REPASO INGLES Unidad 1 the articles : a / an / the demonstratives : this / that / these / those possessives (aka possessive adjectives):

my / your /his / her / its / our / your / their

congratulations for + a verb in ing form The structure congratulations on is used before a noun or a noun phrase

Wish Vs hope HOPE (COMO VERBO) = ESPERO Se usa cuando hay una posibilidad de que algo ocurra, y muestras intenciones cara al futuro

Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined) situations:

I wish that I had a dog. (I don't really have a dog, but if I did, I would be happy.) I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, you're not, and I miss you.)

Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill:

We wish you a "Merry Christmas." They wished him "Happy Birthday." Wish me luck. (S V IO DO)

Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly different:
I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (some time in the future) (some time in the past)

Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined already.
I hope you can come to the party on Saturday. I was hoping that you would come to the party. I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. I hope to get an A on the exam. I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow. He hopes to be elected President. She hoped you wouldn't find her. (future possibility) (but you didn't make it) (but I didn't) (it is still possible) (although it might) (it could happen) (but you probably did)

Wish and hope are also used in certain types of requests and pleasantries. In such situations, wish carries a more definite and formal tone.
I wish to see the doctor. I hope to see you again. (right now) (anytime in the future)

Wish vs Hope December 3, 2012

Hello friends, Many ESL students find it difficult to decipher the differences between hope and wish. Although these words are similar, they are used in slightly different situations. Misuse of these words can leave the student sounding awkward and unnatural. Todays 10 minute lesson will look at different situations in which hope and wish could be used. Our goal is for you to understand the differences and be able to use these words correctly in the future. Wish Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined)

situations: I wish that I had a dog. (I dont have a dog, but I would like to have one.) I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, youre not, and I miss you.) What do you wish you could change about the world? Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill: We wish you a Merry Christmas. They wished him Happy Birthday. Wish me luck! We can also use wish to express something that we would like to change or that we

would like to see changed. I wish that you would clean your room more. I wish that you would work less.

I wish that she were friendlier. Hope Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly different: I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. (future) I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (past) Can you use hope in a sentence to express goodwill? Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined

already. I hope you can come to the party on Saturday. (future possibility) I was hoping that you would come to the party. (but you didnt make it) I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. (but I didnt see you) I hope to get an A on the exam. (it is still possible) I hope it doesnt rain tomorrow. (although it might) He hopes to be elected President. (its possible that he will be elected) She hoped you wouldnt find her. (but you did) Wish and hope are also used in certain types of requests and pleasantries. In such situations, wish carries a more definite and formal tone. Wish is used for things we want in the present moment. Hope is used for things we want in the future. I wish to see the doctor. (Right now) I hope to see you again. (In the future) I wish to speak to your manager (Here wish acts like a command) I hope to speak to your manager. (This implies that you would like to speak to the manager, but you understand that it might not be possible).

Hope and wish can be used in similar ways but the meanings are

different. I wish I were thinner. (This means that I am not thin now, but I want to be thin now.) I hope to be thinner. (This means that I am not as thin as I want to be, but I want to be thinner in the future.) Notice the grammar in these sentences: I wish I were .. I hope to be .. She wishes she were. She hopes to be. Time to practice Fix the mistakes below. Some sentences might not need to be corrected: I wish I speak good English. I hope I am a manager. I wish I am richer. I hope to be more successful someday. I wish you have a happy birthday!

Talking about a period of time in the past

My mother started work as a nurse in the 1960s. In those days she lived in London. Back then nurses were badly paid. At that time, nurses lived in special accommodation.

Talking about a single event in the past

At one time she lost her door key and had to stay in a hotel. On one occasion she nursed the son of a famous politician.

Sequencing events in the past

There are many ways to sequence events in the past. Here are some of the more common ones. After (in the middle of a sentence) Afterwards / After that / After a while (at the beginning of a sentence) Then / Before (in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence) Before that / Previously / Until then (At the beginning of a sentence) By the time (in the middle of a sentence followed by a past perfect tense) By then / by that time (at the beginning of a sentence) I went shopping after I finished work. I worked all day in the office. Afterwards / After that, I went shopping. I went shopping. After a while, I got bored. I worked before I went shopping. I went shopping at 6pm. Before that / Previously / Until then I had worked all day in the office. I worked all day, then I went shopping. I was desperate to go shopping by the time I had finished work. I worked until 6pm. By then / By that time, I was glad for the opportunity to go shopping.

Other expressions to refer to the next event in a story

Later on Before long At that moment / Suddenly Meanwhile At the same time Simultaneously (a more formal way of saying meanwhile / at the same time) I worked and then went shopping. Later on I met some friends for pizza. I waited for a while in the restaurant. Before long, the waiter came up and asked me At that moment / Suddenly, I heard the door slam. Meanwhile / At the same time / Simultaneously my phone started to ring.

People who are no longer "around"

An ex-president = no longer the president: "The ex-president of France is still influential." A previous / former boss: "A previous boss taught me how to make presentations." "My former boss now works for a different company." My late wife = my wife who has died: "My late wife painted watercolours." LECCION 6

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