This document contains lecture notes from Physics 121u in the Autumn of 2013. It discusses concepts related to the center of mass including:
- The position, velocity, and acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles.
- How the center of mass moves as if all the system's mass is concentrated there and external forces act there.
- Examples include calculating the position of the Earth-Moon center of mass and the motion of skaters on a pole.
This document contains lecture notes from Physics 121u in the Autumn of 2013. It discusses concepts related to the center of mass including:
- The position, velocity, and acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles.
- How the center of mass moves as if all the system's mass is concentrated there and external forces act there.
- Examples include calculating the position of the Earth-Moon center of mass and the motion of skaters on a pole.
This document contains lecture notes from Physics 121u in the Autumn of 2013. It discusses concepts related to the center of mass including:
- The position, velocity, and acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles.
- How the center of mass moves as if all the system's mass is concentrated there and external forces act there.
- Examples include calculating the position of the Earth-Moon center of mass and the motion of skaters on a pole.
CcL 23, 2013 ! A movlng 2.3-kg block collldes wlLh a horlzonLal sprlng whose sprlng consLanL ls 320 n/m. 1he block compresses Lhe sprlng a maxlmum dlsLance of 7.3 cm from lLs resL posluon. 1he coemclenL of klneuc frlcuon beLween Lhe block and Lhe horlzonLal surface ls 0.23. a) Pow much work ls done by Lhe sprlng ln brlnglng Lhe block Lo resL? b) Pow much mechanlcal energy ls dlsslpaLed by Lhe force of frlcuon whlle Lhe block ls belng broughL Lo resL by Lhe sprlng? c) WhaL ls Lhe speed of Lhe block when lL hlL Lhe sprlng? ! A movlng 2.3-kg block collldes wlLh a horlzonLal sprlng whose sprlng consLanL ls 320 n/m. 1he block compresses Lhe sprlng a maxlmum dlsLance of 7.3 cm from lLs resL posluon. 1he coemclenL of klneuc frlcuon beLween Lhe block and Lhe horlzonLal surface ls 0.23. a) Pow much work ls done by Lhe sprlng ln brlnglng Lhe block Lo resL? -0.90 ! b) Pow much mechanlcal energy ls dlsslpaLed by Lhe force of frlcuon whlle Lhe block ls belng broughL Lo resL by Lhe sprlng? -0.46 ! c) WhaL ls Lhe speed of Lhe block when lL hlL Lhe sprlng? 1.0 m/s ! A block of mass m, lnlually held aL resL on a frlcuonless ramp a verucal dlsLance P above Lhe oor, slldes down Lhe ramp and onLo a oor where frlcuon causes lL Lo sLop a dlsLance u from Lhe bouom of Lhe ramp. 1he coemclenL of klneuc frlcuon beLween Lhe box and Lhe oor ls k. ! WhaL ls Lhe macroscoplc work done on Lhe block by frlcuon durlng Lhls process? -mgP ! WhaL ls Lhe macroscoplc work done on Lhe block by all forces durlng Lhls process? 0 ! 8eadlng chapLer 3-3 & 8-2 ! CenLer of mass ! Mouon of Lhe cenLer of mass ! klneuc energy of a sysLem ! CenLer of mass" of an ob[ecL moves as lf all Lhe mass were concenLraLed aL LhaL polnL, and all exLernal forces were applled Lhere. Parabolic path followed by the center of mass of the hammer ! 1he posluon of Lhe cenLer of mass of a sysLem of ! parucles, ! cm ls glven by
! 1he posluon of Lhe cenLer of mass, " cm , of Lwo parucles slmng along Lhe x-axls ls glven by m 1 + m 2 ( ) x cm = m 1 x 1 + m 2 x 2
m i i N ! " # $ % & ' ! r cm = M ! r cm = m i ! r i i N ! ! Pow far ls Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe LarLh-moon sysLem from Lhe cenLer of LarLh? Lxpress Lhe answer ln m and as a fracuon of Lhe LarLh's radlus. ! 1he masses of LarLh and Lhe moon are 3.98 ! 10 24 kg and 7.36 ! 10 22 kg, respecuvely. 1he mean dlsLance beLween LarLh and Lhe moon ls 3.82 ! 10 8 m. 1he mean radlus of LarLh ls 6.37 ! 10 6 m. ! Pow far ls Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe LarLh-moon sysLem from Lhe cenLer of LarLh? Lxpress Lhe answer ln m and as a fracuon of Lhe LarLh's radlus. 4.46*10 6 m, 0.729*radlus earLh ! 1he masses of LarLh and Lhe moon are 3.98 ! 10 24 kg and 7.36 ! 10 22 kg, respecuvely. 1he mean dlsLance beLween LarLh and Lhe moon ls 3.82 ! 10 8 m. 1he mean radlus of LarLh ls 6.37 ! 10 6 m. ! We can LreaL a conunuous ob[ecL as a sysLem of many small pleces sLuck LogeLher. ln Lhe llmlL where Lhe mass of Lhe pleces approaches zero, we can LreaL Lhe sum as an lnLegral.
dm ! ( ) ! r cm = M ! r cm = ! r dm ! m i i N ! " # $ % & ' ! r cm = M ! r cm = m i ! r i i N ! ! veloclLy and accelerauon of cenLer of mass of a sysLem of ! parucles are ! newLon's 2nd Law for such sysLem ls ! 1he cenLer of mass of a sysLem moves llke a parucle of mass # under Lhe lnuence of Lhe neL exLernal force acung on Lhe sysLem.
M ! v cm = m i ! v i i N ! and M ! a cm = m i ! a i i N !
! F net ext = ! F i ext i N ! = M ! a cm ! See-Saw CenLer of Mass ! uemonsLrauon of cenLer of mass of a sysLem of parucles," and conservauon of llnear momenLum. ! uouble Cone on lncllne ! uemonsLrauon of gravlLauonal force acung on Lhe cenLer of mass ! 1wo skaLers, one wlLh mass 63.0 kg and Lhe oLher wlLh mass 40.0 kg, sLand on an lce rlnk holdlng a pole wlLh a lengLh of 10.0 m and a negllglble mass. SLarung from Lhe ends of Lhe pole, Lhe skaLers pull Lhemselves along Lhe pole unul Lhey meeL. Pow far wlll Lhe 40.0 kg skaLer move? ! 1wo skaLers, one wlLh mass 63.0 kg and Lhe oLher wlLh mass 40.0 kg, sLand on an lce rlnk holdlng a pole wlLh a lengLh of 10.0 m and a negllglble mass. SLarung from Lhe ends of Lhe pole, Lhe skaLers pull Lhemselves along Lhe pole unul Lhey meeL. Pow far wlll Lhe 40.0 kg skaLer move? 6.19 m ! 1he non-conservauve lnLernal forces can change Lhe LoLal mechanlcal energy of Lhe sysLem. ! klneuc energy of a sysLem of parucles can be expressed as ! $ l ls Lhe veloclLy of Lhe l Lh parucle wlLh respecL Lo Lhe cenLer of mass. ! Cnly Lhe relauve klneuc energy % rel can changed by lnLernal forces ln an lsolaLed sysLem. K = K i i N ! = 1 2 m i v cm 2 i N ! + 1 2 m i u i 2 = 1 2 M i N ! v cm 2 + K rel ! 1wo ob[ecLs, one havlng Lwlce Lhe mass of Lhe oLher, are lnlually aL resL. 1wo forces, one Lwlce as blg as Lhe oLher, acL on Lhe ob[ecLs ln opposlLe dlrecuons as shown above. ! Whlch of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs abouL Lhe accelerauon of Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe sysLem ls Lrue? ! AL Lhe lnsLanL a 3.0-kg parucle has a veloclLy of 6.0 m/s ln Lhe dlrecuon of decreaslng y, a 4.0 kg parucle has a veloclLy of 7.0 m/s ln Lhe dlrecuon of lncreaslng x. WhaL ls Lhe speed of Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe Lwo-parucle sysLem? ! AL Lhe lnsLanL a 3.0-kg parucle has a veloclLy of 6.0 m/s ln Lhe dlrecuon of decreaslng y, a 4.0 kg parucle has a veloclLy of 7.0 m/s ln Lhe dlrecuon of lncreaslng x. WhaL ls Lhe speed of Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe Lwo-parucle sysLem? 4.8 m/s ! A 3.0-kg block ls Lravellng Lo Lhe rlghL aL 3.0 m/s, and a second 3.0-kg block ls Lravellng Lo Lhe le aL 2.0 m/s. a) llnd Lhe LoLal klneuc energy of Lhe Lwo blocks. b) llnd Lhe veloclLy of Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe Lwo-block sysLem. c) llnd Lhe klneuc energy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe mouon of Lhe cenLer of mass. d) llnd Lhe veloclLy of each block relauve Lo Lhe cenLer of mass. e) llnd Lhe klneuc energy of Lhe blocks relauve Lo Lhe cenLer of mass. ! A 3.0-kg block ls Lravellng Lo Lhe rlghL aL 3.0 m/s, and a second 3.0- kg block ls Lravellng Lo Lhe le aL 2.0 m/s. a) llnd Lhe LoLal klneuc energy of Lhe Lwo blocks. 44 ! b) llnd Lhe veloclLy of Lhe cenLer of mass of Lhe Lwo-block sysLem. 1.3 m/s x-dlr c) llnd Lhe klneuc energy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe mouon of Lhe cenLer of mass. 6.8 ! d) llnd Lhe veloclLy of each block relauve Lo Lhe cenLer of mass. 1: 3.3 m/s x-dlr, 2: -3.3 m/s x-dlr e) llnd Lhe klneuc energy of Lhe blocks relauve Lo Lhe cenLer of mass. 37 !
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 6: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #6