, A, "an, S, B M&, M, ;??=, A s&rvey of critica! s&ccess factors in E, (an#in%, researc" Paper, E&ropean and Mediterranean Conference on information systems U $ So"ai!, S B S"anm&%"am, * ;??<, OE, (an#in% and c&stomer preferences in Ma!aysia7 an empirica! investi%ation, information sciences,informatics and comp&ter Science@, internationa! 4o&rna! of (an#in%, 9=?5<NK6$
E(/*o3*a officia!!y #no-n as t"e <e2eral De1o.ra(*. Re3u9l*. o5 E(/*o3*a, is a co&ntry !ocated in t"e Horn of Africa$ It is (ordered (y Eritrea to t"e nort" and nort"east, D4i(o&ti and Soma!ia to t"e east, S&dan and So&t" S&dan to t"e -est, and enya to t"e so&t"$ Wit" over :<,???,??? in"a(itants$ Et"iopia is t"e most pop&!o&s !and!oc#ed co&ntry in t"e -or!d, and t"e second,most pop&!ated nation on t"e African continent$ It occ&pies a tota! area of 9,9??,??? s1&are #i!ometres 5K;?,??? s1 mi6, and its capita! and !ar%est city is Addis A(a(a$
Et"iopia is one of t"e o!dest !ocations of "&man !ife #no-n to scientists and is -ide!y considered t"e re%ion from -"ic" Homo sapiens first set o&t for t"e Midd!e East and points (eyond$ )racin% its roots to t"e ;nd mi!!enni&m *C, Et"iopia -as a monarc"y for most of its "istory$ A!on%side Rome, Persia, C"ina and India, t"e in%dom of A#s&m -as one of t"e %reat -or!d po-ers of t"e <rd cent&ry$ In t"e Kt" cent&ry, it -as t"e first ma4or empire in t"e -or!d to officia!!y adopt C"ristianity as a state re!i%ion$ From Wikipedia
SEL< HELP GROUP AMONG DOMEN% A STUDY IN UDUPI DISTRICT O< 8ARNATA8A
Ja)a2ees/ ,
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, 8ie!d mars"a! $M Cariappa Co!!e%e, Madi#eri, arnata#a A9s(ra.( )"e fai!&re of forma! instit&tions to serve t"e r&ra! poor effective!y !ed to a revieand !oo# at t"e informa! financia! systems and !endin% %ro&ps$ 0ver t"e past fe- decades severa! informa! and innovative approac"es in financin% t"e poor in a s&staina(!e manner "ave (een e+perimented in many deve!opin% co&ntries$ )"e ori%in of SHI is t"e *rain C"i!d of Irameen *an# of *an%!ades", -"ic" -as fo&nded (y Professor Mo"ammad U&n&s of C"itta%on% University in t"e year 9:L=$ )"is is e+c!&sive!y esta(!is"ed for t"e poor$ SHIs p!ay a ma4or ro!e in transformin% r&ra! economy$ Microfinance "e!ps t"e r&ra! poor to improve t"eir !ife standard and f&!fi!! t"eir credit needs$ SHIs are ne- innovation in t"e fie!d of r&ra! economic deve!opment, to finance t"e r&ra! peop!e and a!so to satisfy t"eir credit needs$ )"is in t&rn -i!! "e!p to transform t"e r&ra! economy (y -ay of improvin% t"e economic stat&s of eac" and every individ&a! mem(er of t"e SHI in t"e r&ra! areas apart from providin% scope for -omen empo-erment$ )"&s, SHIs p!ay a ma4or ro!e in -omen empo-erment, micro, finance t"ro&%" (an# !in#a%es in co!!a(oration -it" 'I0s and contri(&te to t"e r&ra! economy$ r&ra! areas is "i%"er t"an t"at of men$ It is a!so considered t"at t"e savin% (e"avior of Indian -omen "e!ped a !ot in assistin% t"eir fami!y in times of emer%ency and to (ecome financia!!y s&staina(!e$ As a comp!ementary to t"is micro, finance t"ro&%" se!f,"e!p %ro&ps is -or#in% as a po-erf&! too! to assist -omen (y inc&!catin% t"e savin% (e"avior amon% t"em and (ecame t"e effective approac" of financia! inc!&sion$ It "as (een proven in many st&dies t"at microfinance t"ro&%" Economic empo-erment of -omen is meas&red in terms of emp!oyment, income s"are (y -omen, and contro! over earned income (y -omen, avera%e savin%s and t"e !i#e$ )oday, In India, Se!f He!p Iro&ps represent a &ni1&e approac" to financia! intermediation$ )"is com(ines access to !o-,cost financia! services -it" a process of se!f,mana%ement and deve!opment for t"e -omen -"o are SHI mem(ers$ SHIs are formed and s&pported &s&a!!y (y 'I0s or 5increasin%!y6 (y Iovernment a%encies$ Hin#ed not on!y to (an#s (&t a!so to -ider deve!opment pro%rammes, SHIs are seen to confer many (enefits, (ot" economic and socia!$ SHIs ena(!e -omen to %ro- t"eir savin%s and to access t"e credit -"ic" (an#s are increasin%!y -i!!in% to !end$ SHIs can a!so (e comm&nity p!atforms from -"ic" -omen (ecome active in vi!!a%e affairs, stand for !oca! e!ection or ta#e action to address socia!$ M*.ro5*+a+.e a+2 E13o:er1e+( o5 Do1e+ )"ere "as (een m&c" de(ate in t"e %ender and deve!opment !iterat&re on "o- to ac"ieve -omen@s empo-erment, -it" t"is de(ate often centerin% on -"et"er microfinance pro%rammes do in fact empo-er -omen 5Jaya-eera, 9::L6$ Does access to credit a&tomatica!!y !ead to
"e o(4ectives of t"is paper are 96 )o st&dy t"e re!ation of SHI mem(ers and deve!opment of !eaders"ip 1&a!ities ;6 )o e+amine t"e inf!&ence of mem(ers"ip of SHIs and %ender ine1&a!ity$ It "as (een esta(!is"ed fact t"at -omen@s contri(&tion of t"e poor "o&se"o!d income in
empo-erment3 T )"is 1&estion is increasin%!y (ein% as#ed (y academics -"o are -or#in% on t"e impact ana!ysis of microfinance on -omen 5for e+amp!e see C"eston and &"n, ;??;6$ antor 5;??<6 raised a simi!ar 1&estion7 does access to income earnin% opport&nities improve -omen@s stat&s -it"in t"e "o&se"o!d or do socia! norms and practices intervene to ma#e access to reso&rces a!one ins&fficient to c"a!!en%e intra,"o&se"o!d %ender re!ations in some conte+ts3 Accordin% to H&nt and asynat"an 5;??96, -"o contro!s decision, ma#in% re%ardin% t"e &se of credit, -"o mana%es enterprises s&pported (y credit, -"ose !a(o&r is &sed, -"o contro!s t"e mar#etin% of prod&cts, and -"o #eeps, decides on, and &ses any income %enerated3 T )"ese 1&estions are critica! for &nderstandin% c"an%es in %ender re!ations and t"e contri(&tion of microfinance to -omen@s empo-erment$ Severa! st&dies 5for e+amp!e see C"a&d"ary, ;??=G Iar(a, 9:::G I&!ati, 9::D etc$6 "ave s"o-n t"at access to credit and income cannot !ead to t"e empo-erment of -omen instead t"ose are associated -it" processes of c"an%es in t"e po-er str&ct&re$ )"erefore, it is important to ma#e a concept&a! distinction (et-een pro4ects t"at see# to red&ce poverty and en"ance prod&ctivity and t"ose t"at see# to empo-er -omen, as t"e strate%ies adopted co&!d (e different$ Effective poverty tar%etin% can ens&re t"at s"ort,term, materia! (enefits reac" t"e poorest -it"o&t necessari!y !eadin% to en"anced voice and e1&a!ity 5Rao, ;??=6$ Sin%"e 59::<6 a!so noted t"at t"e deve!opment strate%ies -"ic" simp!y increase -omen@s access to reso&rces do not necessari!y ens&re t"eir empo-erment$ C"eston and &"n 5;??;6 pointed o&t t"at t"e a(i!ity of a -oman to (e empo-ered t"ro&%" access to financia! services depends on many factors T some of t"em !in#ed to "er individ&a! sit&ation and a(i!ities, and ot"ers dependent &pon "er environment and t"e stat&s of -omen as a %ro&p$ Contro! of capita! is on!y one dimension of t"e comp!e+ and ever,c"an%in% process (y -"ic" t"e cyc!es of poverty and po-er!essness rep!icate t"em$ Women a!so face disadvanta%es in accessin% information, socia! net-or#s, and ot"er reso&rces t"ey need to
s&cceed in (&siness and in !ife$ Accordin% to Ramac"andran 5;??;6 credit, prod&ctive assets and s#i!!s cannot (e &sed to empo-er t"e poor especia!!y -omen &n!ess t"ey are a-are, confident and po-erf&! as co!!ective to resist t"e !and!ords, money!enders, &nscr&p&!o&s midd!emen and even deve!opment f&nctionaries$ Ende!ey 5;??96 ar%&ed t"at -omen "avin% access to income primari!y ens&res t"e -e!fare of t"e fami!y, and can "ard!y address pro(!ems of -omen@s oppression and s&(ordination$ Usin% Aempo-erment@ in connection -it" pro4ects t"at foc&s on!y on ens&rin% -omen@s access to moneyma#in% opport&nities can on!y mis!ead$ )"e tr&e meanin% of empo-erment T transformin% &ne1&a! %ender po-er re!ations T is in most cases for%otten (y deve!opment a%ents and practitioners -"o tend to avoid c"a!!en%in% ma!e po-er and contro! i$e$, patriarc"y$ )"e present st&dy is &nderta#en to st&dy t"e re!ation of SHI mem(ers and deve!opment of !eaders"ip 1&a!ities and to e+amine t"e inf!&ence of mem(ers"ip of SHIs and %ender ine1&a!ity Resear./ Des*)+ a+2 Me(/o2olo)0 )"e st&dy -as re!ated to t-o ta!&#s of Ud&pi district name!y Ud&pi and &ndap&ra &nder (ot" 4&d%ment and convenience samp!in% met"ods$ 0n!y SHIs &nder SISU -"ic" are en!isted -it" Directorate of SHIs &nder SISU, for t"e year ;?99,9; B comp!eted one years of e+istence are covered in t"e st&dy and primary data are co!!ected d&rin% t"e first "a!f of ;?9<$ 8ive SHIs are random!y se!ected from eac" of se!ected t-o ta!&#s$ 8ive -omen mem(ers are se!ected from eac" SHI -"ic" res&!ted in tota! samp!e si/e of =?$Data -as co!!ected from eac" respondents t"ro&%" 1&estionnaire$ ReA*e: o5 L*(era(ure S"erin 59:::6 fo&nd t"at J;$D: per cent of t"e f&nctiona! SHI respondents "ad e+pressed persona! empo-erment in terms of a&t"ority in p!annin%, decision ma#in%, imp!ementation and eva!&ation of t"e SHIs pro%rammes -"i!e on!y ==$9L per cent of t"e non,f&nctiona! SHIs respondents c!aimed t"at t"ey "ad (een simi!ar!y empo-ered$ Prasad 5;???6 o(served t"at :? per cent of -omen in t"e SHI federation "ad !earnt to si%n t"eir names and many "ad enro!!ed to
!earn "o- to read, -rite and !earn comp&ters$ In many vi!!a%es, comm&nity iss&es !i#e drin#in% -ater, roads, and e!ectricity and "ea!t" services -ere (ein% addressed (y t"e -omen.s %ro&ps$ Invo!vement -as a!so seen in activities !i#e de, si!tin% of tan#s, c"i!d deve!opment in addition to income %eneration pro%rammes$C"andar%i et al. 5;??K6 cond&cted a st&dy in D"ar-ad district of arnata#a on t"e performance of SHIs$ )"e st&dy revea!ed t"at t"e -omen &nder too# pottery, diary, (as#et ma#in% as %ro&p enterprises$ )"e profit earned from s&c" enterprises -as f&rt"er invested on more appropriate, via(!e income %eneratin% activities to form %reater economic sta(i!ity$ So.*o&e.o+o1*. Pro5*le o5 SHG Me19ers D=R of t"e respondents (e!on% to t"e a%e %ro&p of 9J,;L years, ;JR of t"e respondents (e!on% to t"e a%e %ro&p (et-een ;J,<L years and LR of t"e respondents (e!on% to t"e a%e %ro&p of <J B a(ove years$ )"e respondents in
Talu@s Ud&pi Percenta%e &ndap&ra Percenta%e )ota! Percenta%e
t"e st&dy cover a!! sections of society -"erein representation of Hind& 5L=R6, M&s!ims 5;?R6 and C"ristian 5=R6 are ens&red$ Moreover, o&t of =? respondents <= (e!on% to %enera! caste, 9: (e!on% to SC comm&nity, D (e!on% to S)$ 8&rt"er, DDR of t"e respondents "ave comp!eted primary !eve! of ed&cation$ Moreover, ma4ority of t"e respondents are married and t"ey !ive in n&c!ear fami!y$ SHG Me19ers a+2 DeAelo31e+( o5 Lea2ers/*3 4ual*(*es Mem(ers of t"e se!f,"e!p %ro&ps co&!d deve!op !eaders"ip 1&a!ities in t"em t"ro&%" sense of devotion to -or#, d&ty conscio&sness, sense of responsi(i!ity, or%ani/in% a(i!ity, se!f, confidence etc$ )"ese 1&a!ities -ere deve!oped t"ro&%" t"e mem(ers@ invo!vement in t"e vario&s activities of t"e SHIs$ )"e mem(ers"ip of SHIs "e!ped t"e -omen to deve!op !eaders"ip 1&a!ities in t"em$
Ta9le !% Role o5 SHG Me19ers/*3 *+ DeAelo3*+) Lea2ers/*3 4ual*(*es =NH# >

Nu19er o5 SHG 1e19ers/5a.(ors a55e.(*+) lea2ers/*3 Bual*(*es I 9L DJ ;? J? <L II ;; JJ ;K :D KD III ;? J? 9: LD <: IV ;< :; ;K :D KL V ;9 JK 9L DJ <J )ota! ;= 9?? ;= 9?? =?
LK :; LJ :K LD 9?? I,Sense of devotion to -or#, II,D&ty conscio&snesses, III,Sense of responsi(i!ity, IV, 0r%ani/in% a(i!ity, V,Se!f,confidence$
Sour.e% Pr*1ar0 Da(a )a(!e 9 s"o-s t"at o&t of t"e tota! respondents, :KR dec!ared or%ani/in% a(i!ity as t"e main factor in deve!opin% !eaders"ip 1&a!ity -"ereas :;R -omen -ere of t"e vie- t"at d&ty conscio&snesses -as responsi(!e for deve!opment of !eaders"ip in t"em$ LJR dec!ared t"at sense of responsi(i!ity -as t"e main factor in deve!opin% !eaders"ip 1&a!ity and LDR -omen -ere of t"e vie- t"at se!f, confidence -as t"e main factor in deve!opin% !eaders"ip 1&a!ity$ A(o&t LKR -omen -ere of t"e vie- t"at sense of devotion to -or# -as responsi(!e for deve!opment of !eaders"ip 1&a!ity in t"em$ T/e *+5lue+.e o5 1e19ers/*3 o5 SHGs a+2 )e+2er *+eBual*(0 Iender ine1&a!ity "as (een an endemic pro(!em in o&r patriarc"a! fami!y system$ )"ere is a severe (ias a%ainst t"e fema!e mem(ers of t"e fami!y since t"eir c"i!d"ood$ It is ref!ected in a!! respects of t"e fami!y and socia! re!ations"ip$ )"e fami!y !inea%e and !ivin% arran%ements are centered on men and in"eritance and s&ccession
practices tend to ne%!ect -omen$ *oys are favo&red over %ir!s for access to n&trition, c"i!dcare and ed&cation$ 8rom t"e ear!y a%e a %ir! is socia!i/ed to %ive priority to t"e needs of t"e ma!e mem(ers in t"e fami!y$ Women constit&te near!y "a!f t"e tota! pop&!ation$ Uet t"e socio,economic and "ea!t" indicators of
-omen in India !a% far (e"ind men$ I!!iteracy, !o- -or# participation, and poor e+pos&re to mass media are t"e common ca&ses for !ostat&s of -omen and t"eir !ess a&tonomy$ Hostat&s of -omen and t"eir dependence on men ma#e t"em v&!nera(!e to many socia! evi!s$
Ta9le 2% I+5lue+.e o5 Me19ers/*3 o5 SHGs a+2 Ge+2er I+eBual*(0 =NH# > Talu@s Nu19er o5 SHG 1e19ers/)e+2er *+eBual*(0 5a.(ors I Ud&pi Percenta%e &ndap&ra Percenta%e )ota! Percenta%e ;K :D ;? J? KK JJ II ;< :; ;< :; KD :; III ;< :; ;K :D KL :K IV ;? J? ;; JJ K; JK V 9L DJ 9J L; <= L? )ota! ;= 9?? ;= 9?? =? 9??
I, Economic independence, II, no-!ed%e a(o&t %ender e1&a!ity, III, )"ro&%" ed&cation of fami!y mem(ers a(o&t %ender e1&a!ity, IV, Providin% e1&a! opport&nity to -omen, V, 0t"ers 5Socia!, po!itica! independence6$ So&rce7 Primary Data )"e responses of t"e SHI mem(ers covered (y t"e st&dy revea!ed some si%nificant aspects a(o&t t"e %ender ine1&a!ity 5)a(!e ;6$ Ma4ority 5:KR6 of t"e respondents opined t"at attainin% ed&cation "e!ped t"em to face %ender ine1&a!ity, :;R of t"e respondents (e!ieved t"at -omen -ere "e!ped (y %ettin% proper #no-!ed%e -"i!e JJR of t"e respondents ac"ieved economic independence after %ettin% mem(ers"ip of SHIs$ Re.o11e+2a(*o+s 9$ Socia! capa(i!ity (&i!din% pro%rammes s"o&!d (e or%ani/ed from time to time to train t"e 'I0@s activists, vo!&nteers, Panc"ayat representatives, mem(ers of yo&t" c!&(s etc$ to promote sma!! savin%s and -omen@s active and positive ro!e in deve!opment process, ens&rin% t"eir ri%"ts, entit!ements and d&e s"are in deve!opmenta! (enefits$ ;$ )"e #ey e!ements in t"e s&rviva! and s&staina(i!ity of t"e SHI@s s"o&!d nat&ra!!y (e (&i!t on t"ose e!ements t"at "ave (ro&%"t t"e %ro&p to%et"er$ SHI@s "ave to evo!ve as s&staina(!e vi!!a%e !eve! instit&tions for ta#in% active ro!e in deve!opment and %overnance$ <$ In addition to t"e instit&tiona! s&staina(i!ity, t"e %ro&p s"o&!d a!so (ecome financia!!y via(!e$ 8inance s&staina(i!ity of t"e %ro&p is ac"ieved -"en t"e %ro&p is a(!e to cover its operationa! costs from its income$ Co+.lus*o+ )"e SHI can contri(&te to c"an%es in economic conditions, socia! stat&s, decision ma#in% and increases -omen in o&tdoor activities$ )"ese SHIs p!ay a very important ro!e in socia! c"an%e$ SHI not on!y c"an%es t"e o&ter form of a comm&nity or a society (&t a!so t"e socia! instit&tions as -e!! as ideas of t"e peop!e !ivin% in t"e society$ In ot"er -ords it
a!so app!ies to c"an%e t"e materia! aspects of !ife as -e!! as in t"e ideas, va!&es and attit&des of t"e peop!e$ )oday, in India t"e ro!e of Se!f He!p Iro&ps in t"e r&ra! deve!opment "as attracted attention from a!! over t"e rea!m of socia! sciences$ Hence, t"e st&dy is p!aced to eva!&ate t"e SHIs important ro!e in increasin% r&ra! deve!opment of arnata#a state$ )"e ma4or findin%s in t"e st&dy 4&stify t"e %reater ro!e p!ayed (y t"e SHIs in increasin% empo-erment of -omen, (y ma#in% t"em financia!!y stron%, as -e!! as it "e!ped t"em to save some amo&nt of money and invest it in f&rt"er deve!opment$ 9$ Re5ere+.es C"andar%i, D$M$, s"as"id"ar, $C$, (&di"a!, R$ and Mad"&$ S$ $, 5;??K6, AWomen empo-erment t"ro&%" entreprene&rs"ip ,A case st&dy in arnata#a$ 'ationa! Conference on Women in Deve!opment Processes 5So&venir6, pp$<D,<L$ Das%&pt"a$R 5;??96, PAn informa! Jo&rney t"ro&%" SHIsQ, Image, Vo!$9; 5K6, p9=$ Est&di!!o, J$, A%nes, P$, S&is&m(in%, R$, ei4iro, 0 5;??96, PIender differences in !and in"eritance, sc"oo!in% and !ifetime income7 Evidence from t"e r&ra! P"i!ippinesQ, Journal of Development Studies, Vo!$ <L, 'o$ K, pp$;<,KJ$ Ioet/ AM and I&pta RS 59::D6 PW"o ta#es t"e credit3 Iender, po-er, and contro! over !oan &se in r&ra! credit pro%rams in *an%!ades"Q, World Development, Vo!$;K, 'o$9$ Ian%aia", C$, 'a%ara4a, *$ and Vas&dev&!& 'aid&, C$ 5;??D6, AImpact of Se!f He!p
D$
L$
J$
:$ 9?$
;$ <$
99$
K$
Iro&ps on Income and Emp!oyment7 A Case St&dy@, Kurukshetra, Vo!$ =K5=6, pp$9J,;<$ Has"emi SM, Sc"&!er SR and Ri!ey AP 59::D6, PR&ra! Credit Pro%rams and Women@s Empo-erment in *an%!ades"Q, World Development, Vo!$ ;K, 'o$ K, pp$ D<=,D=<$ a(eer, '$, 5;??96 PRef!ections on t"e meas&rement of -omen@s empo-erment, Disc&ssin% Women@s Empo-erment, )"eory and PracticeQ, Sida St&dies, 'o$ <, 'ov&m Irafis#a A*7 Stoc#"o!m$ Man4&nat"a S$, A =;?9<6, ISocio!o%ica! St&dy on t"e Inf!&ence of Socia! 'et-or#in% Sites on t"e Interpersona! Re!ations"ips of Co!!e%e St&dents in *an%a!ore and Mysore Cities of India@, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Vo!$ ;5D>? pp$9;,9:$ Prasad, U$, 5;???6, ASe!f,Empo-erment, Women set to c"an%e face of o!ar@, The Indian !press, May ;9, p$ :$ Pa!ani, E$ and Se!vara4, V$ M$, ;??:, Impact of micro credit sc"eme on -omen@s empo-erment$ Indian "ooperative Revie#, pp$ 9KL,9=<$ Paramasivan, C$, ;??:, Performance of SHIs in 'ama##a! district, )ami! 'ad&$ Indian "ooperative Revie#, Vo!$ KD5K6, pp$ ;JD,;:=$
=$
9;$ Ran%i, P$ S$, Sid"&, M$ S$ and Ha4it Sin%", ;??;, Economic empo-erment of r&ra! -omen t"ro&%" se!f "e!ps %ro&ps7 A case st&dy of 8ate%ar" Sa"i( District 5P&n4a(6$ $an and Development, Vo!$ ;K5<6, pp$ D=,LJ$
CORRIGENDUM
)"is is reference to t"e artic!e tit!ed V0'HI'E ADVER)ISI'I7 EMERII'I )RE'DS A'D PRAC)ICESV, p&(!is"ed in t"e year II Vo!&me II iss&e V 5Decem(er ;?9<28e(r&ary ;?9K6 of Jams"edp&r Researc" Revie-$ )"e a&t"or@s name of t"e artic!e -as misprinted as Dr$ S$ I&pta$ )"e a&t"or@s name s"o&!d (e read as Dr$S$*$P$IUP)A$
ENHANCEMENT O< VENDER IDENTI<ICATION? SELECTION AND EVALUATION PROCESS USING LEAN SIJ SIGMA METHODOLOGY <OR KIPNET TEAM O< CARL KEISS INDIA
Dr. A+u3a1 M*(ra
Associate Professor 58inance6 )eamHease S#i!!s University, Vadodara, India. A9s(ra.( )"e paper is to st&dy t"e c&rrent efficiency !eve! of t"e e+istin% vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation system in Car! >eiss India Private Himited and t"en improve it &sin% Hean Si+ Si%ma Met"odo!o%y and s&%%est contro!!in% steps on t"e (asis of t"e ana!ysis done in d&e co&rse$ It re1&ired a t"oro&%" &nderstandin% of -"at e+act!y is DMAIC 5Define, Meas&re, Ana!yse, Improve and Contro!6, t"e vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation -as and -"at -as t"e tr&e intention (e"ind fo!!o-in% t"e e+istin% vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation process (y t"e >IP'E) 5>eiss India P!atform for '&rt&rin% Emp!oyee )a!ent6 team of Car! >eiss India$ 8e0 Dor2s% Ve+2or I2e+(*5*.a(*o+? Lea+ S*E S*)1a? Carl Ke*ss I+2*a I+(ro2u.(*o+ ar! >eiss "as a!-ays "ad t"e c&!t&re of en"ancin% emp!oyee !earnin% a(i!ities as it is a very emp!oyee friend!y company$ Every(ody ac#no-!ed%es t"e #no-!ed%e of ot"ers in some -ay or t"e ot"er$ *&t t"e iss&e t"at -as seen -as, t"e vendor mana%ement process for addressin% t"e vario&s trainin% needs -as not process oriented i$e$ no proper frame-or# or proced&re did not e+ist$ So, for t"is reason, t"e ne- vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation process came into pict&re -"ic" provided a process oriented frame-or# to t"e >IP'E) team and t"e emp!oyees -"ere t"ey co&!d fo!!o- a str&ct&red approac" in meetin%Napp!yin% to t"e trainin% re1&irements in t"e company$ After t"e PImprove P"aseQ -as done, t"e ne+t t"in% -as to meas&re t"e s&ccess of t"e ne- process$ 8or t"at p&rpose, 1&antitative and 1&a!itative researc" -as done -it" t"e "e!p of t"e feed(ac# forms and comments fo&nd in t"em$ As on date t"is ne- process is (ein% imp!emented across Car! >eiss India Private Himited )"e researc" 1&estions of t"e paper are7 9$ A t"oro&%" &nderstandin% and imp!ementation of different too!s and tec"ni1&es -"ic" are avai!a(!e in t"e Hean Si+ Si%ma 8rame-or#$ ;$ Ho- does vendor mana%ement and Si+ Si%ma -or# for Hearnin% and Deve!opment3 W"y it is important3 W"y it s"o&!d (e done3
<$ W"ic" data s"o&!d (e considered for ca!c&!atin% t"e efficiency and si%ma !eve!s and "o- (est t"e process efficiency can (e improved d&rin% my interns"ip period3 L*(era(ure ReA*e: As per *on% C"oi 5;??D6, Si+ Si%ma mana%ement activities -ere c!assified in t-o cate%ories7 t"e pre!iminary preparation activities 5CE0@s -i!!, comm&nication, trainin%, po!icy6 and s&(stantia! Si+ Si%ma activities 5information &ti!i/ation, standardi/ation, promotion6, and t"e effect of pre!iminary preparation activities on s&(stantia! Si+ Si%ma mana%ement activities -as empirica!!y ana!y/ed$ )"e ca&sa! re!ations -ere confirmed t"ro&%" ana!ysis res&!ts$ )"ese constr&cts -ere &sed to confirm t"at Si+ Si%ma mana%ement activities e+ert positive effects on corporate competitiveness t"ro&%" process innovation -"ic", in t&rn, !eads to 1&a!ity improvement$ Preeprem 'ont"a!eera# 5;??J6, o(served t-o areas of -ea#ness in si+ si%ma imp!ementations re!ate to t"e &se of t"e DMAIC met"odo!o%y in define and contro! p"ase$ 8or e+amp!e, it is conc!&ded t"at t"e met"odo!o%y needs to ens&re t"at t"e pro4ect se!ection criteria are caref&!!y a!i%ned to company %oa!s rat"er t"an (ein% mere!y (ased on s"ortsi%"ted financia! tar%ets and t"at appropriate !ar%er sca!e pro4ects are se!ected$ )"e !atter is important as t"e empirica! evidence s&%%ests t"at Si+ Si%ma is more appropriate for "i%" ris#, comp!icated, !ar%e,sca!e and cross f&nctiona! pro4ects for -"ic" t"e reso&rces re1&ired can (e 4&stified$ Even t"o&%" Si+ Si%ma "as (een accepted positive!y amon% t"e practitioners as a &sef&! too! to improve (&siness performance, t"e &se of ri%oro&s statistica! too!s and 1&a!ity too!s creates a fear of Si+ Si%ma$ )"is is especia!!y pertinent in non,man&fact&rin% areas -"ere emp!oyees do not "ave an en%ineerin% (ac#%ro&nd and !ac# mat"ematics s#i!!s$ )"e st&dy a!so fo&nd t"at t"e app!ication of si+ si%ma in non,man&fact&rin% conte+ts can (e pro(!ematic for ot"er reasonsG in partic&!ar, a !ac# of data avai!a(i!ity is a ma4or concern for t"e practitioners and creates do&(ts re%ardin% t"e 1&a!ity of si+ si%ma o&tcomes$ Ro%er Jo"n Hi!ton 5;??J6, o(served t"at t"e trainin% of Si+ Si%ma faci!itators needs t"e
invo!vement of academia in desi%nin% appropriate co&rses$ In partic&!ar PAcademia "as a critica! ro!e to p!ay in ens&rin% t"at so&nd statistica! ed&cation is an inte%ra! part of Si+ Si%ma c&rric&!aQ$ A re!ations"ip (et-een #no-!ed%e and !earnin% (e"avior e+ists in -"ic" #no-!ed%e is defined as a ne- idea or improved &nderstandin% and t"e capa(i!ity of a team doin% a 1&a!ity pro4ect s&ccessf&!!y and !earnin% is t"e inf!&ence of a team mem(er@s co%nitive processes to !earn in a 1&a!ity improvement settin%$ Hence, -e conc!&de t"at or%ani/ations -"ic" spend time and money on inte%ratin% Hean Si+ Si%ma !earnin% and practicin% c&!t&re -i!! a!-ays (enefit from t"e o&tcomes$ As per Rona!d D$ Snee 5;?9?6, t"e #ey (asic re1&isite infrastr&ct&re for imp!ementin% t"e Hean Si+ Si%ma inc!&des , A str&ct&red approac" to pro(!em so!vin%, proven ana!ytica! tec"ni1&es, Personne! s#i!!ed in improvement and Mana%ement systems$ Some important %&ide!ines in !eadin% c"an%e7 "ave a sense of &r%ency , prod&ce res&!ts 1&ic#!y, revie- t"e pro%ress on a re%&!ar (asis, &nderstand "&man (e"avio&r, a!-ays "ave an impact foc&s and process performance and &se improvement as a !eaders"ip deve!opment too!$ As st&died (y A!e+ Do&%!as 5;?9?6, t"e factors critica! to s&ccess of 1&a!ity initiatives are e1&a! in importance, irrespective of type of initiatives imp!emented (y t"e firm$ )"e operationa! and strate%ic performance metrics of SMEs imp!ementin% Si+ Si%ma differs si%nificant!y to IS0 certified companies$ )"is %ives an indication t"at Si+ Si%ma is (eneficia! for a!! type of firm, irrespective of t"e si/e of t"e firm$ James *&c#i 5;?996 deve!oped vario&s parameters !i#e time, money and ener%y &sed to n&rt&re a positive vendor re!ations"ip cannot (e meas&red direct!y a%ainst t"e company.s (ottom !ine$ Ho-ever, a -e!!,mana%ed vendor re!ations"ip -i!! res&!t in increased c&stomer satisfaction, red&ced costs, (etter 1&a!ity, and (etter service from t"e vendor$ W"en and if pro(!ems arise, rest ass&red t"at a -e!!,mana%ed vendor -i!! (e 1&ic# to remedy t"e sit&ation$ 8or ac"ievin% t"is first -e need to ana!y/e t"e (&siness re1&irements, searc" for prospective vendors, !ead t"e team in se!ectin% t"e -innin%
vendor and s&ccessf&!!y ne%otiate a contract -"i!e avoidin% contract ne%otiation mista#es$ As"is" Ma!i# 5;?9;6 revie-ed t"at Hean Si+ Si%ma is part of a de!i(erate fact,(ased cost !eaders"ip and 1&a!ity differentiation strate%y emp!oyed (y firms to rea!i/e operationa! %ains, deve!op or%ani/ationa! !earnin% capa(i!ity 50HC6 and service e+ce!!ence$ 8or Hean Si+ Si%ma and SMS to (e effective, firms need to recom(ine it -it" ot"er or%ani/ationa! capa(i!ities s&c" as HR, trainin% practices and appropriate tec"no!o%ica! capa(i!ities for proper information dissemination$ )"is practice is 1&ite common in !ar%e companies$ )"e e+tent to -"ic" firms can deve!op s&c" va!&es or s&c" a p"i!osop"y -i!! a!so depend on t"e &ni1&e
confi%&rations of t"eir strate%ic mi!ie&s and top mana%ement commitment$ Researc" Met"odo!o%y Hypot"esis Deve!opment Null H03o(/es*s% )"e 0vera!! Avera%e for a!! t"e trainin% pro%rams 5(efore improvement6 W 0vera!! Avera%e for a!! t"e trainin% pro%rams 5after improvement6$ Al(er+a(*Ae H03o(/es*s% )"e 0vera!! Avera%e for a!! t"e trainin% pro%rams 5(efore improvement6 X 0vera!! Avera%e for a!! t"e trainin% pro%rams 5after improvement6$ )"is Hypot"esis -i!! (e tested in t"e PImprove P"aseQ to 4&stify it 1&antitative!y &sin% A0ne Samp!e ),testQ$
!. Lear+*+) a9ou( (/e eE*s(*+) Ae+2or *2e+(*5*.a(*o+? sele.(*o+ a+2 eAalua(*o+ 3ro.ess
METHODOLOGY Wit" t"e "e!p of my mentor and mana%er t"e e+istin% process and its aspects -ere &nderstood !i#e7, -"at !ed to t"e inception of t"is process, t"o&%"t process (e"ind t"e same, etc$ Different vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation re!ated notes -ere read and t"eir t"emes and desi%ns -ere o(served and ana!y/ed$ )"e c&rrent process f!o- "as (een o(served and "o- a!! t"e departments of Car! >eiss -ere inte%rated into t"is process -as o(served$ Read severa! (oo#s, artic!es and researc" papers on vendor mana%ement process$ Use5ul+ess )"is p"ase of t"e paper is "e!pf&! (eca&se revie-in% t"e e+istin% system "e!ped to find o&t t"e s"ortcomin%s of t"e process$ A!so, doin% t"e !iterat&re revie- "e!ped to %enerate ne- ideas -"ic" "e!ped in t"e deve!opment sta%e$ A!so it "e!ped to di% deeper into t"e t"o&%"t process and "e!ped to desi%n and imp!ement t"is pro4ect in a more effective manner$
2. I13le1e+(a(*o+ o5 Lea+ S*E S*)1a

METHODOLOGY Define P"ase7 In t"is p"ase, t"e Pro4ect C"arter is created, "i%",!eve! vie- of t"e process is defined, and -e (e%in to &nderstand t"e needs of t"e c&stomers of t"e process$ Meas&re P"ase7 Initia!!y -e foc&s on data co!!ection and determine7 t"e start point or (ase!ine of t"e process and !oo#in% for c!&es to &nderstand t"e root ca&se of t"e process$
Ana!y/e P"ase7 )"e co!!ected data is ana!y/ed in t"is p"ase$ )"e data co!!ection p!an can (e a!tered to inc!&de additiona! information$ )"e ana!ysis is done (ot" on t"e data and a!so on t"e e+istin% process in an effort to narro- do-n and verify t"e root ca&ses of -aste and defects$ Improve P"ase7 )"e PSo!&tion Deve!opmentQ ta#es p!ace over "ere$ )"e ideas -i!! (e %enerated &sin% vario&s tec"ni1&es, (&t a str&ct&red improvement effort !eads to innovative and e!e%ant so!&tions$ Co+(rol P/ase% T/e 1os( *13or(a+( o9;e.(*Ae *+ (/*s 3/ase *s (o sus(a*+ (/e *13roAe1e+( s(e3s :/*./ /aAe 9ee+ 3u( 5or:ar2 as 3ar( o5 (/*s 3ro;e.(. I5 (/ere *s a 5all *+ (/e L3ro.ess e55*.*e+.0M *( s/oul2 9e a22resse2 *11e2*a(el0. T/e *+5ras(ru.(ure :/*./ /as 9ee+ 9u*l( (/rou)/ou( (/e l*5e o5 (/e 3ro;e.( :*ll 9e 2o.u1e+(e2 o+ /o: eEa.(l0 (/e KIPNET (ea1 :a+( (o 3ass (/a( s(ru.(ure o+ (o (/e e13lo0ees :/o :or@ :*(/*+ or :*(/ (/*s 3ro.ess. Use5ul+ess )"is p"ase of t"e pro4ect -as "e!pf&! in !ayin% o&t t"e c!ear %ro&nd -or# re1&ired to imp!ement t"e entire pro4ect$ )"is str&ct&red approac" &sin% Hean Si+ Si%ma met"odo!o%y and t"e vario&s too!s "e!ped a !ot in improvin% t"e efficiency of t"is c&rrent process$
<$ Data Co!!ection

METHODOLOGY 8or data co!!ection t"e P8eed(ac# 8ormsQ -"ic" -ere fi!!ed &p after t"e trainin% -ere &sed$ )"e PSi%ma Heve!Q and PProcess EfficiencyQ -i!! (e ca!c&!ated from t"is data, &sin% t"e PDiscrete DataQ Met"od of Si%ma Heve! Estimation$ )"e PDefect CriteriaQ is defined as part of t"is pro4ect -"ic" is !isted in t"e f&rt"er sections of t"is doc&ment$ )"is is defined in acceptance -it" t"e Sponsor, C"ampion and vario&s ot"er sta#e"o!ders of t"is pro4ect$ Use5ul+ess )"is p"ase %ave insi%"t as to "o- m&c" s&ccessf&! t"is pro4ect -as$ )"e pre, post and contin&o&s meas&rement of t"e PSi%ma Heve!Q and PProcess EfficiencyQ %ave insi%"ts into "o- t"e process is (ein% operated and "o- t"e emp!oyees are acceptin% t"e ne- c"an%es in t"e system$ Data Ana!ysis
Data co!!ection and Si%ma !eve! 5> score6 ca!c&!ation &sin% t"e ca!c&!ator
Since Jan&ary, ;?9; t"ere "ad (een severa! trainin%s -"ic" -ere cond&cted at or%ani/ationa! !eve!$ )"e vendors -"o addressed t"ese trainin% needs -ere se!ected -it"o&t any partic&!ar systematic approac"$ NoN Na1e o5 (/e Ae+2or C>HnDV,9 C>HnDV,; C>HnDV,< C>HnDV,K C>HnDV,=
Defect c!assification criteria7 If t"e vendor se!ection is done -it"o&t any standardi/ed str&ct&reNproced&re 5or6 -it"o&t any intimation to t"e HR team 5or6 If t"e P0vera!! Avera%e Ratin%Q for t"e trainin% provided (y t"is vendor is !ess t"an K$
AAera)e o5 OAerall Ra(*+) 5or (/e Tra*+*+) K$KDL K$=:K K$??? <$=?? K$???
De5e.( Yes/No> 'o 'o 'o Ues 'o
9 ; < K =
D C>HnDV,D L C>HnDV,L J C>HnDV,J : C>HnDV,: 9? C>HnDV,9? 99 C>HnDV,99 9; C>HnDV,9; 9< C>HnDV,9< 9K C>HnDV,9K 9= C>HnDV,9= 9D C>HnDV,9D 9L C>HnDV,9L 9J C>HnDV,9J 9: C>HnDV,9: ;? C>HnDV,;? No(e% T/e +a1es o5 (/e Ae+2ors /as 9ee+ .o+5*2e+(*al (o (/e .o13a+0.
<$=L9 Ues <$JL? Ues K$<<< 'o K$?=D 'o K$;JD 'o <$J9< Ues ;$??? Ues <$??? Ues K$??? 'o K$??? 'o K$??? 'o <$=?? Ues <$??? Ues ;$??? Ues K$??? 'o /*22e+ 5ro1 (/e a9oAe (a9le? 9e.ause (/e0 are
C"i,S1&are )est
)o c"ec# -"et"er t"e a(ove data is norma!!y distri(&ted, PC"i,S1&are )estQ -as performed on t"e a(ove data$ )"e C"i,S1&are va!&e o(tained -as ;$JL= , -"ic" is !esser t"an t"e C"i,S1&are critica! va!&e of <?$9K<$ Hence, -it" :=R confidence t"e a(ove data -"ic" -e "ave considered is Normally Distributed.
> ca!c&!ation
K .al.ula(*o+ 5or 2*s.re(e 2a(a E+(er (o(al +u19er o5 2e5e.(s E+(er (o(al 2e5e.( o33or(u+*(*es Defect % Yield % Z !" i#ma $e%el& $ 2 45.00% 55.00% '.()5*
As seen from t"e a(ove ca!c&!ation t"e c&rrent process is at !.72#' S*)1a LeAel and t"e yie!d is ==R$Descriptive Statistics. For t+e ,%erall -%era#e .ati/# Data 0+e/ descripti%e statistics 0ere a/alysed t+e follo0i/# poi/ts 0ere /oticed. -%era#e of ,%erall .ati/# for t+e !rai/i/# Mean Standard Error Median Mode <$D::K;=DJ; ?$9=:L;:9K; K K
Standard Deviation Samp!e Variance 1urtosis ke0/ess Ran%e Minim&m Ma+im&m S&m Co&nt )"e P &rtosisQ for t"is data is positi%eG "ence -e can infer t"at t"e Distri(&tion C&rve -i!! (e 6oi/ted. )"e %enera! %&ide!ines for t"is parameter are7 >ero T indicates 'orma!, Positive T indicates Pointed and 'e%ative , indicates 8!atter$
?$L9K<<?K<: ?$=9?;DL:LL '.52)30*'*4 5'.32)*0344) ;$=:<L= ; K$=:<L= L<$:JJ=9<D< ;? PS#e-nessQ for t"is data is /e#ati%e7 "ence -e can inter t"at t"e Distri(&tion c&rve -i!! (e $eft ke0ed. )"e %enera! %&ide!ines for t"is parameter are7 >ero T indicates 'orma!, Positive T indicates Ri%"t S#e-ed and 'e%ative T indicates Heft S#e-ed$
%in 9$==DK<K<D< ;$;L?LDKJ?< ;$:J=?:=;K; <$D::K;=DJ; K$K9<L=D9;9 =$9;J?JD=D =$JK;K9L More
&re'uenc( ? ; ? = 99 ; ? ?
S(a(*s(*.al A+al0s*s
)"e feed(ac# data -"ic" -as co!!ected ti!! date (ased on t"e fo!!o-in% 9? parameters -as ana!ysed in t"is step$
8eed(ac# Parameters
9$ Did t"e trainin% meet yo&r e+pectations3 ;$ )rainin% Content <$ Ho- app!ica(!e -as t"e trainin%3 K$ Ho- &sef&! is t"e trainin%3 =$ Was t"e trainin% interestin% B sim&!atin%3 D$ Instr&ctor.s S#i!!s$ L$ Participation N Interactive Session$ J$ Coordination$ :$ 0vera!! discip!ine$ 9?$ W"at is yo&r overa!! ratin% of t"e trainin%3
As seen from t"e a(ove %rap", t"ese cr&cia! points -ere noticed a(o&t t"e trainin%s -"ic" -ere cond&cted ti!! date and a!so -it" respect to t"e vendors -"o s&pported in t"is process$ )"e ma4or findin%s from t"e data ana!ysis are as fo!!o-s$ 9$ )"e e+pectations 5!o- ratin% of parameter , 96 -ere not met in t"ese trainin% pro%ramsG t"is is main!y (eca&se t"e content of t"e trainin% 5parameter , ;6 -as not satisfactory for a!! t"e participants and t"is content -as not f&!!y app!ica(!e to t"e tar%et a&dience 5parameter T < B parameter , K6$ ;$ Ma4ority of t"e participants fe!t t"at t"ere -as very P!ess interactionQ 5parameter ,L in t"e a(ove %rap"6 d&rin% t"e trainin% sessions$ As seen from t"e ana!ysis T t"e trainer fai!ed to connect comp!ete!y -it" t"e a&dience or t"e content of t"e trainin% 5parameter ,;6 didn@t "ave m&c" re!evance to t"e participants, so t"e participants mi%"t "ave not participated active!y d&rin% t"e trainin% pro%ram$ <$ Coordination 5parameter T J in t"e a(ove %rap"6 %ot !ess ratin% T t"is is (eca&se t"ere
m&st (e some comm&nication %ap -"en comm&nicatin% certain information a(o&t t"e trainin% pro%ram !i#e T tar%et a&dience, timin%s, etc$ )"is occ&rred main!y (eca&seG t"ere -as no proper str&ct&re in cond&ctin% t"e trainin% pro%rams in Car! >eiss India Private Himited$
Statistica! Proof for Point T 9

P0ne 8actor AnovaQ -as done to verify point ,9 statistica!!y (et-een 5Parameter T 9, Parameter ,;6 B 5Parameter T ; B Parameter T <6$ *et-een Parameter T 9 and Parameter T ;
Null H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of first parameter 5)rainer Meetin% E+pectations6 "as an effect on t"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6$ Al(er+a(e H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of first parameter 5)rainer Meetin% E+pectations6 "as no effect on t"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6$
A'0VA d Source of )ariation *et-een Iro&ps Wit"in Iro&ps )ota! SS ?$?= L:L9 9J:$ L=<D 9J:$ J99D f $S ?$?= 9 L:L9 ; ?$D: LK ;=<9 ; L= F . 6 "' $ *+ value ?$LL ;==; F crit ".6' #72!
)"e o(served 8 va!&e 5?$?J<L?:6 is !ess t"an t"e 8 critica! Va!&e 5<$JL=D;96$ Hence, -e accept t"e n&!! "ypot"esis$ We can say -it" :=R confidence t"at meetin% t"e e+pectations o&t of one partic&!ar trainin% pro%ram is dependent on t"e trainin% content$
*et-een Parameter T ; and Parameter T <
Null H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6 "as an effect on t"e ratin% of t"ird parameter 5App!ica(i!ity of t"e trainin% to t"e tar%et a&dience6$ Al(er+a(e H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6 "as no effect on t"e ratin% of t"ird parameter 5App!ica(i!ity of t"e trainin% to t"e tar%et a&dience6$ A'0VA Source of )ariation *et-een Iro&ps Wit"in Iro&ps 9LJ$ )ota! =9 = Null H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6 "as an effect on t"e ratin% of sevent" parameter 5ParticipationNInteraction d&rin% t"e session6$ Al(er+a(e H03o(/es*s% )"e ratin% of second parameter 5)rainin% Content6 "as no effect on )"e o(served 8 va!&e 5?$?<KLD<6 is !ess t"an t"e 8 critica! Va!&e 5<$JL=D;96$ Hence, -e accept t"e n&!! "ypot"esis$ We can say -it" :=R confidence t"at t"e trainin% content "as an effect on -"et"er one trainin% pro%ram is app!ica(!e or not to t"e tar%et a&dience$
*et-een Parameter T ; and Parameter T L
SS ?$?; ;DK= K
df 9 ;L ;L
$S ?$?; ;DK= ?$D= 9K9K
F . " -'7"
*+ value ?$J= ;;<;
F crit ".6' #72!
t"e ratin% of sevent" parameter 5ParticipationNInteraction d&rin% t"e session6$ A'0VA Source of )ariation *et-een Iro&ps Wit"in Iro&ps )ota! SS ;$9L K?9J 9DD$ K9<< 9DJ$ =JL< df 9 ;L < ;L K )o red&ce t"is iss&e, one ,Single *oint of "ontact -S*."/0 "as to (e %iven t"e f&!! responsi(i!ity for maintainin%N&pdatin% t"e vendor data(ase at re%&!ar interva!s$ In ,*ull $ethodolog(0 t"e (&siness re1&ests for a partic&!ar pro%ram, and t"en t"e HnD team meets t"ose specific re1&irements$ A!ternative!y in ,*ush $ethodolog(0 t"e HnD team comes &p -it" certain mandatory trainin% pro%rams and t"ese pro%rams -i!! (e made mandatory for t"e emp!oyees to attend$ E+amp!e of p&s" met"odo!o%y in Car! >eiss at present is t"e ,Team Summit0$ Hence, %oin% for-ard t"e HnD team in Car! >eiss India s"o&!d &se (ot" t"ese met"odo!o%ies to drive t"e trainin% initiatives$ )"e entire trainin% process i$e$ trainin% needs identification, vendor identification, se!ection and eva!&ation, p&(!is"in% trainin% ca!endar 1&arter!y, re!easin% t"e trainin% man&a!, %ivin% feed(ac# and ana!y/in% t"e effectiveness of t"e trainin% pro%ram s"o&!d (e done contin&o&s!y in t"e or%ani/ation$ 0n!y t"en t"e trainin% initiatives and !earnin% process -i!! (ecome part of t"e c&!t&re for Car! >eiss India private !imited$ As many peop!e in t"e or%ani/ation -i!! (e (&sy -it" t"eir day,to,day activities, t"e HnD pro%rams or initiatives s"o&!d $S ;$9L K?9J ?$D? :=L; F ".#7 7-7*+ value ?$?D ??9J F crit ".6' #'-'
)"e o(served 8 va!&e 5<$=DDKDK6 is !ess t"an t"e 8 critica! Va!&e 5<$JL=LKL6$ Hence, -e accept t"e n&!! "ypot"esis$ We can say -it" :=R confidence t"at t"e trainin% content "as an effect on t"e participationNinteraction !eve!s of t"e participants d&rin% t"e trainin% session$
<*+2*+)s a+2 Co+.lus*o+ )"e !rai/i/# Frame0ork for Car! >eiss India -as deve!oped$ Hence, %oin% for-ard t"ere -i!! (e a systematic approac" for e+ec&tin% t"e )rainin% and Deve!opment activities$ )"e -//ual !rai/i/# Needs are %at"ered and ana!y/ed from t"e PAnn&a! Appraisa! ProcessQ and a!so d&rin% t"e severa! meetin%s -"ic" t"e HnD team "ad -it" t"e (&siness$ )"is "e!ps in savin% !ot of time and "e!ps in p&(!is"in% t"e !rai/i/# 8ale/dar -it" proper str&ct&re$ )o address t"is iss&e 9e/dor electio/ Form and 9e/dor :%aluatio/ Form "as (een deve!oped$ )"is -i!! ens&re a proper str&ct&re d&rin% t"e vendor meetin%s$ 0ne of t"e potentia! %aps identified as part of t"is ana!ysis is t"at t"e vendor data(ase is not &pdated re%&!ar!y and most of t"e information pertainin% to t"e vendors is stored in t"e emai!s of different emp!oyees -or#in% in Car! >eiss$
mar#eted -e!! in t"e or%ani/ation (y &sin% c"arts, (oards and mai!ers$ Emai!s s"o&!d (e sent across t"e or%ani/ation at re%&!ar interva!s emp"asi/in% t"e importance of eac" and every trainin% pro%ram$ <$
,*9l*o)ra3/0 9$ As"is" Ma!i#, Step"en *!&menfe!d 5;?9;6 PSi+ Si%ma, 1&a!ity mana%ement systems and t"e deve!opment of or%anisationa! !earnin% capa(i!ity7 Evidence from fo&r (&siness process o&tso&rcin% or%anisations in IndiaQ Internationa! Jo&rna! of S&a!ity B Re!ia(i!ity Mana%ement, ISS'7 ?;D=, DL9M, Vo!&me ;: iss&e 9, pp$ L9 , :9*on% C"oi 5;??D6 PSi+ Si%ma Mana%ement Activities and Corporate CompetitivenessQ , )ota! S&a!ity Mana%ement, Vo!$ 9L, 'o$ L, J:<T:99, Septem(er ;??D 2. Do&%!as C , Ji4& Antony, Anmo! Sin%" *"&!!er, Manees" &mar, epa
K$
=$
D$
Mendi(i!,5;?9;6$ PMont%omery App!ication of Si+ Si%ma DMAIC met"odo!o%y in a transactiona! environment Internationa! Jo&rna! of S&a!ity B Re!ia(i!ity Mana%ement, ISS'7 ?;D=,DL9M, Vo!&me ;: iss&e 9 , 5pp$ <9 , =<6 Preeprem 'ont"a!eera#, Hinda Hendry 5;??J6 VE+p!orin% t"e si+ si%ma p"enomenon &sin% m&!tip!e case st&dy evidenceV, Internationa! Jo&rna! of 0perations B Prod&ction Mana%ement, Vo!$ ;J Iss7 < pp$ ;L: T <?< Rona!d D$ Snee, 5;?9?6 VHean Si+ Si%ma T %ettin% (etter a!! t"e timeV, Internationa! Jo&rna! of Hean Si+ Si%ma, Vo!$ 9 Iss7 9, pp$: T ;: Ro%er W$ Hoer!, Mart"a M$ Iardner 5;?9?6 PHean Si+ Si%ma, creativity, and innovationQ, Internationa! Jo&rna! of Hean Si+ Si%ma , Vo!&me7 9 Iss&e7 9 Spector, R$ 5;??D6, PHo- constraints mana%ement en"ances !ean and si+ si%maQ, S&pp!y C"ain Mana%ement Revie-, Vo!$9? 'o$9, pp$K;,L$
On Family Businesses
By Nicolas Kachaner et al To many, the phrase " am!"y #$s!ness" connotes a sma"" or m!%s!&e% company '!th a "oca" oc$s an% a am!"!ar set o pro#"ems, s$ch as s($a##"es o)er s$ccess!on. *h!"e p"enty o mom-an%-pop !rms !t the %escr!pt!on, !t %oesn+t re "ect the po'er $" ro"e that am!"y-contro""e% enterpr!ses p"ay !n the 'or"% economy. ,ot on"y %o they !nc"$%e spra'"!ng corporat!ons s$ch as *a"Mart, -ams$ng, Tata .ro$p an% Porsche, #$t they acco$nt or more than 30/ o compan!es '!th sa"es !n e0cess o 11 #!""!on. 2on)ent!ona" '!s%om ho"%s that the $n!($e o'nersh!p str$ct$re o am!"y #$s!nesses g!)es them a "ong-term or!entat!on that tra%!t!ona" p$#"!c !rms o ten "ac3... *e comp!"e% a "!st o 149 p$#"!c"y tra%e%, am!"y-contro""e% #$s!nesses '!th re)en$es o more than 11 #!""!on. They 'ere #ase% !n the 4-, 2ana%a, 5rance, -pa!n, Port$ga", 6ta"y an% Me0!co. 7*e %!%n+t "oo3 at 8s!an compan!es #eca$se so many o them are am!"y contro""e% that !t+s %! !c$"t to !n% a s$!ta#"e compar!son gro$p.9 Then 'e ana"yse% the 'ays !n 'h!ch these compan!es 'ere manage% an% the!r per ormance. :$r res$"ts sho' that... 'hen the economy s"$mps, am!"y !rms ar o$tsh!ne the!r peers. 8n% rom 1997 to 2009, 'e o$n% that the a)erage "ong-term !nanc!a" per ormance 'as h!gher or am!"y #$s!nesses than or non- am!"y #$s!nesses !n e)ery co$ntry 'e e0am!ne%. March 2014-May2014 Page34 5 rom "What You Can Learn from Family Business".
OCCUPATIONAL ROLE STRESS% AN EJPLORATORY STUDY IN THE INDIAN PU,LIC SECTOR ,AN8S IN JAMSHEDPUR
PallaA* Sa/a0
Researc" Sc"o!ar Department of Commerce and *&siness Mana%ement o!"an University, C"ai(asa, J"ar#"and$ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO A9s(ra.( Stress Mana%ement is %ettin% more and more attention no-,a,days, partic&!ar!y in t"e financia! sectors$ )"ere is no s&c" t"in% !i#e stress, free 4o($ Everyone in t"eir -or# is e+posed to tension and an+iety as t"ey %ets t"ro&%" t"e d&ties assi%ned to t"em$ *an#in% ind&stry -"ic" is t"e (ac#(one of t"e co&ntry@s economy is not an e+ceptiona! one$ )"e 4o( nat&re of (an# emp!oyees is very tedio&s as it invo!ves t"e direct c&stomer interaction in a!! !eve!s$ So t"is st&dy aims to ana!yse t"e !eve! of stress faced (y (an# emp!oyees -"o are &nder different cate%ories from p&(!ic sectors (an#s -"ic" resides in Jams"edp&r$ I+(ro2u.(*o+ tress is a &niversa! e!ement and persons from near!y every -a!# of !ife "ave to face stress$ Stress can "ave ne%ative impacts on (ot" t"e emp!oyee and t"e or%ani/ation$ )"e st&dy descri(es t"e occ&pationa! stress in p&(!ic sector (an#s$$ Amon% different occ&pationa! stress varia(!es ro!e over !oad, ro!e a&t"ority, ro!e conf!ict and !ac# of senior !eve! s&pport contri(&te more to t"e occ&pationa! stress$ *an# emp!oyees cannot afford t"e time to re!a+ and V-ind do-nV -"en t"ey are faced -it" -or# variety, discrimination, favoritism, de!e%ation and conf!ictin% tas#s$ O..u3a(*o+al s(ress *+ Pu9l*. Se.(or ,a+@*+)% Accordin% to S"arma and Devi 5;?996, *an#s are amon% t"e top ten "i%" stress -or# p!aces in India$ *an#in% is one of t"e very important sectors in t"e Indian economy and P&(!ic Sector *an#s p!ay a (i% ro!e in t"e same$ Wit" amp!e st&dies s&%%estin% t"at ro!e stress "as an adverse effect on emp!oyee o&tp&t, t"is st&dy tries to e+p!ore t"e factors ca&sin% ro!e stress amon%st P&(!ic Sector *an# emp!oyees$ In Jams"edp&r a!so -or# stress amon% *an# emp!oyees of P&(!ic sector is nevert"e!ess "i%"$ *ased on conversations "ad -it" t"e *an# emp!oyees d&rin% my researc" -or# I fo&nd t"at t"ey "ave (een %oin% t"ro&%" severa! press&res from t"eir s&periors as -e!! as t"eir co!!ea%&es and competition from Private sector *an#s a!so$ Measures (o re2u.e s(ress a1o+) 9a+@ e13lo0ees Red&cin% Ro!e Erosion stress (y *&i!din% an 0r%ani/ationa! C&!t&re of Performance and
Acco&nta(i!ity7 A (asic pattern of s"ared ass&mptions, va!&es and (e!iefs t"at decide "oemp!oyees !oo# at peop!e and sit&ations is &nderstood as 0r%ani/ationa! C&!t&re$ )"e c&!t&re a!so decides "o- pro(!ems and opport&nities are !oo#ed at$ W"i!e t"ere is no denyin% t"at t"e P&(!ic Sector (an#s "ave ro(&st practices in p!ace and are poo!s of ta!ent, t"e -or# c&!t&re at t"e P&(!ic sector (an#s does not come across eit"er as c&stomer service andNor "i%" performance oriented$ )"e %enera! approac" to a certain tas# or a pro(!em does not seem very ent"&siastic or at a!! competitive$ At t"e *ranc" !eve!, c"asin% tar%ets seem to (e restin% most!y -it" t"e (ranc" mana%ers$ Even -it" )ec"no!o%y aided (an#in%, t"e e+ec&tives seem to (e too (&sy -it" ro&tine -or# and "ard!y "ave time to spend -it" c&stomers and esta(!is" a "ea!t"y rapport$ An or%ani/ation can (e ca!!ed effective -"en t"e or%ani/ationa! o(4ectives are interna!i/ed and met -it" passion (y a!! its emp!oyees$ W"i!e t"is passion or en%a%ement needs to (e deve!oped from -it"in it -i!! "ave to (e or%ani/ation driven to (e s&staina(!e$ In order to deve!op a c&!t&re of performance and acco&nta(i!ity, t"e PS*s -i!! need to open t-o -ay comm&nication c"anne!s, s"arin% concerns, c"a!!en%es and strate%ies, invo!ve its o-n emp!oyees and &nions in decision ma#in%$ Under t"e !eaders"ip of t"e senior mana%ement, t"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s need to (&i!d a stron% Performance 0riented Wor# C&!t&re and %ro-t" oriented deve!opment$ )"e ne- or%ani/ationa! c!imate -i!! c!arify a!! ro!es and t"&s a!so prevent stress d&e to conf!ictin% ro!e e+pectations$ C!ear and re%&!ar comm&nication -i!! foster in tr&st and (ondin% -it"in t"e or%ani/ation and remove t"e stress d&e to Ro!e Iso!ation$ W"i!e Ro!e Am(i%&ity "as t"e !o-est mean fi%&re as per t"e st&dy, it a!so "as t"e "i%"est varianceG "ence an improved or%ani/ationa! -or# c!imate can a!so "e!p in (rin%in% do-n Ro!e am(i%&ity$ Re2u.*+) I+(er Role D*s(a+.e s(ress 90 a.Bu*r*+) (/e r*)/( 3eo3le Accordin% to a report (y He!e 5*&siness Standard, ;??:6, ;?R of t"e L=?,??? PSU *an# emp!oyees retired in ;?99,9; and -it" t"e
po!icy of financia! inc!&sion, ne- (ranc"es opened across t"e co&ntry$ Wit" most of t"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s offerin% specia!i/ed services, s#i!!ed peop!e -i!! (e needed$ Ri%"t recr&itment and se!ection -i!! (e a(so!&te!y imperative for t"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s$ )"e searc" "as to (every foc&ssed and refined for t"e ri%"t #ind of peop!e$ )o %et into a P&(!ic Sector *an#, one needs to (e a %rad&ate Indian (et-een ;9 to ;J years of a%e$ 0ne "as to ta#e a t-o "o&rs -ritten test c"ec#in% t"e compre"ension and e+pression a(i!ity of t"e candidate$ )"e -ritten e+am is fo!!o-ed (y an intervieassessin% t"e persona!ity, inte!!i%ence, a!ertness and s&ita(i!ity of a candidate$ )"e s#i!!s are very %eneric -"ic" "ave !itt!e re!evance to t"e rea! 4o( t"at sN"e -i!! (e performin% in t"e (an# if se!ected$ 0n t"e ot"er "and, some of t"e !eadin% Private (an#s !i#e I'I Vysya *an#, Ind&sInd, ICICI,A+is *an# !ist o&t c!ear Jo( specifications !i#e Irad&ates -it" 8inancia! *ac#%ro&nd or M*As -it" 8inance specia!isation, and are savvy -it" Capita! Mar#ets, Investment prod&cts etc$ Soft s#i!!s inc!&de Headers"ip s#i!!s, service orientation, tar%et oriented approac", res&!t orientation etc$ )"e positions avai!a(!e are a!so very specific s&c" as Re!ations"ip Mana%ers T Wea!t", Emer%in% Corporates, C&stomer Services, and Credit Ana!yst etc$ *y (ein% specific in t"e recr&itment and se!ection process itse!f, t"e Private sector (an#s stand a (etter c"ance in attractin% t"e peop!e -it" t"e ri%"t s#i!!s and mindset$ )"is in t&rn 1&ic#ens t"e emp!oyees. !earnin% c&rve and t"ey are 4o( ready in no time$ Additiona!!y (eca&se t"ere is "eavy re!iance on t"e Information )ec"no!o%y and !ot of ro&tine 4o(s "as (een a&tomated, Private Sector (an#s do not "ave t"e concept of c!er#s anymore$ Everyone is an officer and "as a specific ro!e t"an of 4&st a s&pport staff$ 0n t"e ot"er "and, P&(!ic Sector *an#s sti!! recr&it peop!e in t"e c!erica! cadre in !ar%e n&m(ers$ Pertinent to 1&ote "ere is a -or#in% paper (y Das, Ray and 'a% 5;??=6 -"ere t"e !a(o&r T &se efficiency in a !ar%e p&(!ic sector *an# -as !oo#ed at$ )"e st&dy fo&nd t"at invaria(!y t"e efficient (ranc"es "ad more n&m(er of officers t"an c!er#s and vice versa$
)"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s -i!! need to invest strate%ica!!y in t"eir "&man reso&rce and provide appropriate trainin%$ )"e core competencies re1&ired in today@s (&siness environment s"o&!d (e identified and t"e s#i!! %aps p!&%%ed 1&ic#!y eno&%" so t"at t"e ta!ent poo! can contin&e to remain prod&ctive as -e!! as competitive$ )rainin% s"o&!d a!so aim at deve!opin% f!e+i(i!ity at -or# to adapt to c"an%in% (&siness practices, m&!tis#i!!in% and cross c&!t&ra! s#i!!s$ Mer%ers, ac1&isitions, o&tso&rcin%, reen%ineerin%, do-nsi/in% etc$in t"e (an#in% sector are t"e common practices t"at are !i#e!y to emer%e in t"e times to come$ )"e s#i!! sets s"o&!d prepare t"e emp!oyees to operate in a %!o(a! environment and deve!op an internationa! perspective$ W"en t"e PS*s recr&it t"e ri%"t #ind of peop!e in terms of s#i!!s and a(i!ities, t"ey -i!! a!so (e in a (etter position to (a!ance a n&m(er of ro!es t"at t"ey are re1&ired to p!ay$ <*+2*+)s% )"e findin%s indicate t"at severa! c"an%es "ave "appened in t"e (&siness environment d&e to -"ic" t"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s "ave "ad to a!ter t"eir prod&ct !ines, c&stomer foc&s, -or# systems, (&siness o(4ectives and (&siness strate%ies$ *&t nat&ra!!y, t"e emp!oyees "ave "ad to adapt to t"e -or#p!ace c"an%es -"ic" "ave ca&sed specific types of stress amon% emp!oyees$ )"e st&dy s&%%ests t"at e+terna!!y t"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s m&st conscio&s!y -or# on reinventin% t"eir (rand ima%e and pro4ect t"emse!ves as tec"nica!!y so&nd and professiona! p!ayers -it" s#i!!ed manpo-er$ Interna!!y t"ere s"o&!d (e a s"ared vision amon% a!! emp!oyees to (ecome more professiona!,
more competitive and more efficient$ )"e PS*s m&st invo!ve its emp!oyees in t"e decision ma#in% process and a!so critica!!y revie- t"eir HR po!icies and practices$ )"e Manpo-er P!annin% and recr&itments s"o&!d foc&s on attractin%, retainin% and deve!opin% ta!ent in !ine -it" t"e c&rrent demands of t"e (&siness environment$ PS*s s"o&!d a!so aim at red&cin% ro&tine -or# (&rden on its emp!oyees and foc&s on increasin% or%ani/ationa! efficiency t"ro&%" proper trainin% on commercia! s#i!!s re1&ired of t"em no- in t"e c"an%ed (&siness environment$
,*9l*o)ra3/0 P Re5ere+.es% 9$ A!da% R$J$, *arr S$H$, and *rief A$P$ 59:J96 Meas&rement of perceived tas# c"aracteristics$ Psyc"o!o%ica! *&!!etin ;$ "ttp7NN---$artic!ecity$comNartic!esNse!fFimp rovementFandFmotivationNartic!eFLK;:$s"t m! <$ Anderson R$ 5;??<6$ Stress at -or#7 t"e c&rrent perspective$ )"e Jo&rna! of t"e Roya! Society for t"e Promotion of Hea!t", 9;<G J K$ Anderson E$S$, Coffe y S$*$, B *yer! y )$R$ 5;??;6$ 8orma! 0r%ani/ationa! Initiatives and Informa! Wor#p!ace Practices7 Hin#s to Wor#,8ami!y Conf!ict and Jo(,Re!ated 0&tcomes$ =$ Paree# , Udai B )$V Rao 59:J96$Desi%nin% and Mana%in% H&man Reso&rce Systems,0+ford BI*H,'e- De!"i$
Mas(er D*+a+a(/
In a fi%"t -it" a ma4or company, a frai! JK,year,o!d retired "eadmaster -o&!d seem to (e t"e David to India@s p&(!is"in% Io!iat", Pen%&in *oo#s India$ Headmaster, Dinanat" *atra, ac"ieved t"e cro-nin% victory of "is career as a ri%"t,-in% campai%ner, -"en a !a-s&it "e "ad fi!ed prompted Pen%&in to -it"dra- and destroy remainin% copies of a sc"o!ar!y -or# on Hind&ism (y an American professor t"at Mr$ *atra "as ca!!ed Pma!icio&s,Q PdirtyQ and Pperverse$Q *&t no- many sc"o!ars and inte!!ect&a!s are -orried t"at an ideo!o%ica! s"ift is on its -ay$ Past Hind& nationa!ist %overnments "ave (een mar#ed (y (att!es over re!i%ion and "istory$ Artists tac#!in% re!i%io&s t"emes "ave (een tar%eted (y frin%e %ro&ps, sometimes -it" a t"reat of vio!ence attac"ed$ March 2014-May2014 Wendy Doni%er@s P)"e Hind&s7 An A!ternative History,Q -as re!eased five years a%o in India and t"e Page37 United States$ In ;?9?, Mr$ *atra fi!ed a !e%a! notice to t"e p&(!is"in% "o&se, c"ar%in% t"at t"e (oo# -as P-ritten -it" a C"ristian missionary /ea! and "idden a%enda to deni%rate Hind&s and s"o- t"eir re!i%ion in poor !i%"t$Q
DOMEN ENTREPRENUERSHIP, A CASE STUDY O< MAHA,U,NAGAR DISTRICT

Dr.Y. Ja/a+)*r
Assistant Professor Department of *&siness Mana%ement 0smania University, Hydera(ad A9s(ra.( )"e paper presented "ere is a case st&dy of *anian Man&fact&rin% (y Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am, Mani#onda vi!!a%e in oi!#onda manda! Ma"a(&(na%ar$ )"e Researc" met"odo!o%y adopted for st&dy is persona! Intervie-$ )"e researc"er "as verified t"e mac"inery and acco&nts of t"e %ro&p and ta#en t"e vie-s of ot"er %ro&p mem(ers for t"e st&d$
I+(ro2u.(*o+ omen entreprene&rs"ip "as (een reco%nised as an important so&rce of economic %ro-t"$ Women entreprene&rs create ne- 4o(s for t"emse!ves and ot"ers and a!so provide society -it" different so!&tions to mana%ement, or%anisation and (&siness pro(!ems$ Ho-ever, t"ey sti!! represent a minority of a!! entreprene&rs$ Women entreprene&rs often face %ender,(ased (arriers to startin% and %ro-in% t"eir (&sinesses, !i#e discriminatory property, matrimonia! and in"eritance !a-s andNor c&!t&ra! practicesG !ac# of access to forma! finance mec"anismsG !imited
mo(i!ity and access to information and net-or#s, etc$ Women@s entreprene&rs"ip can ma#e a partic&!ar!y stron% contri(&tion to t"e economic -e!!,(ein% of t"e fami!y and comm&nities, poverty red&ction and -omen@s empo-erment, t"&s contri(&tin% to t"e Mi!!enni&m Deve!opment Ioa!s 5MDIs6$ )"&s, %overnments across t"e -or!d as -e!! as vario&s deve!opmenta! or%ani/ations are active!y &nderta#in% promotion of -omen entreprene&rs t"ro&%" vario&s sc"emes, incentives and promotiona! meas&res$ Women entreprene&rs in t"e fo&r so&t"ern states and Ma"aras"tra acco&nt for over =?R of a!! -omen,!ed sma!!,sca!e ind&stria! &nits in India$ In India, t"e Micro, Sma!! B Medi&m Enterprises deve!opment or%anisations, vario&s State Sma!! Ind&stries Deve!opment Corporations, t"e 'ationa!ised (an#s and even 'I0s are cond&ctin% vario&s pro%rammes inc!&din% Entreprene&rs"ip Deve!opment Pro%rammes 5EDPs6 to cater to t"e needs of potentia! -omen entreprene&rs, -"o may not
"ave ade1&ate ed&cationa! (ac#%ro&nd and s#i!!s$ )"e 0ffice of DC 5MSME6 "as a!so opened a Women Ce!! to provide coordination and assistance to -omen entreprene&rs facin% specific pro(!ems$ )"ere are a!so severa! ot"er sc"emes of t"e %overnment at centra! and state !eve!, -"ic" provide assistance for settin% &p trainin%,c&m,income %eneratin% activities for needy -omen to ma#e t"em economica!!y independent$ Sma!! Ind&stries Deve!opment *an# of India 5SID*I6 "as a!so (een imp!ementin% specia! sc"emes for -omen entreprene&rs$ In addition to t"e specia! sc"emes for -omen entreprene&rs, vario&s %overnment sc"emes for MSMEs a!so provide certain specia! incentives and concessions for -omen entreprene&rs$ 8or instance, &nder Pr*1e Minister@s Ro/%ar Uo4ana 5PMRU6, preference is %iven to -omen (eneficiaries$ )"e %overnment "as a!so made severa! re!a+ations for -omen to faci!itate t"e participation of -omen (eneficiaries in t"is sc"eme$ Simi!ar!y, &nder t"e MSE C!&ster Deve!opment Pro%ramme (y Ministry of MSME, t"e contri(&tion from t"e Ministry of MSME varies (et-een <?,J?R of t"e tota! pro4ect in case of "ard intervention, (&t in t"e case of c!&sters o-ned and mana%ed (y -omen entreprene&rs, contri(&tion of t"e MNo MSME co&!d (e &pto :?R of t"e pro4ect cost$ Simi!ar!y, &nder t"e Credit I&arantee 8&nd Sc"eme for Micro and Sma!! Enterprises, t"e %&arantee cover is %enera!!y avai!a(!e &pto L=R of t"e !oans e+tendedG "o-ever t"e e+tent of %&arantee cover is J?R for MSEs operated andN or o-ned (y -omen$ )"e efforts of %overnment and its different a%encies are s&pp!emented (y 'I0s and associations t"at are p!ayin% an e1&a!!y important ro!e in faci!itatin% -omen empo-erment$ De(a*ls o5 Do1e+ E+(re3re+eur Asso.*a(*o+s *+ I+2*a 8ederation of Indian Women Entreprene&rs 58IWE6 Consorti&m of Women Entreprene&rs5CWEI6 Association of Hady Entreprene&rs of And"ra Prades"
Association of Women Entreprene&rs of arnata#a 5AWA E6 Se!f,Emp!oyed Women.s Association 5SEWA6 Women Entreprene&rs Association of )ami! 'ad& 5WEA)6 Women Entreprene&rs Association of )ami! 'ad& 5WEA)6
T*3s 5or Do1e+ E+(re3re+eurs Start a (&siness t"at -or#s for yo& and yo&r persona! !ife Researc" t"e prod&ctN service Assess t"e mar#et Start (&siness -it" ade1&ate f&nds Do net-or#in% Cons&!t -it" professiona!s !. Rural Do1e+ (ur+e2 *+(o S1all E+(re3re+eurs% )"e Case of *anian Man&fact&rin% (y Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am, Mani#onda vi!!a%e in oi!#onda manda! Ma"a(&(na%ar District$ )"e case of Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am &nderta#in% *anian man&fact&rin% in Mani#onda vi!!a%e !ocated at a(o&t 9D m from t"e district "ead1&arters demonstrates "os&ccessf&! t"e r&ra! -omen co&!d (e as sma!! entreprene&rs if necessary trainin% and credit are provided to t"em a!on% -it" some %&idance and enco&ra%ement$ Grou3 <or1a(*o+ a+2 <u+.(*o+*+)% )"e mem(ers of Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am ori%ina!!y (e!on%ed to different SHIs formed as !on% (ac# as 9::= &nder t"e DWCRA pro%ramme, d&e to t"e faci!itation of a 'I0 ca!!ed Adars" and inspired (y a!a4at"a performances$ )"ey -ere part of a (atc" of =? mem(ers -"o -ere provided trainin% in tai!orin% activity d&rin% 9::L,:J, as a res&!t of -"ic" some of t"em too# to tai!orin% as a s&(sidiary occ&pation$ )en mem(ers -"o -ere trained in tai!orin% came to%et"er and formed into a SHI ca!!ed Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am in t"e year ;??9$ Hater, t"ey -ere provided
trainin% in *anian ma#in%, as a part of a (atc" of K? mem(ers, &nder )RUSEM pro%ramme at t"e ))DC, Ma"a(oo(na%ar for a(o&t t"ree mont"s d&rin% ;??9,?;$ A!! t"e mem(ers of Sivasai Ma"i!a San%"am possessed &nirri%ated a%ric&!t&ra! !and ran%in% (et-een one and t-o acres and &sed to en%a%e in tai!orin% activity, (esides !oo#in% after t"eir o-n a%ric&!t&re, -it" some -or#in% as a%ric&!t&ra! !a(o&rers, to s&pport t"eir "o&se"o!d income$ 0&t of ten mem(ers, seven (e!on%ed to *Cs and t"ree to ot"er castes$ Si+ mem(ers "ad some ed&cation ran%in% (et-een = t" and :t" c!ass and one mem(er st&dyin% in t"e fina! year of a %rad&ation co&rse, -"i!e t"ree mem(ers -ere i!!iterate$ )"ey -ere a!! a%ed (et-een ;? and K? years$ )"ey met once in a mont" and contri(&ted savin%s at t"e rate of Rs$<? per mont"$ )"eir SHI is a mem(er of )ir&ma!a V0 in t"e vi!!a%e, formed d&e to faci!itation (y Adars" and comprisin% <K SHIs in a!!$ Eac" %ro&p "as a fi+ed deposit of Rs$=??? -it" t"e V0 and contri(&tes Rs$9?? to-ards savin%s at t"e V0 !eve!, -"ic" is in addition to t"e individ&a! savin%s at t"e %ro&p !eve!$ It is pertinent to note t"at t"e !eader of t"e SHI &nder reference a!so "appens to (e t"e !eader of t"e V0$ Eac" SHI in t"e V0 -as %iven a !oan of Rs$L=??? a(o&t t-o years (ac#$ )"e rate of interest per ann&m -as 9J per cent per ann&m, red&ced to 9; per cent at present$ I+*(*a(*o+ *+(o ,a+*a+ Ma@*+) a+2 ProA*s*o+ o5 ,a+@ Cre2*(% D&rin% t"e trainin% in (anian ma#in% cond&cted d&rin% ;??9,?;, t"ey co&!d pic# &p t"e s#i!!s -it" m&c" ease as t"ey possessed ri%"t aptit&de for t"e tas# on acco&nt of t"eir fami!iarity -it" tai!orin% activity ear!ier$ 'oticin% t"eir ent"&siasm, t"e t"en Pro4ect Director of t"e DRDA provided t"em an opport&nity to ma#e &se of t"e same mac"ine on -"ic" t"ey -ere %iven trainin% to ma#e (anians$ )-o of t"em visited )irp&r in )ami! 'ad& -it" t"e "e!p of a trainer -"o provided t"em trainin% in (anian ma#in%, p&rc"ased c!ot" -ort" Rs$<???? and t"e %ro&p co&!d ma#e t"e (anians s&ccessf&!!y, -"ic" -ere so!d in t"e retai! mar#et at different p!aces$ *&t, t"e %ro&p co&!d
not start t"eir o-n &nit for -ant of financia! assistance &nti! May ;??= -"en t"ey -ere sanctioned a !oan of Rs$< !a#" inc!&din% a s&(sidy of Rs$9 !a#" &nder t"e SISU pro%ramme of t"e %overnment$ <u+.(*o+*+) o5 (/e ,a+*a+&1a@*+) u+*( % Wit" t"e SISU !oan, t"e %ro&p co&!d p&rc"ase t"e re1&ired mac"ines at a cost of a(o&t Rs$9$; !a#", c!ot" -ort" Rs$J???? and ot"er materia!sN e1&ipment s&c" as ta(!es, (o+es, etc$, from )irp&r in )ami! 'ad&$ )"ey operated t"e (anian ma#in% &nit in a rented "o&se (y payin% a rent of Rs$;?? per mont"$ )"e e!ectricity c"ar%es for t"e &nit come to a(o&t Rs$K?? to Rs$=?? per mont"$ )"ey se!ected t"e (rand name of .SS *"ima. for t"e (anians prod&ced (y t"em$ )"ey se!! t"e (anians at retai! prices at vario&s p!aces s&c" as t"e District Co!!ector.s office canteen, %overnment offices and (an#s$ )"ey a!so se!! t"eir prod&cts at t"e Adars" Ma"i!a Reso&rce Centre, Moosapet and t"e e+"i(ition at Hydera(ad$ )"e &nit "as (een f&nctionin% 1&ite s&ccessf&!!y$ )"ey p&rc"ased c!ot" in s&(se1&ent p"ases at a cost of Rs$<;???, Rs$9J???, Rs$9D??? and Rs$:??? so far from )irp&r, and ordered for c!ot" at a cost of Rs$9D???$ )"eir ann&a! t&rnover -or#ed o&t to a(o&t Rs$ 9$L !a#"$ Re%ardin% t"e main constraints enco&ntered in t"e trade, t"ey fe!t t"at apart from inade1&ate finance to-ards -or#in% capita! re1&irements, irre%&!ar e!ectricity s&pp!y is impedin% t"eir prod&ction$ )"ey "ave to %o to different p!aces to se!! t"eir prod&cts$ )o overcome t"e pro(!ems in mar#etin%, t"ey are p!annin% to open a sta!! in t"e DWCRA (&i!din% at Ma"a(oo(na%ar at -"ic" t"ey co&!d open t"eir retai! co&nter on a re%&!ar (asis$
Re3a01e+( o5 ,a+@ Loa+% After meetin% t"e e+penses to-ards rent and e!ectricity c"ar%es and distri(&tin% t"e minim&m -a%es amon% t"emse!ves for t"e n&m(er of days -or#ed per mont", t"ey repaid t"e (an# !oan at t"e rate of Rs$=??? per mont" on a re%&!ar (asis$ So far, t"ey co&!d repay to t"e t&ne of Rs$J????
inc!&din% interest and t"e !oan o&tstandin% stood at Rs$;KL=<; as on Decem(er ;?, ;??D$In t"e year ;??L t"ey -ere a(!e pay Rs$D?,???N, o&tstandin% remained9,JL,=<;N, Accordin% to %ro&p !eader information t"ey "ave c!eared a!! de(ts (y t"e end of ;?9?$ I13a.(% )"e man&fact&rin% of (anians "as certain!y contri(&ted to some addition to t"eir "o&se"o!d income in t"e sense t"at t"ey co&!d %et %ainf&! emp!oyment -it"o&t movin% from t"eir vi!!a%e, res&!tin% in a s"ift from t"eir ear!ier activity of a%ric&!t&ra! !a(o&r and tai!orin% in some cases$ It "as a!so increased t"e se!f,confidence of mem(ers and (oosted t"eir se!f,esteem to some e+tent$ )"ey co&!d no- interact -it" t"e stran%ers, meet t"e officia!s to %et t"e orders and mar#et t"eir prod&cts -it" m&c" ease$ )"ey co&!d no- pro&d!y proc!aim t"emse!ves as sma!! entreprene&rs -"o co&!d s&cceed in t"eir co!!ective vent&re and stand as a mode! to ot"er r&ra! -omen interested to p&rs&e s&c" activities$ Su..ess <a.(ors% )"e s&ccess factors (e"ind t"is co!!ective vent&re inc!&de ri%"t aptit&de for t"e tas#, ade1&ate trainin%, %&idance to p&rc"ase t"e necessary e1&ipment and ra- materia!, provision of credit, enco&ra%ement of t"e officia!s, and so&nd !eaders"ip$ A(ove a!!, t"e %ro&p co"esiveness and so!idarity and t"eir se!f, mana%ement s#i!!s contri(&ted to t"e s&ccess of t"is %ro&p activity$ CONCLUSION Woman entreprene&rs"ip "as (een "as (een %ro-in% in India$ Women entreprene&rs create ne- 4o(s for t"emse!ves and ot"ers and a!so provide society -it" different so!&tions to mana%ement, or%ani/ation and (&siness pro(!ems$ Ho-ever, t"ey sti!! represent a minority of a!! entreprene&rs$ Women entreprene&rs often face %ender,(ased (arriers to
startin% and %ro-in% t"eir (&sinesses, !i#e discriminatory property, matrimonia! and in"eritance$ 0r%ani/ations are active!y &nderta#in% promotion of -omen entreprene&rs t"ro&%" vario&s sc"emes, incentives and promotiona! meas&res$ In India, t"e Micro, Sma!! and Medi&m Enterprises deve!opment or%anisations, vario&s State Sma!! Ind&stries Deve!opment Corporations, t"e 'ationa!ised (an#s and even 'I0s are cond&ctin% vario&s pro%rammes inc!&din% Entreprene&rs"ip Deve!opment Pro%rammes 5EDPs6 to cater to t"e needs of potentia! -omen entreprene&rs, -"o may not "ave ade1&ate ed&cationa! (ac#%ro&nd and s#i!!s$ In spite of diffic&!ties, t"e -omen proved t"eir meta! and s&ccess in t"e a(ove mentioned case$ Re5ere+.es% 9$ Vasant" Desai, Entreprene&rs"ip and Deve!opment,H P H, ;??J$ ;$ an#an, Entreprene&rs"ip and Deve!opment, S$C"and Company, ;??L$ <$ Us"arao,'$J$7 Women in a Deve!opin% Society, P&(!is"ed (y As"is" P&(!is"in% Ho&se$'e- De!"i 9::<$ K$ S"e4-a!#ar P$C$Entreprene&rs"ip Ameya, Pra#as"an, P&ne, 9::D$ =$ Sood, S$ ,Arora Ren&, PWomen Entreprene&rsQ, f&ndamenta!s of Entreprene&rs"ip B Sma!! *&siness$ D$ D"ame4aS$ 5;??;6 Women Entreprene&rs, 0pport&nity ,Performance, Pro(!ems,Deep P&(!ications5P6 Htd$ 'eDe!"i$ L$ S"arma S"eeta! 5;??D6 PEd&cated Women, Po-ered WomenQ Uo4ana Vo!&me =?$ J$ District Information Centre 5DIC6, Ma"a(&(na%ar District, And"ra Prades", India
NED ,OO8S
Author Title Sub-Title Pages Edition MRP
: Gladson Dungdung : Whose country is it anyway Untold stories of the Indigenous peoples of : India : 280 : 2013
200.00
The book describes how the Adivasis were discriminated after the Aryan invasion, their plight during the British rule and their condition after formation of States like Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh. t shows how they continue to be e!ploited, alienated, displaced, and brutally killed in their own country despite having laws and policies in favour of them.
INDIAN <INANCIAL SECTOR IN THE LI,ERAL SCENARIO% AN APPRAISAL DITH RE<ERENCE TO ,AN8ING INDUSTRY
Ta1al ,asu
Assistant Professor, Dept$ 0f Commerce, Pra("at &mar Co!!e%e, P&r(a Medinip&r, West *en%a!$ ,
Dr. Su2*3(a G/os/

Assistant Professor, Dept$ 0f Commerce, Pra("at &mar Co!!e%e, P&r(a Medinip&r, West *en%a!$
Lal*( 8u1ar Jos/*

Hect&rer, Dept$ of Commerce, )"e *"a-anip&r Ed&cation Society Co!!e%e, o!#ata, West *en%a!$ A9s(ra.( )"e Indian financia! system comprises a set of financia! instit&tions, financia! mar#ets and financia! infrastr&ct&re$ D&rin% t"e pre,reform p"ase, t"e financia! system in India performed reasona(!y -e!! in c"ana!i/in% reso&rces from t"e s&rp!&s to deficit sectors$ *&t its operations come to (e mar#ed (y some serio&s deficiencies over t"e years -"en t"e (an#in% sector s&ffered from !ac# of competition, !o- capita! (ase, !oprod&ctivity and "i%" intermediation cost$ In t"is (ac#drop, vario&s financia! sector reforms
-ere introd&ced in India in ear!y 9::?s -it" a vie- to create efficient and sta(!e financia! instit&tions and mar#ets$ In respect of (an#s, ma4or efforts -ere &nderta#en to simp!ify t"e administered str&ct&re of interest rate, stren%t"enin% capita! (ase, pr&dentia! norms and red&ction of pre,emption of (an#s reso&rces$ )"e financia! sector ac"ieved efficiency and sta(i!ity (y t"e com(ined effect of competition, re%&!atory meas&res and po!icy environment, -"i!e competition, conso!idation and conver%ence "ave (een reco%ni/ed as t"e #ey drivers of (an#in% sectors in t"e comin% years$ Conso!idation, competition and ris# mana%ement are no do&(t vita! to t"e f&t&re of Indian (an#in% ind&stry, (&t %overnance "as a!so emer%ed as t"e #ey iss&e for t"e Indian financia! system$ 8e0 Dor2s% <*+a+.*al S0s(e1? CRAR? NPAs.
9$ ,a.@)rou+2 fter t"e t-o ma4or pro(!ems invo!vin% t"e (a!ance of payments crisis and t"reat of inso!vency confrontin% t"e (an#in% system, t"e Indian financia! sector after 9::9 "ad &nder%one a sea c"an%e (y -ay of severa! reform meas&res introd&ced in t"e said sector$ In t"e a(ove (ac#drop, an attempt "as (een made in t"is paper to appraise t"e Indian financia! sector -it" reference to (an#in% ind&stry in t"e !i(era! scenario$
2. I+2*a+ <*+a+.*al S0s(e1 A S0+o3(*. OAerA*e: )"e Indian financia! system comprises a set of financia! instit&tions, financia! mar#ets and financia! infrastr&ct&re$ )"e financia! instit&tions main!y consist of commercia! and co,operative (an#s, Re%iona! R&ra! *an#s 5RR*s6, A!!,India 8inancia! Instit&tions 5AI8Is6 and 'on,*an#in% 8inancia! Companies 5'*8Cs6$ )"e (an#in% sector -"ic" forms t"e (edroc# of t"e Indian financia! system fa!!s &nder t"e re%&!atory am(it of t"e Reserve *an# of India &nder t"e provisions of t"e *an#in% Re%&!ation Act, 9:K: and t"e Reserve *an# of
India Act, 9:<K$ )"e financia! mar#et in India comprises t"e money mar#et, t"e Iovernment sec&rities mar#et, t"e forei%n e+c"an%e mar#et and t"e capita! mar#et$ )"e Sc"ed&!ed Commercia! *an#s 5SC*s6 occ&py a predominant position in t"e financia! system acco&ntin% for aro&nd t"ree fo&rt"s of t"e tota! assets in t"e financia! system$ )"e P&(!ic Sector *an#s 5PS*s6, consistin% of ei%"t (an#s in t"e State *an# %ro&p and 9: nationa!i/ed (an#s constit&te a!most t"ree fo&rt"s of t"e tota! assets of SC*s, -"i!e t"e private sector (an#s, <? in n&m(er, constit&te !ess t"an one,fift" of t"e tota! assets$ )"e << forei%n (an#s operatin% in India acco&nt for a(o&t D,L per cent of t"e assets of SC*s$ )"e 9:D RR*s p!ay a critica! ro!e in e+tendin% credit to t"e poorer section of t"e r&ra! society$ )"e o-ners"ip of RR*s 4oint!y vests -it" t"e Centra! Iovernment, t"e State Iovernments and t"e sponsor (an#s$ )"e co,operative (an#in% system, -it" t-o (road se%ments of &r(an and r&ra! co,operatives, forms an inte%ra! part of t"e Indian financia! system, -"i!e t"e &r(an co, operative (an#in% system "as a sin%!e tier comprisin% t"e Primary Co,operative *an#s 5common!y #no-n as Ur(an Co,operative *an#s T UC*s6$ )"e r&ra! co,operative credit system is divided into !on%,term and s"ort,term co,operative credit instit&tions -"ic" "ave a m&!ti,tier str&ct&re$ )"e term,!endin% instit&tions are most!y Iovernment,o-ned and "ave (een t"e traditiona! providers of !on%,term pro4ect !oans$ 'on,*an#in% 8inancia! Companies 5'*8Cs6 encompass an e+treme!y "etero%eneo&s %ro&p of intermediaries and provide a %am&t of financia! services$ ". <*+a+.*al Se.(or Pre Re5or1 P/ase Unti! t"e ear!y 9::?s, t"e ro!e of t"e financia! system in India -as primari!y restricted to t"e f&nction of c"anne!in% reso&rces from t"e s&rp!&s to deficit sectors$ A!t"o&%", t"e financia! system performed t"is ro!e reasona(!y -e!!, its operations came to (e mar#ed (y some serio&s deficiencies over t"e years$ )"e (an#in% sector s&ffered from !ac# of competition, !o- capita! (ase, !o- prod&ctivity and "i%" intermediation cost$ After nationa!i/ation of !ar%e (an#s in t"e year 9:D: and a%ain in t"e year 9:J?, t"e
Iovernment,o-ned (an#s dominated t"e (an#in% sector$ )"e ro!e of tec"no!o%y -as minima! and t"e 1&a!ity of service -as not %iven ade1&ate importance$ *an#s a!so did not fo!!oproper ris# mana%ement systems and t"e pr&dentia! standards -ere -ea#$ A!! t"ese res&!ted in poor asset 1&a!ity and !oprofita(i!ity$ In t"e ins&rance sector, t"ere -as !itt!e competition$ )"e m&t&a! f&nd ind&stry a!so s&ffered from !ac# of competition and -as dominated for !on% (y one instit&tion, vi/$, t"e Unit )r&st of India$ 'on,*an#in% 8inancia! Companies 5'*8Cs6 %re- rapid!y, (&t t"ere -as no re%&!ation of t"eir asset side$ 8inancia! mar#ets -ere c"aracteri/ed (y contro! over pricin% of financia! assets, (arriers to entry, "i%" transaction costs and restrictions on movement of f&ndsNparticipants (et-een t"e mar#et se%ments$ -. <*+a+.*al Se.(or Re5or1s *+ I+2*a )"e -ide,ran%in% financia! sector reforms in India -ere introd&ced as an inte%ra! part of t"e economic reforms initiated in t"e ear!y 9::?s -it" a vie- to improvin% t"e macro economic performance of t"e economy$ )"e reforms in t"e financia! sector foc&sed on creatin% efficient and sta(!e financia! instit&tions and mar#ets$ Persistent efforts "ave (een made to-ards adoption of internationa! (enc"mar#s as appropriate to Indian conditions$ )"e deve!opments "ave so far (ro&%"t t"e Indian financia! system c!oser to %!o(a! standards$ )"e reforms re!atin% to interest re%ime constit&te an inte%ra! part of t"e financia! sector reforms$ Wit" t"e onset of financia! sector reforms, t"e interest rate re%ime "as (een !ar%e!y dere%&!ated -it" a vie- to-ards (etter price discovery and efficient reso&rce a!!ocation$ In respect of (an#s, a ma4or effort -as &nderta#en to simp!ify t"e administered str&ct&re of interest rates$ *an#s no- "ave s&fficient f!e+i(i!ity to decide t"eir deposit and !endin% rate str&ct&res and mana%e t"eir assets and !ia(i!ities accordin%!y$ As a part of t"e reforms pro%ramme, d&e attention "as (een %iven to diversification of o-ners"ip !eadin% to %reater mar#et acco&nta(i!ity and improved efficiency$ Wit" a vie- to en"ancin% efficiency and prod&ctivity t"ro&%" competition, %&ide!ines -ere !aid do-n for esta(!is"ment of
ne- (an#s in t"e private sector and t"e forei%n (an#s "ave (een a!!o-ed more !i(era! entry$ As a part of t"e financia! sector reforms, t"e re%&!atory frame-or# and s&pervisory practices "ave a!most conver%ed -it" t"e (est practices e!se-"ere in t"e -or!d$ )"e minim&m Capita! to Ris# Assets Ratio 5CRAR6 "as (een #ept at :R -"ic" is one percenta%e point a(ove t"e internationa! normG and additiona!!y, (an#s are re1&ired to maintain a separate Investment 8!&ct&ation Reserve 5I8R6 o&t of profits, to-ards interest rate ris#$ )"e re%&!atory frame-or# in India, in addition to prescri(in% pr&dentia! %&ide!ines and enco&ra%in% mar#et discip!ine, is increasin%!y foc&sin% on ens&rin% %ood %overnance t"ro&%" Vfit and properV o-ners, directors and senior mana%ers of t"e (an#s$ 0ver t"e !ast fe- years, severa! po!icy initiatives &nderta#en in t"e form of recapita!i/ation of t"e -ea# RR*s, dere%&!ation of deposits and !endin% rates and re!a+ation to !end to non,tar%et %ro&ps, "ave improved t"eir operationa! efficiency, %overnance and re%&!ation and (ro&%"t t"em a!most at par -it" t"e r&ra! (ranc"es of commercia! (an#s$ )"e Reserve *an# of India "as adopted a ca&tio&s approac" re%ardin% %rantin% !icenses for ne(an#s and (ranc"es of Ur(an Co,operative *an#s 5UC*s6, -"i!e foc&sin% on conso!idation -it"in t"e sector t"ro&%" mer%ers and ama!%amations$ )"e main area of concern "as (een t"e s&(stantia! %ro-t" in deposits of t"e Resid&ary 'on,*an#in% Companies 5R'*Cs6, -it" 4&st t-o companies acco&ntin% for more t"an J?R of t"e tota! deposits "e!d (y '*8Cs$ )"e Indian (an#in% sector is %rad&a!!y "eadin% to-ards conso!idation of core competencies of different financia! intermediaries, -"ic" -o&!d en%ender %reater economic efficiency in t"e form of !o-er transaction cost and %reater prod&ct sop"istication$ #. Per5or1a+.e o5 (/e I+2*a+ ,a+@*+) I+2us(r0 *+ (/e L*9eral Per*o2 )"ere "as (een a nota(!e red&ction in t"e ratio of non,performin% assets 5'PAs6 to advances in response to vario&s initiatives, s&c" as, improved ris# mana%ement practices and %reater recovery efforts driven, inter alia, (y t"e recent!y enacted Sec&riti/ation and
Reconstr&ction of 8inancia! Assets and Enforcement of Sec&rity Interest 5SAR8AESI6 Act, ;??;$ )"e financia! performance of most of t"e PS*s "as improved in recent times as ref!ected in t"eir comforta(!e capita! ade1&acy ratios and dec!inin% 'PH ratios$ )"e CRAR in
)A*HE T 9
respect of improved$ disp!ayed partic&!ar!y service$
a!! t"e cate%ories of (an#s "as 'e- private sector (an#s "ave an impressive performance, in terms of efficiency and c&stomer
Performance Indicators of Selected Public Sector Banks (2011 & 2012)

-Rs. in %illion/ PN, ,a+@ o5 ,aro2a Ca+ara ,a+@ 8U99 8U9; 8U99 8U9; 8U99 8U9; 99J 9<K J 9?< LL LL <D K; ;J <K ;J ;: DD L? =L D? =? K9 KK K: K; =? K? << <$:D <$JK <$9; ;$:L <$9; ;$=? K9$;L <:$L= <:$JL <L$== K;$?= KK$?; 9$<K 9$9: 9$<< 9$;K 9$K; ;?$?: 9=$<J 9$K= 9$9? L;$:: ?$:= 9 K$KL 9<$LD 9$L< 9$KD DL$=: ,a+@ o5 I+2*a 8U99 8U9; LJ J< ;D << <= <D ;= ;L ;$:; ;$=; KJ$K: K;$KL ?$J; 9K$<L 9;$9L ;$;< ?$:9 L;$9J ?$L; 9;$LL 99$:= ;$<K 9$KL DK$9J
S,I 8U99 8U9; 'II <;= K<< 0I 9=J 9KK P*) 9=? 9J= PA) J< 99L 'IM <$<; <$J= CIR KL$D? K=$;< 5R6 R0A ?$L9 ?$JJ 5R6 R0'W 9;$L; 9<$:= 5R6 CAR 99$:J 9<$JD 5R6 Iross 'PA <$;J K$KK 'et 'PA 9$D< 9$J; PCR DK$:= DJ$9? 5R6
;?$D9 9L$=D 9;$K; 9$L: 9;$D< ;$:<
;?$9D 9J$;; 9K$=; 9$<D ?$<= J=$?? 9K$DL 9$=< ?$=K J?$?=
?$J= 9$=; L<$;9 D;$L<
1ey Notes;'II T 'et Interest IncomeG 0I T 0t"er IncomeG P*) T Profit *efore )a+G PA),Profit after )a+G 'IM , 'et Interest Mar%inG CIR , Cost to Income RatioG R0A , Ret&rn on AssetsG R0'W , Ret&rn on 'et Wort"G CAR , Capita! Ade1&acy RatioG Iross 'PA T Iross 'on Performin% AssetsG 'et 'PA T 'et 'on Performin% AssetsG PCR, Provision Covera%e Ratio$Source: KPMG Indian Banks- Performance Benchmarking Report,
2 !2"
ICICI ,a+@ 8U99 'II :? 0I DD P*) DJ PA) =; 'IM ;$DK CIR K9$:= 5R6 R0A 9$<= 5R6 R0'W :$<= 5R6 8U9; 9?L L= JJ D= ;$L< K;$:9 9$=? 9?$L? )A*HE " # Performance Indicators of Selected Private Sector Banks (2011 & 2012) -Rs. in %illion/ HD<C ,a+@ AJIS ,a+@ 8o(a@ Ma/*+2ra I+2usI+2 ,a+@ ,a+@ 8U99 8U9; 8U99 8U9; 8U99 8U9; 8U99 8U9; 9?= 9;< DD J? ;9 ;= 9K 9L K< =; KD =K ?J 9? ?L 9? =J L= =9 D< 9; 9D ?: 9; <: =; <K K; ?J 99 ?D ?J K$;= K$;; <$D= <$=: =$;? K$L? <$KL <$<< KL$:? KJ$K? K;$D: KK$L? =K$?? =;$D? KJ$;= K:$K= 9$=J 9=$KL 9$LL 9L$;L 9$DJ 9$DJ 9$J? 9;$?K 9$J? 9<$D= 9$KD 9K$;J 9$=L 9D$:L
9L$JK 9J$D?
CAR 5R6 Iross 'PA 'et 'PA PCR 5R6
9:$=K 9J$=; K$KL <$D;
9D$;? 9$?= ?$9: J;$=9
9D$=? 9$?? ?$9J J;$<J
9;$D= 9<$DD 9$99 9$?D
9:$:; 9L$=; 9$;? ?$=? L?$9K 9$;? ?$D? L?$9K
9=$J: 9$?9 ?$;J L;$D9
9<$J= ?$:J ?$;L L;$L;
9$99 ?$L< LD$?? J?$K?
?$;: ?$;J J?$:? J?$:9
1ey Notes;'II T 'et Interest IncomeG 0I T 0t"er IncomeG P*) T Profit *efore )a+G PA),Profit after )a+G 'IM , 'et Interest Mar%inG CIR , Cost to Income RatioG R0A , Ret&rn on AssetsG R0'W , Ret&rn on 'et Wort"G CAR , Capita! Ade1&acy RatioG Iross 'PA T Iross 'on Performin% AssetsG 'et 'PA T 'et 'on Performin% AssetsG PCR, Provision Covera%e Ratio$ Source: $%&' " ndian Banks( %erformance Benchmarking )eport, #*+#.
8rom )a(!e T 9, it is o(served t"at profita(i!ity performance of t"e se!ected p&(!ic sector (an#s in terms of P*), PA), and 0I "ave increased in t"e year ;?9; as compared to t"e year ;?99 5e+cept PA) of Canara *an# and 0I of S*I6$ In re!ative terms 5i$e$, R0A and R0'W6, on!y S*I amon% t"e se!ected p&(!ic sector (an#s "as improved its performance in t"e year ;?9; in comparison to t"e year ;?99$ Ho-ever, t"ere "as (een an increase in (ot" %ross and net 'PAs$ 0n t"e ot"er "and, a!! t"e se!ected private sector (an#s 5)a(!e T ;6 "ave disp!ayed an impressive profita(i!ity performance in a(so!&te as -e!! as in re!ative terms$ )"e %ross and net 'PAs "ave si%nificant!y decreased 5e+cept net 'PA of ota# Ma"indra *an#6 d&rin% t"e year ;?9; as compared to t"e year ;?99$ 0n t"e -"o!e, t"e (an#in% ind&stry "as improved its performance d&rin% t"e year ;?9; in comparison to t"e year ;?99$ Moreover, t"e private sector (an#s "ave performed (etter t"an t"at of t"e p&(!ic sector (an#s, partic&!ar!y in respect of R0A, CAR, %ross 'PA, and net 'PA$ 7. E3*lo)ue )"e Indian financia! system "as &nder%one str&ct&ra! transformation over t"e past decade$ )"e financia! sector "as ac1&ired stren%t", efficiency and sta(i!ity (y t"e com(ined effect of competition, re%&!atory meas&res, and po!icy environment$ W"i!e competition, conso!idation and conver%ence "ave (een reco%ni/ed as t"e #ey drivers of t"e (an#in% sector in t"e comin% years, conso!idation of t"e domestic (an#in% system in (ot" p&(!ic and private sectors is
(ein% com(ined -it" %rad&a! en"ancement of t"e presence of forei%n (an#s in a ca!i(rated manner$ )"ere "as (een improvement in (an#s@ capita! position and asset 1&a!ity as ref!ected in t"e overa!! increase in t"eir capita! ade1&acy ratio and dec!inin% 'PAs, respective!y$ Si%nificant improvement in vario&s parameters of efficiency, especia!!y intermediation costs, s&%%ests t"at competition in t"e Indian (an#in% ind&stry "as intensified$ In fina!e, it may (e conc!&ded t"at t"e ma4or c"a!!en%es facin% t"e Indian (an#in% sector are t"e 4&dicio&s dep!oyment of f&nds and t"e mana%ement of reven&es and costs$ Conc&rrent!y, t"e iss&es of corporate %overnance and appropriate disc!os&res for en"ancin% mar#et discip!ine "ave received increased attention for ens&rin% transparency and %reater acco&nta(i!ity$ 8inancia! sector s&pervision is increasin%!y (ecomin% ris# (ased -it" t"e emp"asis on 1&a!ity of ris# mana%ement and ade1&acy of ris# containment$ Conso!idation, competition, and ris# mana%ement are no do&(t critica! to t"e f&t&re of Indian (an#in% ind&stry, (&t %ood %overnance and financia! inc!&sion "ave a!so emer%ed as t"e #ey iss&es for t"e Indian financia! system$ '. L*1*(a(*o+s a+2 Resear./ O33or(u+*(*es In t"e present st&dy, t"e Indian (an#in% ind&stry "as (een assessed for t-o years on!y$ Moreover, t"e data is secondary in nat&re$In spite of t"ese !imitations, f&rt"er st&dies may (e &nderta#en to meas&re t"e impact of vario&s reform meas&res on t"e Indian financia! sector, partic&!ar!y in t"e Indian (an#in% ind&stry$
Re5ere+.es% 9$ )arapore, S$S$ 5;???67 )"e Ma!aise of t"e Indian 8inancia! System T )"e 'eed for Reforms, J&ne ;<rd, Madras Sc"oo! of Economics$ ;$ Verma, J$ R$7 Indian 8inancia! Sector after a Decade of Reforms, Centre for Civi! Society, A"ameda(ad$
<$ Pat"a#, V$ 5;??J67 )"e Indian 8inancia! System, 8irst Impression, Pearson Ed&cation$ K$ "on, Meir 5;??J67 8inancia! Instit&tions and Mar#ets, Second Edition, 0+ford University Press$ 5. PMI 5;?9;67 Indian *an#s , Performance *enc"mar#in% Report$
O+ 2el*)/( a+2 ela(*o+

OLIVER ,UR8EMAN 0ne of t"e (est,#no-n findin%s of t"e Vscience of "appinessV "as (een t"e discovery t"at t"e co&nt!ess advanta%es of modern !ife "ave done so !itt!e to !ift o&r co!!ective mood$ )"e a-#-ard tr&t" seems to (e t"at economic %ro-t" does not necessari!y ma#e for "appier societies, 4&st as increased persona! income, a(ove a certain (asic !eve!, doesn.t ma#e for "appier peop!e$ 'or does (etter ed&cation, at !east accordin% to some st&dies$ 'or does an increased c"oice of cons&mer prod&cts$ 'or do (i%%er and fancier "omes, -"ic" seem main!y to provide t"e privi!e%e of more space in -"ic" to fee! %!oomy$ Per"aps yo& don.t need te!!in% t"at se!f"e!p (oo#s are amon% t"e t"in%s t"at fai! to ma#e &s "appy$ *&t, for t"e record, researc" stron%!y s&%%ests t"at t"ey rare!y m&c" "e!p$$$ W"en yo& !oo# at t"e se!f"e!p s"e!ves -it" a co!d!y impartia! eye, t"is isn.t especia!!y s&rprisin%$ )"at -e yearn for neat, (oo#,si/ed so!&tions to t"e pro(!em of (ein% "&man is &nderstanda(!e, (&t strip a-ay t"e pac#a%in% and yo&.!! find t"at t"e messa%es of s&c" -or#s are fre1&ent!y (ana!$ And -"atever yo& ma#e of t"e co&ntry,(y,co&ntry s&rveys of nationa! "appiness t"at are no- p&(!is"ed -it" some re%&!arity across t"e -or!d, it.s stri#in% t"at t"e V"appiestV co&ntries are never t"ose -"ere se!f, "e!p (oo#s se!! t"e most, nor indeed -"ere professiona! psyc"ot"erapists are most -ide!y cons&!ted$ From <!+e -/tidote; =appi/ess for 6eople W+o 8a/>t ta/d 6ositi%e !+i/ki/# 1
<DI POLICY O< INDIA AND ,HUTAN&&&A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Dr. S:a(* C/a@ra9or(0
Hect&rer, Roya! )"imp"& Co!!e%e, *"&tan$
Dr. Pr*0o(os/ 8/a+
Principa!, *$P$ Poddar Instit&te of Mana%ement B )ec"no!o%y, Sa!t Ha#e Camp&s, o!#ata FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
A9s(ra.( )"e term 8DI 58orei%n Direct Investment6 refers to any investment made (y a company or entity (ased in one co&ntry, into a company or entity (ased in anot"er co&ntry$ 8orei%n direct investments differ s&(stantia!!y from indirect investments s&c" as portfo!io f!o-s, -"erein overseas instit&tions invest in e1&ities !isted on t"e stoc# e+c"an%e of a nation$ Entities ma#in% direct investments, typica!!y, "ave a si%nificant de%ree of inf!&ence and contro! over t"e company into -"ic" t"e investment is (ein% made$ 0pen economies, -it" s#i!!ed -or#forces and %ood %ro-t" prospects, tend to attract !ar%er amo&nts of forei%n direct investments t"an t"e "i%"!y re%&!ated c!osed economies$ )"e o(4ective for imp!ementation of 8DI po!icy varies from nation to nation$ In case of India, t"e intent and o(4ective of t"e Iovernment is to attract and promote forei%n direct investment in order to s&pp!ement domestic capita!, tec"no!o%y and s#i!!s, for acce!erated economic %ro-t"$ In case of *"&tan, t"e nation@s !on% term deve!opment is %&ided (y t"e concept of ma+imi/in% Iross 'ationa! Happiness 5I'H6$ )"e spirit and intent of t"is concept as artic&!ated in t"e *"&tan Vision ;?;?$ )"is is envisa%ed t"ro&%" t"e adoption of po!icies and pro%rams t"at operationa!ises t"e fo&r pi!!ars of I'H, e$%$ S&staina(!e socio, economic deve!opment, conservation of nat&ra! environment, preservation of c&!t&re and %ood %overnance$ In p&rs&ance of t"e a(ove, t"e Roya! Iovernment adopted t"e 8DI$ )"e o(4ective of t"is paper is to do a comparative st&dy of t"e 8DI po!icies of t-o nei%"(orin% co&ntriesG i$e$ India and *"&tan, visTaTvis compre"ensive ana!ysis of t"e nat&re and pace of economic %ro-t" and deve!opment in t"ese t-o nations -"i!e adoptin% t"eir respective 8DI po!icies$ 8e0 Dor2s% <DI? E.o+o1*. Gro:(/? GNH? ,/u(a+ V*s*o+ 2 2 . !. I+(ro2u.(*o+ "e Internationa! Monetary 8&nd defines 8orei%n Direct Investment 58DI6 as -"en one individ&a! or
(&siness o-ns 9?R or more of a forei%n company.s capita!$ Every financia! transaction after-ards is considered (y t"e IM8 as an additiona! direct investment$ If an investor o-ns !ess t"an 9?R, it is considered as not"in% more t"an an addition to "isN"er stoc# portfo!io$ Wit" on!y a 9?R o-ners"ip, t"e investor may or may not "ave t"e contro!!in% interest in t"e forei%n (&siness$ Ho-ever, even -it" 4&st 9?R, t"e investor &s&a!!y "as si%nificant inf!&ence on t"e company.s mana%ement, operations and po!icies$ 8or t"is reason, most %overnmenta! a%encies -ant to #eep ta(s on -"o is investin% in t"eir co&ntry.s (&sinesses$; In ot"er -ord, 8DI is an investment made (y a company or entity (ased in one co&ntry, into a company or entity (ased in anot"er co&ntry$ 8orei%n direct investments differ s&(stantia!!y from indirect investments s&c" as portfo!io f!o-s, -"erein overseas instit&tions invest in e1&ities !isted on a nation.s stoc# e+c"an%e$ Entities ma#in% direct investments typica!!y "ave a si%nificant de%ree of inf!&ence and contro! over t"e company into -"ic" t"e investment is made$ 0pen economies -it" s#i!!ed -or#forces and %ood %ro-t" prospects tend to attract !ar%er amo&nts of forei%n direct investment t"an c!osed, "i%"!y re%&!ated economies$ )"e investin% company may ma#e its overseas investment in a n&m(er of -ays , eit"er (y settin% &p a s&(sidiary or associate company in t"e forei%n co&ntry, (y ac1&irin% s"ares of an overseas company, or t"ro&%" a mer%er or 4oint vent&re$ )"e accepted t"res"o!d for a forei%n direct investment re!ations"ip, as defined (y t"e 0ECD, is 9?R$ )"at is, t"e forei%n investor m&st o-n at !east 9?R or more of t"e votin% stoc# or ordinary s"ares of t"e investee company$ An e+amp!e of forei%n direct investment -o&!d (e an American company ta#in% a ma4ority sta#e in a company in C"ina$ Anot"er e+amp!e -o&!d (e a Canadian company settin% &p a 4oint vent&re to deve!op a minera! deposit in C"i!e$<
Du.e!?M.? Jul0 "!? 2 " use.o+o10.a9ou(..o1 March 2014-May2014
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8orei%n direct investment is of %ro-in% importance to %!o(a! economic %ro-t"$ )"is is especia!!y important for deve!opin% and emer%in% mar#et co&ntries$ 8DI from investors in deve!oped areas !i#e t"e E&ropean Union and t"e U$S$ provide f&ndin% and e+pertise to "e!p sma!!er companies in t"ese emer%in% mar#ets to e+pand and increase internationa! sa!es$ In ;?9;, t"ese emer%in% mar#ets (ecame t"e %reatest (eneficiary of 8DI$ Inf!o-s e+ceeded t"ose to deve!oped co&ntries (y Y9<? (i!!ion$ )"e deve!oped -or!d a!so receives its fair s"are of cross,(order investment, (&t of a different nat&re$ Most of t"is -as mer%ers and ac1&isitions (et-een mat&re companies$ )"ese a!ready,%!o(a! corporations are en%a%ed in restr&ct&rin% or refoc&sin% on core (&sinesses$ Ho-ever, it %ets recorded as 8DI$ )"is type of investment is more a(o&t maintenance, and !ess a(o&t ma#in% %reat strides in economic %ro-t"$K !.! ,e+e5*(s o5 <DI 0ne of t"e primary (enefits of 8DI is t"at it a!!o-s money to (e free!y invested in -"ic"ever (&siness t"at "as t"e (est prospects of %ro-t" any-"ere in t"e -or!d$ )"e main reason (e"ind t"is is t"at investors are on t"e !oo#o&t for t"e (est ret&rn for t"eir money -it" t"e !east ris#$ )"is %ives -e!!,r&n (&sinesses ,, re%ard!ess of race, co!or or creed ,, a competitive advanta%e$ It red&ces 5(&t, of co&rse, doesn.t e!iminate6 t"e effects of po!itics, cronyism and (ri(ery$ As a res&!t, t"e smartest money %oes to t"e (est (&sinesses a!! over t"e -or!d, (rin%in% t"ese %oods and services to mar#et faster t"an if &nrestricted 8DI -eren.t avai!a(!e$ Investors receive additiona! (enefits$ )"eir ris# is red&ced (eca&se t"ey can diversify t"eir "o!din%s o&tside of a specific co&ntry, ind&stry or po!itica! system$ Diversification a!-ays increases ret&rn -it"o&t increasin% ris#$ *&sinesses (enefit (y receivin% mana%ement, acco&ntin% or !e%a! %&idance in
4
#eepin% -it" t"e (est practices practiced (y t"eir !enders$ )"ey can a!so incorporate t"e !atest tec"no!o%y, innovations in operationa! practices, and ne- financin% too!s t"at t"ey mi%"t not ot"er-ise (e a-are of$ *y adoptin% t"ese practices, t"ey en"ance t"eir emp!oyees. !ifesty!es, "e!pin% to create a (etter standard of !ivin% for t"e recipient co&ntry$ In addition, since t"e (est companies %et re-arded -it" t"ese (enefits, !oca! %overnments "ave !ess inf!&ence, and aren.t as a(!e to p&rs&e poor economic po!icies$ )"e standard of !ivin% in t"e recipient co&ntry is a!so improved (y "i%"er ta+ reven&e from t"e company t"at received t"e forei%n direct investment$ Ho-ever, sometimes co&ntries ne&tra!i/e t"at increased reven&e (y offerin% ta+ incentives to attract t"e 8DI in t"e first p!ace$ Anot"er advanta%e of 8DI is t"at it can offset t"e vo!ati!ity created (y V"ot money$V S"ort,term !enders and c&rrency traders can create an asset (&((!e in a co&ntry (y investin% !ots of money in a s"ort period of time, t"en se!!in% t"eir investments 4&st as 1&ic#!y$ )"is can create a (oom,(&st cyc!e t"at can -rea# economies and po!itica! re%imes$ 8orei%n direct investment ta#es !on%er to set &p, and "as a more permanent footprint in a co&ntry$ = !.2 D*sa2Aa+(a)es o5 <DI )"e primary "&rd!e in case of 8DI is t"at e+cessive forei%n o-ners"ip of companies can (e a concern, especia!!y in ind&stries t"at are strate%ica!!y important$ Second!y, sop"isticated forei%n investors can &se t"eir s#i!!s to strip t"e company of its va!&e -it"o&t addin% any$ )"ey can se!! off &nprofita(!e portions of t"e company to !oca!, !ess sop"isticated investors$ 0r, t"ey can (orroa%ainst t"e company.s co!!atera! !oca!!y, and !end t"e f&nds (ac# to t"e parent company$ D 2. O9;e.(*Ae o5 (/e Pa3er
5 6
UNCTAD? A++ual <DI Re3or(? 2 !"
Lou+)a+* e( al? Ju+e 2 Lou+)a+* e( al? Ju+e 2 March 2014-May2014
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Page49
8DI or forei%n investment refers to t"e net inf!o-s of investment to (&y a !astin% mana%ement interest 59? per cent or more of votin% stoc#6 in an enterprise operatin% in an economy ot"er t"an t"at of t"e investor$ 8orei%n direct investments "ave (ecome t"e ma4or economic driver of %!o(a!isation in recent times$ )"e most profo&nd effect "as (een seen in deve!opin% co&ntries, -"ere year!y forei%n direct investment f!o-s "ave increased from an avera%e of !ess t"an Y9? (i!!ion in t"e 9:L?s to a year!y avera%e of !ess t"an Y;? (i!!ion t"e 9:J?s$ 8rom 9::J to 9::: itse!f, 8DI %re- from Y9L: (i!!ion to Y;?J (i!!ion and no- comprise a !ar%e portion of %!o(a! 8DI$ )"e o(4ective for imp!ementation of 8DI po!icy varies from nation to nation$ In case of India, t"e intent and o(4ective of t"e Iovernment is to attract and promote forei%n direct investment in order to s&pp!ement domestic capita!, tec"no!o%y and s#i!!s, for acce!erated economic %ro-t"$ In case of *"&tan, t"e nation@s !on% term deve!opment is %&ided (y t"e concept of ma+imi/in% Iross 'ationa! Happiness 5I'H6$ )"e spirit and intent of t"is concept as artic&!ated in t"e *"&tan Vision ;?;?$ )"is is envisa%ed t"ro&%" t"e adoption of po!icies and pro%rams t"at operationa!ises t"e fo&r pi!!ars of I'H, e$%$ s&staina(!e socio, economic deve!opment, conservation of nat&ra! environment, preservation of c&!t&re and %ood %overnance$ In p&rs&ance of t"e a(ove, t"e Roya! Iovernment adopted t"e 8DI$ )"e o(4ective of t"is paper is to do a comparative st&dy of t"e 8DI po!icies of t-o nei%"(orin% co&ntriesG i$e$ India and *"&tan, visTaTvis compre"ensive ana!ysis of t"e nat&re and pace of economic %ro-t" and deve!opment in t"ese t-o nations -"i!e adoptin% t"eir respective 8DI po!icies$ 2. <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a It is t"e intent and o(4ective of t"e Iovernment of India to attract and promote forei%n direct investment in order to s&pp!ement domestic capita!, tec"no!o%y and s#i!!s, for acce!erated economic %ro-t"$ 8orei%n Direct Investment, as distin%&is"ed from portfo!io
investment, "as t"e connotation of esta(!is"in% a P!astin% interest in an enterprise t"at is resident in an economy ot"er t"an t"at of t"e investor$ Hence t"e %overnment "as p&t in p!ace a po!icy frame-or# on 8orei%n Direct Investment, -"ic" is transparent, predicta(!e and easi!y compre"ensi(!e$ )"is frame-or# is em(odied in t"e Circ&!ar on Conso!idated 8DI Po!icy, -"ic" may (e &pdated every year, to capt&re and #eep pace -it" t"e re%&!atory c"an%es, effected in t"e interre%n&m$L 8orei%n direct investments 58DI6 are a ma4or drivin% force (e"ind t"e %ro-t" of Indian financia! mar#ets$ Post !i(era!i/ation in 9::?s, t"e co&ntry is (ein% vie-ed as a strate%ic destination (y forei%n ma4ors to par# t"eir investments and (enefit from t"e economic %ro-t"$ India remains t"e -or!d.s t"ird most attractive destination for investment (y transnationa! corporations 5)'Cs6 d&rin% ;?9<, 9=, stated a recent s&rvey (y U'C)AD$ )"e co&ntry -as ran#ed after c"ina and t"e US in t"e s&rvey (ased on responses of 9=: companies$ Moreover, t"is economic se%ment en4oys "i%" attention from top officia!s of t"e Iovernment, o-in% to its strate%ic importance$ )"e Iovernment #eeps ma#in% efforts to provide impet&s to 8DI f!o-s in t"e co&ntry and "ence &nderta#es n&mero&s reform initiatives$ 8DI norms -ere f&rt"er !i(era!i/ed after Septem(er ;?9; in sectors !i#e civi! aviation, po-er e+c"an%es and retai!$ )"e Ministry of 8inance "as a!so s&%%ested modifications in 8DI caps for vario&s sectors, inc!&din% tea, media, nat&ra! %as and petro!e&m$ 2.! D/o .a+ *+Aes( *+ I+2*aQ A non,resident entity can invest in India, s&(4ect to t"e 8DI Po!icy e+cept in t"ose sectorsN activities -"ic" are pro"i(ited$ Ho-ever, a citi/en of *an%!ades" or an entity incorporated in *an%!ades" can invest on!y &nder t"e Iovernment ro&te$ 8&rt"er, a citi/en of Pa#istan
7
Co+sol*2a(e2 <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !" March 2014-May2014
Page50
or an entity incorporated in Pa#istan can invest, on!y &nder t"e Iovernment ro&te, in sectorsNactivities ot"er t"an defence, space and atomic ener%y and sectorsN activities pro"i(ited for forei%n investment$ 'RIs resident in 'epa! and *"&tan as -e!! as citi/ens of 'epa! and *"&tan are permitted to invest in t"e capita! of Indian companies on repatriation (asis, s&(4ect to t"e condition t"at t"e amo&nt of consideration for s&c" investment s"a!! (e paid on!y (y -ay of in-ard remittance in free forei%n e+c"an%e t"ro&%" norma! (an#in% c"anne!s$J 2.2 8e0 S(a(*s(*.s India Inc -itnessed an increase of ;= per cent year,on,year 5y,o,y6 to record USY ;$<; (i!!ion of 8DI in Apri! ;?9<$ Sectors t"at attracted "i%"est !eve!s of 8DI inc!&de "ote!s and to&rism sector 5USY ;$<; (i!!ion6, fo!!o-ed (y p"armace&tica!s 5USY :JL mi!!ion6, services 5USY ;<J mi!!ion6, c"emica!s 5USY =9 mi!!ion6 and constr&ction sector 5USY <; mi!!ion6$ Sin%apore a!one inf&sed 8DI f!o-s -ort" USY 9$;: (i!!ion in Apri! ;?9<, fo!!o-ed (y Ma&riti&s, t"e 'et"er!ands and t"e US -it" 8DI inf!o-s -ort" USY <== mi!!ion, USY 9L< mi!!ion and USY 9K: mi!!ion respective!y$ 8DI inf!o-s a%%re%ated at USY ;;$K; (i!!ion in ;?9;,9<$ India.s forei%n e+c"an%e 5fore+6 reserves stood at USY ;J?$9DL (i!!ion for t"e -ee# ended J&!y =, ;?9<, accordin% to data re!eased (y t"e centra! (an#$ )"e va!&e of forei%n c&rrency assets 58CA6 , t"e (i%%est component of t"e fore+ reserves T stood at USY ;=;$9?< (i!!ion, accordin% to t"e -ee#!y statistica! s&pp!ement re!eased (y t"e Reserve *an# of India 5R*I6$ Private e1&ity 5PE6 firms &pped t"eir investments in India Inc (y a "efty K; per cent to USY =$K (i!!ion t"ro&%" 9:L dea!s d&rin% t"e first "a!f of ;?9<G ma4or dea! (ein% t"e USY 9$; (i!!ion,*"arti Airte! dea!, accordin% to a report (y EU India 5former!y Ernst B Uo&n%6$
Mean-"i!e, Mer%er and ac1&isition 5MBA6 activity in India -as a!so 1&ite intense in Apri!,J&ne ;?9< period$ )"e dea! ta!!y stood at USY 9?$: (i!!ion across 9<? transactions, accordin% to %!o(a! dea! trac#in% firm Mer%er mar#et$: )"e !ists of top 9? nations investin% in India are %iven in )a(!e 9 (e!o-9?7
Ta9le !% L*s( o5 To3 ! Na(*o+s I+Aes(*+) I+ I+2*a

Ra+@ O5 T/e Na(*o+ 9 ; < K = D L J : 9? Na1e O5 T/e Na(*o+ Ma&riti&s Sin%apore United States 0f America )"e United in%dom )"e 'et"er!ands Japan Cypr&s Iermany 8rance UnitedAra( Emirates To(al I+Aes(1e+(
Rs ;KL,?:; Crore 5Y==,;?< Mi!!ion6 Rs =J,?:? Crore 5Y9<,?L? Mi!!ion6 Rs K;,J:J Crore 5Y:,=;: Mi!!ion6 Rs ;:,K=9 Crore 5YD,DK< Mi!!ion6 Rs ;=,L:: Crore 5Y=,L<: Mi!!ion6 Rs ;=,??9 Crore 5Y=,=99 Mi!!ion6 Rs ;;,L?; Crore 5YK,:J; Mi!!ion6 Rs 9<,D?L Crore 5Y<,?=9 Mi!!ion6 Rs 99,;KK Crore 5Y;,KJK Mi!!ion6 Rs J,DJ< Crore 5Y9,:9? Mi!!ion6
5Sour.e% De3ar(1e+( o5 I+2us(r*al Pol*.0 a+2 Pro1o(*o+? Se3(e19er 6? 2 !!6
Co+sol*2a(e2 <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !"
Co+sol*2a(e2 <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !" De3ar(1e+( o5 I+2us(r*al Pol*.0 a+2 Pro1o(*o+ <a.( S/ee(? Se3(e19er 6? 2 !!
9 10
2." Pol*.0 I+*(*a(*Aes )"e Indian Iovernment #eeps ma#in% efforts to s&stain %!o(a! investors@ confidence in Indian mar#ets$ Prime Minister Manmo"an Sin%" "as recent!y e+tended "is s&pport to t"e finance ministry and ind&stry department.s p!an to raise 8DI cei!in% in te!ecom to 9?? per cent, (esides a!!o-in% overseas f!o-s into severa! sectors -it"o&t prior %overnment approva!$)"e !ist of sectors -"ere forei%n ma4ors -o&!d (e a!!o-ed to invest t"ro&%" t"e a&tomatic ro&te inc!&des oi! and %as refinin%, co&rier and commodity and po-er e+c"an%es$ Mean-"i!e, t"e Centra! Iovernment "as approved 9D 8DI proposa!s recent!y, in cons&!tation -it" t"e 8IP*$ )"e proposa!s amo&nted to Rs$9DKD$JL= crore 5USY ;LL$== mi!!ion6$ )"e ta(!e (e!o- s"o-s t"e !ist of sectors -"ere 8DI is permitted and t"e ro&te of entry 99$ Ta9le 2% L*s( o5 Se.(ors *+ I+2*a D/ere <DI *s 3er1*((e2 a+2 (/e Rou(e o5 E+(r0 Ser*al Nu19er 9 ; < K = D L J : 9? 99 Man&fact&rin% Defence Se.(or Su9& Se.(or R o5 <DI 9??R 9??R 9??R Rou(e o5 E+(r0 A&tomatic Iovernment A&tomatic
A%ric&!t&re
9; 9< 9K 9= 9D
11
Information Services
A%ric&!t&re B Anima! H&s(andry )ea P!antation Minin% and E+p!oration of meta! and non, meta! ores Coa! and Hi%nite Minin% 9??R A&tomatic Settin% &p coa! processin% p!ants 9??R A&tomatic Minin% and minera! separation of titani&m 9??R Iovernment (earin% minera!s and ores, its va!&e addition and inte%rated activities E+p!oration activities of oi! and nat&ra! 9??R A&tomatic %as fie!ds Petro!e&m refinin% (y t"e P&(!ic Sector K:R Iovernment Underta#in%s 5PSU6, Man&fact&re of items reserved for prod&ction in Micro and Sma!! Enterprises 5MSEs6 Defence Ind&stry s&(4ect to Ind&stria! ;DR Iovernment !icense &nder t"e Ind&stries 5Deve!opment B Re%&!ation6 Act 9:=9 *roadcastin% Carria%e Services LKR A&tomatic &pto K:R, *eyond -"ic" it is Iovernment Ro&te Ca(!e 'et-or#s K:R A&tomatic )errestria! *roadcastin% 8M 58M Radio6 ;DR Iovernment Up,!in#in% of A'e-s B C&rrent Affairs@ ;DR Iovernment )V C"anne!s Up,!in#in% of 'on,A'e-s B C&rrent 9??R Iovernment Affairs@ )V C"anne!sN Do-n,!in#in% of )V C"anne!s P&(!is"in% of 'e-spaper and periodica!s ;DR Iovernment
Co+sol*2a(e2 <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !" March 2014-May2014 Page52
9L 9J Print Media 9: ;? ;9 Airports
dea!in% -it" ne-s and c&rrent affairs P&(!ication of Indian editions of forei%n ma%a/ines dea!in% -it" ne-s and c&rrent affairs P&(!is"in%Nprintin% of Scientific and )ec"nica! Ma%a/inesNspecia!ty 4o&rna!sN periodica!s P&(!ication of facsimi!e edition of forei%n ne-spapers Ireenfie!d pro4ects E+istin% pro4ects
;DR 9??R 9??R 9??R 9??R
Iovernment Iovernment Iovernment A&tomatic A&tomatic &p to LKR , Iovernment Ro&te (eyond LKR A&tomatic
;;
Sc"ed&!ed Air )ransport ServiceN Domestic Sc"ed&!ed Passen%er Air!ine
;<
Air )ransport Services
'on,Sc"ed&!ed Air )ransport Service
K:R 8DI 59??R for 'RIs6 LKR 8DI 59??R for 'RIs6 9??R LKR 8DI 59??R for 'RIs6 9??R 9??R
;K ;= 0t"er services &nder Civi! Aviation sector ;D ;L Co&rier Services
He!icopter servicesNseap!ane services re1&irin% DICA approva! Iro&nd Hand!in% Services s&(4ect to sectora! re%&!ations and sec&rity c!earance
A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R and &p to LKR A&tomatic A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R and &p to LKR A&tomatic Iovernment
;J
Constr&ction Deve!opment7 )o-ns"ips, Ho&sin%, *&i!t, &p infrastr&ct&re
Maintenance and Repair or%ani/ationsG f!yin% trainin% instit&tesG and tec"nica! trainin% instit&tions Co&rier services for carryin% pac#a%es, parce!s and ot"er items -"ic" do not come -it"in t"e am(it of t"e Indian Post 0ffice Act, 9J:J and e+c!&din% t"e activity re!atin% to t"e distri(&tion of !etters$ )o-ns"ips, "o&sin%, (&i!t,&p infrastr&ct&re and constr&ction, deve!opment pro4ects 5-"ic" -o&!d inc!&de, (&t not (e restricted to, "o&sin%, commercia! premises, "ote!s, resorts, "ospita!s, ed&cationa! instit&tions,
9??R
A&tomatic
;: <? <9 <;
Ind&stria! Par#s Sate!!ites T Esta(!is"ment and operation Private Sec&rity A%encies
recreationa! faci!ities, city and re%iona! !eve! infrastr&ct&re6 Ind&stria! Par#s T ne- and e+istin% Sate!!ites T Esta(!is"ment and operation, s&(4ect to t"e sectora! %&ide!ines of Department of SpaceNISR0 Private Sec&rity A%encies )e!ecom services
9??R LKR K: R LKR
A&tomatic Iovernment Iovernment A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R and &p to LKR A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R and &p to LKR A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R A&tomatic A&tomatic Iovernment
Iovernment Iovernment Iovernment
<< )e!ecom Services
5a6ISP -it" %ate-ays 5(6ISP@s not providin% %ate-ays 5c6Radio pa%in% 5d6 End,to,End (and-idt" 5a6 Infrastr&ct&re provider providin% dar# fi(re, ri%"t of -ay, d&ct space, to-er 5IP Cate%ory I6 5(6E!ectronic Mai! 5c6 Voice Mai! Cas" B Carry W"o!esa!e )radin%N W"o!esa!e )radin% 5inc!&din% so&rcin% from MSEs6 E,commerce activities )est mar#etin%
Sin%!e *rand prod&ct retai! tradin% M&!ti *rand Retai! )radin% Asset Reconstr&ction Companies 5ARC6
LKR
<K
9??R
<= <D <L

<J <: K?
9??R 9??R 9??R

9??R =9R LKR of paid,&p capita! of ARC LKR
)radin%
K9
*an#in% TPrivate sector
8inancia! Services K; K< KK K= KD KL KJ *an#in%, P&(!ic Sector Commodity E+c"an%es Credit Information Companies Infrastr&ct&re Company in t"e Sec&rities Mar#et Ins&rance 'on,*an#in% 8inance Companies 5'*8C6 Ireenfie!d ;?R K:R K:R K:R ;DR 9??R 9??R
A&tomatic &p to K:R Iovernment ro&te (eyond K:R and &p to LKR Iovernment Iovernment Iovernment Iovernment A&tomatic A&tomatic A&tomatic
P"armace&tica!s
K: =?
Po-er E+c"an%es
*ro-nfie!d Po-er E+c"an%es re%istered &nder t"e Centra! E!ectricity Re%&!atory Commission 5Po-er Mar#et6 Re%&!ations, ;?9?
9??R K:R 58DI B8II6
Iovernment Iovernment 5for 8DI6
=Sour.e% Co+sol*2a(e2 <DI Pol*.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !"> 2.- I13or(a+( DeAelo31e+(s 8orei%n Investment Promotion *oard 58IP*6 "as %ranted approva!s to vario&s 8DI proposa!s recent!y$ a$ )e!enor Mo(i!e Comm&nication AS, "as (een %iven a nod to invest Rs 9,??? crore 5USY 9DJ$=< mi!!ion6 to raise its sta#e in )e!e-in%s to LK per cent -"i!e Ma"!e Ho!din% India Htd "as (een a!!o-ed to (rin% Rs ;J? crore 5USY KL$; mi!!ion6 into t"e co&ntry$ 0n t"e ot"er "and U ,(ased Aveva So!&tions Htd@s proposa! for settin% &p a Himited Hia(i!ity Partners"ip 5HHP6 for soft-are deve!opment (y investin% Rs J$<: crore 5USY 9$K9 mi!!ion6 "as (een %ranted a %reen si%na! (y t"e 8IP*$ ($ *an%!ades"i Ra(i&! A!am a!so aims to set &p a ne- company in India -it" 9?? per cent 8DI to man&fact&re en%ineerin% prod&cts (y investin% Rs ;?$;J crore 5USY <$K; mi!!ion6$ )"is proposa! "as a!so %ot a nod from t"e 8IP*$ c$ )"e aromatic (asmati rice ind&stry is attractin% increasin% investor interest in India$ )"e A(& D"a(i,(ased A! Da"ra Internationa! Investment HHC is p!annin% to invest a(o&t Rs 99; crore 5USY 9J$JJ mi!!ion6 in o"inoor 8oods Htd 5 8H6 t"ro&%" e1&ity s"ares a!!otment on a preferentia! (asis$ d$ A! Da"ra@s investment in o"inoor 8oods is second s&c" instance of a West Asian firm investin% in an Indian rice company$ Recent!y, Hassad 8oods, 5part of t"e Satar Investment A&t"ority, t"e Soverei%n Wea!t" 8&nd of Satar6 "as anno&nced t"at it -o&!d ac1&ire a ma4ority sta#e in t"e De!"i, (ased *&s" 8oods 0verseas Pvt Htd, a (asmati rice and ready,to,eat prod&cts man&fact&rer$ )"is trend is of immense si%nificance as West Asia is t"e (i%%est mar#et for (asmati rice and India "as a ma4or mar#et s"are in t"e re%ion$ e$ Ierman firm SEA Iro&p is t"e -or!d.s fift" !ar%est !ivin% space so!&tion provider$ It "as de(&ted in India -it" an initia! investment of Rs 9K crore 5USY ;$<D mi!!ion6, -"ic" co&!d %o &p to Rs K? crore 5USY D$LK mi!!ion6 in t-o years$ )"e company aims to &nderta#e pro4ects in association -it" (i% (&i!ders, main!y t"ro&%" t"e franc"isee ro&te and offer Vcreative, d&ra(!e and "i%" 1&a!ity "ome interior so!&tions to end cons&mers and corporate c!ientsV$ W"i!e SEA Iro&p "as !on% e+periences in Ierman and ot"er E&ropean mar#ets, it "as no- teamed &p -it" !eadin% man&fact&rers in E&rope !i#e (a&format Zc"en to (rin% "i%" 1&a!ity services to India$ f$ Mean-"i!e, US,(ased C&stomers *ancorp Inc 5CU*I6 "as p!ans to inf&se USY =9 mi!!ion in m&!tip!e sec&rities of Re!i%are Enterprises Htd$ Re!i%are is c&rrent!y aspirin% for a (an#in% !icence to enter t"e (an#in% ind&stry$ )"e investments -i!! ta#e p!ace t"ro&%" a com(ination of primary and secondary mar#et transactions9;$
12
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Page55
". <DI Pol*.0 o5 ,/u(a+
*"&tan, in its attempt to inte%rate -it" t"e -or!d economy "ad introd&ced t"e 8DI Po!icy for t"e first time in t"e year ;??;$ )"e co&ntry fe!t t"e need to enco&ra%e and faci!itate t"e deve!opment of t"e private sector$ )"e nation@s !on% term deve!opment is %&ided (y t"e concept of ma+imi/in% Iross 'ationa! Happiness$ )"e ".! Se.(ors O3e+ 5or <DI spirit and intent of t"is concept as artic&!ated in 8DI is a!!o-ed in (ot" man&fact&rin% and t"e *"&tan Vision ;?;? doc&ment is to service sectors$ )"ese s"a!! (e %overned (y Pma+imise t"e "appiness of a!! *"&tanese and to pro4ect specific a%reements 5if any6 and sector ena(!e t"em to ac"ieve t"eir f&!! and innate specific po!icies, standards and proced&res$ )"e potentia! as "&man (ein%s$Q )"is is envisa%ed !ist of t"e priority sectors are %iven in t"e ta(!es t"ro&%" t"e adoption of po!icies and pro%rams (e!ot"at operationa!i/es t"e fo&r pi!!ars of I'H Ta9le "% PRODUCTION P MANU<ACTURING& Pr*or*(0 L*s( o5 A.(*A*(*es Ser*al Nu19er 9 ; Se.(or A%ro,(ased Prod&ction 8orest,(ased Prod&ction Ener%y7 5i6 Hydro Po-er Ener%y7 5ii6 So!ar and Wind Ener%y Ener%y7 5iii6 0t"er Rene-a(!e Ener%y Water *ased Prod&cts 0t"er Man&fact&rin% 5E!ectronics, E!ectrica!s, Comp&ter M*+*1u1 MaE*1u1 Pro;e.( Cos( I+Aes(orSs =Nu 1> =R> ;? LK =? LK <ore*)+ Co+2*(*o+s/ReBu*re1e+(s EBu*(0 'one 'one
name!y s&staina(!e socio,economic deve!opment, conservation of nat&ra! environment, preservation of c&!t&re and %ood %overnance$ In p&rs&ance of t"e a(ove, t"e Roya! Iovernment adopts t"e 8DI Po!icy ;?9? 5revised version of 8DI Po!icy, ;??;6 ,to ac"ieve t"e o(4ectives as set o&t in t"e Economic Deve!opment Po!icy ;?9?
*ased on S&staina(!e Hydropo-er Po!icy ;? =? =? *ased on Rene-a(!e Ener%y Po!icy LK LK 'one 'one
<
K =
Hard-are, *&i!din% Materia!s6 =Sour.e% <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+>
Ta9le -% SerA*.es& Pr*or*(0 L*s( o5 A.(*A*(*es Ser*al Nu19er 9 ; < K Se.(or Ed&cation Hea!t" Hote!sNResorts,= Star and a(ove Infrastr&ct&ra! faci!ities Researc" and Deve!opment Head 0ffice Services I)NI)ES7 5i6 I)NI)ES inside I) Par#s and SE>s I)NI)ES7 5ii6 I)NI)ES o&tside I) Par#s and SE>s Constr&ction Services Waste Mana%ement Water S&pp!y and Mana%ement K Star Hote!s )ec"nica! and Vocationa! Ed&cation )ransportation and Re!ated Services Cons&!tancy Services 8inancia! Services M*+*1u1 Pro;e.( Cos( =Nu 1> ;?? ;?? ;?? ;?? MaE*1u1 <ore*)+ I+Aes(orSs EBu*(0 =R> 9?? 9?? 9?? 9?? Co+2*(*o+s/ReBu*re1e+(s Hi%" end Hi%" end Internationa! rep&ted "ote! c"ains PPP Mode! -"ere in t"e faci!ity ret&rns to t"e Iovernment on e+piry of t"e term Esta(!is"ed firms emp!oyin% a minim&m of = e+perts 'one 'one 'one 'one PPP Mode! PPP Mode! 'one 'one PPP Mode! -"ere in t"e faci!ity ret&rns to t"e Iovernment on e+piry of t"e term Esta(!is"ed firms emp!oyin% a minim&m of = e+perts As per 8inancia! Services Act
= D L
9? = = ;= 9?? ;= ;= ;= ;= ;=
9?? 9?? 9?? LK LK LK LK LK LK LK
J : 9? 99 9; 9<
9K 9=
9? ;=
LK =9
=Sour.e% <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+> tec"nica!, mar#etin% and franc"ise for &se of ind&stria! desi%ns, patents and trademar#s -i!! (e a!!o-ed -it" prior -ritten permission of t"e Ministry9K$ )"e criteria for approva!Ndenia! of any activity are (ased contri(&tion of t"e proposed activity to t"e fo!!o-in% aspects7 a6 I'H Princip!es inc!&din% 8DI foc&s areas (6 Ieneration of emp!oyment for *"&tanese peop!e c6 Reven&e contri(&tion d6 8orei%n e+c"an%e earnin%s e6 Va!&e addition 9 InventionNInnovation9= )"e !ist of sectors -"ere 8DI is pro"i(ited in *"&tan is %iven in t"e ta(!e (e!o-9<$ Ta9le#% Ne)a(*Ae L*s( Ser*al A.(*A*(0 Nu19er 9 Media and *roadcastin% ; Distri(&tion services inc!&din% -"o!esa!e, retai! and micro trade < Minin% for sa!e of minera!s in primary or ra- form K Hote! < star and (e!o= Ienera! Hea!t" Services D Ind&stries t"at do not meet t"e Certificate of 0ri%in re1&irements L Activities in t"e Pro"i(ited Hist 5Sour.e% <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+> In addition, t"e Roya! Iovernment a!so permits 8DI in ot"er activities -it" ma+im&m forei%ninvestors@ e1&ity of LK R and minim&m pro4ect cost of '& =? mi!!ion and '& ;= mi!!ion forman&fact&rin% and services respective!y$ Moreover co!!a(oration in different forms !i#e <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+
13
Irrespective of t"e a(ove mentioned criteria, t"e Roya! Iovernment sti!! "as t"e ri%"t to re4ect any investment proposa! -it"o&t assi%nin% any reason$ ".2 I13le1e+(a(*o+ o5 (/e <DI Pol*.0&Ma;or A./*eAe1e+(s )"e %overnment "as so far approved 9< forei%n direct investment 58DI6 pro4ects in "ote!s, "ydropo-er, p"armace&tica!s, dairy, stee!, -ater (ott!in% and (an#in% (rin%in% in an investment of a(o&t '& K$9* since t"e po!icy -as revised and !i(era!i/ed to an e+tent in May ;?9?$8orei%n investor@s "o!din%s in t"ese pro4ects ran%e from ;? percent to 9?? percent$ 0f t"e 9< pro4ects si+ "ave forei%n investment (et-een L? to L= percent$ )"e mo&ntain "a/e!n&t vent&res private !imited is a 9?? percent forei%n o-ned$A forei%n partner is re1&ired to p&t in at !east ;? percent sta#e in t"e company accordin% to t"e 8DI po!icy$ 8orei%n partners are from India, Hon% on%, USA, Japan, Sin%apore, Samoa, 8rance and Vietnam$ )"ere are fo&r from India$)"e "i%"est investment is in (an#in% -it" t"e internationa! *9*2 <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+
14 15
finance corporation 5I8C6 (&yin% a ;? percent sta#e in t"e *"&tan 'ationa! *an# -ort" a(o&t '& 9$=* -"ic" -as approved in Decem(er <9, ;?9;$ 'e+t is t"e de!ayed 99= MW Da%ac""& "ydropo-er pro4ect -"ic" "as a forei%n investment of '& 9$9*$)"e %overnment approved t"e "i%"est n&m(er of pro4ects in ;?9; and accordin% to officia!s of t"e economic affairs ministry t"is is e+pected to pic# &p in t"e ne+t fe- years$In ;?99, nine 8DI pro4ects -ere approved and t"ree in ;?9?$ )"e !ist of pro4ects approved &nder t"e revised 8DI Po!icy is %iven in t"e ta(!e (e!o-9D7
: 9? 99 9; 9<
S"a&n Comm&nications 5*"&tan6 Pvt$ Htd$ Adr&#a Pvt$ Htd$ *"&tan Hydropo-er Services Htd Mo&ntain Ha/e!n&t Vent&res Pvt$ Htd$ *"&tan 'ationa! *an# Htd$
*P0N P0 8&rnit&re B interior fi!!, o&ts R&nner rec!amation Ha/e!n&t P!antation *an#in%
=Sour.e% /((3%//:::.@ue+sol*+e..o1/!"& 3ro;e.(s&a33roAe2&s*+.e&2 ! /52*2;a+uar0!"/> Severa! of t"e 8DI pro4ects s&c" as H"a#i Stee! and *"&tan Concast started as domestic pro4ects (&t !ater (ecame 8DI pro4ects (eca&se of f&nd and mar#et constraints$ Ta9le 7% L*s( o5 Pro;e.(s A33roAe2 U+2er (/e ReA*se2 <DI Pol*.0? 2 ! erial Number 9 ; < K = D L J 6ro?ects H"a#i Stee!s and Ro!!in% Pvt$ Htd$ *"&tan Hote!s Pvt$ Htd$ Manid"eepa, Mo"sin Hote!s B Resorts Pvt$ Htd$ Da%ac""& Hydropo-er Pro4ect Htd$ *"&tan Concast Pvt$ Htd$ *"&tan H;? Pvt$ Htd$ 'eet"se! Pvt$ Htd$ o&f&#& Internationa! Pvt$ Htd$ Stee! Hote!s Hote!s Hydropo-er In%otsN*i!!ets Water *ott!in% P"armac e&tica!s Dairy ectors An 8DI pro4ect t"at "as (een approved inc!&des Dr&# %reen po-er corporation tyin% &p -it" A!stom, an ener%y and transport company (ased in 8rance$ )"e (&siness dea!s -it" repair and maintenance of "ydropo-er e1&ipments and t&r(ines$ )"is "as (een seen as one so!&tion to ease r&pee s"orta%es as t"e "ydropo-er e1&ipments and t&r(ines -ere initia!!y sent to 'epa! and India for repair$ "." <u(ure Ou(loo@ *"&tan is !oo#in% at attractin% more forei%n investments and %reater private participation in e+pandin% t"e co&ntry.s "ydro po-er sector$ W"i!e addressin% ind&stry c"am(ers,CII, 8icci and Assoc"am on Septem(er ;, ;?9<, Prime Minister )s"erin% )o(%ay said t"at, VWe enco&ra%e private sector participation in t"e "ydro po-er sector$ We enco&ra%e 8orei%n Direct Investment 58DI6$ 8or sma!!er pro4ects, -e -i!! (e enco&ra%in% a%%ressive!y t"e private sector and 8DIV$ )ata Po-er, amon% ot"ers, is a!ready -or#in% on a "yde! pro4ect in t"e nei%"(o&rin% nation$
/((3%//:::.@ue+sol*+e..o1/!"&3ro;e.(s& a33roAe2&s*+.e&2 ! /52*2;a+uar0!"/

16
At present, many of t"e "yde! pro4ects (ein% deve!oped in *"&tan are &nder an a%reement (et-een t"e t-o co&ntries$ )"e Indian %overnment "as a%reed to deve!op 9?,??? MW of "ydro po-er in *"&tan (y ;?;?$ Under Indo, *"&tan co,operation, many "yde! pro4ects inc!&din% 9,?;? MW )a!a p!ant are a!ready f&nctionin%$ )"e *"&tanese Prime Minister said t"at if t"ere are de!ays, t"en t"e imp!ementation and investment moda!ities co&!d (e re,!oo#ed into9L$ -. Co+.lus*o+ )"e need for 8DI in *"&tan -as fe!t m&c" !ater as compared to India$ Hence t"e pace of deve!opment of t"e Indian economy is far a"ead as compared to t"e *"&tanese economy, as can (e seen from t"e a(ove ana!ysis$ *"&tan on t"e ot"er "and started !ate on t"e deve!opment process (&t is pic#in% &p pace$ Wit" t"e recent c"an%e in t"e %overnment, *"&tan "opes to f&!!y ac"ieve t"e tar%eted rate of economic %ro-t" and deve!opment, -"i!e #eepin% in mind t"e o(4ectives of I'H$ Re5ere+.es 9$ D&ce!, M$ 5;??<6 Definitions of 8orei%n Direct Investment7 A Met"odica! 'ote, *anco de Espana, Spain ;$ Ho&n%ani, P$ and Ra/in, A$ 5;??96, PHo- *eneficia! Is 8orei%n Direct Investment for Deve!opin% Co&ntries3Q, $&, &inance and Development $aga2ine, J&ne,p$?D <$ Conso!idated 8DI Po!icy of India, Iovernment of India P&(!ication, Apri! =, ;?9< K$ Department of Ind&stria! Po!icy and Promotion 8act s"eet, Iovernment of India, Septem(er J, ;?99 =$ 8DI Po!icy,;?9?, Roya! Iovernment of *"&tan, Ministry of Economic affairs
Press Trus( o5 I+2*a T Ne: Del/* Se3(e19er 2? 2 !"
17
D$ Press )r&st of India, 5;?9<6P*"&tan see#s more forei%n investments in "ydro po-er sectorQ, 'e- De!"i, Septem(er ; L$ U'C)AD, Ann&a! 8DI Report, ;?9< J$ "ttp7NN---$#&enso!ine$comN9<,pro4ects, approved,since,;?9?Nfdi;4an&ary9<N
:$ &seconomy$a(o&t$com
in%dom of *"&tan, is a !and!oc#ed co&ntry in So&t" Asia !ocated at t"e eastern end of t"e Hima!ayas$ It is (ordered to t"e nort" (y C"ina and to t"e so&t", east and -est (y India$ )o t"e -est, it is separated from 'epa! (y t"e Indian state of Si##im, -"i!e f&rt"er so&t" it is separated from *an%!ades" (y t"e Indian states of Assam and West *en%a!$ *"&tan.s capita! and !ar%est city is )"imp"&$*"&tan e+isted as a patc"-or# of minor -arrin% fiefdoms &nti! t"e ear!y 9Lt" cent&ry, -"en t"e !ama and mi!itary !eader S"a(dr&n% '%a-an% 'am%ya!, f!eein% re!i%io&s persec&tion in )i(et, &nified t"e area and c&!tivated a distinct *"&tanese identity$ Hater, in t"e ear!y ;?t" cent&ry, *"&tan came into contact -it" t"e *ritis" Empire and retained stron% (i!atera! re!ations -it" India &pon its independence$ In ;??D, (ased on a %!o(a! s&rvey, *&siness Wee# rated *"&tan t"e "appiest co&ntry in Asia and t"e ei%"t","appiest in t"e -or!d *"&tan.s !andscape ran%es from s&(tropica! p!ains in t"e so&t" to t"e s&(,a!pine Hima!ayan "ei%"ts in t"e nort", -"ere some pea#s e+ceed L,??? metres 5;<,??? ft6$ Its tota! area -as reported as appro+imate!y KD,=?? #m; 59J,??? s1 mi6 in 9::Land <J,<:K s1&are #i!ometres 59K,J;K s1 mi6 in ;??;$ *"&tan.s state re!i%ion is Va4rayana *&dd"ism and t"e pop&!ation, no- 5as of ;?9;N;?9<6 estimated to (e near!y t"ree,1&arters of a mi!!ion, is predominant!y *&dd"ist$ Hind&ism is t"e second,!ar%est re!i%ion$ In ;??J, *"&tan made t"e transition from a(so!&te monarc"y to constit&tiona! monarc"y and "e!d its first %enera! e!ection$ As -e!! as (ein% a mem(er of t"e United 'ations, *"&tan is a mem(er of t"e So&t" Asian Association for Re%iona! Cooperation 5SAARC6 and "osted SAARC.s si+teent" s&mmit in Apri! ;?9?$ 2ro$ ?i9i)edia
;h$tan officia!!y t"e
THE EMERGENCE O< CSR IN INDIA A DAY <ORDARD

S+*)2/a Ra+* Pa+2a
8ac&!ty Mem(er a!in%a Instit&te of Socia! Sciences, 0disa
Su)0a+* Ra(/
8ac&!ty Mem(er a!in%a Instit&te of Socia! Science 0disa
)"e (&siness environment of t"e -or!d "as -itnessed a tremendo&s c"an%e in !ast ,D?,L?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO -bstract
years$ 8e- years (efore t"e o(4ectives B %oa!s of (&siness -as profit ma+imisation and t"en t&rned to -ea!t" ma+imisation$ 'o- it necessitated t"e (&siness to rea!i%n its o(4ectives and %oa!s from "istorica! o(4ective of profitN-ea!t" ma+imisation to socia! o(4ective$ It is (eca&se or%ani/ations "ave rea!i/ed t"at &!timate %oa! is not profit ma#in% (esides t"is tr&st (&i!din% is via(!e and assert a(!e -it" societa! re!ations"ip$ Irad&a!!y socia! responsi(i!ity "as (ecomin% an inte%ra! part of -ea!t" creation process$ Corporate socia! responsi(i!ity is t"e de!i(erate inc!&sion of p&(!ic interest into corporate decision ma#in%, and "ono&rin% of trip!e (ottom !ine 5<*H67 Peop!e, P!anate and Profit$ 0&r economy is -it"in t"e society, society is -it"in t"e p!anet and t"e p!anet is -it"in t"e Universe$ )"erefore, CSR of a (&siness ta#es care of a!! t"ese t"ree aspects of corporate s&staina(i!ity$ )"is researc" paper try to ana!yse t"e st&dy of CSR stat&s in India, t"is can %ive insi%"t to -"at e+tent companies can fo!!o- t"e CSR$ We -o&!d !i#e to t"ro&%" !i%"t on t"e c&rrent practices of CSR in vario&s Indian companies$ We "ave ana!ysed t"e e+tent of CSR practices fo!!o-ed (y different companies on t"e (asis of 1&antitative disc!os&res$ 8e0 :or2s% Cor3ora(e So.*al Res3o+s*9*l*(0? Tr*3le ,o((o1 L*+e? I+2*a? Cor3ora(e
Irad&a!!y socia! responsi(i!ity "as (ecome an inte%ra! part of -ea!t" creation process$ CSR is a (i% &m(re!!a concept, as no one can ima%ine economy -it"o&t society and society -it"o&t p!anate$ 0&r economy is -it"in t"e society, society is -it"in t"e p!anet and p!anate is -it"in t"e Universe$ )"erefore, CSR of a (&siness ta#es care of a!! t"ese t"ree aspects of corporate s&staina(i!ity$ O9;e.(*Aes )"e main o(4ectives of t"is st&dy are to7 9$ )o &nderstand t"e meanin% and vario&s mode!s of CSR ;$ )o find o&t t"e c&rrent practices of CSR in vario&s Indian companies <$ )o ana!yse t"e e+tent of CSR practices fo!!o-ed (y different companies on t"e (asis of 1&antitative disc!os&res$ K$ )o ma#e s&%%estions for acce!eratin% CSR initiatives$ =$ )o comment on t"e f&t&re aspect of CSR in India$ Resear./ Me(/o2olo)0 )"e researc" paper is an attempt of e+p!oratory researc", (ased on t"e secondary data so&rced from 4o&rna!s, ma%a/ines, artic!es and media reports$ Avai!a(!e secondary data -as e+tensive!y &sed for t"e st&dy$ )"e investi%ator proc&res t"e re1&ired data t"ro&%" secondary s&rvey met"od$ Different ne-s artic!es, *oo#s and We( -ere &sed -"ic" -ere en&merated and recorded. ,a.@)rou+2 o5 Cor3ora(e So.*al Res3o+s*9*l*(0 In t"e 9:L?s and J?s environmenta! concerns s&c" as !oss of t"e rainforest and t"e effects of po!!&tion !ed to a reco%nition t"at somet"in% "ad to (e done to c"an%e t"e -ay -e -ere &sin% t"e p!anet reso&rces$ As a res&!t, "eads of state came to%et"er at Rio, *ra/i! in 9::; for -"at -as ca!!ed t"e Eart" S&mmit$ At Rio, %overnments p!ed%ed action to stop t"e &ns&staina(!e &se of reso&rces and to promote s&staina(!e deve!opment$ P&t simp!y, s&staina(!e deve!opment is a(o&t societies %ro-in% in s&c" a -ay t"at f&t&re %enerations are not compromised and "ave access to t"e same
I+(ro2u.(*o+ ndia is a deve!opin% economy, "ere Corporate Socia! Responsi(i!ity 5CSR6 p!ay important ro!e in or%ani/ations$ In Indian ind&stry one can easi!y notice a paradi%m s"ift from corporate p"i!ant"ropist to (ein% socia!!y responsi(!e$ )"e importance of CSR is increasin% in Indian corporate scenario (eca&se or%ani/ation "ave rea!i/e t"at &!timate %oa! is not profit ma#in% (eside t"is tr&st (&i!din% is via(!e and assert a(!e -it" societa! re!ations"ip$ In recent times, fo!!o-in% Hord Dar-in@s ,Survival of the &ittest0 t"eory, corporate aro&nd t"e -or!d "ave pro(a(!y -e!! &nderstood t"at &n!ess t"ey care for t"e society, it -i!! (e diffic&!t for t"em to %ro- and e+ist in f&t&re$
reso&rces t"at -e "ave$ 8or t"is to "appen socia!, environmenta! and economic considerations s"o&!d (e addressed as a -"o!e, not in pieces$ )"e Eart" S&mmit prod&ced vario&s United 'ation conventions inc!&din% conventions on (io!o%ica! diversity and c!imate c"an%e$ "SR is no# sometimes considered as the 3usiness response to the challenge of sustaina3le development. )"e 9::?s sa- socia! concerns come to t"e fore$ Poverty and disease (ecame %!o(a! concerns, as did e+amp!es of poor (&siness practice in dea!in% -it" socia! iss&es s&c" as c"i!d !a(or, (ri(ery and corr&ption t"at -ere e+posed (y t"e media$ Society (e%an to reco%ni/e t"at %overnments a!one co&!d not so!ve t"ese pro(!ems$ Indeed t"e o&tcomes from t"e Eart" S&mmit.s s&ccessor T t"e Wor!d S&mmit for S&staina(!e Deve!opment in ;??; T foc&sed on partners"ips$ )"ere appeared to (e a ro!e for everyone T %overnments to provide fair and socia!!y 4&st !a-s, (&siness to (e"ave responsi(!y and cons&mers to t"in# a(o&t t"eir actions (y red&cin% -aste or as#in% 1&estions a(o&t "o- and -"ere t"eir %oods came from$CSR is Pt"e contin&in% commitment (y (&siness to (e"ave et"ica!!y and to contri(&te to economic deve!opment -"i!e improvin% t"e 1&a!ity of !ife of -or# force and t"eir fami!ies as -e!! as !oca! comm&nity and society at a !ar%eQ [Wor!d *&siness Co&nci! of s&staina(!e Deve!opment5W*CSD6, ;??D\$ Corporate Socia! Responsi(i!ity can (e defined as PPra%matic responsiveness of (&siness to sta#e "o!ders, cons&mers and civi! societyQ$ )ransparency and acco&nta(i!ity are important #eys for cond&ctin% (&siness in a responsi(!e manner$ It en"ances t"e foc&s on %ood Corporate Iovernance$ In India, t"e (&siness 2. Sa(*s5*e2 E13lo0ees Emp!oyees -ant to fee! pro&d of t"e or%ani/ation t"ey -or# for$ An emp!oyee -it" a positive attit&de to-ards t"e company is !ess !i#e!y to !oo# for a 4o( e!se-"ere$ It is a!so !i#e!y t"at yo& -i!! receive more 4o( app!ications (eca&se peop!e -ant to -or# for yo&G it means a (etter -or#force$ *eca&se of t"e "i%" positive impact of CSR on emp!oyee -e!!(ein% and motivation, t"e ro!e of HR in mana%in% CSR pro4ects (ecomes si%nificant$
"o&ses !i#e )A)A@s and *ir!a@s "ad (een &nderta#in% CSR -it"o&t &sin% t"e !a(e! of CSR$ 'o- t"e (&siness comm&nity "as a!so rea!ised t"e strate%ic va!&e of (ein% more responsive to t"e socia! B comm&nity deve!opment a!i%nin% its activities accordin%!y$ D*55ere+( T03es o5 CSR P/*la+(/ro307 donatin% money for %ood ca&se, &s&a!!y t"ro&%" a c"arity partner$ )"is is per"aps t"e (est #no-n form of CSR in t"e traditiona! sense$ E+A*ro+1e+(al CSR7 ta#in% steps to (e more environment and eco,friend!y, (eyond satisfyin% !e%a! re1&irements$ Co11u+*(0 9ase2 CSR7 en%a%in% in activities, may (e -it" ot"er or%ani/ations, to improve t"e 1&a!ity of !ife of t"e peop!e in t"e !oca! comm&nity$ HR 9ase2 CSR7 po!icies and steps to improve t"e -e!!(ein% of t"e staff$ ,e+e5*(s o5 CSR CSR lea2s (o Goo2 ,us*+ess GoAer+a+.e Some typica! (enefits of proper!y imp!ementin% t"e CSR strate%y are !isted "ere7 !. H*)/er Cus(o1er Sa(*s5a.(*o+ Corporate Socia! Responsi(i!ity in India Researc" s"o-s t"at a stron% record of CSR improves c&stomers@ attit&de to-ards t"e company$ If a c&stomer !i#es t"e company, "e or s"e -i!! (&y more prod&cts or services and -i!! (e !ess -i!!in% to c"an%e to anot"er (rand$ St&dies te!! t"at CSR activities %ive firms competitive advanta%e, primari!y d&e to favora(!e responses from cons&mers$
". Pos*(*Ae PR W"en inte%rated -it" (&siness strate%y CSR provides re%&!ar opport&nity to "i%"!i%"t positive stories t"ro&%" on!ine and traditiona! media$ Companies no !on%er "ave to -aste money on e+pensive advertisin% campai%ns$ Instead t"ey %enerate free p&(!icity and (enefit from -ord of mo&t" mar#etin%$
-. I13roA*+) O3era(*o+al E55*.*e+.0 Per"aps t"e stron%est 2 and (est doc&mented 2 ar%&ment for en%a%in% emp!oyees in environmenta! practices is t"e connection (et-een CSR invo!vement and increased operationa! efficiency$ 8ront,!ine emp!oyees are often in t"e (est position to identify inefficiencies and propose improvements$ Ed&catin% emp!oyees on CSR can improve profita(i!ity (y s&pportin% %reater efficiency t"ro&%" !ess -aste, -ater and ener%y &sa%e$CSR is not e+pendit&reG if cond&cted proper!y it can save costs in severa! -ays7 *etter 1&a!ity and efficient staff "ire, and retention Savin%s d&e to imp!ementin% ener%y savin% pro%rams More effective mana%ement of potentia! ris#s and !ia(i!ities Red&ced need to invest in traditiona! advertisin% #. ,e((er Su33l0 C/a*+ Ma+a)e1e+( Ed&catin% emp!oyees on s&staina(i!ity practices t"ro&%"o&t t"e s&pp!y c"ain can !ead to %reater efficiencies and "e!p (&i!d co!!a(oration to meet s&staina(i!ity, 1&a!ity and ot"er %oa!s$ It can a!so stren%t"en re!ations"ips (et-een a company and its s&pp!iers (y a!i%nin% va!&es and o(4ectives$
seen in t"e non,profit societa! ro!es, a!t"o&%" t"at co&!d a!-ays (e sidetrac#ed as (ein% done &nder press&re from state or po!iticians$ So, CSR is not ne- to India$ *&t as an instit&tiona! response from t"e (&siness comm&nity it is sti!! in a very nascent sta%e$ It is sti!! one of t"e !east &nderstood initiatives in t"e Indian deve!opment sector$ In t"e recent years, ot"er private (&sinesses are a!so s"o-in% inc!inations to &nderta#e activities promotin% vario&s socia! ca&ses$ Hoo#in% at t"e (&sinesses aro&nd t"e -or!d, one can c!ear!y see t"at a!! t"ose -"o "ave s&rvived over t"e decades "ave socia! action components em(edded in t"eir -or#in% c&!t&re$ )"e present paper s"o-s t"e disc!os&re parameter criterion of ten random!y se!ected companies$ 7. D*s.losure 3ara1e(er .r*(er*o+s 5or (e+ sele.(e2 Co13a+*es *+ I+2*a i$ Reports from CE0NC"airmanNmana%in% Director on CSR po!icies$ ii$ Information of or%anisation profi!e$ iii$ Disc!os&re of economic va!&e %eneration and distri(&tion t"ro&%" Va!&e Added Statement$ iv$ Disc!os&re on direct ener%y cons&mption$ v$ Rene-a(!e ener%y &sa%e reportin%$ vi$ Information on t"e 1&antity on recyc!in% or re&sin% of -ater$ vii$ Information on Ireen Ho&se Iases 5IHI6 emissions$ viii$ Disc!os&re of ot"er "armf&! %ases$ i+$ Waste types and met"ods of disposa!$ +$ Contin&in% pro%rammes and practices to assess and mana%e t"e comm&nity impact$ +i$ Comm&nity deve!opment initiatives adopted$ +ii$ Disc!os&re of occ&pationa! "ea!t" and safety 50HS6 meas&res for t"e emp!oyees and information re!atin% to in4&ries, occ&pationa! diseases$ +iii$ Information on c&stomers "ea!t" and safety meas&res adopted +iv$ Adoption of po!!&tion contro! meas&res and Environment Mana%ement System as envisa%ed in IS0 9K??97;??K certification$
7. Lo+) Ter1 ,us*+ess Sus(a*+a9*l*(0 A!! (&siness vent&res start -it" more or !ess !on% term perspective$ *&t soon %et dra-n into t"e !&re of s"ort term profit see#in%$ Havin% a CSR pro%ram co&nters t"e s"ort,termism and in4ects !on% term s&staina(i!ity t"ro&%" constant interaction -it" vario&s sta#e"o!ders$ '. Cor3ora(e So.*al Res3o+s*9*l*(0 *+ I+2*a In India, private (&siness "o&ses !i#e )ata and *ir!a "ave often ta#en p"i!ant"ropic initiatives$ P&(!ic sector con%!omerates are a!so
+v$ +vi$ +vii$
Environment A&dit$ Ass&rance of CSR Reports$ Disc!os&re of CSR as per internationa! criterions$
+viii$
Comp!iance -it" Internationa! Ass&rance Standards on CSR Report ass&rance$
Ta9le&!
D*s.losure Para1e(ers I+2eE No. A CCL(2. ,PCL GAIL I+5os0s IOC NTPC ONGC Rel*a+.e I+2us(r*es Ta(a Mo(os L(2. Ta(a S(eel S.ore o5 I+2*A*2ual D*s.. Para1e(ers No. !. 2. ". -. #. 7. '. 6. $ ! . !!. !2. !". !-. !#. !7. !'. !6. Co1. S.ore Nor1 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U & U & !7 .66 !' .$U U U U U U U U U U U U U U & U U U !7 .66 U U U U U U U U U U U & U U & U U U !! .7! U U & U U & U & & U U & U U & U U & U U & U U & U U & U U & U U & & U & !! .7! U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U !6 !. !.'6 U U U U U & U & & U U U U U & U U U !7 .66 U U U U U & U U U U U U U U & U U U !7 .66 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U & U U & & & & U & & U & U U U U U U & U U U !! .7! $ $ ' ! $ # ! ' ' ! ! ' ! ! 2 6 ! 7 Nor1. .$ .$ .' !. .$ .# !. .' .' !. !. .' !. !. .2 .6 !. .7
'ote7 'orm T 'orma!ised Disc!os&re nde+ Score

A+al0s*s Most of t"e companies inc!&ded t"e C"airmanNMDNCE0@s messa%e on CSR po!icies and c!imate c"an%e and detai!ed description of t"eir or%anisationa! profi!e$ )"e (ot" criterions %ot e1&a! score : i$e$ ?$:?$ it is %ood disc!os&re practice$ A!! t"e companies reported direct ener%y cons&mption -it" 1&antity$ 0n!y = companies stated t"at t"ey -ere eit"er re&sin% or recyc!in% of -ater$ As -ater is va!&a(!e nat&ra! reso&rces, so its conservation (y -ay of recyc!in% is very important$ *&t many "ave not ta#en any initiative on t"is iss&e$ A!most a!! t"e companies 59??R6 reported information on IHI emissions$ )"is is d&e to some stat&tory re1&irements in India to disc!ose IHI emission$ It is a!so stated t"at 9??R of t"e companies &nder st&dy made -ritten statement t"at t"ey too# strin%ent po!icy for not appointin% any c"i!d !a(o&r$
'. CSR I+*(*a(*Aes *+ I+2*a In recent years CSR "as %ained %ro-in% reco%nition as a ne- and emer%in% form of %overnance in (&siness$ It is a!ready esta(!is"ed in a %!o(a! conte+t, -it" internationa! reference standards set (y t"e United 'ations, %&ide!ines of t"e 0r%ani/ation for Economic Co,operation and Deve!opment 50ECD6 and Internationa! Ha(or 0r%ani/ation 5IH06 conventions$ CSR "as (ecome increasin%!y prominent in t"e Indian corporate scenario (eca&se or%ani/ations "ave rea!i/ed t"at (esides %ro-in% t"eir (&sinesses it
is a!so vita! to (&i!d tr&st-ort"y and s&staina(!e re!ations"ips -it" t"e comm&nity at !ar%e$ )"is is one of t"e #ey drivers of CSR pro%rams$ In Apri! 9::J, t"e Confederation of Indian Ind&stry 5CII6 came &p -it", per"aps t"e first, vo!&ntary %&ide!ine for corporate %overnance in t"e form of PDesira(!e Corporate Iovernance7 A Code$Q )"e Ministry of Corporate Affairs a!so esta(!is"ed a 'ationa! 8o&ndation for Corporate Iovernance 5'8CI6$ It -as a res&!t of partners"ip -it" t"e Confederation of Indian Ind&stry$ 6. EEa13les o5 CSR I+*(*a(*Aes *+ I+2*a 6ublic ector @/its )"e Indian p&(!ic sector "as "ad a !on% tradition of corporate socia! responsi(i!ity and t"e initiatives of corporations !i#e t"e 0i! and 'at&ra! Ias Corporation Htd$ 50'IC6, Stee! Corporate Socia! Responsi(i!ity in India A&t"ority of India Htd 5SAIH6 and Ias A&t"ority of India Htd$ 5IAIH6 "ave p!ayed an important ro!e in t"e deve!opment of severa! (ac#-ard re%ions of t"e co&ntry$ Indian Air!ines and *"arat Heavy E!ectronics Htd 5*HEH6 "ave (een -ide!y acc!aimed for t"eir disaster mana%ement efforts$ )"e 'ationa! Minera! Deve!opment Corporation Htd$ 5'MDC6 "as contri(&ted a !ot in (&i!din% infrastr&ct&re !i#e sc"oo! (&i!din%s, roads, An%an-adi (&i!din%s and a!so providin% am(&!ance and medica! faci!ities in and aro&nd its operationa! area$ 2. FA8B ector most 8 .5Frie/dly Recent!y, t"e Associated C"am(ers of Commerce and Ind&stry of India 5ASS0CHAM6 eva!&ated t"e CSR performance of 9L= companies$ It fo&nd t"at companies of t"e 8MCI sector -ere ta#in% t"e ma+im&m CSR initiatives, fo!!o-ed (y t"e c"emica! and t"e I) sectors$ In terms of CSR activities, Pcomm&nity -e!fareQ is t"e most preferred initiative$ )"e second most pop&!ar CSR initiative is ed&catin% t"e r&ra! yo&t"$ A!t"o&%" t"ere appear to (e a s"ift from c"arity to ot"er activities, t"e concept is sti!! (e!ieved to (e stron%!y !in#ed to p"i!ant"ropy$ ASS0CHAM president S-ati Pirama! stressed t"at PIt has to 3e understood that "SR is a3out ho# companies 3alance their 3usiness ethics and 3ehaviour #ith 3usiness
gro#th and commercial success along #ith a positive change in the stakeholder communit(.Q !ata Broup )ata Iro&p in India "as a ran%e of CSR pro4ects, most of -"ic" are comm&nity improvement pro%rams$ 8or e+amp!e, it is a !eadin% provider of materna! and c"i!d "ea!t" services, fami!y p!annin%, and "as provided :J percent imm&ni/ation in Jams"edp&r$ )"e company a!so endorses sports as a -ay of !ife$ It "as esta(!is"ed a foot(a!! academy, arc"ery academy, and promotes sports amon% emp!oyees$ It offers "ea!t"care services a!! over t"e co&ntry -it" pro%rams !i#e r&ra! "ea!t" deve!opment$ )ata Iro&p a!so "as an or%ani/ed re!ief pro%ram for nat&ra! disasters, inc!&din% !on%,term treatment and re(&i!din% efforts$ It did !a&da(!e -or# d&rin% t"e I&4arat eart"1&a#es and 0dis"a f!oods$ It a!so s&pports ed&cation, -it" over =?? sc"oo!s, and a!so is a (enefactor of t"e arts and c&!t&re$ It "as done a(&ndant -or# in improvin% t"e environment and !oca! pop&!ations aro&nd its ind&stries$ C/fosys Infosys is a%%ressive!y invo!ved in a variety of comm&nity %ro-t" pro%rams$ In 9::D, t"e company created t"e Infosys 8o&ndation as a not,for,profit tr&st to -"ic" it contri(&tes &p to 9 percent of profits after ta+ every year$ Moreover, t"e Ed&cation and Researc" 5EBR6 Department at Infosys a!so -or#s -it" emp!oyee vo!&nteers on comm&nity deve!opment pro4ects$ )"e mana%ement team at Infosys contin&es to set e+amp!es in t"e area of corporate citi/ens"ip and "as invo!ved itse!f vi%oro&s!y in #ey nationa! (odies$ )"ey "ave ta#en initiatives to -or# in t"e areas of researc" and ed&cation, comm&nity service, r&ra! o&treac" pro%rams, emp!oyment, "ea!t"care for t"e poor, ed&cation, arts and c&!t&re, and -e!fare activities &nderta#en (y t"e Infosys 8o&ndation$ Aa+i/dra D Aa+i/dra At Ma"indra B Ma"indra, )"e $ C$ Ma"indra Ed&cation )r&st -as esta(!is"ed in 9:=< -it" t"e p&rpose of promotin% ed&cation$ Its vision is to renovate t"e !ives of peop!e in India t"ro&%" ed&cation and financia! assistance
across a%e %ro&ps and across income strata$ )"e $ C$ Ma"indra Ed&cation )r&st &nderta#es a n&m(er of ed&cation p!ans, -"ic" ma#e a difference to t"e !ives of -ort"y st&dents$ )"e )r&st "as provided more t"an Rs$ L$= crore in t"e form of %rants, sc"o!ars"ips and !oans$ It promotes ed&cation most!y (y -ay of sc"o!ars"ips$ )"e 'an"i a!i 5c"i!dren6 pro4ect "as over <,<?? c"i!dren &nder it and t"e company aims to increase t"e n&m(er to 9?,??? in t"e ne+t t-o years (y reac"in% o&t to t"e &nderprivi!e%ed c"i!dren, especia!!y in r&ra! areas$ .elia/ce C/dustries $td. Re!iance Ind&stries Htd$ !a&nc"ed a co&ntry-ide initiative #no-n as PPro4ect Dris"tiQ, to restore t"e eye,si%"ts of vis&a!!y c"a!!en%ed Indians from t"e economica!!y -ea#er sections of t"e society$ C!8 $imited I)C "as traditiona!!y partnered Indian farmer for a!most a cent&ry$ It is no- en%a%ed in e!evatin% t"is partners"ip to a ne- paradi%m (y !evera%in% information tec"no!o%y t"ro&%" its trai!(!a/in% Ae,C"o&pa!@ initiative$ I)C is si%nificant!y -idenin% its farmer partners"ips to em(race a "ost of va!&e,addin% activities vi/$ creatin% !ive!i"oods (y "e!pin% poor tri(es ma#e t"eir -aste!ands prod&ctive, investin% in rain-ater "arvestin% to (rin% irri%ation to parc"ed dry !ands, empo-erin% r&ra! -omen (y "e!pin% t"em evo!ve into entreprene&rs, and providin% infrastr&ct&ra! s&pport to ma#e sc"oo!s an e+citin% p!atform for vi!!a%e c"i!dren$ In a ne-!y emer%ed %!o(a! mar#et as t"e competition is very intense and t"e c&stomers are very sop"isticated, companies m&st ens&re socia! responsi(i!ity in order to sec&re f&ndamenta! re!ations"ips t"at f&e! (&siness %ro-t"$ T/e Da0 <or:ar2 )"e proposed mandatory ; R CSR spendin% is act&a!!y &nnecessary for t-o reasons7 0ne, its proper imp!ementation is impractica! and t-o, socia! press&res and adoption of vo!&ntary operationa! norms are more effective$
Internationa! (odies a!so prop"esi/e Psoft normQ rat"er t"an !e%a! (indin% P"ardQ r&!es$ )"ere is anot"er reason a%ainst mandatory CSR spendin%$ It is t"e c"an%ed nat&re of today@s -or!d$ )"e -idespread penetration of Internet aro&nd t"e -or!d "as t&rned it as a po-erf&! p!atform for information dissemination and e+pressin% concerns$ )"is "as increased press&re on companies to mind t"eir cond&ct and "eed p&(!ic opinion$ 8ina!!y, more and more companies are discoverin% t"at inte%ratin% CSR strate%ies ma#e t"eir operations more profita(!e and s&staina(!e$ )"is presents an opport&nity for 'I0s and socia! or%ani/ation$ )"ey can e+pect %reater partners"ip -it" t"e corporate -or!d in t"e comin% f&t&re$ It is in t"eir interest to %ear &p for s&c" co!!a(orations and &ti!i/e core competencies of t"e (&siness "o&ses$ Co+.lus*o+ *ased on t"e st&dy res&!t it can (e conc!&ded t"at t"e performances of t"e se!ected companies on CSR are %ood$ Many companies "o-ever over performed -"ereas many co&!dn@t perform -e!! to t"at e+tend$ 0f t"e se!ected companies, ')PC %ot t"e ma+im&m score 9J points -"ic" is fo!!o-ed (y *PCH, Re!iance, )ata Motors$ 0vera!! t"e st&dy "as tried to s"ot"e 1&antity of socia! responsi(i!ity disc!os&res adopted (y se!ected pop&!ar companies of Indian 0ri%in$ In India, Ministry of Corporate Affairs 5MCA6, Iovt$ of India, p&(!is"ed %&ide!ines on vo!&ntary disc!os&re of CSR information in ;??: and it "ad &nder%one revision in A&%&st ;?99 and re!eased &nder t"e tit!e P'ationa! Vo!&ntary I&ide!ines on Socia!, Environmenta! B Economic Responsi(i!ity of (&sinessQ$ )"e neCompanies Act, ;?9<, -"ic" proposes t"at ;R of profits earned (y a certain c!ass of companies m&st (e spent on CSR activities, -o&!d mean an estimated Rs ;L,??? crore -i!! f!o- into %rassroots deve!opment and socia! enterprise sectors every year$ It is c&rrent!y estimated t"at t"e avera%e CSR spend is 9,9$;=R ?f profits, -"i!e t"e Companies Act, ;?9< prescri(es ;R$ So in near f&t&re, it is an e+pectation, more and more companies -i!! (e disc!osin% t"eir CSR performances fair!y and -it"o&t any "esitations -it" some standard reportin% frame-or#$
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CELE,RITY ENDORSEMENT% ENDORSE DITH INTEGRITY

Dr. Sa+;*A C/a(urAe2*
Asst$ professor, Dept of Commerce Doranda Co!!e%e, Ranc"i University, Ranc"i, J"ar#"and$
A+;al* J/a
Researc" Sc"o!ar Dept of Commerce, Ranc"i University, J"ar#"and$
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Ce!e(rity endorsement is a (i% (&siness today$ Idea of ce!e(rity endorsement "as often (een critici/ed on et"ica! and mora! %ro&nds$ A fres" -ave of !i%"t t"ro-n on t"e entire iss&e -"en me%astar Amita(" *ac"c"an recent!y to!d an a&dience at t"e Indian Instit&te of Mana%ement, A"meda(ad, comprisin% st&dents, fac&!ty mem(ers and officia!s of I&4arat )o&rism, t"at "e stopped endorsin% Pepsi after a %ir! in Jaip&r as#ed "im -"y "e promoted t"e soft drin# t"at "er teac"er "ad (randed as .poison.$ *ac"c"an a!so said t"at "e "as to!d t"is to "is son A("is"e# and to da&%"ter,in,!aAis"-arya, If t"ey "ave to endorse a prod&ct t"en t"ey "ave to cond&ct t"eir !ife in s&c" a manner t"at it does not affect ot"ers. !ives$V )"e paper presented "ere, disc&sses t"e iss&e of ce!e(rity endorsement in t"e present conte+t and te!!s -"y does ce!e(rities re1&ire to endorse (rands -it" inte%rity$ !ac#in% in et"ics$ Ce!e(rities are often critici/ed for &sin% t"eir credi(i!ity and socia! ima%e to promote a prod&ct$ Critics say t"at it is an &net"ica! for a ce!e(rity to &se "is p&(!ic ima%e, credi(i!ity and socia! ima%e to pers&ade "is fans to (&y a prod&ct 4&st for some monetary (enefits$ Anot"er sit&ation t"at mi%"t seem more &net"ica! is -"en ce!e(rities promote partic&!ar prod&cts t"at are not P(eneficia!Q for society$ I!orifyin% certain types of cons&ma(!es s&c" as instant food and (evera%es, as -e!! as cons&mer, oriented prod&cts t"at peop!e don@t rea!!y PneedQ, may raise concerns -it" some peop!e$ Do peop!e rea!!y need to drin# !ar%e 1&antities of soft drin#s (evera%es t"at can !ead to "ea!t" pro(!ems3 A1*(a9/ P Pe3s* .o+(roAers0 Amia(" *ac"c"an recent!y to!d an a&dience at t"e Indian Instit&te of Mana%ement, A"meda(ad, comprisin% st&dents, fac&!ty mem(ers and officia!s of I&4arat )o&rism, t"at "e stopped endorsin% Pepsi after a %ir! in Jaip&r as#ed "im -"y "e promoted t"e soft drin# t"at "er teac"er "ad (randed as .poison.$ He said "e co&!d not rep!y immediate!y, (&t it made "im t"in#, "e said$ V)"is impression is on t"e mind of t"e peop!e$$$ So I stopped endorsin% Pepsi,V *ac"c"an said$ VI te!! t"is to my son A("is"e# and to da&%"ter,in,!a- Ais"-arya a!so$$$ If yo& "ave to endorse a prod&ct t"en yo& "ave to cond&ct yo&r !ife in s&c" a manner t"at it does not affect ot"ers. !ives$V Reactin% on t"e Amita(" *ac"c"an@s comments, a famo&s adman said PIt.s not -"at one -o&!d e+pect a (rand am(assador to say,
e!e(rity (randin% is a type of (randin%, or advertisin%, in -"ic" a ce!e(rity (ecomes a (rand am(assador and &ses "is or "er stat&s in society to promote a prod&ct, service or c"arity, and sometimes a!so appears as promotiona! mode!$ Ce!e(rities are %enera!!y "e!d in s&c" "i%" re%ard t"at an endorsement can drive cons&mers to p&rc"ase a prod&ct t"at t"ey mi%"t not ot"er-ise (&y$ W"ere a ce!e(rity does not &se a prod&ct or offers a dis"onest opinion, a c!ear et"ica! conf!ict e+ists$ It is -"en a ce!e(rity says somet"in% mis!eadin% t"at t"e endorsement is
especia!!y someone of t"e stat&re of *ac"c"an$ A certain (e"avior is e+pected of t"em$Q
Critici/in% a (rand after endorsin% it doesn.t seem appropriate, many ce!e(rity mana%ers responded on it$ Amita(" *ac"c"an -as associated -it" Pepsi since 9::J$ In !ast J years t"e company "as paid "im Rs;Kcrore E Rs$ < crore ann&a!!y$ Amita(" *ac"c"an@s contract -it" PepsiCo India as its (rand am(assador came to a nat&ra! end t"is year$ Comments of Amita(" a%ainst Pepsi "ave (een 1&estioned on t"e %ro&nd of mora! and et"ica! %ro&nds$ 'opeop!e say if "e "ad any dis!i#in%s a%ainst Pepsi, "e co&!d scrap t"e dea! premat&re!y$ )"e economic times critici/ed Amita(" *ac"c"an in its Kt" 8e(r&ary editoria!$ )"e Economics )imes -rites PW"at is pertinent is t"at "e "as done dama%e to a (rand after "is contract to act as its am(assador -as over$ )"is "arms not 4&st t"e (rand in 1&estion (&t t"e entire specia!i/ed !ine of (&siness ca!!ed (rand am(assadors"ip$ If it (ecomes accepta(!e for a ce!e(rity to tras" a (rand after "is contract to ce!e(rate it is over, riva! (rands co&!d pay to ma#e s&re t"at s&c" tras"in% does, indeed, ta#e p!ace$ )"is -o&!d destroy t"e mar#et for (rand am(assadors"ip a!to%et"erQ$ )"e ne-spaper f&rt"er -rites At"e so!&tion is for (rand am(assadors"ip contracts to ma#e it !e%a!!y (indin%, on pain of serio&s dama%es, for ce!e(rities to fo!!o- a po!icy of do, no,"arm even after t"eir active promotion p"ase is over$@
%iven t"e !ar%e s&ms of money to sec&re t"eir participation$ More recent!y, advertisers "ave (e%&n attemptin% to 1&antify and 1&a!ify t"e &se of .ele9r*(*es in t"eir 1ar@e(*+) campai%ns (y eva!&atin% t"eir a-areness, appea!, and re!evance to a (rand.s ima%e and t"e ce!e(rity.s inf!&ence on cons&mer (&yin% (e"avior$ Cele9r*(0 e+2orse1e+( u+2er s.a++er 0ne of t"e (i%%est a!!e%ations a%ainst ce!e(rities is t"at t"ey &se t"eir rep&tation and socia! ima%e for money ma#in% and sometime mis!eadin% t"eir (!ind s&pporters$ Society e+pects t"em to (e"ave in a more di%nified -ay$ 'o-, more voices are comin% o&t to c"a!!en%e t"e concept of ce!e(rity endorsement on t"e et"ica! and mora! %ro&nd$ Even %overnment is a!so very serio&s on t"is matter$ )"e %overnment "as ta#en a s&dden dis!i#e to ce!e(rity endorsements, promptin% advertisers to acc&se it of "ypocrisy$ )"e move "as a!so re#ind!ed a controversy t"at -ent vira! after fi!m star Amita(" *ac"c"an s&%%ested recent!y t"at "is conscience "ad made "im stop endorsin% Pepsi$ )"e corporate affairs ministry of India "as started airin% p&(!ic,interest radio advertisements -arnin% peop!e not to ta#e investment decisions (ased on -"at ce!e(rities say -"i!e endorsin% (rands, m&c" to t"e a!arm of advertisers$ Companies "ave !on% &sed (i% names to se!! prod&cts 2 *ac"c"an appears in ads for ICICI Pr&dentia! Hife Ins&rance to "a-# po!icies, -"i!e actor S"a" R&#" "an and cric#eter Ma"endra Sin%" D"oni "ave (ot" p&s"ed rea! estate$ )"e ne- %overnment advertisement, -"ic" airs on A!! India Radio.s 8M c"anne!, te!!s companies not to -aste money on ce!e(rities and &r%es cons&mers not to (e!ieve t"em$ )"e ad is presented as a conversation (et-een friends, -"o are a!so investors$ VIt is o&r money t"at is (ein% paid to ce!e(rities for (rand endorsements,V says one$ He %oes on7 VSo (e caref&! -it" yo&r money$ If t"e company spends so m&c" of o&r money on s&c" endorsements, "o- can t"ey ass&re (etter ret&rns to &s3V )"e ministry is !i#e!y to do more s&c" advertisements t"ro&%" t"e year so t"at investors don.t %et s-ayed (y mis!eadin% )V commercia!s$V Companies say ce!e(rities can promote (rands as !on% as t"ey are not !yin%$
Contrray to t"e ne-spaper@s vie- many peop!e (e!ieve t"at it -as Amita(" *ac"can@s persona! vie- and "is ri%"t to freedom of speec" cannot 1&estioned$ Wi!! t"e ne-spaper si%n a contact paper -it" t"eir advertisers t"at it -i!! not p&(!is" a story t"at may "arm t"e ima%e of t"e (rand, advertised in t"e ne-spaper3 In case of Amita(" *ac"c"an, it is not c!ear yet -"et"er Amita(" *acc"ant "as ref&sed to rene- t"e dea! -it" Pepsi ,or PepsiCo India itse!f -as re!&ctant to si%n "im as t"e company@s (rand am(assador a%ain$ )"e se!ection of (rand am(assador is of %reat concern to advertisers
Aa3 E55e.( In !ast si+ mont", -e "ave -itnessed a ne-ave of socia! responsi(i!ity, and persona! and professiona! et"ics$ 'o-, t"e (e"avior of many ce!e(rities are &nder microscope for many reasons In !ate ;?9;, former S&preme Co&rt J&d%e A Ian%&!y f!e- from A"meda(ad to De!"i on an aircraft "ired (y a company -"ic" is an acc&sed in t"e ;I spectr&m and !icense a!!ocation case$ 0(servers say it is inappropriate for a 4&d%e -"o "ad ta#en a "i%" mora! %ro&nd in a case to avai! t"e "ospita!ity of one of t"e acc&sed firms$ Emer%ence of Aam Admi Party is an indication of c"an%in% mood of Indian society$ Impact of Aam Admi party is not !imited to po!itica! (o&ndaries on!y, (&t its impact can (e seen in ot"er areas a!so$ Sensin% t"e mood of society no- ce!e(rities are tryin% to (e"ave in a more di%nified -ay to avoid any p&(!ic criticism and retain t"eir credi(i!ity "i%"$ It is #ind of credi(i!ity mana%ement practice$ It is not s&rprisin% t"at many onservers see t"is incident as a part of repositionin% strate%y of Amita(" *ac"c"an Credi(i!ity is t"e (i%%est po-er (ooster in t"e ce!e(rity endorsement (&siness$ )"e st&dy of ce!e(rity endorsements in t"e past K? years "as centered aro&nd t-o (road t"emes7 so&rce credi(i!ity and ce!e(rity,(rand con%r&ence$ So&rce credi(i!ity st&dies foc&s on t"e factors definin% t"e credi(i!ity of a ce!e(rity$ Credi(i!ity of a ce!e(rity "as (een fo&nd to (e a ma4or factor inf!&encin% cons&mer attit&des$ Researc" "as identified t"ree dimensions of so&rce credi(i!ity7 attractiveness, e+pertise, and tr&st-ort"iness$ Some of t"e st&dies 5e$%$, 0"anian, 9::?6 "ave &sed a!! t"e t"ree dimensions to deve!op a sca!e t"at can meas&re credi(i!ity$ More recent!y, advertisers "ave (e%&n attemptin% to 1&antify and 1&a!ify t"e &se of ce!e(rities in t"eir mar#etin% campai%ns (y eva!&atin% t"eir a-areness, appea!, and re!evance to a (rand.s ima%e and t"e ce!e(rity.s inf!&ence on cons&mer (&yin% (e"avior$ 8or e+amp!e, 0mnicom a%ency Davie *ro-n Entertainment "as created an
independent inde+ for (rand mar#eters and advertisin% a%encies t"at determine a ce!e(rity@s a(i!ity to inf!&ence (rand affinity and cons&mer p&rc"ase intent$ Accordin% to t"e Wa!! Street Jo&rna!, t"e Davie,*ro-n Inde+ 5D*I6 -i!! Vena(!e advertisers and ad,a%ency personne! to determine if a partic&!ar p&(!ic fi%&re -i!! motivate cons&mers -"o see t"em in an ad to p&rc"ase t"e prod&ct advertised$V
T/e Marl9oro Ma+ It is not t"e first incident -"en a person, -"o promoted a (rand, stood a%ainst t"e (rand sometime !ater$ )"e Marl9oro Ma+ is a fi%&re &sed in to(acco advertisin% campai%n for Mar!(oro ci%arettes$ In t"e United States, -"ere t"e campai%n ori%inated, it -as &sed from 9:=K to 9:::$ )"e Mar!(oro advertisin% campai%n, created (y Heo *&rnett Wor!d-ide, is said to (e one of t"e most (ri!!iant advertisement campai%ns of a!! time$ )"e &se of t"e Mar!(oro Man campai%n "ad very si%nificant and immediate effects on sa!es$ Eric Ha-son, t"e fo&rt" man to portray t"e smo#in% co-(oy, -"o appeared in Mar!(oro print ads from 9:LJ to 9:J9, died in ;?9K, of respiratory fai!&re d&e to c"ronic o(str&ctive p&!monary disease, or C0PD$ A smo#er since a%e 9K, Ha-son !ater appeared in an anti,smo#in% commercia! t"at parodied t"e Mar!(oro Man, and a!so in an ntertainment Tonight se%ment to disc&ss t"e ne%ative effects of smo#in%$ )"ere ot"er men -"o c!aimed to "ave appeared in Mar!(oro, re!ated advertisements2Wayne McHaren, David McHean, and Dic# Hammer a!so died of smo#in%,re!ated diseases, t"&s earnin% Mar!(oro ci%arettes, specifica!!y Mar!(oro Reds, t"e nic#name VCo-(oy #i!!ersV$ M.Lare+ (es(*5*e2 *+ 5aAor o5 a+(*&s1o@*+) le)*sla(*o+ a( (/e a)e o5 #!. D&rin% t"e time of McHaren.s anti, smo#in% activism, P"i!ip Morris denied t"at McHaren ever appeared in a Mar!(oro ad, a position it !ater amended to maintain t"at -"i!e "e did appear in ads, "e -as not t"e Mar!(oro ManG Winfie!d "e!d t"at tit!e$ In response, McHaren prod&ced an affidavit from a ta!ent a%ency t"at "ad represented "im, a!on% -it" a March 2014-May2014
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pay c"ec# st&(, assertin% "e "ad (een paid for -or# on a VMar!(oro printV 4o($ McHaren died (efore "is =;nd (irt"day in 9::;$ *&t it cannot (e denied t"at *ac"c"an "as opened &p a .(ar of -orms. for t"e ind&stry$ As reported (y t"e media, t"e Centra! Cons&mer Protection Co&nci! 5CPCC6, &nder minister V )"omas, "as disc&ssed t"e iss&e of ce!e(rity endorsement Reports s&%%est t"at Josep" Victor, a CPCC mem(er, "as %one to t"e e+tent of recommendin% t"at ce!e(rities, -i!! (e "e!d responsi(!e for a, say, fa&!ty (ra#e !ine in t"e car t"at t"e star endorses, or a cric#et star s&ed (eca&se -"itenin% face cream "e represent -as recent!y fo&nd to ca&se cancer$
"is credi(i!ity$ .Endorse -it" inte%rity. -i!! s&re!y increase "is !ife span as a (rand endorser$ *i(!io%rap"y B References7
atie Conno!!y 5< Jan&ary ;?996$ VSi+ ads t"at c"an%ed t"e -ay yo& t"in#V$ **C$ ;$ VActor -"o p!ayed Mar!(oro Man in ads dies from smo#in%,re!ated diseaseV$ Associated Press$ ;?9K,?9,;L$ Retrieved ;?9K,?9,;L$ <$ )&rnin% morons into mi!!ionaires, Hera!d,Jo&rna!$ Accessed 9J 'ovem(er ;??L$ K$ VWayne McHaren, =9, Rodeo Rider and Mode!V$ )"e 'e- Uor# )imes$ 9::;, If recommendations of Centra! Cons&mer ?L,;=$ Retrieved ;?9<,?:,?J$ Protection Co&nci! are recommended, ce!e(rity 5. VActor -"o p!ayed Mar!(oro Man in ads endorsement -i!! (e tota!!y different (a!! %ame$ dies from smo#in%,re!ated diseaseV$ Associated Press$ ;?9K,?9,;L$ Retrieved ;?9K,?9,;L$ Co+.lus*o+ 6. Hamis" Prin%!e 5Jo"n Wi!ey B Sons, J Apri! ;??K6 Ce!e(rity Se!!s, IS*' ?, Amita(" *ac"c"an@s remar#s need to (e ta#en KL?,JDJ=?,<$ in positive sense$ Acc&sin% "im t"at "e "as 7. Ierrie Him 5Cyan *oo#s, 9 Septem(er "armed t"e (&siness of ce!e(rity endorsement is ;??=6 Ido! to Icon7 )"e Creation of not va!id$ Rat"er "is s&%%estions mi%"t (e &sed Ce!e(rity *rands, IS*' 9:?KJL:9JL as an important %&ide!ine for ce!e(rity and IS*' :LJ,9:?KJL:9J<$ endorsement$ Reference c"ec# proced&res and J$ Jessica Evans, David Hesmond"a!%" 1&a!ity ass&rance %&ide!ines t"at *ac"c"an 50pen University Press, <9 J&!y ;??=6 advises "is son and da&%"ter,in!a- to fo!!oUnderstandin% Media7 Inside Ce!e(rity -"en representin% a constr&ction company, 5Understandin% Media6, IS*' air!ine, (an# or -atc" man&fact&rer is ?<<=;9JJ?D and IS*' :LJ, app!ica(!e for ot"er ce!e(rities a!so$ *ac"c"an ?<<=;9JJ?D$ "as 1&estioned t"e c&rrent practices of ce!e(rity :$ S"&("am *atra, Ce!e(rity promotion endorsement and s&%%ested a very po-erf&! %ets %overnment do-n%radeG radio ads %&ide!ine .endorser -it" inte%rity. to "is a%ainst star contemporary ce!e(rity endorsers$ Ce!e(rity pitc"esNeconomictimes$indiatimes$comNn endorsement is a (i% money spinner for many e-sNpo!itics,and,nationNce!e(rity, ce!e(rities$ *&t no- time "as come t"at t"ey promotion,%ets,%overnment,do-n%rade, (e"ave more responsi(!y -"i!e endorsin% a radio,ads,a%ainst,star, (rand$ A ce!e(rity@s !ife as a (rand am(assador Au)us(e Co1(e pitc"esNartic!es"o-N<?9J<99?$cmsNretriv or a (rand endorser is direct!y proportiona! to ed on 9?,;,;?9K Is*2ore Au)us(e Mar*e <ra+Vo*s JaA*er Co1(e 59: Jan&ary 9L:J T = Septem(er 9J=L6, (etter #no-n as Au)us(e Co1(e 58renc"7 [oyst #t ] \6, -as a 8renc" p"i!osop"er$ He -as a fo&nder of t"e discip!ine of socio!o%y and of t"e doctrine of positivism$ He is sometimes re%arded as t"e first p"i!osop"er of science in t"e modern sense of t"e term$ Inf!&enced (y t"e &topian socia!ist Henri Saint,Simon, Comte deve!oped t"e positive philosoph( in an attempt to remedy t"e socia! ma!aise of t"e 8renc" Revo!&tion, ca!!in% for a nesocia! doctrine (ased on t"e sciences$ Comte -as a ma4or inf!&ence on 9:t",cent&ry t"o&%"t, inf!&encin% t"e -or# of socia! t"in#ers s&c" as ar! Mar+, Jo"n St&art Mi!!, and Ieor%e E!iot$ His concept of sociologie and socia! evo!&tionism set t"e tone for ear!y socia! t"eorists and ant"ropo!o%ists s&c" as Harriet Martinea& and Her(ert Spencer, evo!vin% into modern academic socio!o%y presented (y ^mi!e D&r#"eim as practica! and March 2014-May2014 o(4ective socia! researc"$Comte.s socia! t"eories c&!minated in t"e VRe!i%ion of H&manityV, -"ic" inf!&enced Page72 t"e deve!opment of re!i%io&s "&manist and sec&!ar "&manist or%ani/ations in t"e 9:t" cent&ry$ Comte !i#e-ise coined t"e -ord altruisme 5a!tr&ism6$
1.
TRI,AL DOMEN EMPODERMENT IN JHAR8HAND DITH THE SUPPORT O< NGO Mrs. Su+*(a ,a+@*ra
Asstt Prof, Department of Commerce, )"e Irad&ate Sc"oo! Co!!e%e for Women, Jams"edp&r, o!"an University . OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO A9s(ra.(. J"ar#"and is a state -"ere "&ndreds of tri(a! -omen are (ein% #i!!ed every year for -itc"craft practice$ 9::9 to ;?9?, a tota! of ;=? -omen -ere #i!!ed in Ranc"i district, nine in D"an(ad, 9;= in *o#aro, 9J= in West Sin%"("&m, and D= in East Sin%"("&m amon% ot"er districts$ )i!! tri(a! -omen are empo-ered, t"in%s are not %oin% to c"an%e$ 0ne empo-erment strate%y for -omen empo-erment is to assist mar%ina!i/ed -omen to create t"eir o-n Se!f,He!p Iro&ps$ )"e paper presented "ere %ives a (rief i!!&stration of -omen empo-erment initiatives of some !eadin% 'I0s in t"e tri(a! areas of J"ar#"and$ 5i6 Creatin% an environment t"ro&%" positive economic and socia! po!icies for f&!! deve!opment of -omen to ena(!e t"em to rea!i/e t"eir f&!! potentia! )"e de+4ure and de+facto en4oyment of a!! "&man ri%"ts and f&ndamenta! freedom (y -omen on e1&a! (asis -it" men in a!! sp"eres T po!itica!, economic, socia!, c&!t&ra! and civi! E1&a! access to participation and decision ma#in% of -omen in socia!, po!itica! and economic !ife of t"e nation E1&a! access to -omen to "ea!t" care, 1&a!ity ed&cation at a!! !eve!s, career and vocationa! %&idance, emp!oyment, e1&a! rem&neration, occ&pationa! "ea!t" and safety, socia! sec&rity and p&(!ic office etc$ Stren%t"enin% !e%a! systems aimed at e!imination of a!! forms of discrimination a%ainst -omen C"an%in% societa! attit&des and comm&nity practices (y active participation and invo!vement of (ot" men and -omen$ Mainstreamin% a %ender perspective in t"e deve!opment process$
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"e princip!e of %ender e1&a!ity is ens"rined in t"e Indian Constit&tion in its Pream(!e, 8&ndamenta! Ri%"ts, 8&ndamenta! D&ties and Directive Princip!es . )"e Constit&tion not on!y %rants e1&a!ity to -omen, (&t a!so empo-ers t"e State to adopt meas&res of positive discrimination in favo&r of -omen$ )"e nationa! po!icy for t"e empo-erment of -omen 5;??96 "as t"e fo!!o-in% %oa!s and o(4ectives$
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5viii6
E!imination of discrimination and a!! forms of vio!ence a%ainst -omen and t"e %ir! c"i!dG and
0ne empo-erment strate%y for -omen is to assist mar%ina!i/ed -omen to create t"eir o-n Se!f,"e!p %ro&ps$ Se!f He!p %ro&ps are t"e #ey instr&ments for s&pportin% -omen@s empo-erment, -"ere(y 9?,;? r&ra! -omen from t"e same vi!!a%e, most!y poor -omen, come to%et"er to contri(&te t-o,-ee#!y or mont"!y d&es as savin%s and provide %ro&p !oans to t"eir mem(ers$ Se!f,"e!p %ro&ps are %enera!!y faci!itated (y 'I0s, and increasin%!y advise and train mem(ers in a variety of on, and off,farm income,%eneratin% activities$ Indeed, in a n&m(er of recent pro4ects, 'I0s -ere s&(stit&ted (y trained faci!itators and animators dra-n from se!f,"e!p %ro&ps$ )"e Iovernment of India and state a&t"orities a!i#e "ave increasin%!y rea!i/ed t"e importance of devotin% attention to t"e socio, economic (etterment and deve!opment of r&ra! -omen in J"ar#"and$ )"e Indian Constit&tion %&arantees t"at t"ere s"a!! (e no discrimination on t"e %ro&nds of %ender and race$ )ri(a! -omen "ave "arder !ives and are often discriminated a%ainst -it" re%ard to !and and property ri%"ts and in access to medica! faci!ities and r&ra! finance$ In t"e state tri(a! -omen &nderta#e t"e more onero&s tas#s invo!ved in t"e day,to,day r&nnin% of "o&se"o!ds, inc!&din% t"e co!!ection of f&e! -ood for coo#in% and t"e fetc"in% of drin#in% -ater, and t"eir n&tritiona! stat&s and !iteracy rates are !o-er t"an t"ose of men$ )"ey a!so command !o-er -a%es as !a(o&r in t"e &r(an areas$ Women@s voice in #ey instit&tions concerned -it" decision ma#in% is a!so !imited$ In J"ar#"and, many 'I0s are -or#in% in t"e direction of -omen empo-erment t"ro&%" (&i!din% Se!f Hel3 Grou3s. Se:a ,/ara(* )"e e+periment of Se!f,He!p Iro&p 5SHI6 (y Se-a *"arati proved a ma4or s&ccess in t"e remote areas of J"ar#"and$ Present!y, t"ere are over 9K?? SHIs in t"e state r&n (y Se-a
*"arati activists$ Every %ro&p norma!!y "as 9=, ;? -omen$ )"is n&m(er %oes over ;=,???$ )oday, t"ese -omen are -ritin% a ne- c"apter of c"an%e after ac"ievin% se!f,respect and se!f, dependence -it" t"e "e!p of SHIs$ SHIs "ave (ro&%"t a(o&t a sea,c"an%e and a-areness amon% t"e -omen -"o are most!y i!!iterate$ )"ey not on!y deve!oped t"e fee!in% of ta#in% %ro&p decisions (&t a!so to %et rid t"emse!ves of t"e c!&tc"es and atrocities of private money!enders$ )"ey not on!y c"an%ed t"eir o-n !ife (&t a!so e+tended a "e!pin% "and to t"e needy persons of t"e society$ Women of a simi!ar %ro&p in Ranc"i "e!ped in eye operation of a minor c"i!d at S"an#ar Eye Hospita! in C"ennai$ )"e -omen in t"e %ro&p of Meera, Rani and 'eet& ma#e (ari, papar, pic#!e, spices, 4&te (a%s, etc$ Arati, An&rad"a and Sany&#ta impart trainin% of ma#in% cand!es, %ro-in% m&s"room, and ma#in% 4am and 4ai!!y and a!so se!! t"e %oods made (y t"em$ Ma!ati and es"-anti of )&p&dana received t"e trainin% of ma#in% (an%!es (y !a#" and %oods of 4&te from Jaip&r$ 'o- t"ey not on!y ma#e a!! t"ese t"in%s t"emse!ves (&t a!so impart trainin% to ot"er -omen$ )"ey or%anise sta!!s of t"e %oods made (y t"em &nder t"e (anner of Se-a *"arati in vario&s fairs and e+"i(itions$ Some se!! t"e prod&cts in !oca! mar#ets -"i!e some move &p to De!"i to participate in t"e trade fair or%anised at Pra%ati Maidan every year$ Da2a1o Dadamo7 K9, "as mana%ed to re(&i!d "er !ife t"ro&%" "er Se!f,He!p Iro&p at Sosopi, a sma!! "am!et in t"e remotest (!oc# of J"ar#"and@s West Sin%"("&m district$ 7 Wit" a sma!! !and"o!din% of ?$9K "a$ T and a "&s(and s&fferin% from pro!on%ed i!!ness T it -as a diffic&!t !ife for Dadimo (ein% t"e so!e (read-inner of t"e fami!y$ *esides -or#in% as an a%ric&!t&re !a(o&rer in ot"er farmers@ fie!ds, s"e #ept a sma!! (reed of !ivestoc#, -"ic" s"e often needed to se!! in order to ma#e ends meet$ 'o matter "o- "ard s"e -as -or#in%, "er fami!y@s food s&fficiency -o&!d !ast for on!y si+ mont"s$ Dadimo is no- t"e pro&d o-ner of a s"op, on -"ic" s"e devotes "er days, -"i!e at
t"e same time mana%in% c&!tivation in t"eir o-n and !eased !and$ S"e is a!so an active federation mem(er of Se!f,He!p Iro&ps in "er panc"ayat$ It -as in 0cto(er ;??< -"en PRADA', an 'I0 -or#in% in t"is area, first set &p Se!f,He!p Iro&p in Dadimo@s vi!!a%e$ At t"at time, t"e %ro&p "ad 9K mem(ers$ Dadimo -as t"e sevent" mem(er to ta#e o&t a !oan from t"e %ro&p f&nds$ S"e &sed "er first !oan of Rs$ ;?? for "er p&ffed,rice (&siness$ )"at !oan "ad a cyc!e of one -ee# -"ic" s"e repaid -it"in t-o -ee#s$ Wit"in a !itt!e more t"an t"ree years, s"e too# o&t 9D cyc!es of !oan, amo&ntin% to Rs$ DD,D??$ Dadimo "as proven "erse!f to (e one of t"e most credit,-ort"y mem(ers of "er SHI, "avin% repaid a!! of "er !oans on time$ S"e &sed "er money to invest in "er o-n s"op and create improvements for "er farmin%, a tas# s"e f&!fi!!ed -it" trainin% s&pport from PRADA'$ )oday, Dadimo earns an avera%e profit of Rs$ ;,<?? every mont" from "er s"op and aro&nd Rs$ L,??? to Rs$ J,??? a year from "er ve%eta(!e c&!tivation$ And s"e contin&es to innovate$ Wit" "er !atest !oan of Rs$ 9;,???, Dadimo p!ans to p&rc"ase (&!!oc#s (ot" for &se in "er o-n fie!d and for offerin% t"em for "ire$ Moreover, s"e see#s to en%a%e "er "&s(and@s cooperation in mana%in% a paddy de,"&s#in% mac"ine$ Dadimo is a fine e+amp!e of "o- SHIs can "e!p c"an%e !ives$ J&st recent!y, s"e mana%ed to transfer "er son from t"e vi!!a%e sc"oo! to Saint )eresa in t"e nearest to-n$ S"e saves Rs$ 9?? every -ee# in t"e SHI, and for "er !oans, ma#es t-o Rec&rrin% Deposits of Rs$ =J? and Rs$ 9?? in t"e nearest Post 0ffice$ S"e says, PIf yo& can proper!y &se t"e money yo& need not stic# -it" one (&siness on!y$ )"e on!y t"in% yo& need is co&ra%e$Q J/ar.ra5( JHARCRA8) is a J"ar#"and %overnment &nderta#in%$ It is formed to promote t"e tasar, c&!t&re, "and!oom, "andicraft, and to revive t"e &ni1&e c&!t&re of t"e state$ )"e J"ar#"and Si!# )e+ti!e B Handicraft Deve!opment Corporation Htd 5J"arcraft6 si%ned
an MoU -it" t"e 'ationa! Sc"ed&!ed Caste 8inancia! Deve!opment Corporation 5'S8DC6 &nder -"ic" 'S8DC -i!! %ive Rs 9? crore to J"arcraft for t"e deve!opment of -omen (e!on%in% to t"e sc"ed&!ed caste in t"e state$ After receivin% t"e money, J"arcraft -i!! identify and train more t"an ;??? SC -omen in t"e state main!y from five districts, D&m#a, Deo%"ar, Ha/ari(a%, C"atra and Hate"ar in t"e first p"ase$ Hist of t"ose vi!!a%es in t"ese districts -"ic" "ave 9??R or L=R SC pop&!ation -i!! (e made and a s&rvey -i!! (e cond&cted in t"ose vi!!a%es and ma#e se!f, "e!p %ro&ps of -omen -"o -ant to -or# -it" J"ar#raft$ Vario&s c!&sters -i!! (e made for (am(oo !ifesty!e prod&cts and (am(oo 4e-e!!ery and a!so for ree!in%, spinnin% and -eavin% &nder -"ic" t"e SHIs of -omen -i!! (e trained$ J"ar#raft -i!! ens&re t"at t"ese -omen -or# for t"e prod&ction of vario&s prod&cts and are se!f, emp!oyed$ A!so, J"arcraft -i!! send t"em to participate in fairs so t"at t"ey %et e+pos&re and #no- a(o&t t"e demands in mar#et and t"e act&a! price of t"eir prod&cts,-i!! "e!p ma#e t"em %ood entreprene&rs$ 0nce t"e pro%ramme is s&ccessf&! in t"e se!ected districts, J"arcraft -i!! (e e+tendin% it to ot"er districts as -e!!$ It aims to ma#e t"ose SC -omen se!f,s&fficient, -"o are at present !ivin% in a very poor condition in remote vi!!a%es of t"e state$ T/e rural :o1e+ 2eAelo31e+( a33roa./ o5 Se:a Sa@(* Pro;e.( )"e R&ra! Women@s Deve!opment Pro4ect #no-n as Se-a Sa#ti Pro4ect is imp!emented as centra!!y sponsored sc"eme in 99 states of India, inc!&din% J"ar#"and$ So far 9DL; SHIs "ave (een formed in J"ar#"and &nder t"e pro4ect a%ainst t"e tar%et of 9D?? SHIs envisa%ed &nder t"e pro4ect$ Activities of Se-a Sa#ti pro4ect inc!&de constr&ctionNrepair of draina%e system, p!atforms, soa#s pits, -e!!s, sc"oo! (&i!din%s, #acc"a roads, etc$ It creates comm&nity assets to f&!fi! t"eir needs$ Increased income contro!!ed (y -omen %ives t"em se!f,confidence, -"ic" "e!ps t"em o(tain a voice and vote in7
Ho&se"o!d decisions s&c" as domestic -e!!,(ein% decisions$ 8or instance, -omen tend to &se income c!o&t for more e1&ita(!e decisions a(o&t sons and da&%"ters. diet, ed&cation and "ea!t"$ Economic decisions7 ac1&irin%, a!!ocatin%, and se!!in% assets$ 8erti!ity decisions7 economica!!y empo-ered -omen tend to "ave fe-er c"i!dren Hand &se and conservation decisions7 r&ra! -omen tend to favo&r s&staina(!e environmenta! practices since t"ey are &s&a!!y t"e ones t"at co!!ect t"e fami!ies. nat&ra! reso&rces s&c" as -ater and fire-ood$
C/alle+)es Apart from -ea# mar#et !in#a%es in t"e conte+t of income,%eneratin% activities, t"ere are a!so a fe- ot"er concerns in re!ation to -omen@s empo-erment in t"e state$ 0ne of t"e (i%%est pro(!em is i!!iteracy and !an%&a%e (arrier -it" respect to tri(a! -omen$ 'I0s find very diffic&!t to comm&nicate -it" tri(a! -omen$ Since infrastr&ct&re faci!ities !i#e, roads and transportation faci!ities are not deve!oped in tri(a! vi!!a%es, many tri(a! vi!!a%es are tota!!y c&t off from t"e main !and$ Accessi(i!ity is very (i% c"a!!en%e$ D&e to t"ese pro(!ems, capacity (&i!din% of se!f,"e!p %ro&ps, t&rn o&t to (e a very deffic&!t, -"ic" are in need of s&pport in acco&ntin%, financia! mana%ement, and or%ani/ationa! deve!opment$ Despite t"e foc&s in pro4ect desi%n, t"ere are %aps d&rin% imp!ementation$ An anot"er c"a!!en%e is a(o&t "o- to !in# se!f,"e!p %ro&ps to a%ric&!t&ra! activities, -"ic" are of #ey importance for t"e !ive!i"oods of tri(a! -omen in t"e state$ Co+.lus*o+ Many 'I0s are doin% tremendo&s -or# for -omen empo-erment in t"e state$ )"eir activities are m&!ti,dimensiona!$ *&t, t"ey need to e+pand t"eir area of activities f&rt"er$ Here, ro!e of %overnment is very important$ Iovernment "as to -or# more effective!y to increase t"e !iteracy rate of tri(a! -omen$ Hea!t", n&trition, and s#i!! en"ancement are t"e ot"er areas$ Infrastr&ct&re deve!opments !i#e roads, sc"oo!s, "ea!t" centers are t"e #ey for -omen empo-erment$ Ro!e of 'I0s (ecomes very to&%" -"en t"ese faci!ities are not -e!! deve!oped$ Re5ere+.es 9$ "ttp7NNartic!es$timesofindia$indiatimes$co mN;?9;,?K, ;JNranc"iN<9K=9;L?F9Ftri(a!,-omen, %ender,(&d%etin%,ranc"i,district$ ;$ "ttp7NN---$ifad$or%Neva!&ationNp&(!icF" tm!Ne#systNdocNinsi%"tNpiNindia, 9<$"tmNretived 9K$?;$;?9K$ March 2014-May2014 Page76
Do1e+ Sel5&su33or(*+) Poul(r0 Co&o3era(*Ae <e2era(*o+ L*1*(e2 &nti &mari of I&m!a district and Jatri 0raon of Ho"arda%a "ave fo&nd a ne- meanin% to !ife -"en t"ey (ecame financia!!y independent, -it" t"e "e!p of a co,operative society t"at is s&pportin% a n&m(er of se!f,"e!p %ro&ps$ )"ey started co!!ectin% (am(oos from t"e forest and "aystac# to desi%n sma!! (as#ets, vine%ar and sattu. )"ese -ere so!d in t"e !oca! mar#et, -"ic" fetc"ed t"em a %ood amo&nt$ J"ar#"and Women Se!f,s&pportin% Po&!try Co, operative 8ederation Himited -as re%istered on Marc" <9, ;??=$ )"e state co,operative department s&pported it -it" a %rant of Rs 9= !a#" to meet its infrastr&ct&re costs for t-o years$ At present, t"e federation (oasts co, operatives in Ho"arda%a, I&m!a, East Sin%"("&m, oderma and D&m#a$ 'o- as many as <,D?? poor r&ra! -omen are a(!e to earn a decent !ivin% and send t"eir c"i!dren to sc"oo!s$ Ear!ier t"ese deprived t"eir mont"!y income "as increased to Rs L,???$Severa! of t"ese -omen "ave a!so opened (an# acco&nts and are savin% money$ *am(oos and po&!try farmin% "ave (ecome an important so&rce of !ive!i"ood for many -omenG a fe- "ave t&rned to t"e "and!oom sector$ Many -omen are invo!ved in ma#in% to-e!s, (eds"eets and s"a-!s in t"e !oom and se!! t"em in t"e !oca! mar#et$ )"e rates, from Rs =? to Rs ;??, are 1&ite reasona(!e$
<$ "ttp7NN---$pacsindia$or%N%rantsNcso, partnersN4"ar#"andNs"areNretrived 9K$?;$;9K$ K$ "ttp7NN---$se-a("arti$or%NHome$"tm!Nr etrived 9=$?;$;9K$ =$ "ttp7NN---$pradan$netNinde+$p"p3 optionWcomFcontentBtas#Wvie-BidWJ; BItemidW9:$
D$ "ttp7NN---$-cd$nic$inNemp-omen$"tmNr etrived 9;$;$;?9K"ttp7NN---$&nfpa$or%$ L$ "ttp7NN---$&nicef$or% 8. "ttp7NN-cd$nic$in$ :$ "ttp7NNa/adindia$or%Nsocia!, iss&esNWomen,Empo-erment$"tm!$ 9?$ Economic empo-erment of -omen Iender Profi!e,J"ar#"and$
JHAR8HAND TRI,ES% THE ,IGGEST VICTIMS O< HUMAN TRA<<IC8ING

"r. 0atish #u$ar &u)ta
Asstt$Professor Deptt$ of Commerce $0$Co!!e%e, I&m!a,J"ar#"and 5A constit&ent &nit of Ranc"i University FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF A9s(ra.( )"e paper presented %ives a compre"ensive pict&re of "&man traffic#in% in J"ar#"and$ It ana!yses t"e important reasons (e"ind increasin% cases of "&man traffic#in% in t"e state$ )"e paper a!so eva!&ates t"e ro!e of %overnment a%encies in contro!!in% it$ of J"ar#"and -"ere most of t"e ;K districts are st&c# in t"e vicio&s circ!e$ 5India "ountr( 5ssessment Report on Human Trafficking 6789/ Accordin% to t"e report, traffic#in% is rampant in Iar-a", Sa"i(%an4, D&m#a, Pa#&r, West Sin%"("&m 5C"ai(asa6, and Ranc"i, Pa!am&, Ha/ari(a%, D"an(ad, *o#aro, Iirdi", odarma and Ho"arda%a districts$ Most of t"e -omen traffic#ed from t"e state (e!on% to t"e 0raon, M&nda, Sant"a! 5inc!&din% endan%ered Pa"ariya6 and Iond tri(es, (&t most of t"em are from 0raon and M&nda.$ )"e report f&rt"er said prominent red,!i%"t areas e+ist in D"an(ad, *o#aro and Ha/ari(a% districts$ )"e report a!so mentions t"e vario&s state initiatives -"ic" are not %ivin% t"e e+pected res&!ts$ Accordin% to t"e report t"ere is not a sin%!e s"e!ter "ome &nder t"e Centre.s U44-a!a sc"eme, -"ic" is a compre"ensive sc"eme for prevention of traffic#in% and resc&e, re"a(i!itation and re, inte%ration of victims of traffic#in% for commercia! se+&a! e+p!oitation$ Hoca! vi!!a%ers c!aim t"at po!ice does not ta#e any preventive meas&res to contro! it$ *&t po!ice comp!ains t"at t"ey str&%%!ed -it" differentiatin% (et-een peop!e mi%ratin% for emp!oyment and t"ose -"o -ere (ein% traffic#ed$
8e0 Dor2s% /u1a+ (ra55*.@*+)? J/ar@/a+2 (r*9es? Do1e+? SeEual eE3lo*(a(*o+? PoAer(0? U;;a:ala S./e1e? Tr*9es? GoAer+1e+( *+*(*a(*Aes.
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"ar#"and is "ome to a si%nificant pop&!ation of India@s indi%eno&s tri(a! comm&nities, -"o are amon% t"e most disenfranc"ised citi/ens of t"e co&ntry$ Accordin% to officia! statistics, an aro&nd nine mi!!ion o&t of <; mi!!ion person in J"ar#"and (e!on%s to tri(a! comm&nities$ A U' report re!eased in ;?9< on "&man traffic#in%, %ave a %rim pict&re
)"ere is "&ndreds of -omen -or# as a mem(er of "&man traffic#in% rin%$ )"ey offer poor %ir!s a %ood 4o( and ed&cation faci!ities in t"e to-n area and !ater on se!! t"ese %ir!s to a midd!eman 4&st for Rs$ 9=?? to ;???$ Many vi!!a%es in J"ar#"and are !ocated in ne+a! prone areaG -"en any %ir! is missin% parents ass&me t"at s"e "as (een ta#en a-ay (y t"e po!ice or t"e ins&r%ents$ )"ese %ir!s are most!y ta#en to t"e metro cities -"ere t"ey -or# in "o&ses as domestic -or#ers$ )"e main pro(!em is t"at DL percent of yo&n% %ir!s t"at are traffic#ed are tric#ed into it (y someone t"ey #no-$ J? percent of t"e %ir!s, -"o are traffic#ed, (e!on% to t"e tri(a! comm&nities$ J"ar#"and@s tri(es "ave a tradition #no-n as Pme"maaniQ -"ere parents send c"i!dren to !ive
-it" t"eir &nc!es for a fe- mont"s to foster (etter fami!ia! ties$ Many fami!ies sent t"eir c"i!dren for Pme"maaniQ and do not e+pect t"em for severa! mont"s$ After a s&(stantia! amo&nt of time, t"ey rea!i/ed t"at t"eir c"i!dren "ad (een traffic#ed$ Unfort&nate!y, many %ir!s -"o come (ac# "ome after resc&e operations, t"eir fami!y do not accept t"em$ As a res&!t many resc&ed %ir!s r&n a-ay after some time after (ein% ta&nted (y t"eir fami!y and nei%"o&rs$ )"ey consider t"em Pimp&reQ as t"ey "ad ret&rned from a (i% city$ )"e rea! c"a!!en%e (e%ins after t"e %ir!s reac" t"eir "omes$ )"ey need psyc"o!o%ica! "e!p and co&nse!in% ma4ority of t"e %ir!s -"o are traffic#ed are se+&a!!y e+p!oited, accordin% to a socia! activist$
Ta9le ! Hu1a+ (ra55*.@*+) *+ J/ar@/a+2% 8e0 I+2*.a(ors Tra55*.@*+) 5ro1 J/ar@/a+2 /as *+.rease2 (/ree5ol2 *+ (/e 3as( (/ree 0ears. As 1a+0 as --! 3eo3le /aAe 9ee+ res.ue2 5ro1 (/e .lu(./es o5 (ra55*.@ers 9e(:ee+ 2 ! a+2 O.(o9er 2 !". T/e r*se *+ (/e +u19ers o5 (/e res.ue2 *s s/o.@*+). D/*le ## 3eo3le? *+.lu2*+) 1*+ors? :ere res.ue2 *+ 2 ! &!!? ! ' :ere res.ue2 *+ 2 !!&!2 a+2 !-! *+ 2 !2&!". ,e(:ee+ A3r*l a+2 O.(o9er 2 !"? !"' 3eo3le /aAe 9ee+ res.ue2. T/e 5*)ures also s/o: (/a( "7R o5 (/e 3eo3le? 9elo+)*+) (o J/ar@/a+2 a+2 res.ue2 5ro1 a.ross (/e .ou+(r0? are 5ro1 Gu1la 2*s(r*.(. WT/e se.o+2 o+ (/e l*s( *s Des( S*+)/9/u1 :*(/ 2'R 5ollo:e2 90 Ja1(ara :*(/ !-R o5 (/e (o(al res.ue2 3eo3le. T/e leas( +u19er o5 3eo3le are (ra55*.@e2 5ro1 Sa/*9)a+; :*(/ o+l0 .-R 3eo3le 9e*+) res.ue2 5or (ra55*.@*+).
Sour.e% So.*al :el5are? :o1e+ a+2 ./*l2re+ 2eAelo31e+( 2e3ar(1e+(? J/ar@/a+2 2 !" PoAer(0 )"e socia! and economic indicators of J"ar#"and are amon%st t"e -orst in t"e co&ntry$ Even t"o&%" t"e state is ric" in minera!s, t"e ine1&ita(!e distri(&tion of -ea!t" and t"e !ac# of po!itica! -i!! p!a%&e t"e state$ Poverty data re!eased (y t"e P!annin% Commission in ;?9< says D<$?K per cent pop&!ation is sti!! poor in t"e State$ More t"an L=R of -or# force is en%a%ed in a%ric&!t&re, (&t %enerates on!y ;?R of state@s IDP$ A(o&t K=R area is &nder non,a%ric&!t&ra! &se and <;R is c&!t&ra(!e -astes -"ic" are &ns&ita(!e for a%ric&!t&ra! prod&ction and on!y March 2014-May2014 Page78
;<R area is &nder c&!tivation$ Despite t"e a(&ndance of ind&stria! prod&ction, r&ra! pop&!ation "as not (enefited and ma4ority is earnin% t"eir !ive!i"oods t"ro&%" a%ric&!t&re$ D&rin% !ast ten years a%ric&!t&re co&!d not %roin t"e state as per e+pectations, res&!tin% "i%"er r&ra! poverty$ )"e incidence of poverty in J"ar#"and is estimated at KDRG "o-ever D?R of sc"ed&!e caste and sc"ed&!e tri(es are sti!! (e!o- poverty !ine$ Hence, it may (e said t"at a%roeco!o%ica! and socia! factors are main ca&ses for poverty in J"ar#"and state$ Ana!ysis of data revea!s t"at si/e of !and "o!din% is comparative!y "i%"er 5?$=D "a6 t"an nei%"(orin% states, (&t on!y DDR of !and area o-ned (y farmers is &nder c&!tivation in samp!e vi!!a%es, indicatin% a(&ndance of c&!t&ra(!e -aste !and$ Hivestoc# is t"e second important economic activity on samp!e "o&se"o!ds, (&t t"e prod&ctivity is m&c" !o- d&e to domestication of !oca! (reeds of anima!s$ )"e distri(&tion of !and and !ivestoc# o-ners"ip is more e1&ita(!e in Ranc"i t"an D&m#a district$ It -as o(served t"at !ac# of emp!oyment opport&nity mi%"t "ave ca&sed t"e poverty in t"e state (eca&se on!y one,t"ird pop&!ation is en%a%ed in economic activity$ )"ere are no 4o( opport&nities for tri(es in t"e state$ So t"ey %o o&tside in searc" of 4o(s$ 'o- t"o&sands of yo&n% tri(a! %ir!s -or# in metro cities$ D&rin% t"e festiva! season -"en t"ey visit t"eir vi!!a%e many of t"em -"o "ave %ot %ood 4o( in cities, descri(e t"e (i% cities as promised !ands, -"ere peop!e "ave &ninterr&pted e!ectricity, r&nnin% -ater, cinema "a!!s, (i% mar#et p!aces and s&fficient food to eat$ )"ose stories entice many poor yo&n% %ir!s to !eave$ I+*(*a(*Aes o5 so.*al :el5are 2e3ar(1e+( )"e first draft for p!an of action to dea! -it" traffic#in% "as a!ready (een made (y t"e socia! -e!fare department of J"ar#"and )"e p!an of action inc!&des a!! detai!s !i#e "o- to cond&ct resc&e operations, correct proced&re of !od%in% 8IRs, responsi(i!ity of vario&s departments and
s"e!ter for resc&ed peop!e$ )"e p!an of action -i!! a!so "e!p in resc&in% t"e victims ri%"t from t"e transit points and t"e victims -i!! (e saved from (ein% sent to ot"er cities$ *&t t"ese initiatives -i!! ta#e some time to %et on trac#$ At present t"ere are more t"an ;? anti, traffic#in% ce!!s in ;? districts of t"e state, (&t t"ey do not "ave t"e re1&ired reso&rces and man po-er$ In J"ar#"and t"ere are on!y t-o s"e!ter "omes &nder t"e S-ad"ar sc"eme of t"e centre -"i!e t"e r&!es say t"at every district s"o&!d "ave a s"e!ter "ome &nder t"is sc"eme$ )"e !ac# of s"e!ter "omes !eads to t"e pro(!em of re"a(i!itation of resc&ed c"i!dren$ Compared to t"e state %overnment initiatives, t"e ei%"t anti,"&man traffic#in% &nits 5AH)U6 set &p (y t"e ministry of "ome affairs in t"e state "ave (een proactive!y -or#in% on vario&s anti,traffic#in% initiatives$ V)"e Units "ave a!ready "e!d severa! refres"er co&rses on "&man traffic#in% for t"e po!ice and ot"er sta#e"o!ders$ A!so, AH)U J"ar#"and "as initiated partners"ips -it" vario&s or%ani/ations in De!"i and o!#ata for %ettin% s&pport for cond&ctin% raids for resc&in%,V recovery of victims of "&man traffic#in% and resc&ed many traffic#ed victims$ A.(*o+ a)a*+s( )u*l(0 Under t"e Immora! )raffic#in% Prevention Act 5I)PA6 traffic#in% for commercia! se+&a! e+p!oitation is pena!i/ed$ )"e p&nis"ment ran%es from seven years@ to !ife imprisonment$ )"e *onded Ha(or A(o!ition Act, t"e C"i!d Ha(or Act, and t"e J&veni!e J&stice Act pro"i(it t"e (onded and forced !a(or in India$ *eca&se of t"e (r&ta! %an% rape of Decem(er ;?9;, %overnment "as passed a (i!! in -"ic" !a-s re!ated to se+&a! vio!ence and ma#in% se+ traffic#in% "ave (een amended$ *&t sti!! t"ere is a "&%e %ap (et-een enactment and
enforcement of t"ese !a-s$ *eca&se of -idespread corr&ption and (ride, it is easy for a%ents for (rin% t"ese yo&n% (oys and %ir!s for t"eir profit$ *&t t"ere s"o&!d (e strict discip!inary action a%ainst every(ody invo!ved in s&c" a crime t"en on!y t"is pro(!em can (e addressed$ A!so (etter ed&cation and ot"er faci!ities s"o&!d (e provided at native p!aces so t"at parents do not opt t"ese -ays for t"eir #ids$ A(ove a!! attit&de to-ards -omen and yo&n% %ir!s m&st (e c"an%ed Co+.lus*o+ H&man traffic#in% "as (ecome a very serio&s pro(!em for t"e ne-!y (orn state of J"ar#"and$ Every year t"o&sands of tri(a! %ir!s and c"i!dren are (ein% traffic#ed to t"e metro cities -"ere t"ey -or# as se+ -or#ers, "o&semaids or as a servant in sma!! road side d"a(as, %rocery s"ops and tiny ind&stries$ Iir!s, -"o -or# as maid servants, are (ein% treated very (ad!y$ Many
cases of se+&a! "arassment "ave (een noticed in recent past$ It is o(served t"at peop!e invo!ved as midd!eman in "&man traffic#in% cases are most of t"e time t"e re!atives, nei%"o&rs and fami!y friends$
Society "as a!so very ne%ative attit&de to-ards resc&ed %ir!s$ Even parents do not accept t"em$ Iovernment efforts seem to (e ins&fficient so far$ Iovernment a%encies are not a(!e to estimate t"e n&m(er of tri(es, (ein% traffic#ed every year$ Unfort&nate!y re"a(i!itation centers are a!so not -e!! mana%ed$ Hac# of deve!opment and a!most a(sence of !ive!i"ood opport&nities in t"e tri(a! vi!!a%es of J"ar#"and is responsi(!e for mass !eve! "&man traffic#in%$ )o contro! t"e pro(!em of "&man traffic#in% in t"e state, state %overnment -i!! "ave to create ne- emp!oyment opport&nities for t"e tri(a! comm&nity$ FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
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CROSS&CULTURAL CURRENT IN ITHE CO<<ER DAMSS AND IESMOND IN INDIAS

Dr. L*l0 8a:a
Associate professor, University Dept of En%!is" Ranc"i University, J"ar#"and
M*+a@s/* Pa+2e0a
Researc" Sc"o!ar University Dept$ of En%!is" Ranc"i University, Ranc"i. He!en tries to ne&tra!i/e t"e confrontation (et-een t"e East and t"e West$ S"e s"o-s t"at t"e re!ations (et-een t"e *ritis" and t"e Indians co&!d (e "armonio&s if t"e !atter -ere treated as e1&a!s$ :smo/d i/ C/dia ref!ects t"e conf!ict (et-een East and West, -"ic" is a conf!ict t"at mirrors J"a(va!a@s !ife, as a citi/en of (ot" -or!ds$ I&!a( marries Esmond Sti!!-ood, -"o ma#es "is !ivin% (y teac"in% Indian and -or!d c&!t&re to yo&n% !adies$ )"eir marria%e is a marria%e of opposites, more so a confrontation of t-o civi!i/ations$ )"is t"eme of a!ienation is %rad&a!!y "ei%"tened$ )"e t-o nove!s portray t"e res&!t of t"e enco&nter as destr&ctive and
A9s(ra.( )"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter is -e!! depicted in ama!a Mar#andaya@s !+e 8offer Dams and R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a@s :smo/d i/ C/dia$ !+e 8offer DamsF p&(!is"ed in 9:D:, dea!s -it" t"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter on t"e tec"no!o%ica! as -e!! as t"e "&man !eve!$ )"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter is (&i!t &pon t"e re!ations"ip of C!inton,He!en,*as"iam, -it" He!en at t"e centre of it$ He!en ref!ects t"e spirit of e1&a!ity, -"i!e C!inton, Mi!!i Ra-!in%s and Mr$ Ra-!in%s, ref!ect t"e attit&de of t"e arro%ant *ritis", -"o considered t"e Indians as Panima!sQ$ ama!a Mar#andaya -it" t"e !i#es of
!eave a t"o&%"t -it" t"e readers t"at At"e t-ain s"a!! never meet$@
ama!a Mar#andaya 59:;K6 and R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a 59:;L6 are contemporary nove!ists -"o made t"eir mar# in Indian En%!is" fiction$ )"e depiction of Indian !ife, interracia! and inter , c&!t&ra! re!ations"ips "ave (een t"e most important aspect of -ritin% for (ot" a&t"ors$ J"a(va!a, a Po!is" !ady married to an Indian !ived in India for t-enty , fo&r years after -"ic" s"e moved to 'e- Uor# in 9:L= -"ere as ama!a Mar#andaya , an Indian married to a *ritis", "as sett!ed in Hondon $ )"eir -ritin%s ref!ect a persona! tie -it" t"e East and t"e West and a (!end of traditiona! va!&es and t"e inescapa(!e socia! , c&!t&ra! c"an%e$ *ot" nove!ists "ave a(o&t ten nove!s eac" to t"eir credit -it" a variety in t"emes, c"aracters and scenes of action and are nove!ists of internationa! rep&te$ ama!a Mar#andaya@s fiction ref!ects t"e socia!, economic and po!itica! c"an%es in modern India$ S"e -on internationa! fame and reco%nition -it" "er very first nove!, Nectar i/ a ie%e, in 9:=K$ Mar#andaya p!ays t"e ro!e of a ne&tra! o(server in "er nove!s$ Wit"o&t ta#in% sides, s"e "i%"!i%"ts t"e dra-(ac#s and t"e 1&a!ities of (ot" t"e East and t"e West$ S"e "as t"e attit&de of a reformist$ C$D$'arasim"aia remar#s7 PIenera!!y "er nove!s ref!ect "er stron% penc"ant for Indian va!&es as a%ainst t"e spirit&a! impoveris"ment of En%!is" society, (&t Indians are not spared$ Act&a!!y, "er %ood men and -omen come from (ot" c&!t&res$Q9 Mar#andaya, to,date "as ten nove!s to "er credit$ Her -e!! #no-n nove!s are Nectar i/ a ie%e 59:=K6, - =a/dful of .ice 59:DD6, !+e 8offer Dams 59:D:6 and 6leasure 8ity 59:J;6$
)"e t"eme of East West enco&nter is -e!! depicted in A!+e 8offer DamsG and R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a@s A:smo/d i/ C/diaG$ A critica! st&dy of eac" revea!s t"e effect of t"is enco&nter$ !+e 8offer DamsF p&(!is"ed in 9:D:, dea!s -it" t"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter on t"e tec"no!o%ica! as -e!! as t"e "&man !eve!$ C!inton is t"e r&t"!ess tas#master, -"o e+p!oits c"eap Indian !a(o&r for corporate profits$ He!en &ses "er "ead as -e!! as "er "eart and "er &nion -it" *as"iam is t"e &nion of minds$ )"e c"ief of t"e tri(a!s sym(o!i/es t"e s&fferin%, tension, "ope and fait" of t"e &prooted peop!e of t"e "i!!s$ )"e an+ieties, a%onies, "opes and ac"ievements of t"e Indians and t"e *ritis" c"aracters are -e!! depicted$ )"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter is (&i!t &pon t"e re!ations"ip of C!inton,He!en,*as"iam, -it" He!en at t"e centre of it$ )"e dam is (ein% constr&cted for t"e -e!fare of t"e tri(a!s, (&t ironica!!y t"ey are t"e s&fferers and are t"e ones "&mi!iated (y t"e emp!oyers$ C!inton, t"e c"ief en%ineer of t"e pro4ect and "is en%ineers, -or# a%ainst nat&re$ )"ey "ave a "osti!e attit&de to-ards t"e -or#ers$ C!inton %ives priority to constr&ction -or#, even at t"e cost of "&manitarian va!&es$ 0n t"e deat" of *ai!ey and Wi!#ins, a!! -or# is s&spended (y t"e *ritis" officers to %ive t"em Pa decent C"ristian (&ria!$Q *&t in t"e second incident, -"en forty,t-o Indian -or#ers fa!! into t"e river and t-o dead (odies cannot (e recovered, t"en instead of !oo#in% at t"e possi(i!ities of recovery, C!inton decides not to de!ay t"e -or# for as "e said Pt"e (odies can (e incorporated into t"e str&ct&reQ$ ; He!en, "is -ife, considered t"e -or#ers as "&mans (&t to C!inton t"e Indians -ere P(!ac# opacities of tota! incompre"ensionQ$< C!inton did not !i#e He!en@s %ro-in% fondness for *as"iam and ot"er tri(a!s and t"in#s if on!y "is -ife co&!d P #eep a-ay from t"ose (!oody a(ori%ina!s and (e"ave !i#e t"e ot"er -omen on t"e station -o&!d doQ$ K A!t"o&%" C!inton and He!en are s"o-n to (e "appi!y married in t"e first fe- c"apters, "er independent nat&re !eads "er to e+p!oration and advent&re and event&a!!y to tro&(!e$ S"e re(e!s a%ainst t"e -estern racist attit&de and (e"avio&r$ S"e does not !oo# at t"e natives as P(!ac# apesQ
(&t considers t"em to (e as "&man as t"e *ritis"$ S"e !oo#s at t"em as emotiona!, sensitive "&man (ein%s$ C!inton@s re!ations"ip -it" t"e natives never moves (eyond t"e emp!oyer,emp!oyee re!ations"ip -"i!e He!en easi!y moves from one sett!ement to t"e ot"er$ C!inton -onders if it -as (eca&se s"e -as "a!f "is a%e3 W"en "e as#ed "er, s"e !a&%"ed$ AIt@s not"in% to do -it" a%e$ I 4&st t"in# of t"em as "&man (ein%s, t"at@s a!!$Q = He!en ref!ects t"e spirit of e1&a!ity, -"i!e C!inton, Mi!!i Ra-!in%s and Mr$ Ra-!in%s, ref!ect t"e attit&de of t"e arro%ant *ritis", -"o considered t"e Indians as Panima!sQ$ Mi!!i Ra-!in%s "ates Indians and advises ot"ers7 P'ever tr&st t"e (!ac#s$ )"at@s my motto, and I stic# to itQ$ D T/e Co55er Da1s opens &p t"e racia! conf!ict as e+ists in t"e post,independence India$ He!en doesn@t "ave any iss&es in ta!#in% to t"e Indians and t"is s&rprises C!inton$ S"e a!so doesn@t &nderstand -"y t"e tri(a! did not protest -"en t"ey -ere o&sted from t"eir !and$ S"e He!en finds it irritatin% t"at t"e Indians considered E&ropeans to (e a(ove certain tas#s$ 0n t"e ot"er "and, ris"nan fe!t t"at t"e *ritis" "ad eaten India a-ay d&rin% t"e cent&ries -"en t"ey -ere t"e r&!ers and Indians t"e r&!ed and it -o&!d ta#e a cent&ry to form a%ain$ Severa! incidents and crisis invo!vin% An%!o,Indian re!ations p&t C!inton and He!en on opposite sides, initiatin% a rift (et-een "&s(and and -ife and f&rt"er a!ienation (et-een Indian mind set and *ritis" (e!iefs$ )"e inner conf!ict -"ic" emer%es o&t of cross c&!t&ra! enco&nter is evident in t"e form of An%!o,Indian di!emma$ )"e a(r&pt c"an%e of attit&de can (e a res&!t of deep dissatisfaction$ It !eads to inner despair$ Most!y Mar#andaya fo!!o-s a t"ird person met"od to ana!y/e t"e motive and cond&ct of individ&a!s$ ama!a Mar#andaya -it" t"e !i#es of He!en tries to ne&tra!i/e t"e confrontation (et-een t"e East and t"e West$ It is not a!-ays t"e c&!t&res -"ic" c!as"G it co&!d a!so (e t"e individ&a! attit&de and psyc"e$ Mar#andaya s"o-s t"at t"e re!ations (et-een t"e *ritis" and t"e Indians co&!d (e "armonio&s if t"e !atter -ere treated as e1&a!s$ Haris" Rai/ada remar#s7
PWit"o&t s&(scri(in% to t"e imperia!ist vie-s of ip!in% re%ardin% t"e s&periority of t"e West over t"e East, s"e 5 ama!a Mar#andaya6 (e!ieves -it" "im t"at Pnever t"e t-ain s"a!! meetQ$ Infact, s"e does not -ant t"em to meet or (e identica!$ S"e -ants t"em to (e comp!ementary to eac" ot"erQ$ L )"e p!ot of t"e nove! is centered on t"e constr&ction of t"e dam and vario&s c"aracters p!ay t"eir ro!es in it$ A!t"o&%" t"e dam is constr&cted fina!!y, t"e 1&estion -"ic" remains &nans-ered is -"et"er t"e res&!t -as -ort" it3 !+e 8offer Dams "as scenes in -"ic" En%!is"men and Indians interact$ In order to (rin% o&t t"e et"nicity and to "i%"!i%"t t"e re%iona! and cross,c&!t&ra! variation, Mar#andaya manip&!ates t"e !an%&a%e spo#en (y t"e t-o races$ W"i!e He!en and C!inton, t"e a&t"entic *ritis" c"aracters, spea# correct En%!is", Iopa! Rao and Das, spea# Pid%in En%!is"$ We come across sentences !i#e PMemsa"i( -antin% coffee3Q and PMemsa"i( te!!in% %one 4&n%!e, Sa"i(Q$ R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a@s ma4or fascination "as (een drama and romance$ J"a(va!a "as -ritten ten nove!s, five co!!ections of s"ort stories, a !ar%e n&m(er of screenp!ays and varied n&m(er of essays, artic!es and intervie-s$ S"e -as a-arded t"e *oo#er pri/e in 9:L= for "er nove! =eat a/d Dust and it (ro&%"t "er -or!d-ide fame$ S"e a!so -on t"e 'ei!! I&nn Internationa! 8e!!o-s"ip in 9:LJ$ In 9:JD, s"e -on t"e Academy A-ard for *est Adapted Screenp!ay for - .oom 0it+ - 9ie0 . In 9::K, s"e received t"e Writers I&i!d of America@s Screen Ha&re! A-ard, t"e I&i!d@s "i%"est "ono&r$ J"a(va!a -as a!so nominated for 0scar Pri/e for "er adaptation of a/no Is"i%&ro@s !+e .emai/s of t+e Day. S"e "as (een admired (y many critics$ C$P$Sno- remar#s7 PSomeone once said t"at t"e definition of t"e "i%"est art is t"at one
s"o&!d fee! t"at !ife is t"is and not ot"er-ise$ I do not #no- of a -riter !ivin% -"o %ives t"at fee!in% -it" more &n1&a!ified certainty t"an Mrs$ J"a(va!a$Q J J"a(va!a@s de!i%"t in India is ref!ected in "er ear!y nove!s, partic&!ar!y in !o W+om +e Will -8:;;/ and !+e Nature of 6assio/ -8:;</. Her description of "er first enco&nter -it" India s&%%ests t"at J"a(va!a tries to -rite from an insider@s perspective$ S"e says PIt came a(o&t instinctive!y$ I -as enrapt&red$ It fe!t I &nderstood India so -e!!$ I !oved everyt"in%Q$ : D&rin% t"is ear!y sta%e, t"e description invaria(!y is in terms of Pe+citementQ, Prapt&reQ and P!oveQ$ :smo/d i/ C/diaF p&(!is"ed in 9:=L, t"o&%" c"rono!o%ica!!y fa!!s in t"e first p"ase, t"eoretica!!y !in#s to P"ase II of "er career, -"ere J"a(va!a moves a-ay from an interest in India and Indians to an interest in t"e effect India "as on Westerners -"o !ive in or visit India$ It is J"a(va!a@s t"ird vent&re$ )"e nove! ref!ects t"e conf!ict (et-een East and West, -"ic" is a conf!ict t"at mirrors J"a(va!a@s !ife, as a citi/en of (ot" -or!ds$ )"e strands of comedy, irony and satire min%!e effort!ess!y and fascinate t"e readers$ I&!a( marries Esmond Sti!!-ood, -"o ma#es "is !ivin% (y teac"in% Indian and -or!d c&!t&re to yo&n% !adies$ )"eir marria%e is a marria%e of opposites, more so a confrontation of t-o civi!i/ations$ Esmond, -"o #no-s t"e co&ntry, its c&!t&re and its "istory so -e!!, is a!ienated from it$ He fee!s "e co&!d never (e!on% to t"is co&ntry$ S"a#&nta!a fa!!s for Esmond and -ants to r&n a-ay -it" "im$ Esmond, "o-ever, p!ans to !eave S"a#&nta!a and I&!a( and -ants to en4oy t"e company of t"e En%!is" -oman *etty, trave!in% (ac# -it" "er, to En%!and$ )"e t"eme of a!ienation and racia! enco&nter is (ro&%"t for-ard in vario&s instances t"ro&%"o&t t"e nove!$ Esmond, an En%!is"man, in "is initia! enc"antment, marries I&!a( -"o is sym(o!ic of India$ Soft and sens&o&s, s"e acts (y "er instincts more t"an "er inte!!ect$ )"e a!!iance (et-een t-o persons and opposite (ac#%ro&nds is (o&nd to contain t"e seeds of potentia! conf!ict$ Hi#e a typica! Indian -ife, s"e
never ta#es "er "&s(and as a friend or a partner, (&t as someone s&perior to "er$ W"en "er "&s(and ta!#ed to "er it seemed to "im t"at "e -as ta!#in% Pto "er, and "er eyes_$"er (ea&tif&! sad eyes, -"ic" once "e "ad t"o&%"t f&!! of a!! t"e -isdom and sorro- of t"e East_remained -"at "e "ad !on% since decided a mere (!an#$Q 9? Esmond rea!i/es t"at in attemptin% to ta!# to "is -ife Pit -as !i#e ta!#in% to an anima!$ An anima!, "e t"o&%"t, I am married to an anima!$Q 99 Esmond is se!fis" and I&!a( is s!o- and &nsop"isticated$ )"ere is a s"arp contrast in t"eir -ays of !ivin% and t"in#in%$ )"e marria%e (et-een Esmond and I&!a( fai!s (eca&se t"eir (asic attit&de to-ards !ife is different$ )"eir tastes -it" respect to food, c!ot"in%, "o&se#eepin% and (rin%in% &p of c"i!dren differ$ I&!a( !oves spicy food,Carrot "a!-a, spices and red "ot c&rries$ S"e -ants "er son Ravi to "ave t"is food$ PRavi -as a!ready ta#in% t"e paper off t"e !itt!e eart"en-are pots$ ACarrot Ha!-a@, "e cried$ I&!a( !oo#ed p!easedG "er !ar%e me!anc"o!y eyes f!as"ed for an instant -it" a -onderf&! fire$ In t"e ot"er pots t"ere -ere %ram, tomatoes and potatoes s-immin% in red c&rry and c"&n#s of meat soa#ed in c&rds$ Everyt"in% -o&!d (e "i%"!y spicedG I&!a( smi!ed -it" p!eas&reQ$9; W"en Esmond is not aro&nd I&!a( "as !ar%e amo&nt of food$ Her mot"er Uma, feeds "er -e!!, -"en s"e visits "er and J"a(va!a descri(es it as Pa pi!a& -it" peas and (ro-ned onions and s&!tanas and a!monds, a c&rry made of t"ic# (!oc#s of cream c"eese, dar#,(ro-n meat (a!!s, !adyfin%ers fried -it" onions in c!arified (&tterQ9<$ In contrast to t"is, Esmond "as a typica! E&ropean taste$ He !i#es (oi!ed food and sa!ads$ A!on% -it" food, t"eir eatin% "a(its a!so differ$ PHe sat a!one at "is smart !itt!e dinin% ta(!e in "is smart !itt!e dinin% corner and ate "is c"eese sa!ad$ Everyt"in% on t"e ta(!e -as co!o&rf&! and modern_$it -as very different from I&!a(@s spicy meat eaten on t"e f!oor o&t of t"e (rass (o-!s$Q9K Esmond, !oved "is Indian -ife initia!!y, and -as "appy -it" t"e (irt" of "is dar# "aired c"i!d$ Esmond "ad -anted Pan Indian son, a rea! piece of India, as "e "ad -anted an Indian -ife$Q9= *&t in a fe- years "e -as disenc"anted and Esmond t"o&%"t -istf&!!y of Pfair st&rdy !itt!e (oys -it" (!&e eyes and pin# c"ee#s$
An%e!s not An%!es, "e often fo&nd "imse!f m&rm&rin%_$Ravi -as definite!y dar#$Q 9D I&!a( is overprotective of "er son Ravi and "er attit&de irritates Esmond$ He -ants Ravi to %ro- &p to (e independent$ He ma#es "is son s!eep in a separate (ed$ Uma, Ravi@s %randmot"er, says7 PIn a (ed !i#e a ca%e "e "as to s!eep and in t"e man@s room, if "e -a#es and cries in t"e ni%"t, t"e mot"er cannot come to "im$ Is t"at t"e -ay for t"e c"i!d to %ro- &p stron%, "ea!t"y and "appyQ9L Differences arise in t"e manner of feedin% t"e c"i!d too$ Uma says PW"at is t"is food "e is made to eat, (oi!ed food t"at I -o&!d not %ive even to Paria" do% and not a drop of p&re %"ee to (e fo&nd in t"e "o&se$Q 9J Esmond a!so -ants to #eep a-ay from !oca! c&stoms and rit&a!s$ He does not -ant "is son to (e %iven oi! massa%es nor does "e -ant "is "ead to (e s"aved, -"ic" "e fee!s is a A(ar(aric c&stom@$ )"is t"eme of a!ienation and enco&nter (et-een t"e East and t"e West is %rad&a!!y "ei%"tened$ In marria%e PEsmond see#s an e1&a!, I&!a(, a Iod$Q )"e t-o can never reconci!e$ Esmond can@t (ear t"e anima! presence of I&!a( aro&nd "im and "e fee!s "e -as trapped$ J"a(va!a -rites PHere, in t"is f!at, -"ic" "e "ad tried to ma#e so e!e%ant and c"armin%, (&t -"ic" s"e "ad mana%ed to fi!! comp!ete!y -it" "er anima! presence$ His senses revo!ted at t"e t"o&%"t of "er, of "er %reed and sme!! and !an%&or, "er passion for meat and for spices and stron% perf&mes$ S"e -as every-"ere_$ fi!!ed -it" d&st and %erms and too m&c" s-eetness, in t"e faint (&t penetratin% sme!! of over, ripe fr&it_$and "e fe!t
"imse!f stif!in% in "er softness and "er -armt"$Q 9: J"a(va!a@s position as an o&tsider "erse!f "as a!-ays made "er "i%"!y conscio&s of c&!t&ra! contrasts and inf!&ences$ Conse1&ent!y "er nove!s and stories a!-ays force t"e reader to (e a-are and even confront t"e c&!t&ra! inf!&ences and pre4&dices J"a(va!a e+poses$ A!t"o&%" Esmond %ot married to I&!a( (eca&se "e !i#ed t"e s"y nat&re and "er c"&((y !oo#s, !ater "e detested "er, for s"e did not fit into "is -esterni/ed o&t!oo# of a -ife$ I&!a( doesn@t !i#e t"e -ay Esmond -ants "er to (e dressed &p and Esmond doesn@t !i#e "er to (e in a cr&mp!ed saree a!-ays$ I&!a( -as sti!! in t"e saree -"ic" s"e -ore at ni%"tG it -as cr&mp!ed and torn, (&t s"e fe!t at ease in it$ It "ad (een different -"en Esmond "ad made "er -ear t"ose f!imsy transparent ni%"tdresses -it" !ace and r&ff!es and ri((onsG t"en s"e p&t on "er c!ot"es t"e moment s"e "ad %ot o&t of (ed for s"e "ad fe!t so indecent$ It is t"e same fee!in% -"ic" S"a#&nta!a %ets -"en s"e -atc"es Esmond and *etty, !yin% so c!ose to eac" ot"er a!t"o&%" s"e #ne- t"at E&ropean men and -omen (e"aved in a free -ay -it" one anot"er$ As S"a#&nta!a -atc"es t"eir s!enderness and fairness, Esmond in "is coo! and crisp -"ite s"irt and *etty in "er pin# candy striped dress, s"e fee!s "erse!f to (e at contrast to t"em$ S"e fe!t "erse!f to (e d&!!, "eavy and dar#$ )"is contrast in !oo#s a!so contin&es in t"e c&!t&re$ W"atever I&!a( !i#e or prefers is in contrast -it" t"e !i#in%s of Esmond$ I&!a( !i#es to spend "er time !eis&re!y at "er mot"er@s p!ace -"i!e s"e "as to "&rry &p and (e precise for everyt"in% in Esmond@s "o&se$ Esmond o(4ects to everyt"in% -"ic" s"e does and "ence I&!a( does everyt"in% on t"e s!y$ S"e app!ies a !ot of oi! in "er mot"er@s "o&se for Esmond o(4ected to oi!$ He considers it to (e a fi!t"y "a(it as it -o&!d spoi! "is c&s"ions and -a!!s and patc" it -it" %rease$ Uasmine Iooneratne -rites7 P*y tracin% Esmond@s rapid!y acce!eratin% 4o&rney, from comparative ca!m to mo&ntin% "ysteria d&rin% t"e
five mont"s covered (y t"e action of t"e nove!_ R&t" J"a(va!a is a(!e to p!ot t"e sta%es (y -"ic" t"e e+perience of India affects Western sensi(i!ity$Q ;? ames"-ar Prasad ri%"t!y remar#s7 PJ"a(va!a@s pict&re of Indian society emp!oys an ana!o%o&s po!ari/ation (et-een E&ropeanised, emancipated, refined (e"avio&r and indi%eno&s, traditiona!, &nt&tored (e"avio&r_$Esmond in India %ives a pict&re of present c&!t&ra! and socia! sit&ation in India$Q ;9 J"a(va!a &ses En%!is" !an%&a%e effort!ess!y to differentiate (et-een *ritis" and Indian comm&nities, t"ro&%" t"e manner in -"ic" En%!is" is spo#en (y eac" of t"em$ Syntactica! inf!&ences of t"e first !an%&a%e, trans!ations and trans!iterations form J"a(va!a@s !an%&a%e, t"e assertives and ne%atives are c"an%ed into 1&estions (y inf!ection of tone$ W"en as#ed for a s&%%estion on a -eddin% %ift for a friend of Indira, S"a#&nta!a as#s PS"e p!ays tennis3 S"e s-ims3 S"e !a&%"s a !ot and smo#es ci%arettes3Q ;; Indira@s !an%&a%e is simi!ar$ Uns&re, if S"a#&nta!a -o&!d accompany "er, s"e as#s PUo& -i!! (e ready (y e!even3 Uo& are comin%3Q;< )rans!iterations are common!y seen t"ro&%"o&t t"e nove!$ S"a#&nta!a addresses "er fat"er@s friends@ as AUnc!e4i@ and A&ntie4i$@ In t"e case of trans!iteration, J"a(va!a adopts ama!a Mar#andaya@s tec"ni1&e of providin% e+p!anations in t"e narrative$ )"ere are vario&s e+amp!es -"ic" ref!ect t"is$ *ac"ani te!!s I&!a( t"at "er mot"er "as %one to visit I&!a(@s Re5ere+.es 9$ Ieor%e, $M$, 0t"er Indian Hiterat&res, En%!is"@G Comparative Indian Hiterat&re, Vo!$ ; 5Macmi!!an, Madras7 9:J=,6G p$9<?;
AMam&@, "er materna! Unc!e$ Ha#s"mi (emoans "er APita4i@ as s"e -as "appy at "er fat"er@s "o&se (&t is no- tired of poverty, -"ic" is a!! "er "&s(and can %ive "er$ I&!a(@s son Ravi dra-s "is A'ani@s "o&se@$ *admasana, a Uo%ic pose, is e+p!ained as P!e%s t&c#ed &nder "im, "is feet on "is t"i%"s, "is "ands pa!ms &p-ards on "is #nees, "is eyes -ide open and &n(!in#in%Q ;K )"e Sirsasana, is simi!ar!y e+p!ained as a Uo%ic e+ercise in -"ic" t"e spirit min%!es -it" t"e infinite$ :smo/d i/ C/dia, "as an artistic p!ot and -e!! p!aced c"aracters, -"ic" "e!p to move t"e story for-ard$ It is a -itty nove!, depictin% t"e aff!&ent Indian society, -"ic" "ad imitated t"e sty!e of t"e *ritis"$ )"e nove! is -e!! presented in t"e form of t"e Comedy of Manners and depicts t"e a&t"or@s -or!d as it -as at t"e time t"e nove! -as -ritten$ )"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter in (ot" !+e 8offer Dams and :smo/d i/ C/dia is -e!! (ro&%"t o&t -it" respect to c&!t&re, rit&a!s, !an%&a%e and re!ations"ip$ )"e !i#es of C!inton and Esmond are in India for t"eir individ&a! %ains and (enefits and "ence t"ey deve!op on!y a s&perficia! re!ations"ip -it" t"e natives$ In a!!, t"e t-o nove!s portray t"e res&!t of t"e enco&nter as destr&ctive for t"e representatives of (ot" t"e races and !eave a t"o&%"t -it" t"e readers t"at t"e At-ain s"a!! never meet@$
Co+.lus*o+&
)"e Coffer Dams and Esmond in India (ri!!iant!y portray t"e t"eme of East,West enco&nter -it" respect to c&!t&re, rit&a!s, !an%&a%e and re!ations"ip$ We find t"at t"e c"aracters !i#e C!inton and Esmond are in India on!y for t"eir individ&a! %ains$ )"ey never deve!op any deep and meanin%f&! re!ations"ip -it" t"e natives$ 0vera!!, (ot" t"e nove!s "ave an artistic p!ot -"ic" se1&entia!!y deve!ops to portray t"at t"e res&!t of t"e enco&nter (et-een t"e t-o races -o&!d a!-ays (e destr&ctive$ ;$ Mar#andaya, ama!aG )"e Coffer Dams 5Hamis" Hami!ton, Hondon7 9:D:6G p$ 9D= <$ I(idG p$<= K$ I(idG p$LJ =$ I(idG p$9; D$ I(idG p$<L L$ Rai/ada,Haris", PEast,West
Confrontation in t"e nove!s of ama!a Mar#andayaQ$ Perspectives on ama!a Mar#andaya$ 5Vima! Pra#as"an, I"a/ia(ad7 9:JK,6G pp$<L,L? J$ Sno-, C$P$, S&oted on t"e (!&r( of R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a@s )"e Ho&se"o!der 5Jo"n M&rray, Pen%&in *oo#s, Hondon7 9:J?6 :$PA 'ove!ist of India ref!ects )-o Wor!dsQ5Intervie-6, )"e 'e- Uor# )imes, )&esday, 9Lt" J&!y, 9:L<$ 9?$ J"a(va!a, R&t" Pra-erG Esmond in India 5Jo"n M&rray, Hondon7 9:J?6, p$9DD 99$ I(idG p$9DD$ 9;$ I(idG p$9K 9<$ I(idG p$:? 9K$ I(idG p$<= 9=$ I(idG p$<K 9D$ I(idG p$<K
9L$ I(idG p$=J 9J$ I(idG p$=J$ 9:$ Wine%arten, Renee, AR&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a7 A Je-is" Passa%e to IndiaQ Midstream ;?, 'o$ < 59:LK6, p$L< ;?$ Ioonratne, UasmineG Si!ence, E+i!e and C&nnin%7 )"e fiction of R&t" Pra-er J"a(va!a 50rient Hon%mans, 'e- De!"i, 9:J<6, p$:; ;9$ Prasad, ames"-arG )"e 'ove!s of R&t" J"a(va!a7 A Critica! St&dy 5Sreenivas P&(!ications,Jaip&r7 ;??D6, p$99< ;;$ J"a(va!a, R&t" Pra-erG Esmond in India ,op$cit$, p$ :$ ;<$ J"a(va!a, R&t" Pra-erG Esmond in India ,op$cit$, p$9; ;K$ J"a(va!a, R&t" Pra-erG Esmond in India ,op$cit$, p$LL
"E /ARA-I,* 8Y -1E A.-1,R0

6<'e =============================.%ec"are that the research paper ent!t"e% =======================...==s$#m!tte% to the >amshe%p$r ?esearch ?e)!e', has not #een p$#"!she% an% not #een s$#m!tte% or p$#"!cat!on e"se'here. The research 'or3<man$scr!pt !s my<o$r or!g!na" 'or3. 6<'e a$thor!&e an% empo'er e%!tor o >amshe%p$r ?esearch ?e)!e' or ma3!ng essent!a" a"terat!ons repro%$ce or con%ense the man$scr!pt ! re($!re%. -!m!"ar"y 6<'e $rther g!)e my<o$r consent an% r!ght to trans er o copy r!ght rom a$thors 7s9 to p$#"!sher or re rame, repro%$ce or re $ge o my<o$r paper !n any orm. 0i5nature o! the Author3s4 *a$e @ith co$)lete o!!icial address
GUIDELINES <OR AUTHORS

Artic!es s"o&!d (e accompanied (y a dec!aration t"at t"ey "ave not (een p&(!is"ed or s&(mitted for p&(!ication e!se-"ere$ ;$ )"e artic!es (e sent to in MS Word format to t"e Editor at %yan4yoti$fo&ndationErediffmai!$com, )"e artic!e m&st (e accompanied (y an a(stract -it"in ;?? -ords$ )"e artic!es s"o&!d (e -ritten in En%!is" and prefera(!y (e -it"in K??? -ords in !en%t"$ STYLE O< PRESENTATION
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+AM01E":.R RE0EAR 1 REVIE?

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JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW Year 2 Volume 2 Issue VI ISSN 2320-2750 RNI-JHAEN !20"3!

JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW

March 1 2014 May 31 2014 YEAR II : Vol.II : Issue VI

Editor- in - hie! "r. Mithilesh #u$ar hou%ey

&YA* +Y,-I E". A-I,*A/ A*" RE0EAR 1 2,.*"A-I,* 3-R.0-4

March 2014-May2014 Page1

March 2014-May2014 Page2

Pa3er ReA*e: Co11*((ee

Dr. 8.8 Sa/a0

Dr. Mus(aB A/1a2

Dr. S.,.P Gu3(a

Dr. Da+*s/ Al* 8/a+

Dr. Poo+a1 Sa/a0

Dr. 8.M Ma/a(o

IMPORTANT DATES <OR PAPER SU,MISSION

March 2014-May2014 Page3

March 2014-May2014 Page4

March 2014-May2014 Page5

March 2014-May2014 Page6

March 2014-May2014 Page7

March 2014-May2014 Page8

Te./+olo)*.al 5a.(ors Perceived ris#s5re!ative disadvanta%e6 Perceived (enefits5re!ative advanta%e6

March 2014-May2014 Page10

March 2014-May2014 Page11

March 2014-May2014 Page12

9;D ? ;$???? ;$??

9;D ? ;$???? ;$??

9;D ? ;$???? ;$??

9;D ? <$???? ;$??

Missin% Median Mode

March 2014-May2014 Page13

9;D ? K$???? K$??

9;D ? K$???? K$??

March 2014-May2014 Page14

March 2014-May2014 Page15

1&estions to e+amine t"e perception of (an# staff on t"e iss&e$

Missin% Median Mode

March 2014-May2014 Page16

March 2014-May2014 Page17

March 2014-May2014 Page18

9;$ 9<$ 9K$

9:$ ;?$ ;9$

March 2014-May2014 Page20

March 2014-May2014 Page21

Ta9le !% Role o5 SHG Me19ers/*3 *+ DeAelo3*+) Lea2ers/*3 4ual*(*es =NH# >

March 2014-May2014 Page22

March 2014-May2014 Page23

March 2014-May2014 Page24

March 2014-May2014 Page25

March 2014-May2014 Page26

2. I13le1e+(a(*o+ o5 Lea+ S*E S*)1a

March 2014-May2014 Page27

<$ Data Co!!ection

De5e.( Yes/No> 'o 'o 'o Ues 'o

March 2014-May2014 Page28

March 2014-May2014 Page29

%in 9$==DK<K<D< ;$;L?LDKJ?< ;$:J=?:=;K; <$D::K;=DJ; K$K9<L=D9;9 =$9;J?JD=D =$JK;K9L More

March 2014-May2014 Page30

Statistica! Proof for Point T 9

March 2014-May2014 Page31

$S ?$?; ;DK= ?$D= 9K9K

*+ value ?$J= ;;<;

F crit ".6' #72!

&YA* +Y,-I E". A-I,A/ A" RE0EAR 1 2,."A-I, 3-R.0-4

Pa3er ReAe: Co11((ee

Dr. Da+s/ Al 8/a+

Ta9le !% Role o5 SHG Me19ers/3 + DeAelo3+) Lea2ers/3 4ual(es =NH# >

2. I13le1e+(a(o+ o5 Lea+ SE S*)1a

Lal( 8u1ar Jos/

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5Sour.e% De3ar(1e+( o5 I+2us(ral Pol.0 a+2 Pro1o(*o+? Se3(e19er 6? 2 !!6

Co+sol2a(e2 <DI Pol.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !"

Co+sol2a(e2 <DI Pol.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !" March 2014-May2014 Page52

Co+sol2a(e2 <DI Pol.0 o5 I+2*a? 2 !" March 2014-May2014

Hard-are, &i!din% Materia!s6 =Sour.e% <DI Pol.0? 2 ! ? Ro0al GoAer+1e+( o5 ,/u(a+>

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