Sid SigSys 2 - Signals and Systems

03/03/2014
College of Engineering and Computing
Reference Books
ENG 343 Signals and Systems Winter 2014
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB

Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9
Signals and Systems
L2: Signals and Systems Dr. Sidra A. Shaikh
Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Monday, 03 March 2014
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Contents
Continuous time signals Combination of Signals Continuous- and discrete-time systems (briefly) Classification of systems Properties of systems Interconnections of systems
COMBINATION OF SIGNALS
Discrete time Signals
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
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Combination of Operations
Combination of operations on signals - Easier to determine the final signal in stages - Create intermediary signals in which one operation is performed
Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (1/2)
Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (2/2)
SYSTEMS
Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
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What is a System?
Systems process input signals to produce output signals Examples:
A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal) across the capacitor A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker A communication system is generally composed of three sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted signal which must be processed by the receiver
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A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

Input signal x(t) System
How is a System Represented?

Output signal y(t)
In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the output signal over the input signal
That way, when we multiply the system by the input signal, we get the output signal This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
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Continuous & Discrete-Time Mathematical Models of Systems Continuous-Time dv (t ) 1 1 v (t ) v (t ) dt RC RC Systems

c c s
Most continuous time systems represent how continuous signals are transformed via differential equations. E.g. circuit, car velocity
dv(t ) v(t ) f (t ) dt
Multiple inputs to a system
First order differential equations
Discrete-Time Systems
Most discrete time systems represent how discrete signals are transformed via difference equations E.g. bank account, discrete car velocity system
y[n] 1.01y[n 1] x[n]

v[n] m v[n 1] f [ n] m m
dv(n) v(n) v((n 1)) dt

First order difference equations
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Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
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Classification of Systems
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Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
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Continuous vs. Discrete Linear vs. Non-linear

A linear system is any system that obeys the properties of scaling (homogeneity) and superposition (additivity). A nonlinear system is any system that does not obey at least one of these. To show that a system H obeys the scaling property is to show that:
Linear vs. Non-linear

To demonstrate that a system H obeys the superposition property of linearity is to show that
Both scaling and superposition will give the block diagram
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Classification of Systems Time Invariant and time variant

A time invariant system is one that does not depend on when it occurs: the shape of the output does not change with a delay of the input. That is to say that for a system H where H (f (t)) = y (t), H is time invariant if for all T
Classification of Systems Causal vs. Non-Causal

A causal system is one that is non-anticipative ; that is, the output may depend on current and past inputs, but not future inputs. All real time systems must be causal, since they can not have future inputs available to them. In image processing, the dependent variable might represent pixels to the left and right (the future) of the current position on the image, and we would have a non-causal system.
H (f (t T)) = y (t T)
delay
When this property does not hold for a system, then it is said to be time variant , or time-varying.
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The output is the same whether the delay is put on the input or the output.
Stable vs. Non-stable
A stable system is one where the output does not diverge as long as the input does not diverge. A bounded input produces a bounded output- called bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stable. Representing this in a mathematical way, a stable system must have the following property, where x (t) is the input and y (t) is the output. The output must satisfy the condition
Properties of Systems
y (t ) M y
when we have an input to the system that can be described as Mx and My both represent a set of finite positive numbers and these relationships hold for all of t. If these conditions are not met, i.e. a systems output grows without limit (diverges) from a bounded input, then the system is unstable .
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x(t ) M x
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Properties of Systems 1. Linear Systems

If a system is linear, this means that when an input to a given system is scaled by a value, the output of the system is scaled by the same amount.
Properties of Systems Linear Systems Superposition
A linear system also obeys the principle of superposition. This means that if two inputs are added together and passed through a linear system, the output will be the sum of the individual inputs outputs.
If a system is linear, both properties apply.
Linear Systems Superposition with linear scaling
2. Time Invariant Systems

Time-invariant system has the property that a certain input will always give the same output, without regard to when the input was applied to the system.
x (t) and x (t t0) are passed through the system TI. Because the system TI is time-invariant, the inputs x (t) and x (t t0) produce the same output. The only difference is that the output y(t) due to x (t t0) is shifted by a time t0, y(t - t0).
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3. Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI)
Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) including SUPERPOSITION
Scaled and Time Shifted
Properties of Systems 4. Causality A system is causal if it does not depend on future values of the input to determine the output. This means that if the first input to a system comes at time t0, then the system should not give any output until that time. 4. Causality
An example of a non-causal system would be one that sensed an input coming and gave an output before the input arrived.
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Interconnection of Systems
Series LTI systems
If two or more LTI systems are in series with each other, their order can be interchanged without affecting the overall output of the system. Systems in series are also called cascaded systems.
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Interconnection of Systems Parallel LTI systems

If two or more LTI systems are in parallel with one another, an equivalent system is one that is defined as the sum of these individual systems.
Feedback LTI systems
the minus sign (in the block diagram) is just a tradition, and often isn't there- defines feedback loop In general, block diagrams are just a symbolic way to describe a connection of systems we can just as well write out the equations relating the signals
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Discrete Time Signals A discrete-time signal is a sequence x[n] defined for all integers < n < . We display x[n] graphically as a string of lollypops (stem plot) of appropriate height.
Discrete Time Signals

Reading (before Wednesday): Chapter 1 (Edward W Kamen)
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Sampling Is a common way to convert continuous time signals to discrete time signals
Step and Ramp functions
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Discrete Time Signals Unit Pulse
Discrete Time Signals Periodic Discrete Time Signals
References:
Online Resources Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9 Signals and Systems Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Discrete time Rectangular pulse
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03/03/2014

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

ENG 343 Signals and Systems Winter 2014

Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB

Signals and Systems

L2: Signals and Systems Dr. Sidra A. Shaikh

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Discrete time Signals

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Monday, 03 March 2014

Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

How is a System Represented?

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Continuous & Discrete-Time Mathematical Models of Systems Continuous-Time dv (t ) 1 1 v (t ) v (t ) dt RC RC Systems

Multiple inputs to a system

First order differential equations

y[n] 1.01y[n 1] x[n]

dv(n) v(n) v((n 1)) dt

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

Monday, 03 March 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Continuous vs. Discrete Linear vs. Non-linear

Linear vs. Non-linear

Both scaling and superposition will give the block diagram

Monday, 03 March 2014

Monday, 03 March 2014

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Classification of Systems Time Invariant and time variant

Classification of Systems Causal vs. Non-Causal

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing