Mexico Student Exchange Negative - JDI 2013

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Student Exchanges Neg 1
Student Exchanges Neg

Student Exchanges Neg ........................................................................................................................ 1 Student Exchanges Fail ............................................................................................................... 2 Relations High Now ................................................................................................................... 12 Relations Resilient ..................................................................................................................... 13 AT STEM Jobs ............................................................................................................................... 20 AT Drug War................................................................................................................................. 22 AT Mexico Econ ........................................................................................................................... 28 Alt Causes ...................................................................................................................................... 34 AT Science Diplomacy .............................................................................................................. 35 AT Aerospace ............................................................................................................................... 38 Politics Link .................................................................................................................................. 46
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Student Exchanges Fail

Exchanges dont work if no one travels abroad - Perceptions of Mexico as dangerous prevent study abroad
Lacey 10 [Lacey, Marc. "Mexican Violence Deters U.S. Colleges." New York Times. N.p., 26 June 2010. Web. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/world/americas/27mexico.html?_r=0>.]
MEXICO CITY From perfecting their use of the subjunctive in colonial Puebla to exploring the anthropological aspects of Tijuanas gritty underside, American college students have long used Mexico as a learning lab. This summer, however, far fewer will be venturing across the border, as universities
and students alike fear the violence tied to drug gangs that have caught some innocents in the crossfire. In March, two Mexican university students were killed at the prestigious Tecnolgico de Monterrey when fighting broke out between Mexican soldiers and drug traffickers on the streets outside. Universities in the border cities of Ciudad Jurez and Reynosa have seen violence tread dangerously close to their campuses as well. A direct result of the attention-getting bloodshed has been the mass cancellation of study-abroad programs throughout the country, including those hundreds of miles from the most dangerous areas. Some educators on both sides of the
border consider the reaction to be an exaggerated response. To make an analogy, said Geoffrey E. Braswell, an associate anthropology professor at the University of California, San Diego, I would not have considered taking students to Mississippi during the early 1960s or to Chicago during the 1968 Democratic convention, but other parts of the U.S. were of course safe for travel. Mexico is that way. This fall, Professor Braswell plans to help students understand ancient Mesoamerica by visiting 28 archaeological sites and numerous other museums in central Mexico. No American students are known to be have been hurt in the violence, and Mexico is not the first country to find many of its foreign students are staying away. Israel, Kenya and Haiti have all experienced the temporary shutdown of study-abroad programs after the State Department issued warnings about traveling there. The
University of Kansas had 18 students ready to fine-tune their Spanish skills this summer in Puebla, southeast of Mexico City. Then multiple killings in distant Ciudad Jurez in March prompted the State Department to issue atravel warning for northern Mexico. The university canceled its Puebla program, geography aside. As a matter of policy, the University of Kansas bans study abroad anywhere in a country with an official travel warning, even if the danger being cited is nowhere near where the program will be. In a last-minute switch, the Kansas students were shifted to Costa Rica. Its a
blanket policy even if there are areas that are safe, said Sue Lorenz, director of the Office of Study Abroad at the University of Kansas. We have a pretty cautious policy. California
State University, which has 23 campuses, similarly banned all university-sponsored activities in Mexico
after the State Department warning in March. But it allows the chancellor to issue waivers on a case-by-case basis for areas not specifically mentioned in the warning. About a dozen waivers have been issued for programs in Puebla, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Oaxaca and Quertaro. But Tijuana, just across the border from San Diego State University, part of the California State University System, did not make the list of safe locales, much to the frustration of many students and professors.
Foreign students are afraid to come to the US

Ritz 4/15[Ritz, Erica. "John Kerry: Foreign Students Scared to Study Abroad in U.S. Because of Gun Violence." The Blaze. N.p., 15 Apr. 2013. Web. 09 July 2013. <http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/04/15/john-kerry-foreign-studentsscared-to-study-abroad-in-u-s-because-of-gun-violence/>.] Secretary of State John Kerry told CNN Monday that foreign students are increasingly scared of studying abroad in the United States because of gun violence. Americas top diplomat has been in Asia to confront North Koreas increasing aggression but, speaking
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from Tokyo, he pivoted to American politics. In quiet conversations with officials, Kerry said he has discussed how safe it is over here in this country [Japan], where people are not running around with guns. He continued: We
had an interesting discussion about why fewer students are coming to particularly from Japan to study in the United States, and one of the responses I got from our officials, from conversations with parents here, is that theyre actually scared. They think theyre not safe in the United States, and so they dont come. The number of Japanese foreign exchange students did indeed drop 14% from 2010 to 2011, according to the
Institute of International Education, but Kerry might be attempting to lend international credibility to his partys recent push for stricter gun control in saying people running around with guns is the reason. Fewer Japanese students are studying abroad everywhere, not just the United States, and experts think Japans low birthrate coupled with the faltering economy are more likely causes, CNN adds.
Foreign students create huge inefficiencies due to subsidies

Vaughan 07 (Jessica, Senior Policy Analyst for the Center of Immigration Studies, On Line Debate:
Foreign Students, December 19th, 2007, http://cis.org/articles/2007/jmvoped121907.html, accessed 7/9/13) MB
Whats the downside? There isnt one, say representatives of the higher education industry.
The Institute for International Education claims that foreign students and their families contribute about $13 billion annually to the U.S. economy. But this analysis is too simplistic, relying on generalizations about the actual tuition paid by foreign students and ignoring the cost of government subsidies that go to all students in public and private schools. IIEs own data show that 11 percent of foreign undergraduate students and 47 percent of foreign graduate students are supported primarily by the host college or university with scholarships, tuition waivers, employment, or fellowships. No student, foreign or local, pays enough in tuition to cover the actual cost of the education -- all college and university students are subsidized by taxpayers. Harvard University
economist George Borjas reports that the average per-student subsidy may reach $6,400 in private universities and $9,200 in public universities, totaling several billion dollars per year. The
IIE also leaves out any accounting of the resources schools must devote to staff and programs to help foreign students become acclimatized and navigate in their new surroundings.
Any expansion in the foreign exchange program would fall flat without structural reform Borjas02 (George, fellow at the Center of Immigration Studies, An Evaluation of the Foreign Student
Program, June, http://www.cis.org/ForeignStudentProgram, accessed 7/9/13) MB
There is little doubt that the foreign student program has been spinning out of control for years. The September 11 attacks motivated Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) to quickly propose a six-month
moratorium on student visas, giving the INS a breathing period to put the program back in shape and under tighter control. After intense lobbying by the nations universities, who quicklyand correctly perceived the economic impact of the moratorium as an interruption of an important source of cheap labor and a loss of tuition revenues, Senator Feinstein withdrew her proposal. Nevertheless, the fundamental questions will not go away: Is such a large-scale foreign student program in our best interests? What
currently structured, the program certainly increases the number of high-skill workers available to American employers and exposes many future leaders to democratic values and institutions. But the program is so large, so riddled with corruption, and so ineptly run that the INS simply does not know how many foreign students are in the country or where they are enrolled. There are few checks and balances to keep the number of foreign students at a manageable level, or to prevent foreigners from using the many loopholes to enter the country for reasons other than the pursuit of education. Perhaps most important, the program has grown explosively
does it cost us? And what does it buy us? As without anyone even asking the most basic question: Does the United States benefit from it?
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Just increasing student visas would create huge security concerns, particularly terrorism
Vaughan 07 (Jessica, Senior Policy Analyst for the Center of Immigration Studies, On Line Debate:
Foreign Students, December 19th, 2007, http://cis.org/articles/2007/jmvoped121907.html, accessed 7/9/13) MB
If I have not convinced you to reject the house proposal on the economic and social grounds, consider
the security issues. Student visas are a security and law enforcement concern because they contribute to illegal immigration and all its associated fiscal, economic and social costs; because they may facilitate the transfer of sensitive technology, knowledge or skills; and because they can and have provided cover for terrorists and criminals. Student visas are ideal cover for terrorists, criminals, and other young, unattached people who would not otherwise qualify for entry, and they provide legal status for years at a time. Few, if any, governments can track how many foreign students stay on to work illegally after they are finished studying (or who never show up to study at all). A September 2005 report by my organization looked into the immigration histories of 94 international terrorists who operated in the U.S. in recent years, and found that 18 of them, including several of the 9/11 attackers, had been granted student visas and another four had applications approved to study in the United States.
US Mexico student exchange programs kill Mexican economy

San Diego Red, 11 (Mexicos brain drain to U.S. a phenomenal loss, San Diego Red, 12/13/11, http://www.sandiegored.com/noticias/21150/Mexico-s-braindrain-to-U-S-a-phenomenal-loss/)//MC TIJUANA The brain drain and flight of human capital of Mexicans who immigrate north is the equivalent of transferring $6 billion annually to the United States,
about .5 per cent of that countrys GNP, said a leading researcher. Alejandro Daz Bautista, a member of Mexicos National Council of Science and Technology and an economics professor at the College of the Northern Border, said that
the number of Mexican professionals living abroad in the last few years grew by 153 per cent, from 411,000 to 1.3 million. This exodus constitutes a phenomenal economic loss for Mexico in the last six years, he said. The investment
made developing that capacity is lost, as is the possibility that these professionals work will contribute to Mexicos development and economic growth, he said. This
migration involves talented people already educated, such as scientists, who move from Mexico to the United States or other developed countries. Their departure is principally driven by the lack of opportunities, by the search for better salaries, and for greater security and a better standard of life.In todays knowledge-based world, its more valuable to have these minds who can
contribute to economic development than to take away the product of a gold mine or a part of a countrys oil, Daz Bautista said. In
the last few years, its estimated that more than five million Mexicans with an education above high school have decided to move to the United States, which shows that the programs to bring them back home have failed.
Developing countries such as Mexico need a public policy that tries to retain its qualified professionals by offering them better employment options and incentives to those who have left to return home to contribute to their co untrys economy, he said. He said that Mexico has generated 8 million professionals in the last few years, and that 900,000 of them are already in the United States. He said that at least 125,000 people with a masters or doctorates have left the country. Among
the Latin American countries, Mexicos suffers the most from this brain drain. He said that loss will have grave consequences for years to come.
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Aff destroys Mexican international mobility

COMEXUS, 09 U.S.-Mexico Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange (Mexico-U.S. Graduate Student Mobility: Current Trends and Future Issues to Study, COMEXUS, 11/30/09, http://www.comexus.org.mx/Documentos/MovilidadMexUSAGradStdMob.pdf)//M C
Most higher education literature understands globalization as the larger phenomenon that occurs at those levels, whereas internationalization is the way higher education institutions response to it. This definition is problematic given the lack of agency that leaves to the role of higher education institutions (Cantwell & Maldonado, 2009). In
terms of student mobility, perhaps the most predominant model for describing academic mobility in general and phenomenon such as brain drain in particular, is based on a World Systems Theory framework (Wallerstein, 1987; Altbach, 1998; Altbach & Balan, 2007; Clayton, 2004). A categorization of academic mobility based on World Systems Theory situates highly industrialized countries like the U.S., England, Australia, and Canada, at the core of international mobility, while less industrialized countries constitute the periphery. The core-periphery metaphor is powerful and relevant to analyzes of the internationalization of higher education, in that it directs attention to the power that agents in highly industrialized countries have in determining the fates of university systems in less developed countries. In the latter contexts, scholars have widely documented how the disruptions of globalization and the emergence of a competitive global economy have forced major internal restructurings of higher education systems
Student exchange program widens economic gaps between US and Mexico

COMEXUS, 09 U.S.-Mexico Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange (Mexico-U.S. Graduate Student Mobility: Current Trends and Future Issues to Study, COMEXUS, 11/30/09, http://www.comexus.org.mx/Documentos/MovilidadMexUSAGradStdMob.pdf)//M C The pessimistic view is that global quest for talent will be won by countries that are already prosperous, which will widen the economic gaps that spur migration, and turn some developing countries into emigration nurseries that produce migrants for foreign jobs (Kuptsch and Pang, 2006 p.1) Other authors consider the debate has to do
with creating win-win situations for developing countries and taking advantage of this mobility. Examples of this win-win situations will be in terms of remittances flows and by the potential of mobilization of fresh capital accumulated b y emigrants who may want to invest in their home countries (Solimano, 2008, p. xvii and p. 12). On the other hand,
Bhandari R. & Blumenthal (2009) point out that instead of the use of brain drain and brain gain they prefer the terms brain circulation or brain exchange to account for the increasingly multidirectional nature of mobility and the growing awareness 52 that such
These ideas are interesting and they may have more application in other cases. However, after reviewing the available data of student mobility in Mexico and the U.S., the
mobility patterns or exchanges are mutually beneficial for sending and receiving countries, albeit in varying ways (p. 8 ).
idea of just substituting a term because its emphasis is on in the negative effect of the mobility of talents from developed countries to developing countries does not seem too solid. One particular problem with the successful cases that are used to argue in favor of substituting these terms is that these cases represent the exception, not the rule. These cases are mostly located in China and India and have to do with very successful communities (graduated from some of the most prestigious U.S. universities) and related to the
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other countries, but reality
fields of computing and information technologies. In fact, the wining cases represent good news in terms of possibilities for
tells us a different story for most developing countries. The advantages for these countries on having leaving their most educated individuals have not been very obvious in the majority of the cases. Analyzing under
what circumstances is Mexico and the US regarding brain drain and exchange seems as a central research topic to pursue.
Aff plan creates reverse brain drain that kills US competitiveness

Time, 12 (Sam Gustin, Vivek Wadhwa: Stop the U.S. Highly-Skilled Immigrant Exodus Now, Time Magazine, 11/11/12, http://business.time.com/2012/10/11/vivek-wadhwa-stop-the-u-s-highly-skilledimmigrant-exodus-now/#ixzz2YZEG6eGE)//MC United States policymakers are failing to address the departure from this country of tens of thousands of talented immigrants including engineers, doctors, lawyers and teachers. These highly-skilled workers are leaving the U.S. because they cant obtain permanent residency here. Outdated immigration laws and regulations, bureaucratic delays and partisan bickering have created a Kafka-esque situation where the U.S. is inexplicably telling the smartest immigrants to go home. In the midst of a hotly contested presidential race in which immigration is a key issue, forget about actual immigration reform anytime soon. As per usual, U.S. politicians are all talk, but no action. Americas immigrant exodus, as described by author Vivek Wadhwa (pictured above), should be very alarming for a country built on the backs and minds of immigrants. After over 200
years of welcoming immigrants into this country, the U.S. is now telling the best immigrants to go away, Wadhwa argues in his new book, The Immigrant Exodus: Why America Is Losing the Global Race to Capture Entrepreneurial Talent. How many times in U.S. history have yesterdays poor, tired, huddled masses spawned the next great entrepreneur, doctor, lawyer, or teacher? New York, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles were built by immigrants. Most attention gets focused on success stories like Andy Grove, Sergey Brin, and Elon Musk, but there are tens of thousands of less well-known immigrant entrepreneurs and other skilled professionals who want to stay in the United Sta tes but cant, due to our byzantine and outdated immigration laws. (MORE: The Policy Dilemma) This is but one example of a U.S. immigration system thats terribly broken. We can fix it. Its
an issue that policymakers should pay attention to because their actions will have a direct impact on U.S. competitiveness over the next several decades. By now, the value of immigrant entrepreneurs to the U.S. economy is beyond doubt. But the appeal of the United States as an immigrant business incubator may be
of immigrant-founded startups declined from 52.4% to 43.9% during that time. This is the wrong direction. For
slipping away. A new study co-authored by Wadhwa and released by the Kauffman Foundation shows that the proportion of immigrant-founded companies nationwide has slipped from 25.3% to 24.3% since 2005, and in Silicon Valley, the percentage
several years, anecdotal evidence has suggested that an unwelcoming immigration system and environment in the U.S. has created a reverse brain drain. This report confirms it with data, said Dane Stangler, director of Research and Policy at the Kauffman Foundation. To maintain a dynamic economy, the U.S. needs to embrace immigrant
entrepreneurs. According to the study, immigrant founders are most likely to start companies in the innovation/manufacturing-related services (45%) and software (22%) industries, and employed some 560,000 workers nationwide. These companies generated an estimated $63 billion in sales from 2006 to 2012, the study found. Last week, I had the opportunity to chat with Wadhwa, who came to the U.S. as an immigrant entrepreneur two decades ago, and has since become a U.S. citizen. Wadhwa, a journalist and college professor with appointments at Duke and Stanford, has developed a reputation as a smart tech policy commentator. Skilled immigrants
have contributed
disproportionately to U.S competitiveness, Wadhwa told me in a phone interview. They start an extraordinary number of companies and they file an extraordinary number of patents. Theyve been giving America its edge. Wadhwa says the neglected state of U.S. immigration policy has created a situation where we
demand and need for such visas has now out-stripped supply. We
are kicking highly skilled workers out of the country before theyve had a chance to fully realize their promise in Americ a. The U.S. grants tens of thousands of education and work visas to skilled-immigrants every year, but because of arbitrary caps, the
bring people in as students, we bring
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7 them in to work for American companies, but we wont let them stay beyond a short period of time. (MORE: Broken and Obsolete) As a result of this reverse brain drain, as Wadhwa and his colleagues called it in earlier research on this topic, highly skilled workers and professionals are increasingly looking to other global markets to locate their businesses.
Were seeing a boom in technology entrepreneurship in India, China, and even Russia, because the U.S. wont let people stay here, Wadhwa told TIME. Their first choice is to be here. They came here, theyre working here, they want to stay here, but we wont give them visas. This
is a very bad trend for the U.S., especially at a time when we need to encourage and cultivate entrepreneurship and job creation at home. The toxic U.S. political climate partisan bickering, congressional inaction, and bureaucratic inertia have only worsened the problem. Both political parties are to blame and the over-arching
debate over undocumented immigrant amnesty has all but ruled out progress during an election year. Both the Democrats and the Republicans agree that we want the entrepreneurs, the scientists, the doctors, the researchers, says Wadhwa. Everyone agrees that we want these people to stay. But theres a stalemate on the issue of amnesty for illegal workers. The Democrats wont let any legislation pass unless it solves the problem of the illegals, Wadhwa adds. The Republicans wont let any legislation pass if it solves the problem of the illegals. Its a quagmire, because they refuse to agree with each other. Its two sides fighting each other mindlessly. Wadhwa says the United States Congress should pass a law reforming our immigration system that allows the most talented immigrant entrepreneurs, engineers, lawyers, doctors to gain U.S. citizenship. Until then, our
cash-strapped education system is simply going to train these people, before we send them back home.
Student exchange programs fail

Ramano 11
Lois, Feds Bust Student Exchange Program [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/20/feds-investigate-studentexchange-program-accused-of-labor-abuses0.html] Oct 20 / ajs The State Departments summer cultural-exchange program is supposed to be a uniting exercise in public diplomacy, bringing 100,000 eager foreign students here to work in fun jobs,
and use their earnings to travel to fun places. In theory, at least, they return home with gauzy thoughts and memories of the United States. It
was quite embarrassing, therefore, when 200 students walked off their factory jobs at a Pennsylvania Hershey plant in August, protesting exploitative working conditions. The protest, which U.S. labor unions were delighted to support, generated global media
coverage about the struggling foreigners who paid upward of $4,000 for the privilege of packing and lifting heaving boxes of chocolate. The Obviously,
fiasco also caught the eye of congressional oversight committees. we fell short of addressing some of the problems with the program, says a senior State Department official, who asked not be named commenting on an ongoing
investigation. However, the situation brought to light several issues we are looking at and implementing reforms around.Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton has, in fact, decided the 50-year program no longer works in its current form. She has ordered an intensive review of its practices, as well as an investigation of its
approximately 50 sponsors. These are the outside organizations that must apply to participate and which facilitate travel, job placement and housing, among other things, for the students. Several sources said that they expect some sponsors to be terminated or sanctioned as a result.
Obstacles kill student exchange programs

CSM 13
Christian Science Monitor, Feds Bust Student Exchange Program [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/20/feds-investigate-studentexchange-program-accused-of-labor-abuses0.html] Oct 20 / ajs
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One of the announcements that the
US and Mexican governments want to highlight from President Obama's trip is the creation of the United States-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education, Innovation, and Research. The vaguely worded announcement promises to
"encourage broader access to quality post-secondary education for traditionally underserved demographic groups, especially in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. They will also expand educational exchanges, increase joint research on education and learning, and share best practices in higher education and innovation. "This is important as education exchanges between the US and Mexico have stagnated or fallen for the past decade. What
the presidents didn't say [last week] is that this is something that needs to be fixed because it is a real problem. The numbers and quality of student exchanges between the two countries are quite poor and have been for some time. The number of Mexican university students in the US holds steady around 13,000 to 14,000, and that number has barely increased over the last decade (it was 12,500 in 2002). The opposite direction is worse. The number of US students studying in Mexico peaked in 2006 over 10,000. However, security concerns caused numerous US university programs to pull out of the country.
By 2011, the number was only 4,100 US students in Mexico. That's less than the number of US students studying in Costa Rica and Argentina and is only slightly above Brazil, Chile and Ecuador. To
reach President Obama's goal to double the number of student exchanges in the hemisphere, including 100,000 US students in Latin America, the numbers for US-Mexico student exchanges will need to be at least 20,000 and probably 25,000, students traveling in each direction. We're nowhere near that number and the trend lines are not looking good, thus the need for this initiative. There are at least four areas where this forum can help improve the numbers: admissions, tuition, credit transfer, and security. On admissions, universities need confidence that the exchange students are qualified and students need
relief from burdensome paperwork that some of these programs demand. Usually, this is fixed by one-off agreements between individual universities. This forum could help create a larger system agreed to by multiple universities that could ease this process and open up additional opportunities for students in both directions. Tuition needs to be more transparent for students, so they know how much they are spending and where that money goes when they enter an exchange program. Government encouragement and regulations can help empower students on this front and make exchange programs more affordable. Students can't go on exchange programs if the credits don't transfer and it requires an additional semester of university to graduate. Universities need to communicate and collaborate to better understand how classes and prerequisites overlap and how they can count towards credits. This is one area that should be easier in STEM than it is in the social sciences and humanities.
Student exchange fails- no common core curriculum

Stein 4 Rob, Mexican and U.S. schools: a world apart [http://www.piton.org/Documents/term6.pdf] Oct 20 / ajs
A basic education in Mexico seems to take students farther than in the United States, but at its upper reaches a Mexican education seems more limiting as if the floor is raised but the ceiling is lowered at the same time. Thats
the dominant impression left after a recent visit to nearly a dozen schools in the state of Zacatecas; an impoverished region of central Mexico where emigration to the United States is reshaping the demographic and economic landscape. Schools in Mexico bear only superficial similarities to U.S. schools. Profound differences have been shaped by the Mexican governments centralized control over schooling, by
differing beliefs about the purpose of education, and by the slow pace of educational change and adaptation in Mexico relative to this country. Stark
differences in these areas may help explain why, for many Mexican students, adjusting to schools in Denver and throughout the United States poses such enormous challenges
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Neg-Student Exchange hurts Mexican students as they cant afford American Universitys
Guilamo-Ramos 13 (Vincent, Doctoral Program at the Silver School of Social Work, May 28 2013) The U.S. and Mexico have much to learn from each other Huffington Post, Accessed July 3, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vincentguilamoramos/us-mexico-relations_b_3347068.html While higher education has long presented a roadmap to better jobs and futures for young people in America, our increasing educational fees and student debt loads are making such prospects more difficult to realize, particularly among lower-income families. Mexico's landscape is of course different. Public education is free, but just 1 out of every 3 individuals of eligible age enters college, showing limitations in the existing capacity of the country's education system. Despite encouraging macroeconomic signs in present-day Mexico, the number of people living in poverty in the country has been growing. In contrast, the U.S. faces growing disparities in educational attainment based on income level. Our low-income individuals have less access to higher education, let alone student exchange programs. The U.S. can do far more to help prepare young people in both countries to contribute to bilateral cooperation and a better regional future. In addition, it can and should give a great deal of sustained attention to low-income youth of both nations who face particularly high hurdles to educational attainment. By investing in disadvantaged students in Mexico and the U.S. who are most at risk of involvement in drug- and gang-related activity, both countries can promote economic development within and without -- and, not incidentally, lessen the need to focus so heavily on security measures and bad news. There's a lot riding on Obama's trip, perhaps even more than many people in both countries realize. Now that he's back, the work of improving bilateral relations for the sake of both Mexico and the U.S. -- and the people of both lands -- can and should go forward with renewed purpose.
Student exchanges are another form of brain drain that hurts the original country
Milio et al. 12
Simona Milio (Project Leader), London School of Economics and Political Science; - Riccardo Lattanzi (Project Coordinator), New York University Langone Medical Center; - Francesca Casadio, Art Institute of Chicago; - Nicola Crosta, UN Capital Development Fund; - Mario Raviglione, World Health Organization; - Paul Ricci, cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne; - Fabio Scano, World Health Organization. BRAIN DRAIN, BRAIN EXCHANGE AND BRAIN CIRCULATION. THE CASE OF ITALY VIEWED FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. March 2012. (http://www.lse.ac.uk/businessAndConsultancy/LSEEnterprise/pdf/Brain-Drain-(English).pdf)
In contrast to this view, the second generation of studies, which developed from the 1970s onwards, argued that skilled
migration produces adverse effects for the countries from which the flows originate, generating a reduction in the level of human capital, and a gap in social and private returns to education, as well as negative fiscal externalities. The economy of the country of origin thus suffers a failed
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10 return on investment in education and is not able to benefit from the positive externalities generated by the presence of a skilled labor force (Commander et al.,
2003). Finally, the third generation of studies is based on endogenous growth theory, according to which technology and knowledge are endogenous variables that determine the functions of productivity and hence growth. More specifically, human capital is considered a form of built-in, excludable and rival knowledge, that determines the possibility of obtaining an edge over the competition. The
importance of human capital is thus widely recognized, even if in this current of studies there is no agreement on the nature of the effects of brain drain. Some authors (Haque and Kim, 1995) argue that brain drain causes a reduction in the rate of growth of per capita income, and, thus, in levels of prosperity. Others, as previously noted, identify benefits in the
prospect of migration, such as an increase in the number of educated people in the population remaining in their home country and a rise in investment in education (Mountford, 1997; Beine et al., 2001). However, the latter may contribute to a reduction of investment in other areas, such as infrastructure, thereby negating the beneficial effect of a better skilled workforce (Schiff, 2006). This is one of the forms of brain waste caused by migration As mentioned in the preceding section, studies under the auspices of the nationalist perspective or standard view do not confine themselves to describing and analyzing migration phenomena as movements that are unidirectional, permanent and directed away from the periphery to the core, but also tend to formulate precise hypotheses on the effects of brain drain, often perceived as being negative. In a 2011 study, Docquier and Rapoport revisit 40 years of economic research on the subject, identifying three generations of studies based on the different economic frameworks explained below.
The wage difference between the U.S. and Mexico will make students stay and kills Mexicos economy
Li 10
Wei Li (Arizona state university) How and why do migration experiences vary for different ethnic groups? Focus United States January 2010. (http://cgge.aag.org/Migration1e/CaseStudy2_AsiaLatinos_Jan10/CaseStudy2_AsiaLatinos_Jan10_pr int.html
Changing characteristics in migrant-sending countries also influence migration to the U.S. After World War II, in order to maintain U.S. supremacy in the international arena and to
prevent the USSR from expanding its influence into Asia, the United States carried out economic and military aid plans in many Asian countries. These plans were similar to the Marshall Plan in Europe, but smaller in scale. The United States encouraged these Asian countries to develop export-oriented economies, which linked local economies in Asia to the United States and world economy. Economic growth in these countries caused rapid urbanization and surplus labor that could not be absorbed by their own economies.
The United States also invested in education systems in many developing countries, by providing faculty and student exchange programs. Such programs not only exported American democratic values and ideology but also generated a "brain drain" from migrant source countries. All of these developments increased the wave of immigrants unskilled, semiskilled, and highly skilled professionals coming to the United States after the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act. In addition to stressing the traditional value of family reunion, the Immigration Act of 1990 and
other recent policies have greatly altered the socioeconomic structures of immigrant populations, especially those flowing from rapidly growing developing countries and Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan), the Association of Southeastern Asian Nations (ASEAN), India, and mainland China (PRC). The rapid economic growth in these countries generated large numbers of middle class and wealthy people, who are potential emigrants to seek better futures in other countries for themselves or their children. Latin
American countries also experienced rapid economic and social changes. Once considered America's "backyard" by the U.S., these countries now are more integrated in the globalizing world economy. However, such development is imbalanced and is more vulnerable to world economic cycles. Moreover, the wage differentials between the U.S. and Latin American countries, such as Mexico, are about 10:1 for semi-skilled and manual laborers. This provides incentives for Mexicans and other Latin Americans to move to the U.S. to seek better wages. The North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which eliminated trade barriers among Canada, the US, and Mexico also changed
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land tenure and agricultural systems in Mexico. It increased the number of large farms and squeezed out small and independent farmers, which further prompted unemployed farmers to join emigrant waves
Multiple studies show university students stay in the host country

Milio et al. 12
Simona Milio (Project Leader), London School of Economics and Political Science; - Riccardo Lattanzi (Project Coordinator), New York University Langone Medical Center; - Francesca Casadio, Art Institute of Chicago; - Nicola Crosta, UN Capital Development Fund; - Mario Raviglione, World Health Organization; - Paul Ricci, cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne; - Fabio Scano, World Health Organization. BRAIN DRAIN, BRAIN EXCHANGE AND BRAIN CIRCULATION. THE CASE OF ITALY VIEWED FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. March 2012. (http://www.lse.ac.uk/businessAndConsultancy/LSEEnterprise/pdf/Brain-Drain-(English).pdf)
In particular, the fact that in many developing countries the language of higher education is that of former colonial masters tends to explain these preferences, although there are other intervening factors, such as the existence of bilateral agreements. This would account for some of the difficulties Italy has in attracting foreign students. The data on the mobility of university students (UNESCO, 2006) would seem to indicate that about one third of flows remain within regions of origin, though these figures can be countered with the observation that not all student movements are akin to those of highly-skilled workers. The reality, however, is that the UNESCO (2006) and OECD (2004) data on mobile students appears to suggest a certain isomorphism with flows of highly-skilled workers, since many of the skilled foreigners present were foreign students who subsequently settled in the host country permanently. This gives rise to some important observations regarding the directions of the flows, namely, that notwithstanding the fact new destinations have emerged, even in the presence of flows that remain within their areas of origin, the majority of movements continue to be directed towards core countries.
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Relations High Now

Relations are increasing now Obama and Nieto are already committed to improving relations
White House Press Office 3/2 [White House Office of the Press Secretary. "MexicoUnited States Joint Statement." IIP Digital. U.S. Department of State, 02 May 2013. Web. <http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/05/20130502146755. html>.] Joint Statement between the United States and Mexico At the invitation of President Enrique Pea Nieto, President Barack Obama travelled to Mexico City on May 2-3 to discuss the broad range of bilateral, regional, and global issues that bind the United States and Mexico and touch the daily lives of citizens of both countries. Building on their positive initial meeting in Washington, D.C. last November, the two Presidents renewed their commitment to the United States-Mexico relationship. Looking ahead to the next 4 years during which their presidencies will overlap, the two leaders noted the importance of taking advantage of opportunities and harnessing the enthusiasm and optimism that a new stage in bilateral relations brings. The Presidents underscored the strategic importance of the bilateral relationship and expressed a desire for even greater cooperation between their two nations. Specifically, the Presidents focused on: 1) economic competitiveness; 2) people-to-people connections; 3) leadership on regional and global issues; and 4) citizen security.
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Relations Resilient
U.S-Mexico relations are resilient
Corchado 13 Alfredo, On visit with Pea Nieto, Obama pledges to maintain close cooperation with Mexico [http://www.dallasnews.com/news/nationworld/mexico/20130502on-visit-with-pena-nieto-obama-pledges-to-maintain-close-cooperation-withmexico.ece] May 2
Pea Nieto, who took office in December, reiterated
his campaign pledge to reduce violence and to centralize Mexicos intelligence work under the Interior Ministry a step back from wider cooperative agreements dating back to the presidency of George W. Bush. He said his government remains committed to taking down kingpins along with reducing violence, and he stressed, There is no clash between the two goals. Over the past 12 years, the United States enjoyed a close relationship with the Mexican government, headed for the first time by the
National Action Party, or PAN, which had ousted the long-ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI. With Pea Nietos election, the PRI returned to power.
Pea Nietos government announced this week that it would limit the access of U.S. security agencies to their Mexican counterparts, centralizing communication through its Interior Ministry. On Thursday, both leaders tried to minimize any controversy, focusing instead on forging a closer economic relationship to improve their nations competiveness. The two men announced a number of agreements on education, people-to-people connections and the economy. They announced a Cabinet-level dialogue to be headed on the U.S. side by Vice President Joe Biden to explore the potential in their economies. The two countries share an inevitable interdependence, with nearly 2,000 miles of common border, blood
links and a close but conflicted history that includes a U.S. occupation, in 1847, of the National Palace, where Obama and Pea Nieto met Thursday. The histories particularly resonate between Texas and Mexico. As the two leaders met, radio and television commentators were struck by their somber faces, as one radio host put it, and rigid body language, in the word s of a television analyst. Obama is pressing Congress to pass a broad immigration overhaul that would provide a path to citizenship for the estimated 11 million people living in the U.S. illegally many of them Mexicans. Obama said Thursday that an overhaul of the U.S. immigration system was important for U.S.-Mexican trade, which totaled half a trillion dollars last year. Obama said hes optimistic that an immigration overhaul will be passed in the United States. If were going to get th at done, now is the time to do it, he said. Obama will address students and business leaders Friday and then head to Costa Rica, where he will meet with Central American leaders. In both Mexico and Costa Rica, Obama hoped to showcase economic and energy opportunities to make the region more competitive. But Central American leaders are also concerned about organized crime and migration.
A bilateral U.S-Mexico relationship is resilient

Stewart 13 Vice President of Analysis at the geopolitical intelligence firm Stratfor Scott,U.S.-Mexico Cooperation Against Cartels Remains Strong [http://www.forbes.com/sites/stratfor/2013/05/16/u-s-mexico-cooperationagainst-cartels-remains-strong/] May 16
Mexican President Enrique Pena Nietos approach to combating Mexican drug cartels has been a much -discussed topic since well before he was elected.
Indeed, in June 2011 more than a year before the July 2012 Mexican presidential election I wrote an analysis discussing rumors that, if elected, Pena Nieto was going to attempt to reach some sort of accommodation with Mexicos drug cartels in order to bring down the level of violence. Such rumors were certainly understandable, given the arrangement that had existed for many years between some senior members of Pena Nietos Institutional Revolutionary
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Party and some powerful cartel figures during the Institutional Revolutionary Partys long reign in Mexico prior to the election of Vicente Fox of the National Action Party in 2000. However, as we argued in 2011 and repeated in March 2013, much has changed in Mexico since 2000, and the new reality in Mexico means that it would be impossible for the Pena Nieto administration to reach any sort of deal with the cartels even if it made an attempt. But the rumors of the Pena Nieto
government reaching an accommodation with some cartel figures such as Joaquin El Chapo Guzman Loera have persisted, even as the Mexican government arrests key operatives in Guzmans network, such as Ines Coronel Barreras, Guzmans father in-law, who was arrested May 1 in Agua Prieta, Mexico. Indeed, on April 27, Washington Post reporter Dana Priest published a detailed article outlining how U.S. authorities were fearful that the Mexican government was restructuring its security relationship with the U.S. government so that it could more easily reach an unofficial truce with cartel leaders. Yet four days later, Coronel a significant cartel figure was arrested in a joint operation between the Mexicans and Americans.
Clearly, there is some confusion on the U.S. side about the approach the Pena Nieto government is taking, but conversations with both U.S. and Mexican officials reveal that these changes in Mexicos approach do not appear to be as drastic as some have feared. There will need to be adjustments on both sides of the border while organizational changes are underway in Mexico, but this does not mean that bilateral U.S.-Mexico cooperation will decline in the long term.
U.S-Mexico relations are resilient

Garnica 08 Vanessa, Mexican author critiques U.S.-Mexico relations [http://www.usforacle.com/2.5741/mexican-author-critiques-u-s-mexicorelations-1.627987#.UdwvtPne5JR] September 4
On Tuesday night, Fuentes, a Brown University professor in Latin American Studies, paid a visit to USF's Special Event s Center to offer his expertise on the political and socioeconomic issues affecting the United States and Mexico in a presentation titled "Bordering on NAFTA: Mexico and the United States in the 21st Century." Addressing
a crowd of about 600 people, Fuentes first explained the U.S. and Mexico relationship as "inevitable neighbors" that must try to co-exist for the benefit of both nations. "(The U.S. and Mexico) are destined to live together for as long as (they) can," Fuentes said. "We do not choose our neighbors anymore (than) we choose our parents." The relationship, however, does have economic benefits for both countries, Fuentes said. Mexico is the third largest marketplace for American goods, while the United States is Mexico's
largest foreign market.? "The veracity of the border goes well beyond providence," Fuentes said. "Three hundred million people crossing in both directions every year. And with them, ideas, habits, information and cultural trends come and go." Fuentes added the U.S./Mexican border is not an easy border because its significance is unique. This border is the only visible boundary between the most industrial state and an emerging developing nation, he said. "All the frictions, all the lessons, all of the opportunities of the North-South relationship in the 21st Century are bound to manifest themselves in that long line from the Pacific to the Gulf," Fuentes said. Fuentes explained the necessity of people being aware of the effects of NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, on family enrichment and cultural diversity in Mexico and in the rest of Latin America. NAFTA is an agreement signed between Canada, the United States and Mexico in 1994.
Latin America is a paramount fact of our social lives," he said. "(Its presence) has become a
two-way street." But to understand the relationship between the two, the author said, you must first understand Latin America's political history with the United States.
"The U.S. presence in
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U.S-Mexico relations resilient

Shifter et al 13 - President of the Inter-American Dialogue, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations Michael,A More Ambitious Agenda: A Report of the Inter-American Dialogues Commission on Mexico-US Relations [http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9042_USMexicoReportEnglishFi nal.pdf] Feb.
While some progress has been achieved in recent years, Mexico is still searching for more effective strategies for battling organized crime and drug violence. Though
the United States and Mexico do not always agree on the right approach, the extensive bilateral collaboration between security and police agencies is unprecedented with both governments recognizing public security as a shared responsibility. Bilateral cooperation is also increasing on regional and global issues. Challenges to democracy and human rights, the growing security threats in Central America, reforming multilateral organizations, the building of new trade partnerships worldwide, and problems of nuclear nonproliferation and climate change are just a few of the issues that deeply concern both countries. Even if the two countries disagree on many of these matters, they remain natural partners. Indeed, the United States and Mexico can best meet the current challenges of global instability and uncertainty by stepping up efforts toward economic integration. More than anything else, this report of a special Inter-American Dialogue Commission is a call to presidents Obama and Pea Nieto and their administrations to recognize the enhanced opportunities they have to forge cooperative approaches to the multiple challenges their two countries faceand make the most out of the four years they have to work together to address them. Their
most important priority should be to deepen their economic partnership, increase the productivity and international competitiveness of both nations, open opportunities for longterm growth and job creation, and set the stage for further. economic integration.
Relations will inevitability decline due to mutual disagreement

Starr 4 Professor of international studies at ITAM Pamela K.,U.S.-Mexico Relations [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/hf_v12_02.pdf] Jan. 9 This shift in Mexican foreign policy should help to heal the intra-executive rift and to reduce tensions in the bilateral relationship, as will President Bushs new proposal for an expanded guest worker program. But neither will be sufficient to reestablish more than a modicum of the good will that characterized U.S.-Mexico relations at the outset of the Bush and Fox administrations. From the U.S. perspective, Mexicos post-Castaeda foreign policy is a welcome change, but insufficient to erase the deceptions and disappointments of the past and thereby to convince Washington to once again think differently about Mexico. From the Mexican perspective, the new Bush migration proposal is also a welcome change, but a far cry from what Mexico had hoped for. The proposal addresses only one of the four issues originally on the Mexican migration agenda and fails to protect effectively the rights of Mexicans illegally residing in the United States. It was devised unilaterally rather than in consultation with Mexico, it was not accompanied
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congressional approval in an election year is slim at best. In
Student Exchanges Neg 16 the words of Vicente Fox, the proposal
by a formal legislative proposal, and it appears to have been announced mainly for political reasons since the likelihood for
falls short of our expectations.
Interdependence maintains resilient U.S-Mexico relations

Navarrette 8 Ruben, Getting along with our neighbors [http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/oped/navarrette/20080625-9999-lz1e25navarre.html] June 25 U.S.-Mexico relations were on the menu when members of the Union-Tribune editorial board met here with Jos Guadalupe Osuna Milln, the governor of Baja California. Other topics included drug violence, tourism, energy, immigration and the newest Mexican commodity that Americans are devouring: affordable gasoline. Osuna Milln trained as an economist after arriving here as a young man to work in a maquiladora. So he understands that his state's economic well-being depends on American tourists feeling comfortable enough to visit and spend their dollars, as well as on American and European investment in the region. In fact, Osuna Milln said, the U.S. economic slowdown has helped produce a situation where European investment in Baja exceeds that coming from the United States. In office for almost eight months, Osuna Milln isn't shy about rattling off his concerns from congestion at the border that hurts commerce on both sides to what he believes is an unfairly negative portrayal in the American news media of his border state as violently out of control. He wants more positive stories, and insists that they are here if only more U.S. reporters knew where to look. We're always going to be neighbors, he said. We're going to live together forever. Our intent is to highlight positive trends. We have to talk about our problems. But let's find solutions.
Mutual dependence result in resilient relations

Martinez 9 Gebe, Obama knows the U.S. and Mexico are mutually dependent on each other [http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0509/22078.html] May 5 President Barack Obama has struck the right tone toward Mexico, Garcia Calleja said, but he wondered whether Obama could muster support for Mexico from congressional conservatives who regard the nation as a problem and not a partner. They should not be looking at Mexico as a garbage dump but as a real country, as an entryway to North America, the restaurateur said. Together, we have to deal with the problems of both countries, he added. Geographically, we have to understand each other. The next morning, U.S. officials learned that a rapidly spreading virus had originated in Mexico. Garcia Callejas frustration surely grew as immigration restrictionists added the health scare to their list of reasons to stop immigration from south of the
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border. Mexico is in the bulls-eye of conservatives who view Hispanic immigrants as a drain on the U.S. economy, national security, culture and, now, welfare. The H1N1 virus, first labeled swine flu, is called the Mexican swine flu by some conservatives. But as conservative broadcasters and bloggers called for the U.S.-Mexico border to be closed, Obama underscored how mutually dependent both countries are, whether they are fighting terrorism or battling a possible pandemic. Its not like we can just draw a moat around America and say, Im sorry, dont bother us; keep your problems outside. It just doesnt work that way, Obama said last week during a town hall meeting in Missouri. Mexicans in various walks of life argued that the entire continent would suffer unless the governments work together on issues that have no borders. They readily accept responsibility for their governments failure to provide enough jobs for its own citizens, prompting many to go to the U.S. or to enter the illegal drug trade. Also, the long history of government corruption is not easily forgiven.
Relations are strong now focus on security, HLED, economic ties, and the TPP are all solving
Latin American Herald Tribune 3/3 ["Obama and Pea Nieto Reaffirm Joint Cooperation." Latin American Herald Tribune. 3 May 2013. Web. <http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=768154&CategoryId=10718>.] MEXICO CITY U.S. President Barack Obama said on Thursday that he supports the Mexican governments efforts to reduce violence in this country and emphasized that the bilateral relationship is dynamic. Obama said at a joint press conference after his meeting with Mexican President Enrique Pea Nieto that the two leaders agreed to continue the countries tight security coordination. He also promised strong cooperation from the U.S. as Mexico moves to reduce internal violence, particularly as it relates to organized
crime, adding that Washington will work to meet our responsibilities to reduce the dema nd for illegal drugs and reduce the southbound flow of guns and cash. For his part, Pea Nieto said that the new strategy in the area of security in our country has a clear intent: fighting organized crime of whatever kind, whether it be drug traffickin g, kidnapping, extortion or anything else. He also said that he had agreed with Obama to take joint measures to create a more secure border, albeit one that facilitates the passage of persons and goods. Obama thanked Pea Nieto and the Mexican people in Spanish for their hospitality and he went on to express his support for the reforms undertaken by the Mexican leaders government. What I have been impressed with is the presidents boldness in his reform agenda, Obama said. Hes tackling big issues, and thats what the times demand. We live in a world thats changing rapidly. ... We cant be flat -footed as the world advances. If Mexico is successful in that effort, that will be good for the United States, the U.S. leader emphasized. Obama
and Pea Nieto, in a joint statement issued after their meeting, announced the creation of a high-level economic dialogue the first meeting of which will take place this year to promote competitiveness, productivity and connectivity, along with fostering economic growth and innovation. As Mexico works to become more competitive, youve got a strong partner in the United States because our success is shared, Obama said, noting that annual bilateral trade now exceeds $500 billion. The United States is Mexicos largest customer and Mexico is the second-largest market for U.S. exports. The two presidents also reconfirmed their commitment to concluding the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with Australia, Brunei, Canada,
Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. With regard to immigration reform, Obama said that he is optimistic that the U.S. Congress will pass a comprehensive reform package. If were going to get that done, now is the time to do it, he said. The majority of foreign-born immigrants in the United States are Mexicans, and many of them are
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undocumented. The two leaders also spoke about the importance of working together with Canada with an eye toward making North America the worlds most dynamic and competitive region. Obama and Pea Niet o also concluded agreements in the educational area and reaffirmed their commitment to act as jointly responsible partners in the area of public safety. Obama arrived in Mexico on Thursday on an official visit that will focus on economic issues. After his meeting with Pea Nieto, he returned to a hotel in the exclusive Polanco neighborhood, where he is scheduled to meet with local U.S. Embassy personnel and on Thursday evening Obama will attend a dinner in his honor hosted by the Mexican president. EFE
Trade is the heart of US Mexico relations

Craggs 3/2 [Craggs, Ryan. "Obama Mexico Trip: Drug War, Trade At Center Of Meetings With Enrique Pea Nieto." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 02 May 2013. Web. 09 July 2013. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/02/obama-mexico-trip-drug-wartrade_n_3202377.html>.] US President Barack Obama headed to Mexico on Thursday to put trade back at the heart of bilateral ties, but his southern neighbor's shifting drug war tactics loom large over the visit.
Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto hosts Obama on the first stop of a three-day trip that will also take him to Costa Rica for a summit with Central American leaders, with trade, US immigration reform and the battle against drug cartels high on the agenda. After almost seven years of bloodshed by drug gangs that has left 70,000 people dead in Mexico, Pena Nieto and Obama have both made clear they want to turn the spotlight back on trade ties and other matters. "We've
spent so much time on security issues between the United States and Mexico that sometimes I think we forget this is a massive trading partner responsible for huge amounts of commerce and huge numbers of jobs on both sides of the border," Obama said on Tuesday. Twenty years into the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), also including Canada, Mexico is Washington's third-ranked trade partner, with $500 billion exchanged every year. Mexico and Washington want to "talk about the benefits and the need to re-balance and diversify the relationship," Sergio Alcocer, Mexico's deputy foreign minister for North America, told AFP. Before Obama's departure, the United States announced the creation of a bilateral forum on higher education, innovation and research to broaden educational exchanges. But the relationship has been marked by deep cooperation in the fight against powerful drug cartels that make billions of dollars by feeding cocaine, marijuana and heroin to US addicts. The United States is providing $1.9 billion in aid, including police training and crime-fighting equipment, to help Mexico fight the drug gangs. Pena Nieto, who visited Obama in Washington shortly before taking office in December, wants to refocus the drug war on reducing the wave of violence plaguing his country. While he is keeping troops that were deployed in the streets by his predecessor for now, he has launched a new strategy that includes a crime prevention program and a shift in the way Mexico will work with US law enforcement. His predecessor, Felipe Calderon, forged unprecedented security ties with Washington by allowing US agencies to deal directly with Mexican counterparts during his six-year administration. But the new government wants to channel all security matters through a "one-stop window," the powerful interior ministry, which has been tasked with coordinating Mexico's fight against organized crime. Obama said he was not yet ready to judge how Pena Nieto's strategy would change security relations until he had spoken to him. "At this point, we're
confident that we're going to have a good constructive and effective security relationship with Mexico, and we look forward to hearing from them about how they plan to go forward with it," said Obama's advisor for Latin America, Ricardo Zuniga. Rights groups want Obama to address the high level of impunity in
Mexico, with Reporters Without Borders urging the US leader to commit to helping "restore the rule of law and civil liberties" in a country where 86 journalists have been killed in the past 10 years. Pena Nieto will hold talks with Obama at the historic National Palace, with tight security around the building famous for its Diego Rivera murals, before hosting a dinner at the Los Pinos presidential residence. Obama then travels to San Jose on Friday for a summit with Central American leaders before returning to Washington the next day. With 11 million undocumented migrants living in the United States -- two thirds of them from Mexico -- regional leaders will want to discuss Obama's push for comprehensive immigration reform.
U.S. Mexico relations will remain high inevitably

Rozental 13 (Andres, Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico, February 1st 2013) Have Prospects for U.S.-Mexican Relations Improved? Brookings Institution, Accessed July 5th 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/01-usmexico-rozental
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The Mexico-U.S. relationship won't substantially change; there are too many ongoing issues to expect any major shift in what has become a very close and cooperative bilateral partnership in economic, security and social aspects. There will be a
change of emphasis from the Mexican side as far as the security relationship goes, with Pea Nieto's declared intention to focus much more on the economy and public safety. He has already moved away from the constant statements made by his predecessor extolling the number of criminals apprehended and 'successes' in the fight against organized crime. The change of message comes as a relief to many Mexicans tired of hearing about violence and crime on a daily basis. There are two issues on the bilateral agenda, however, that portend significant changes if President Obama is able to fulfill his latest commitments: gun control and immigration reform. The latter seems to be headed toward a bipartisan agreement that might fundamentally change the situation for the thousands of Mexicans who are in the United States without proper documents. If Congress passes a comprehensive reform that allows them to normalize their situation and have a path to legal residency and eventual citizenship, it would have a huge positive impact on the relationship. As for gun control, Mexico would obviously favor a total ban on the sale and possession of assault weapons as the best way to prevent them from crossing the border, but even universal background checks and limits on the number and type of weapons an individual can purchase would be a welcome development. On trade ties, Mexico reached a quarter trillion dollars of total exports and imports in
As Mexico becomes an increasingly important part of the global supply chain and U.S. companies continue to invest heavily south of the border, the economic relationship has nowhere to go but up. And if Pea Nieto is able to fundamentally reform the country's energy sector, there promises to be even more investment.
2012 a hefty portion of that unprecedented amount was with the United States.
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AT STEM Jobs
No benefit to STEM education supply outpacing demand
Washington Post July 12 (Brian Vastag, science reporter at The Washington Post, U.S. pushes for
more scientists, but the jobs arent there, July 7th, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/healthscience/us-pushes-for-more-scientists-but-the-jobs-arent-there/2012/07/07/gJQAZJpQUW_story.html, accessed 7/9/13) MB
That reality runs counter to messages sent by President Obama and the National Science Foundation and other influential groups, who in recent years have called for U.S. universities to churn out more scientists. Obama
has made science education a priority, launching a White House science fair to get young people interested in the field. But its questionable whether those youths will be able to find work when they get a PhD. Although jobs in some high-tech areas, especially computer and petroleum engineering, seem to be booming, the market is much tighter for lab-bound scientists those seeking new discoveries in biology, chemistry and medicine. There have been many predictions of [science] labor
shortages and ... robust job growth, said Jim Austin, editor of the online magazine ScienceCareers. And yet, it seems awf ully hard for people to find a job. Anyone who goes into science expecting employers to clamor for their services will be dee ply disappointed.
Traditional academic jobs are scarcer than ever. Once a primary career 14 percent of those with a PhD in biology and the life sciences now land a coveted academic position within five years, according to a 2009 NSF survey. That figure has been steadily declining since the 1970s, said Paula Stephan, an economist at Georgia State University who studies the scientific workforce. The reason: The supply of scientists has grown far faster than the number of academic positions.
One big driver of that trend: path, only
Bringing foreign students to fill STEM positions wont work

Miano July 12 (John, fellow at the Center for Immigration Studies, Congress Pushes for More
Foreign STEM Students Despite Surplus, July 9th, 2012, http://cis.org/miano/congress-pushes-moreforeign-stem-students-despite-surplus, accessed 7/9/13) MB
The Post finds little market demand for graduate degrees in the sciences: "Just
38 percent of new PhD chemists were employed in 2011". One can scan a job board like dice.com to get a picture of what is in demand . In "STEM" fields (Science/Technology/Engineering/Mathematics) the market demand is for those with bachelor's degrees. How has Congress responded to the surplus of people with graduate degrees in STEM fields in the job market? At least 10 bills have been introduced to make it easier for foreigners with advanced degrees in STEM fields from U.S. institutions to remain in the United States: H.R. 43 Darrell Issa (R-Calif.) H.R. 399 "STAPLE Act" Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.) H.R. 2161 "IDEA Act" Zoe
Lofgren (D-Calif. H.R. 3146 "American Innovation and Education Act of 2011" Raul Labrador (D-Idaho) H.R. 5893 "Startup Act 2.0" Michael Grimm (R-N.Y.) S. 1965 "Startup Act of 2011" Jerry Moran (R-Kan.) S. 1986 "Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Visa Act of 2011" Michael Bennett (D-Colo.) S. 3185 "STAR Act of 2012" John Cornyn (RTexas) S.3217 "Startup Act 2.0" Jerry Moran (R-Kan.) S.3192 "SMART Jobs Act" Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.) Each
of
these bills should be entitled "The Enable American Universities to Produce Graduate Degrees Without Regard to Economic Need Act". These bills are designed to allow American universities to expand graduate programs by using foreign students. They give preference in immigration to graduates from the lowest-tier, for-profit diploma mill in the United States over top graduates from the world's premier institutions. Universities love graduate students because they provide the cheap labor for teaching undergraduates and doing research. The dreary job market limits their ability to attract American students into
these programs. By conferring immigration benefits with their degrees, universities can continue to use foreign students to pack their graduate programs beyond economic need.
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AT Drug War
Mexico will say no- relations sliding
NPR 13
National Public Radio, Obama Crosses The Border [http://www.npr.org/2013/05/01/180304711/obama-crosses-the-border] May 1 / ajs
But first, we want to look ahead to President Obama's visit to Mexico tomorrow and Friday. He's scheduled to meet with the country's newly elected President Enrique Pena Nieto. And while
the American relationship with Mexico seems focused on immigration and the drug war in recent years, both presidents say they are hoping to broaden the conversation. Here to tell us more about
back. Thank you so much for speaking with us once again. Corchado: Well, the
this, Alfredo Corchado. He's Mexico bureau chief for the Dallas Morning News and he's with us now from Mexico City. Welcome
original game plan was for President Obama to come into Mexico, spend 24 hours, and try to help balance Mexico's brand name. Get away from the blood-soaked narrative and highlight the economy, talk about
education, exchange programs, business responsibilities - ways, more than anything, to make Mexico and Central America a more competitive region and compete with the European Union and China. That's the mission. That's the plan. Things
got a little complicated yesterday Corchado: Well, the Mexican government finally, I guess, detailed what they meant by a new security relationship with the United States and that meant really breaking away from the relationship of the past 12 years where U.S. agencies had direct access to Mexican security agencies. The
Mexicans are saying now, we want to curtail that. We want to have one central agency and that's who you're going to report to. The sense in Mexico is that the Americans got a little too cozy since the multi-democracy era began in 2000, that the conservative parties allowed the Americans too much access to the kitchen and the Americans eventually became the chefs, the cooks, staging the confrontation with organized crime. Flying drones over Mexico. And the new party, the new government doesn't feel comfortable about that Corchado: Exactly. The first meeting was a quick, hi, how are you. Officials on both sid es say that President Nieto was a little bit nervous. This visit I think a lot of us will be watching for the smiles, the body language. I think they will still try to put a spin on things, you know, highlight the economy. But just talking to officials yesterday,
there's a lot of frustration. There's a lot of disappointment. This is not a little bump in the road.I mean, it's a huge shift in U.S.-Mexico relations . And how they get through the next 24 hours without some kind of a testy exchange I think will be interesting. Basically, you know, the United States spent 12 years investing in Mexico. Billions of dollars, human intelligence, people on the ground getting to know one another a lot better, and suddenly, as one official said yesterday, from the United States, we've been left at the alter.
Bilateral relations provide false sense of security-not key to stopping drug trade
CSDP 7 http://www.csdp.org/news/news/colombia.htm News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 2007 CSDP provides advice and assistance to individuals and organizations and facilitates coalition building. - See more at: http://www.csdp.org/cms/about#sthash.RjJx3jz9.dpuf Even the extradition of Gilberto Orejuela is seen as likely to have little impact on drug trafficking. The Kansas City Star reported on Nov. 22, 2004 ( "Extradition Of Drug Lords Could Boost Aid") that " Yet, while extradition can improve bilateral relations, it is not always clear whether it is effective in deterring drug trafficking. Many in Colombia, for instance, see the Rodriguez Orejuelas' extradition as a token gesture, mostly because authorities here dismantled
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the brothers' empire long ago. The Cali Cartel emerged triumphant after the Medellin Cartel's demise in the early 1990s. After the arrest of the most prominent Cali Cartel members in the mid-1990s, the powerful Norte de Valle Cartel appeared. And even as the Norte de Valle Cartel now struggles with internal squabbles, authorities here say there are new 'baby' cartels taking its place. 'It does provide a morale boost for the troops since previously untouchable drug cartel leaders are brought to justice,' said Ruben Oliva, a Miami defense attorney, in an e-mail exchange. 'But it's the same impact as when Al Capone was finally incarcerated. Everybody felt good, but prohibition continued to be ineffectual. Al Capone was easily replaced.'"
Mexico will not cooperate in drug war

Shirk 5/4 http://www.npr.org/2013/05/04/181053775/u-s-mexico-relations-complicatedconditioned-by-drug-war U.S.-Mexico Relations Complicated, Conditioned By Drug War May 04, 2013 8:00 AM David A. Shirk, PhD, joined the University of San Diego in July 2003. Shirks teaching covers a wide range of subject areas, mainly concentrated in comparative politics, international political economy, Latin American studies, and U.S.-Latin American relations, with a concentration in Mexico and border politics.
Well, I'm not sure that the idea is necessarily to reduce collaboration so much as to reshape the dynamics of collaboration. I think that's probably how the Pena Nieto administration would portray this. For one thing, the
Pena Nieto administration is trying to move away from the security policies that were employed by the Calderon administration. So, these efforts to go after high-level targets and to dismantle drug-trafficking organizations is diminishing as a priority of the Mexican government. And what they have emphasized instead is promoting citizen security. I think that the Pena Nieto administration thinks that you had a real problem with the lack of coordination under the Calderon administration. And their idea, in the Pena Nieto government, is to try to tighten up and centralized the mechanisms of coordination and cooperation with the United States. And I think that's a deliberate attempt to vet and control whatever types of cooperation we're going to see between the U.S. and Mexican government.
US-Mexican cooperation fails to solve the war on drugs-2012 shooting proves

The Atlantic 12
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/the-dividends-of-us-mexican-cooperation-on-the-drugwar/263072/ The 'Dividends' of U.S.-Mexican 'Cooperation' on the Drug War ARMIN ROSENOCT 3 2012, 7:57 AM ET According to Vanda Felbab-Brown, also with Brookings, Obama
has undertaken "cooperation with Mexico that is unprecedented until this point." But nearly six years into a drug war that has killed an estimated 60,000 Mexicans, the payoff of U.S. engagement remains ambiguous. Now, a U.S. presidential election, and the upcoming inauguration of a new president in Mexico, has further heightened the urgency of the U.S.'s policy dilemmas south of the border. Last month's shooting was counter-
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intuitive proof of how closely the U.S. and Mexico are cooperating in solving North America's most pressing security challenge. But it raises a troubling question: Just how successful has this policy been if the drug war is continuing unabated -- and if Mexican police officers are shooting at American intelligence agents?
Mexico will say no- Monterrey proves

NY Time 4/30
Mexicos Curbs on U.S. Role in Drug Fight Spark Friction RANDAL C. ARCHIBOL April 30, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/americas/friction-between-us-and-mexico-threatens-efforts-ondrugs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The New York Times (or NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851 But shortly
after Mexicos new president, Enrique Pea Nieto, took office in December, American agents got a clear message that the dynamics, with Washington holding the clear upper hand, were about to change. So do we get to polygraph you? one incoming Mexican official asked his American counterparts, alarming United States security officials who consider the vetting of the Mexicans central to tracking down drug kingpins. The Mexican government briefly stopped its vetted officials from cooperating in sensitive investigations. The Americans are waiting to see if Mexico allows polygraphs when assigning new members to units, a senior Obama administration official said . In another clash, American security officials were recently asked to leave an important intelligence center in Monterrey, where they had worked side by side with an array of Mexican military and police commanders collecting and analyzing tips and intelligence on drug gangs. The Mexicans, scoffing at the notion of Americans having so much contact with different agencies, questioned the value of the center and made clear that they would put tighter reins on the sharing of drug intelligence.
Mexico will say no- drug war cooperation not on new presidents agenda
NY Time 4/30
Mexicos Curbs on U.S. Role in Drug Fight Spark Friction RANDAL C. ARCHIBOL April 30, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/americas/friction-between-us-and-mexico-threatens-efforts-ondrugs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The New York Times (or NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851
The lack of certainty over Mexicos plans and commitment has jeopardized new security assistance from the United States. Plans to release $246 million, the latest installment of a $1.9 billion anticrime package known as the Merida initiative, have been held up by Senator Patrick J. Leahy, Democrat of Vermont. His office has been
candid assessment, said a recent visit by Mr. Osorio Chong to Washington helped calm some fears. A
waiting for months for more details from the State Department and the Mexican government on how the money would be spent and what it might accomplish. A senior administration official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to provide a more
delegation of Mexican officials is also expected to visit in the coming weeks to explain the countrys plans to members of Congress. But there is growing anxiety that the violence has not diminished, with daily killings hovering around 50 since last fall. Some American officials say they are increasingly worried by public and private signs suggesting that Mr. Pea Nieto, the young face of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which ran Mexico for 71 years, is putting the governments crime-fighting image above its
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actions. The cosmetics thats what they care about, one American official said, insisting on anonymity so as not to worsen already tense relations.
US-Mexican cooperation over the drug war getting better in sq

NY Time 4/30
Mexicos Curbs on U.S. Role in Drug Fight Spark Friction RANDAL C. ARCHIBOL April 30, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/americas/friction-between-us-and-mexico-threatens-efforts-ondrugs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The New York Times (or NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851
The impression they seem to want to send is We got this, one former American official said, asking for anonymity because he was discussing private conversations. But its clear to us, no, they dont. Not yet. A senior administration official, asked for a sign of progress or a recent
accomplishment in security matters, struggled with the question until pointing to the extradition to the United States of a few men on drug charges, conceding they were not big fish. Other extradition requests appear stalled; there were 155 last year, mostly for drug offenses, the highest in nearly a decade. Tuesday evening, less than 48 hours before Mr. Obamas arrival and with mounting questions on whether Mexico would go after kingpins, Mexico Ins Coronel, the
announced it had captured father-in-law of the most-wanted capo, Joaqun Guzmn Loera, known as El Chapo. It was unclear if the United States played a role in the arrest. If so, it would represent a step beyond the Mexican discomfort with Americans operating on their turf that emerged in December, just after Mr. Pea Nietos inauguration. It solidified after an explosion on Jan. 31 at
the office complex of the state oil company,Pemex, in which 37 people died and more than 120 were injured.
Right now, Mexico is pushing the U.S out of drug war co-op
Archibold et al 13 Randal C., Mexicos Curbs on U.S. Role in Drug Fight Spark Friction [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/americas/friction-between-us-andmexico-threatens-efforts-on-drugs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0] April 30
Mr. Obama is scheduled to visit Mexico on Thursday and Friday on a mission publicly intended to broaden economic ties. But
behind the scenes, the Americans are coming to grips with a scaling back of the level of coordination that existed during the presidency of Felipe Caldern,
suspects. In an interview, Mexicos
which included American drones flying deep into Mexican territory and American spy technology helping to track high-level
interior minister, Miguel ngel Osorio Chong, made no apologies. He defended the moves, including the creation of a one-stop window in his department to screen and handle all intelligence, in the name of efficiency and a new phase in fighting crime. In a country worn down by tens of thousands of people killed in a drug war, he said Mexico needed to emphasize smart
intelligence over the militarized combating violence with more violence approach of the Caldern years. But
American officials here see the changes as a way to minimize American involvement and manage the image of the violence, rather than confronting it with clear strategies. The lack of certainty over Mexicos plans and commitment has jeopardized new security
assistance from the United States. Plans to release $246 million, the latest installment of a $1.9 billion anticrime package known as the Merida initiative, have been held up by Senator Patrick J. Leahy, Democrat of Vermont. His office has been waiting for months for more details from the State Department and the Mexican government on how the money would be spent and what it might accomplish. A senior administration official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to provide a more candid assessment, said a recent visit by Mr. Osorio Chong to Washington helped calm some fears. A delegation of Mexican officials is also expected to visit in the coming weeks to explain the countrys plans to members of Congress. But
there is growing anxiety that the violence has not diminished, with daily killings hovering around 50 since last fall. Some American officials say they are increasingly worried by public and private signs suggesting that Mr. Pea Nieto, the
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young face of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which ran Mexico for 71 years,
is putting the governments crime-fighting image above its actions.
Together the U.S and Mexico have empirically failed to solve the issue
Rosen 12 Armin, The 'Dividends' of U.S.-Mexican 'Cooperation' on the Drug War [http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/the-dividends-of-usmexican-cooperation-on-the-drug-war/263072/] October 3 As a 2011 Congressional Research Service study explained, Mexico and the United States have different definitions of "success" in the drug war. For Washington, the seizure of drug shipments and the removal of kingpins -- such as
the 2009 killing of cartel boss Arturo Beltran Leyva, who was cornered by the Mexican Navy with the help of U.S. intelligence -are markers of success. But for Mexico, the drug trade is a "national security threat" rather than an "organized crime threat," and the country's short-term goals might be more focused on "reducing drug traffickingrelated crime and violence" than on dismantling the country's criminal organizations, according to the CRS study. This will be especially true after Enrique Pea Nieto -- the president-elect of Mexico who promised a break from Caldern's militarized drug policy -- is inaugurated on December 1.
Nieto has emphasized public safety and violence reduction over a Caldern-like assault on drug cartels and their leadership.
"Now it will be a shift away from, 'Can we capture [Sinaloa cartel leader] Chapo Guzman?' to, 'Can we reduce murders in Ciudad Jurez?'" said O'Neil. "And those might not be the same goals." Progress
is elusive even for longterm priorities on which the two countries see eye-to-eye. The experience of cleaning up Mexico's notoriously corrupt federal police has revealed just how difficult it is to reverse decades of institutional rot. In March of 2011, U.S. ambassador to
Mexico Carlos Pasquale resigned after WikiLeaks cables revealed the degree of U.S. frustration with Mexico's pace of reform. And the August 24 CIA shooting demonstrates how much work is still needed, even in areas that have received the most attention. Felbab-Brown called the incident "poignant and ironic." "Caldern
has enabled far greater cooperation between the U.S. and Mexico," she said. "But the one institution that was supposedly reformed, and the one that received the most training from the U.S., ended up shooting U.S. agents."
Mexico and the U.S divide over the drug war

Priest 13 Dana,U.S. role to decrease as Mexicos drug-war strategy shifts [http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2020902455_mexicoobamaxml.html] May 1 For the past seven years, Mexico and the United States have forged an unparalleled alliance against Mexicos drug cartels, one based on sharing sensitive intelligence, U.S. training and joint operational planning. But much of that hard-earned cooperation may be in jeopardy. President Obama heads off Thursday on a three-day visit to Mexico to cement relations with the newly elected president, Enrique Pea Nieto, with vows of neighborly kinship and future cooperation. Obamas visit comes as the fight over border security and immigration overhaul has begun to consume Congress. The December inauguration of Pea Nieto brought the nationalistic Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) back to power after 13 years, and with it a whiff of
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resentment over the deep U.S. involvement in Mexicos fight against narcotraffickers. The new administration has shifted priorities away from the U.S.backed strategy of arresting kingpins, which sparked an unprecedented level of violence among the cartels, and toward an emphasis on prevention and keeping Mexicos streets safe and calm, Mexican authorities said. Some U.S. officials fear the coming of an unofficial truce with cartel leaders. The Mexicans see it otherwise. The objective of fighting organized crime is not in conflict with achieving peace, said Eduardo Medina-Mora, Mexicos ambassador to the United States.
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AT Mexico Econ
Nietos agenda wont fix Mexicos economy
The Editorial Board, 13 (NYT Editorial Board, March 31 2013) Mexicos Ambitious Economic Agenda The New York Times, Accessed July 9th 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/opinion/mexicos-ambitious-economicagenda.html?_r=0 Mexicos new president, Enrique Pea Nieto, has proposed reforms that could make monopolistic industries like telecommunications more competitive, bolster oil production and improve the governments finances. The proposals are commendable and could transform Mexicos economy. But success is far from guaranteed. Mexico has long failed to take full advantage of its many assets, including big energy reserves, a growing middle class and access to the American market. One obstacle has been crony capitalist policies that have concentrated economic power in the hands of a few oligarchs.
Alt Cause-Mexicos Judiciary is key to economic growth

Hernandez, 13 (Antonio, June 23 2013) Difficult for Mexico Economy to Achieve 5% Growth Rate Without Modernizing Judiciary Mexico Voices, Accessed July 9 2013, http://mexicovoices.blogspot.com/2013/06/difficult-for-mexico-economyto-achieve.html
Even with approval of energy and fiscal reforms, if the judiciary is not modernized, achieving 5% growth will not be possible, affirmed the Center for Economic Studies of the Private Sector (CEESP). In an interview with Milenio, the director of the organization, Luis Foncerrada, highlighted that until today,
the judicial reform has failed, and one hopes that the current administration will propel it forward again. The corruption of the judges is terrible. The archaic processes we have are the most regressive for society, and those who are most affected are those with fewer resources, besides the fact that it is terribly unjust. Here the law is not fair except for those who pay the most. As long as we do not resolve this, judicial reform is a failed reform, he maintained. In this way, we are not going to grow at 5%, the countrys potential rate. The judiciary is becoming a great obstacle for growth. Even with approval of the reforms, if Mexico as a whole is not modernized, it is like leaving a rock in the road, he pointed out. At the same time, Foncerrada
highlighted that the lack of certainty in judicial matters inhibits investments, which limits job creation and the fight against poverty. The growth in productivity that people are seeking in this country needs to be reflected in real salaries. Since 1976, when the minimum wage had its greatest purchasing power, to 2000, there was a loss of 76%. Those who could buy four tortillas in 1976, now 24 years later, can only buy one. With this, the internal market was destroyed, he indicated. He explained that from 2000 to today, only 5% of the purchasing power of the population has been recuperated, so it is necessary to increase employment, and that requires more investment, which will not come in the absence of legal certainty. According to Moodys rating, the estimated growth of 3.1%, provided by the government's calculations and the majority of analysts, is congruent with the economy's current potential, in anticipation of approval of energy and fiscal reforms. To be growing at around 3% is congruent with the potential of the M exican economy up until now. Most likely, the reforms that have been obtained are suggesting some stage of stable and sustainable growth, but this remains to be seen, said Alberto Jones, director of Moodys Mexico. In an interview, the director pointed out tha t the situation of the Mexican economy, the slow implementation of [ government] expenditures, such as the lower increase [ in expenditures] of barely 8%, according to first quarter data, are totally normal with a change in administration. Observing the sustained manner in which the economy advances at rates of 4% annually, one can affirm that the internal economy of the country is contributing to GDP, so that it depends to a lesser extent on the international context. Moodys explained that there is a de celeration scenario that affects all emerging economies in the world, but in Mexico the challenges are less than those that Brazil is facing
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Mexicos economic boom is just a trend-Leadership just avoids fixing the real problems
Padgett 13 (Tim Padgett, March 8 2013) Mexicos New Boom: Why the World Should Tone Down the Hype Time, Accessed July 9 2013, http://world.time.com/2013/03/08/mexicos-new-boom-why-the-world-shouldtone-down-the-hype/
I couldnt be happier that Mexicos economy is rebounding. After barely 2% average annual growth between 2000 and 2010, the
Investment is booming and the middle class is enlarging. Mexicos manufacturing exports lead Latin America, and its trade as a share of GDP tops Chinas. Its No. 53 spot on
countrys GDP expanded almost 4% in 2011 and 2012. the World Banks ease-of-doing-business rankings far outshines the No. 126 grade of its main regional rival, Brazil; it has signed more free trade agreements (44) than any other country, and its enrolling more engineering students than any south of the Rio Grande. As I noted a year ago, its a trend well worth applauding. But
I emphasize: its a trend. Its not the miracle, the economic version of the appearance of Our Lady of Guadalupe, that so many Mexico cheerleaders from government officials to foreign investors to embassy diplomats are insisting we call it. Yes, good news from Mexico is more than welcome after a decade
overshadowed by horrific narco-violence; a more positive conversation about the country is a relief. But no matter how loudly the enthusiasts scold the media for dwelling on Mexicos mayhem, the cartel killing hasnt stopped, and many of the socio -economic ills that help breed the brutality persist. The media didnt just make up the 60,000 gangland murders of the past seven years, or the relentless massacres and beheadings, or reports like the one released last week by Human Rights Watch about the 27,000 Mexicans who have disappeared during the drug war. So as someone who has covered the country for almost 25 years, I tend to be wary when I see the blood-soaked headlines yielding all of a sudden to rose-colored banners hailing Mexico as the Aztec Tiger or the New China. Or when eminent columnists like the New York Times Thomas Friedman rather hastily assert that Mexico will become a
crime syndicates, government corruption and weak rule of law hobble the nation. But I worry about the emergence of an overweening boosterism that forgets what happened two decades agowhen belief in another Mexican miracle helped lead to one of the worst financial disasters in the countrys history. This latest episode of Its Always Sunny in Mexico evokes a familiar pattern. Because Mexico is attached to our southern border, its the only Latin American country that Washington and Wall Street feel they actually have to engage. Even so, they engage it grudgingly, and they get irritated when the media focus on its dysfunctionas was the case in the 1980s, Mexicos Lost Decade of epic debt crisis. After Harvard-educated President Carlos Salinas de Gortari took office in 1988 and called for capitalist
more dominant economic power in the 21st century than China. To his credit, Friedman points out that reforms that included a North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, word came down to us Mexico-based journalists from U.S. officials and business executives: All is transformed south of the border. Get with the program. Salinas and his Armani-clad technocrats sold that bogus Mexican Miracle of overnight development remarkably well. So effectively, in fact, that few in the U.S. took notice when Mexicos Potemkin faade, cracked by an indigenous uprising and a spate of political assassinations, started collapsing in 1994, culminating in a calamitous peso crash that required a $50 billion U.S. bailout. So forgive some of us if, almost 20 years later, were a bit reluctant to declare another fast -track Mexican Miracle and set aside our concerns about Mexicos lingering dysfunction. Not just the mafia bloodletting, but the nagging failure to modernize a corrupt and incompetent judicial system. Not just the social inequality, which is still too vast, but the shameless business monopolies that exacerbate it by choking off competition and inflating prices. And were sorry if a lot of the new Mexican Miracle math doesn t add up for us, either. The World Bank says 95% of Mexicans today are either in the middle or upper class. Really? Last I saw, Mexicos
official poverty rate was 45%. No wonder Mexicans themselves tend to chuckle when they hear these claims, as Puerto Vallarta construction worker Efran
Snchez did last spring when I suggested that, according to World Economic Forum leaders visiting his city, he should consider himself part of the middle class. Mexicos definition of middle class, I was told by Snchez, 35, who was putting off marriage because he feared he still couldnt afford a family, is exaggerated these days. Miami Herald columnist Andres Oppenheimer heard much the same skepticism in Mexico recently. In his March 2 column, Everybody
Is Upbeat on Mexico Except Mexicans, Oppenheimer cites a new survey by the Mexico City polling firm BGC that finds 66% of Mexicans feel their countrys economic situation is either regular or bad. If Mexicans are not convinced, he concludes, Mexicos moment will not last long.
Oppenheimer also points out that much of the Its-Morning-Again-In-Mexico wave is a Newtonian consequence of the Its-TwilightNow-In-Brazil consensusthe feeling that its time to knock the South American giant down a notch after a 2000s boom that made it the worlds sixth largest economy. Brazil is indeed faltering; its growth came in under 1% last year, and it has its own glar ing
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structural flaws yet to fix, from lame infrastructure to onerous taxes. But
Boom Brazil won global kudos in large part because it started tackling many of the core development challenges that Mexico keeps avoiding, such as steering credit and capital not to monopolies but to small- and medium-sized businesses that employ most of the workforce. Brazil, at least under President Dilma Rousseff, likewise looks more serious about battling corruption. Mexicos new President, Enrique Pea Nieto, sought to signal his own anti-graft bona fides last week when his
government arrested the head of Mexicos quasi-omnipotent teachers union, Elba Esther Gordillo, for allegedly embezzling some $200 million. It certainly adds to Mexicos positive trend. But it hardly constitutes a miracle.
Mexican manufacturing is booming now

Hughes 13[Hughes, Krista. "Mexican Manufacturing: From Sweatshops to High-tech Motors." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 09 Apr. 2013. Web. 07 July 2013. <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-mexico-economymanufacturing-idUSBRE9380TN20130409>.] (Reuters) - Made in Mexico is increasingly more likely to mean cars than clothes as the country's manufacturing sector moves away from the low-skill, highvolume production lines of the past toward more sophisticated products.
Times are tough for the assembly-for-export plants known as maquiladoras clustered along the U.S. border, a region that has lost economic muscle in the face of competition from China, successive U.S. recessions and drug war violence. But there are signs of a turnaround elsewhere. Mexico
is winning back U.S. import market share and an energetic new government promises deep economic reforms in pursuit of 6 percent annual growth. Key to the revival is a shift in activity from the border toward more high-tech manufacturing in central states far
from the drug gang turf wars and smuggling routes. New foreign investment, especially in the auto industry, heads increasingly to Guanajuato and Aguascalientes states, northwest of Mexico City. Together with neighboring Queretaro home to a small but booming aerospace cluster - and San Luis Potosi, they are shaping up as Mexico's next-generation manufacturing hub. Boosting
productivity and adding local content is crucial to Mexico's goal of breaking out of the emerging market B-list and narrowing the income gap with advanced economies, as countries such as China and carmaking competitor South Korea have done. Bucking an overall trend of falling
productivity, the central states already have a similar manufacturing output to the four border states of Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua and Tamaulipas with about one-third of the workforce. On Guanajuato's Federal Highway 45, heavily traveled by trucks heading north to the U.S. border, a gleaming new factory stands where corn and beans used to grow. German carmaker Volkswagen (VOWG_p.DE) will employ 700 skilled workers and produce 330,000 engines a year at its $550 million plant, joining foreign companies such as Japan's Nissan (7201.T), Honda (7267.T) and Mazda (7261.T) which are also building new factories on Mexico's fertile central plains. The new operations, drawn to the region by cheap wages and living costs, abundant land, good highways and incentives from local governments, are helping to transform an area once known as the nation's breadbasket into a hive of factory activity. " We
are having a real boom here now with the automotive industry," said Vanessa Cordero, commercial director of the Castro del Rio industrial park, which was built on a former asparagus farm some 20 minutes drive from the new VW plant. "(Japanese carmakers) tell all their suppliers to set up in Guanajuato by such-and-such a date. That's why we have a tsunami of Japanese companies arriving in the state." Volkswagen occupies 70
hectares of the 1,000-hectare industrial park Puerto Interior, flanked by cornfields on one side and a new airport on the other. The site also houses a new Pirelli (PECI.MI) plant mainly making tires for the U.S. market. "We're not looking for clients, they come to us," said Oswaldo Antillon, logistics manager at Puerto Interior, where on-site facilities include: a customs house, healthcare center, two electricity substations, three wells, a polytechnic with 2,000 students and a railway station. Although the average murder rate in the central states was high at 16 murders per 100,000 people in 2012, compared to one in China and 2.6 in South Korea, it is half that of the four border states. Executives from aerospace giant Bombardier (BBDb.TO) say they have had no security problems at their glistening white plant in Queretaro, where the Canadian company is building roughly 85 percent of the composite skeleton for the Learjet 85. "From
strategic point of view, Mexico is a very important operation," said Bombardier plant
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quality manager Norman Thompson. Bombardier can truck the parts made in Queretaro to Wichita, Kansas for final assembly in two days and the roads are well policed, he said.
There are already specialized training centers in Mexico now no need for student exchanges
Hughes 13[Hughes, Krista. "Mexican Manufacturing: From Sweatshops to High-tech Motors." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 09 Apr. 2013. Web. 07 July 2013. <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-mexico-economymanufacturing-idUSBRE9380TN20130409>.]
EDUCATION PAYS In years past, many young people in the region could only aspire to a minimum wage job earning 60 pesos ($4.87) per day. Now
factories needing skilled workers have spawned specialized training centers like Queretaro's aerospace university and Puerto Interior's National Polytechnical Institute campus. The polytech helped establish a senior high school to bridge the gap between local secondary schooling and the rigors of an engineering degree. Students, 95 percent
from nearby towns, then spend five years at the polytech, where tuition is free. "Before, most of the local population did not even have a medium-level education, only primary school, and they worked in agriculture or migrated to the U.S.," said campus director Aldelmo Emmanuel Reyes. He says a new engineering graduate can earn five times the minimum wage, rising to 10 to 20 times more after five years. Sergio Hernandez, 20, is about to finish a two-year program blending senior high school with on-the-job-training at auto part maker Schaeffler to become a production line supervisor. Before that, he worked for two years at a machinery workshop after secondary school. He says his employment chances have improved "incredibly" since he started the course: "I have work experience that can be documented, and my high school diploma."
Mexican auto industry growth threatens US jobs

Miroff 13 [Miroff, Nick. "Mexican Auto Manufacturing Boom Creates New Worries for US Workers."The Courier-Journal. Gannett Company, 2 July 2013. Web. <http://www.courierjournal.com/viewart/20130702/BETTERLIFE04/307020019/Mexican-automanufacturing-boom-creates-new-worries-US-workers>.] RAMOS ARIZPE, Mexico In the division of labor that has long governed North American auto manufacturing, the Big Three and other companies typically built their top moneymakers in the United States, using their Mexican plants to produce smaller, cheaper cars with lower profit margins. But that division is breaking down. As Mexico cranks out record numbers of vehicles and attracts billions in new investment, Mexican auto workers are increasingly able to match the skill and productivity of their U.S. counterparts and at a fraction of the wages. General Motors is making its iconic Silverado pickup trucks in central Mexicos Guanajuato state. Cadillac SUVs that retail for $40,000 roll off the assembly line here in the sprawling industrial parks west of Monterrey. Audi has announced it will put its new $1.3 billion North American plant in the state of Puebla, the first time luxury vehicles will be built in Mexico. The boom here is bringing worries to U.S. auto workers and unions about the long-term prospects of car manufacturing jobs in the United States, particularly after the $80 billion government bailout of GM and Chrysler. On Mexican assembly lines, wages are often six or seven times lower than in the United States, and new motor cities are rising across central and northern Mexico, fueled by a 50 percent increase in U.S. auto sales since 2009. The Mexican worker is a natural craftsman, and global investors are showing their confidence in Mexican labor, said Alberto Rabago, a union official who started working for Chrysler in 1959 as a floor sweeper
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when the company made Mexican versions of its DeSoto and Plymouth sedans for the local market. Now Chrysler makes its muscular Hemi engines at the Saltillo Motors plant here in the deserts south of Texas. At another Chrysler plant nearby, $35,000 Ram pickups fly off the assembly line at a rate of one every 80 seconds. The average pay at his plant, Rabago said, is $3.20 an hour, but he insisted that wage comparisons to U.S. workers miss a Mexican reality. When I came here 20 years ago, people didnt even have indoor plumbing. Now they h ave pickup trucks, satellite TV and send their kids to universities, he said. Overall, Mexico
is making nearly 3 million vehicles a year, with output expected to increase 38 percent by 2016 as Nissan, Mazda and Audi add new plants
lines. Some of
and other manufacturers ramp up production. GM said last week it will invest $691 million to boost its Mexican assembly
the vehicles built in Mexico are bought by the countrys expanding middle class. But about 80 percent are for export, primarily to the United States. Mexican auto factories and Mexican manufacturing offer first-world productivity and quality at thirdworld wages, said Harley Shaiken, a professor of education and geography at the University of California at
Berkeley who has tracked Mexicos auto industry for decades. That is an unusual combination, and right now it is a defining combination. To some, particularly the
United Auto Workers union and many of its 1 million active and retired members, the trend confirms dire predictions of U.S. industrial decline brought on by the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement. Although U.S. assembly lines have recovered some jobs since the federal bailout, the industrys long-term labor pull is southward to Mexico, where organized labor is feeble and rock-bottom
wages are the rule.
Mexicos people and leaders simply dont have the drive or will to grow economically
Johnson 2013
Tim Johnson | McClatchy Newspapers. February 27, 2013. McClathcy Washington Bureau. Entrenched interests enslave Mexicans in a cycle of hopelessness http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/06/17/v-print/152063/why-mexico-just-cant-getahead.html When Mexican voters go to the polls July 1, however, the PRIs candidate is all but certain to win, exiling from power the business-friendly National Action Party, the PAN, whose two terms in the presidency ushered in scant beneficial change. Instead, the optimism that pervaded Mexico when Coca-Cola executive Vicente Fox took power in 2000 has turned into a persistent malaise, where a drug war filled with public executions and horrific beheadings is the overriding image. Why this
resource-rich nation has become trapped in low growth is a story of political paralysis
where entrenched monopolies remain in control, the schools fail to educate, and the development policies all but enslave workers in a cycle of poverty that threatens to trap future generations as well. For the United States, Mexi cos future is more than just an idle curiosity. A booming Mexico could be an enormous boon for the United States as well. Its citizens would buy more U.S. products and services, demand better governance from their own leaders and not flee their country looking for better prospects north of the border. Compared
to the rest of the world, Mexico has essentially been at a standstill during the past 30 years, said a report issued in April, A
New Vision for Mexico 2042: Achieving Prosperity for All, produced by Centennial Group International, a strategic consulting firm in Washington, and Mexico Evalua, a public policy think tank in Mexico City. If Mexico takes bold steps to unleash its potential, striving to match the growth of successful Asian nations, the report said, it could aspire to become a country with an average per-capita income equivalent to that of Germany or France. That means elevating per -capita annual output from $13,800 today to around $50,000 in 2042 in constant dollars, the report said. If
Mexico muddles through with the kind of recent subpar growth that has been the norm, its per-capita output will reach a little less than $30,000, it added. But getting there will require a complete retooling of the way Mexico operates, emphasizing opportunity for the 52 million of
a nonpartisan think tank. People
Mexicos 113 million people who live in poverty, instead of policies that enforce inequality and the lack of social mobility. You end up in the social strata where you were born, said Alejandro Hope, an analyst at the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness,
need to believe they can make it to the top. Right now, they dont think they can. Mexicos malaise comes despite conditions that ought to foster a boom. The market
the sharing of power. Indeed, Mexico today is what it never really was before a democracy. But analysts say Mexico
economy is open and stable. A champion of global commerce, Mexico has free-trade agreements with 43 countries, among the most of any country on Earth. The autonomous Banco de Mexico keeps a tight lid on inflation. Mexicos beaches and Mayan ruins draw a steady flow of tourists despite crime elsewhere in the nation. The country has also made decisive steps toward
lacks a sense of purpose and is torn by the seeming relentlessness of the drug war, which has been the
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dominant feature of the current government, led by the PANs Felipe Calderon. There seems to be in Mexico today a nostalgia for a Mexico that no longer exists and that we fought against, and at the same time a disappointment in the democratic Mexico we now have and that we fought for, Arturo Sarukhan, the Mexican ambassador to Washington, said in a talk in early April. Sarukhan said Mexico
needs a clearer vision and sense of purpose, and a map with a
path to follow. Where do we want to be in 20 years? What do we want to look like? Sarukhan asked. And how do we
get there? Mexico carries a chronic culture of lawlessness and impunity and faces a grave crisis of public security, with a political system that is often the obstacle rather than the solution, said Gerardo Gutierrez Candiani, head of the Business Coordinating Council, a business umbrella group. An
array of powerful interests with a stake in the status quo have kept the economy from expanding more than a paltry average 2.4 percent a year for three decades, Gutierrez said. He asked why it couldnt grow at
double or more that pace.
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Alt Causes
Visa restrictions
Wood 13 [Duncan, Director of Mexico Institute at Wilson Center, Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf] The strengthening of student visa requirements after 9/11 was a key factor holding back growth in the number of all foreign students studying in the United States. Part of the issue derived from the United States actually denying visas or denying entry to some students, but at a more general level the U.S. began to be perceived as a slightly less welcoming place for international students.
Several Alt causes that outweigh the aff

Wood 13 [Duncan, Director of Mexico Institute at Wilson Center, Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf]
Explaining this disappointing performance over the long term is not easy. The
number of Mexicans studying in the United States was probably somewhat affected by post-9/11 factors,
continued to grow, even if only slightly. The
although not to the same extent as students from other parts of the world. If we compare the two charts above, we can see that, whereas the total number of foreigners studying in the U.S. stagnated immediately after 2001, the number of Mexicans
major factor, it seems, was the U.S. and global financial crisis, and in particular the effects of Mexicos recession must be taken into consideration. The more than 6% decline in Mexicos GDP in 2008-09 essentially halted the resurgence in Mexican student flows to the U.S. that began in 2006/07. But we can also point to longer
term trends. Even before the impact of the post-9/11 student visa requirements and the economic downturn, Mexican students were under-represented in the U.S., at around 2% of the total foreign student population; today at less than 14,000, they represent only 1.8%. It is likely that a number of factors play a role. First, language. The lack of English language skills on the part of many Mexican students is a restraining factor that prevents them from participating in exchange programs in the United States. Second, it is clear that the historical cultural ties between Mexico and Spain and Mexico and France have played a key role in determining the direction of Mexican student exchanges. Across the higher education system in Mexico but particularly in public universities, there has been a bias against U.S. universities and in favor of their counterparts in Europe, a bias reinforced by the perception that Mexican migrants often face discrimination in the United States. Third, the high cost of university education in the United States, and a lack of funding opportunities have meant that exchange programs with U.S. universities are often few and far between.
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AT Science Diplomacy
SQUO solves
Hormats 12 (Robert D., Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, March 1, Diplomacy and Twenty-First Century Statecraft, http://www.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/2012/182545.htm) Science diplomacy is not new. It is, however, broader, deeper, and more visible than ever before and its importance will continue to grow. The Department of States first Quadrennial
priorities for the United States and, increasingly, the world. The
Diplomacy and Development Review highlights that "science, engineering, technology, and innovation are the engines of modern society and a dominant force in globalization and international economic development." These interrelated issues are
Department of State is committed to utilizing our capabilities in Washington, D.C. and throughout the world to connect with scientists, entrepreneurs, and innovators for the mutual benefit of all of our people. In addition to Environment, Science and Technology, and Health Officers stationed at U.S. embassies, almost fifty doctoral-level scientists and engineers work at the Department of State through the AAAS Diplomacy Fellows program and the Jefferson Science Fellows program. Through this cadre of science and foreign policy experts, the Department of State will continue to advance policies that bolster the global repertoire of scientific knowledge and further enable technological innovation.
Science Diplomacy is over exaggerated and falls short in many areas of foreign policy
Dickson 10 ( David, director of Scidev.net, June 28, 2010, Science in diplomacy: On tap but not on top, http://scidevnet.wordpress.com/2010/06/28/the-placeof-science-in-diplomacy-%E2%80%9Con-tap-but-not-on-top%E2%80%9D/) Theres a general consensus in both the scientific and political worlds that the principle of science diplomacy, at least in the somewhat restricted sense of the need to get more and better science into international negotiations, is a desirable objective. There is less agreement, however, on how far the concept can or indeed should be extended to embrace broader goals and objectives, in particular attempts to use science to achieve political or diplomatic goals at the international level. Science, despite its international characteristics, is no substitute for effective diplomacy. Any more than diplomatic initiatives necessarily lead to good science. These seem to have been the broad conclusions to emerge from a three-day meeting at Wilton Park in Sussex, UK, organised by the British Foreign Office and the Royal Society, and attended by scientists , government officials and politicians from 17 countries around the world. The definition of science diplomacy varied widely among participants. Some saw it as a subcategory of public diplomacy, or what US diplomats have recently been promoting as soft power (the carrot rather than the stick approach, as a participant described it). Others preferred to see it as a core element of the broader concept of innovation diplomacy, covering the politics of engagement in the familiar fields of international scientific exchange and technology transfer, but raising these to a higher level as a diplomatic objective. Whatever definition is used, three particular
aspects of the debate became the focus of attention during the Wilton Park meeting: how science can inform the diplomatic process; how diplomacy can assist science in achieving its objectives; and, finally, how science can provide a channel for quasidiplomatic exchanges by forming an apparently neutral bridge between countries. There was little disagreement on the first
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of these. Indeed for many, given
the increasing number of international issues with a scientific dimension that politicians have to deal with, this is essentially what the core of science diplomacy should be about. Chris Whitty, for example, chief scientist at the
UKs Department for International Development, described how knowledge about the threat raised b y the spread of the highly damaging plant disease stem rust had been an important input by researchers into discussions by politicians and diplomats over strategies for persuading Afghan farmers to shift from the production of opium to wheat. Others pointed out that the scientific community had played a major role in drawing attention to issues such as the links between chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere and the growth of the ozone hole, or between carbon dioxide emissions and climate change. Each has made essential contributions to policy decisions. Acknowledging this role for science has some important implications .
No-one dissented when Rohinton Medhora, from Canadas International Development Research Centre, complained of the lack of adequate scientific expertise in the embassies of many countries of the developed and developing world alike. Nor perhaps predictably was there any major disagreement that diplomatic initiatives can both help and occasionally hinder the process of science. On the positive side, such diplomacy can play a significant role in facilitating
science exchange and the launch of international science projects, both essential for the development of modern science. Europes framework programme of research programmes was quoted as a successful advantage of the first of these. Examples of the second range from the establishment of the European Organisation of Nuclear Research (usually known as CERN) in Switzerland after the Second World War, to current efforts to build a large new nuclear fusion facility (ITER). Less positively, increasing restrictions on entry to certain countries, and in particular the United States after the 9/11 attacks in New York and elsewhere, have significantly impeded scientific exchange programmes. Here the challenge for diplomats was seen as helping to find ways to ease the burdens of such restrictions. The
broadest gaps in understanding the potential use of science as a channel of international diplomacy, either as a way of helping to forge consensus on contentious issues, or as a catalyst for peace in situations of conflict. On the first of these, some pointed to recent climate change
of scientific diplomacy lay in the third category, namely the negotiations, and in particular the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as a good example, of the way that the scientific community can provide a strong rationale for joint international action. But others referred
to the failure of the Copenhagen climate summit last December to come up with a meaningful agreement on action as a demonstration of the limitations of this way of thinking. It was argued that this failure had been partly due to a misplaced belief that scientific consensus would be sufficient to generate a commitment to collective action, without taking into account the political impact that scientific ideas would have. Another example that received considerable attention was the current
construction of a synchrotron facility SESAME in Jordan, a project that is already is bringing together researchers in a range of scientific disciplines from various countries in the Middle East (including Israel, Egypt and Palestine, as well as both Greece and Turkey). The promoters of SESAME hope that as with the building of CERN 60 years ago, and its operation as a research centre involving, for example, physicists from both Russia and the United States SESAME will become a symbol of what regional collaboration can achieve. In that sense, it would become what one participant described as a beacon of hope for t he region. But others cautioned that,
however successful SESAME may turn out to be in purely scientific terms, its potential impact on the Middle East peace process should not be exaggerated. Political conflicts have deep roots that cannot easily be papered over, however open-minded scientists may be to professional colleagues coming from other political contexts. Similarly, those who hold science in esteem as a practice committed to promoting the causes of peace and development were reminded of the need to take into account how advances in science whether nuclear physics or genetic technology have also led to new types of weaponry. Nor did science automatically lead to the reduction of global inequalities.
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Science Diplomacy is Over-Hyped It is an underdeveloped concept that we dont even know the outcome of
Dabelko 09 (Geoff, Writer, June 20, 2009, Science Diplomacy: An expectations game, http://grist.org/article/science-diplomacy-an-expectations-game/) In The Limits of Science Diplomacy, SciDev.net Director David Dickson argues that scientific collaboration can achieve only very limited diplomatic victories. A conference hosted by the Royal Society in
London earlier this month, entitled New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy (agenda), seems to have arrived at a similar
science diplomacy is overly pessimistic. It sets unrealistically high expectations such dialogue could never hope to achieve. Science diplomacy is not meant to solve all aspects of conflicts or distrustful relationships, so setting such a high bar is a bit of a straw man. Science, as well as dialogue on the management of shared natural resources, remains an under-utilized and under-studied tool for trust-building, so it is premature to declare it a failure before we have sufficient evidence for evaluation . Collaboration on scientific and environmental issues wont solve all our problems. And defining and identifying success remains a fundamental challenge when success is the absence of something (conflict). But lets not retreat to the common church-and-state division where scientists fear being contaminated by participating in policy-relevant dialogues. And lets certainly not declare science diplomacy a failureand stop trying to make it a successbased on unrealistic expectations for the benefits such efforts might produce.
conclusion. But this view of
Science Diplomacy fails

Dickson 9 (David, Director SciDev.Net, news editor of Nature from 1993 to August 2001, and was the journals Washington correspondent from 1977 to 1982, The limits of science diplomacy, June 4, http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/the-limitsof-science-diplomacy.html, CMR) Using science for diplomatic purposes has obvious attractions and several benefits. But there are limits to what it can achieve. The scientific community has a deserved reputation for its international perspective scientists often ignore national boundaries and interests when it comes to exchanging ideas or collaborating on global problems. So it is not surprising that science
attracts the interest of politicians keen to open channels of communication with other states. Signing agreements on scientific and technological cooperation is often the first step for countries wanting to forge closer working relationships. More significantly, scientists have formed key links behind-the-scenes when more overt dialogue has been impossible. At the height of the Cold War, for example, scientific organisations provided a conduit for discussing nuclear weapons control. Only so much science can do Recently, the Obama administration has given this field a new push, in its desire to pursue "soft diplomacy" in regions such as the Middle East. Scientific agreements have been at the forefront of the administration's activities in countries such as Iraq and Pakistan. But as emerged from a meeting entitled New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy, held in London this week (12 June) using science for diplomatic purposes is not as straightforward as it seems. Some scientific collaboration clearly demonstrates what countries can achieve by working together. For example, a new synchrotron under construction in Jordan is rapidly becoming a symbol of the potential for teamwork in the Middle East. But whether
scientific cooperation can become a precursor for political collaboration is less evident.
For example, despite hopes that the Middle East synchrotron would help bring peace to the region, several countries have been reluctant to support it until the Palestine problem is resolved. Indeed, one speaker at the London meeting (organised by the UK's Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science) even suggested that the
changes scientific innovations bring inevitably lead to turbulence and upheaval. In such a context, viewing science as a driver for peace may be wishful thinking.
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AT Aerospace
Mexican aerospace industry expanding
Dr. Rhoda, and Burton, 11
[Dr. Richard Rhoda, originally from California, has a PhD in Geography from the University of Iowa. He divided his working career between teaching university geography courses, lecturing on development and urban systems, and directing programs for US Aid in Asia, Africa and Latin America. He is author of a book on development planning, and has published numerous articles in professional journals. He has been a full-time resident of Mexico since 1999, writing and lecturing about many aspects of Mexicos geography. Tony Burton, born in the UK, has an MA in Geography from Cambridge University and a teaching qualification from the University of London. He taught in the UK, the Caribbean and Mexico, prior to becoming an independent researcher and educational consultant. He has authored two previous books on Mexico and has written widely on Mexicos economy, geography, tourism and environmental issues. A Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, he edited the Lloyd Mexican Economic Report for 12 years and recently completed a 6-year term as Chief Examiner in Geography for the International Baccalaureate Organisation. geo-mexico.com/? geo-mexico.com/?p 4977 Sep 17, 2011 p 4977, accessed 7/6/13] NW
In a previous post, we looked at why Quertaro
has become a hub of aerospace manufacturing, home to major manufacturing or research plants for such firms as Bombardier and GE. In this post
we take a further look at the aerospace industry in Mexico, which, according to ProMexico, the Mexican federal agency that promotes trade and investment, has expanded at 17% a year since 2005. Mexicos aerospace
manufacturing, which began as a relatively simple assembly industry, has evolved today into sophisticated aero-parts and fuselage manufacturing, well supported by specialist education and training programs. In the next phase, Mexico is expected to acquire full service airplane assembly meeting all relevant international design and innovation requirements.
Mexico aerospace has enough human capital

Johnson 12 Tim, Mexico takes flight as hub for aerospace industry [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/07/18/156657/mexico-takes-flight-as-hubfor.html#.Udslb1Md5Q0] July 18 //mtc Mexico has an edge in human capital. On a per capita basis, it graduates three times more engineers than the United States. Some 30 percent of Mexicos 745,000 university students are enrolled in engineering and technology fields, and 114,000 of them graduate yearly. Technicians, though, often have to be trained in-house in specialized
processes even after receiving training elsewhere.
Squo solvesMexico aerospace industry attracting major investments and becoming a hub for major companies
Taylor 12 Guy, Chihuahua City is big dog in Mexico aerospace [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/14/wheels-up-forindustry/?page=all] May 14 //mtc The key, he added, rests in the regions ability to attract what are known as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) brand-name companies that not only make parts, but also buy components from other firms. Chihuahua so far has attracted four of them: Cessna, Hawker Beechcraft, Textron and Honeywell. The Wichita, Kan.-based Hawker Beechcraft
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recently opened its second plant in Chihuahua, a 180,000-square-foot facility that assembles sheet-metal sections for its jets. That the big OEMs are now here means theyre are attracting small companies, and thats why the boom in aerospace is coming , said Jose Luis Rodriguez,
who runs Chihuahua operations at Fokker Aerostructures, a plant owned by the Netherlands-based Fokker Technologies.
Mexico aerospace industry projected to grow 14% annuallystructural factors

Moorman 12 Robert, Aerospace Companies Come To Mexico [http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_07_10_2012_p0475527.xml#] July 10 /mtc By anyones standards, Mexico is a major player in the worldwide aerospace industry. In a relatively short time, this country of 113 million people has gone from a minor parts supplier to partner of several large aviation companies by consolidating its aerospace sector and constantly being on the lookout for new business. Mexico has recorded growth of almost 20% annually in the last seven years, according to the Ministry of Economy. The ministrys Strategic Program of the Aerospace Industry 2010-2020 projects exports of $12.26 billion in 2012, with a 14% average annual growth rate. Airbus, Bombardier and seven other OEMs have production facilities in Mexico, and the country is ranked the sixth-largest supplier of aeronautical products to the European Union and ninth to the U.S. New business keeps coming to Mexico. At
Farnborough, J. J. Churchill, a parts manufacturer, will announce plans to invest GBP5 million ($8 million) in Guaymas, in the state of Sonora, to create an engine parts facility for Rolls-Royce in the U.S. and Canada. Latecoere Group, a maker of aerostructures and wiring systems for aircraft, will announce plans for a new production facility in Hermosillo, Sonora, with production planned for the second half of 2012. Based on projected delivery rates announced by aircraft manufacturers, the site is expected to employ some 400 people by 2015. In June, GE Aviation Systems and Embraer announced growth plans for their Mexican operations. GE announced for the first time that Mexican engineers would participate in the design of air traffic and energy distribution systems, along with landing gear and fault testing design equipment. With these plans, the GE Advanced Engineering Center will grow from 1,400 engineers to 1,600, with 200 of those devoted exclusively to new development. Embraer and Zodiac Aerospace announced an agreement this summer to manufacture cabin interior parts for the 170/190 family of commercial jets. The facility will be located in Mexico and reinforces a longtime partnership between the two companies. Earlier this year, Turbomeca, a Safran company, announced the creation of Turbomeca Mexico, in the federal capital of Mexico, known as Federal District DF. The operation will support users of Turbomeca engines in Mexico, Central America, Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela. At present, Safran has nine companies and more than 3,000 employees in Mexico. Labinal, another Safran company specializing in electrical wiring systems, is opening a new $10 million plant in Chihuahua sometime this year. With this expansion, Labinals plant in Chihuahua will become the largest of our plants, says Safran CEO Marc Ventre in the latest issue of MexicoNow. Dutch company Fokker Technologies, which designs landing gears and electrical systems for the aerospace and defense industry, is starting operations in Chihuahua this year with an initial investment of $15 million. Announcements like this one are proof that Mexico is consolidating its position as the aerospace cluster of the future, due to its great labor and specialized work ers, says Hans Bthker, president and COO of Fokker Technologies. Mexicos
strategic geographic location and competitive labor rates have always made the country attractive for aircraft manufacturers, MROs and other industry concerns. But its growing popularity and credibility as an aerospace partner are being helped in part by recent business-related developments. With the creation of an efficient export control system, Mexico was admitted in late January into the
Wassenaar Arrangement (WA). The WA comprises a group of more than 40 countries that include dual technologies in their industrial processes and exports. Since Mexicos admission into the WA, the country has achieved new capabilities of market attraction and development, says Mario A. Gonzlez, investment officer for ProMxico, the countrys economic development organization. Efforts are currently under way with the major industry players to create the Integral Aviation Systems Center in Mexico, which among other duties, would help manage maintenance on mature fleets of engine and fuselages. Work
is also being done to attract young people to the aerospace business and related fields in Mexico. At present, there are more than 745,000 university students enrolled in engineering and technology programs in Mexico. Some 115,000
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students graduate every year from engineering and technology programs in Mexico, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and the National Association of Universities and Higher Education Institutions.
Plan not keystrong Mexican aerospace training and education base already
Taylor 12 Guy, Chihuahua City is big dog in Mexico aerospace [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/14/wheels-up-forindustry/?page=all] May 14 //mtc What is making Chihuahua so attractive is not only the $4-an-hour salaries, but also the growing number of engineers here, said Alonso Ramos Vaca, vice president of strategic studies at Chihuahua Economic Development, a nonprofit organization. The local colleges and universities are developing centers that specialize in engineering and aerospace technology, he said. What were trying to build here is the whole package, not just some industrial park. Its like an entire ecosystem of business for aerospace manufacturing that were trying to build. Mexican federal and state governments have spent roughly $20 million over the past 10 years to create vocational schools like the Cenaltec High Technology Center in Chihuahua. Foreign companies setting up shop in Chihuahua also help pay for their workers to be trained at the schools. At first, there was only a small group of students.
But then the companies started realizing how useful this is, especially since we adjust the training programs to meet what individual companies need, said Alberto N. Salomon, director of operations at the center. There
is also a higher-education trend taking hold at the regions universities, and, with the aerospace industrys growth, new programs are increasingly competitive.
Mexico has a bad history in the airline and aerospace industry with safety downgrades and high bankruptcy
Moreno 2010
JENALIA MORENO | AUG 24, 2010. ETN global travel industry news. Mexcios aviations woes spread north of the border http://www.eturbonews.com/18078/mexicos-aviation-woes-spread-north-border
Mexico's aviation industry woes have spread north of the border. Mexico City-based Mexicana declared bankruptcy on Aug. 2, and not long before that, the Federal Aviation Authority downgraded the Mexican aviation industry's safety ranking. Both are causing a ripple effect in Texas. In the last few days, Mexican investors bought a controlling stake in Mexicana, Bloomberg News reported . A
holding company called Tenedora K, made up of Mexican firms Grupo Industrial Omega and Grupo Arizan, among others, bought a 95 percent stake in the carrier. Officials from the holding company could not be reached Monday. Earlier this month,
the airline said it had cash-flow problems and was looking for investors. After filing for bankruptcy, the Mexican carrier later cut some of its service, including one
of its two daily flights out of San Antonio, and it suspended ticket sales until further notice. That has already cost San Antonio's airport more than $11,000 in landing fees that Mexicana would have otherwise paid for its morning flight. "We're obviously hoping that they bring the flights back, for customer convenience sake," said Rich Johnson, spokesman for the City of San Antonio's Airport System, which is also served daily by Aeromexico and once a week by Aeromar. Out of Houston's Bush Intercontinental Airport, Continental Airlines, Aeromexico and VivaAerobus combined offer nearly 300 weekly departures to Mexico, but Mexicana does not fly from the Bayou City. The reduction in Mexicana service could benefit U.S. carriers that fly to Mexico. "It's already offered up some opportunities for U.S. carriers to come in and take up a little market share," said Hunter Keay, an airline analyst with Stifel Nicolaus. Continuing
saga Problems in Mexico's aviation world are just part of a continuing saga there. Like the rest of the global airline industry, Mexico's airline business was battered by 9/11, high fuel prices and the economy. Last month, Mexico's safety ranking was downgraded by the U.S. which the Mexican government's transportation agency said was due to a
shortage of flight inspectors. For Mexican carriers, the downgrade means they can't establish new routes to the U.S. or code share with any U.S. airlines. On Aug. 30, Houston's Continental and Mexican carrier Aeromar planned to start code sharing, a marketing pact where airlines sell and issue tickets for flights operated by another carrier. Aeromar would have cooperated
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with Continental on flights between Houston and Mexico City and Newark and Mexico City. Continental would have marketed Aeromar's flights between Mexico City and other Mexican communities Continental doesn't serve. That deal is on hold until the FAA upgrades Mexico's ranking. Only 20 nations have the same safety ranking. Mexico's tourism sector was also hurt by swine flu last year. The H1N1 virus caused many carriers including Continental to reduce the number of flights to Mexican destinations once popular with tourists and business travelers. Continental has since restored its Mexico service to pre-swine flu levels. "We're currently seeing strong demand for Mexico this summer both from business travelers and customers traveling to Mexico for vacation," Continental spokeswoman Julie King said. Entry of low-cost carriers Several low-cost carriers, such as VivaAerobus, have recently joined the market but failed to persuade more middle-class Mexicans to fly instead of driving or taking buses, said Pete Garcia of Pete Garcia International, a Houston airline consulting group. "In Mexico, it really hasn't stimulated new traffic. All they've really done is take away from other carriers," said Garcia, who has consulted for Aeromexico. Mexican carriers Aeromexico and Mexicana also chose to expand into some of the same markets the other airline served, Garcia said. "Part
of the reason both airlines are doing so poorly is because they decided to compete with each other far more aggressively," said Garcia, who served
as Continental's vice president of Latin America until December 2007. Another difficulty for Mexican carriers is that their flight attendants and pilots earn higher wages than U.S. airline labor, he said. Old-fashioned amenities And both Aeromexico and Mexicana still serve food and alcohol to passengers in an era when most U.S. airlines have done away with such perks. The policy may please business passengers, but other travelers would prefer to spend less for their tickets, Garcia said. "They would rather pay less and not get all those frills," Garcia said. Garcia said the airline must renegotiate its labor costs and get rid of older fuel-guzzling aircraft. "I think they can come back, but they need to re-evaluate their whole business plan," Garcia said.
Aerospace is going to fail, to many factors prevent it from growing

United Press International 2102 UPI.com January 10 2012. slower growth in aerospace, defense 2012 http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2012/01/10/Slowergrowth-in-aerospace-defense-in-2012/UPI-12081326193200/ Global growth in the aviation and defense industries is set to slow down this year, but the effect of the downturn on emergent arms industries in Brazil and Japan remains far from certain. Data cited by industry analysts indicates the economic crisis rolling on since 2008 may finally be catching up with the aerospace and defense industries, with the military drawdown in Afghanistan and Iraq prompting drastic reviews of "war on terror" policies affecting demand. The Iran crisis and vigorous defense marketing in the Persian Gulf are seen as factors likely to reverse some of the current trends, analysts said. France is trying to sell its Rafale fighter jet to Arab countries, having failed so
far to secure Brazil as a customer for the plane. Brazil is investing several billion dollars a year to revive its defense industry, in decline since the end of the military dictatorships in the 1980s, and has unveiled plans to enter the global defense markets for land, air and naval forces.
Mexicos Aerospace Industry is growing-proves plan is unneccesary

Ganjei 13 (John, April 5th) Mexicos Welcome Mat Attracts Aerospace Manufacturers Mexico Today, Accessed July 9 2013, http://mexicotoday.org/article/mexico%E2%80%99s-welcome-mat-attractsaerospace-manufacturers
Adding to their strong presence in the electronics and automobile industries ,
Mexico is a major player in the worldwide aerospace industry. In a relatively short time, this country of 113 million people has gone from a minor parts supplier to a major partner of several large aviation companies by its attractive offerings of lower-costs, a free-trade system, and skilled, motivated workers. Mexico can thank the large amount of foreign direct investment they have received in recent years for solidifying their place in the highly competitive, fast-growing aerospace industry. Strong cooperation between governments, universities, and private sectors in promotion of the capabilities of the Mexican aerospace sector has incentivized foreign manufacturers
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to increase their operations, not only in manufacturing but also in establishing an engineering base. For instance, Mexico, Baja CA, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Sonora and Queretaro have larger aerospace
clusters. They make it easy for you to do business down here, says John Gardner, strategic program manager at Kaman Aerostructures, another newcomer in Chihuahua. They provide a 'soft landing,' to get a quick startupa good startup. We got a lot of support up front and afterward. Aerospace
investors in Mexico also cite the countrys geographic location, open trade policies, political and economic stability as their main reason for moving manufacturing south of the border. Such stability has been particularly attractive to companies fearful of their intellectual property security and swayed them away from such countries as China.
Mexican aerospace industry growing now

Connelly, 13 (Claudia Avila, January) Why Made in Mexico Means Quality and Competitiveness Site Selection, Accessed July 9 2013, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2013/jan/mexico.cfm
Suddenly, the eyes of investors turned toward Mexico, and not because of the violence unleashed by the drug war. It seems that the land of the tequila is becoming one of the favorite sites for global companies looking to expand their business operations worldwide. We
have found in Mexico an attractive industrial environment and a ready supply of skilled labor, said Serge Durand, CEO of Eurocopter de Mexico, in October 2011, during the construction launch of a new manufacturing plant in the city of Quertaro, with an investment value of a US$550 million . Although Mexico still faces important challenges, the country is turning into the new little darling of emerging markets, as mentioned by Kenneth Rapoza in Forbes magazine, on July 2012. There are several reasons and facts that explain why this nation reflects an important economic evolution, achieved in only 25
years. Reason number one is the opening of the market, started in 1986, when the country joined the GATT, later the World Trade Organization. Now Mexico has 12 free trade agreements with 44 countries, including NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement signed with the United States and Canada, in effect since 1994. Since then, the average trade tariff fell from 27 percent to 6.9 percent. The opening policy also included the financial and foreign direct investment liberalization of sectors not considered as strategic for the nation. Mexico was also able to make a strategic change in its exports structure. In the 1980s, 61 percent of
At present, 81 percent of its exports are manufactured goods, of which 24 percent are high-tech products, including aerospace, computers, non-electronic machinery, electronic-telecommunications, weapons, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and scientific instruments, according to INEGI (Mexicos National Statistics Institute). Mexico is now inserted vertically into the most important segments of global production chains, as 60 percent of FDI inflows received by the country go to
Mexicos export products were crude oil. manufacturing. Thanks to all these changes, the country is now one of the worlds most important export platforms and an id eal base from which to supply international markets, Rupert Stadler, chairman of the Board of Management of Audi AG, told the Financial Times in September 2012. Today, this nation of 114 million people is the leading world exporter of flat screen TVs and the
It is also the major supplier of medical devices to the U.S. market, the eighth producer and the fourth exporter of new vehicles, as well as the main supplier of auto parts to the U.S. market, where 11 percent of all cars and light trucks are produced in Mexico. Moreover, of total U.S. imports, 24 percent of automotive products, 23 percent of chemicals and 21 percent of electronics are coming from the other side of the countrys southern border. Global automakers have
second leading exporter of refrigerators. announced new direct investments in Mexico of about $15 billion, making Mexico the worlds fourth biggest exporter of automobiles, behind Germany, Japan and South Korea, with exports expected to be around 2.14 million vehicles by the end of 2012. At the same time, global auto parts manufacturers have invested around $6.9 billion in new operations in Mexico, according to Mexicos National
The aerospace sector is also booming in the country. The Mexican Aerospace Federation (FEMIA) calculates that there are about 250 foreign companies operating in the country, with total exports hitting $4.3 billion in 2011.
Auto Parts Institute (INA). Reason number two for Mexicos success story is the implementation of new tax and monetary policies in the nineties, designed to achieve fiscal balance; prudent management of public debt with longer maturities and lower exposure to foreign currency; a flexible exchange rate; an inflation target of 3 percent; autonomy of the Central Bank; and regulation and stricter discipline of finances. In
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addition to increased regional trade, NAFTA brought the Mexican economy into line with the U.S. economy, facilitating the alignment of inflation and interest rates to one digit, as well as a more stable Mexican peso exchange rate with the U.S. dollar. At present, Mexico boasts an enviable macroeconomic stability, allowing the country to be less vulnerable to the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 and the euro zone debt crisis. Moreover, the Mexican market is also standing out in portfolio investments. During the past three years, the MSCI Mexico Investable Market Index Fund, an index that measures the performance of the Mexican equity market, grew 20 percent. The equivalent MSCI Brazil Index Fund was up only 3 percent, whereas the China 25 Index Fund was down 2.5% as of June 30, 2012. Reason number three is the existence of a young and talented population, with a mean age of 26 years, that has demonstrated the capacity to construct sophisticated products. Recently, Pierre Beaudoin, president of the Canadian firm Bombardier Inc., highlighted how his company in Mexico could develop a process going from a cheap labor force operation to an industry with high added-value technological specialization. Bombardier Transportation has been in Mexico since 1992, producing passenger trains and diesel-electric locomotives; and Bombardier Aerospace since 2005, manufacturing carbon composite structures, electrical harnesses, and wing assembly for the Learjet 85 aircraft, as well as the aft fuselage of its new Global 7000 and Global 8000 business jets. The wide scope of both divisions has positioned Mexico as an important part of the overall strategy of the company. As stated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Mexicos 3.5 rate in the technological sophistication level of exported goods is above the average of OECD exports, higher than Brazil and similar to Asian countries. Every year, 115,000 Mexican engineers are graduated in science and technology careers. But what makes Mexico an appealing place for doing business is its vicinity to the United States, as a strong cost competitive advantage for manufacturing facilities aimed at serving the U.S. market. The Alix Partners Manufacturing Cost Index places Mexico as the number one site to serve the U.S. market, with 25-percent lower costs than the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Mexico now is the least expensive country to do business in manufacturing and engineering, delivering to the U.S., says a convinced Louise Goeser, CEO of Siemens Mesoamerica, with 13 manufacturing facilities and three research centers in Mexico, in a video made by ProMexico, the national investment promotion agency. The cost benefit offered by Mexico is partly due to its manufacturing wage levels that today are closing the gap with those in China, from 400 percent higher in 2000 to only 31 percent higher in 2011. Another explanation is the timing delivery factor that has given the companies established in the Mexican territory the advantage to deliver in only three days, compared to Asian countries, where the merchandise takes approximately three months to arrive in the U.S. market. That is why Mexican exports have gained ground against the Chinese. In addition, higher oil prices and, hence, increasing transportation costs have created the necessity to manufacture close to the markets, especially large, custom-designed or fashion products. According to the Establish/Davis 2011 Logistics Cost Database, transportation costs represent 49 percent of the total logistics costs for manufacturing companies, as a percent of sales. The occupancy of industrial parks in Mexico is closely linked to the U.S. economy, since the United States is by far Mexicos most important partner in trade and investment. Responding mainly to U.S. companies demand of real estate with high quality standards, Mexican industrial developers offer state-of-the-art industrial parks and Class A industrial buildings. Occupancy rates are also correlated to FDI inflows into the country. In its most recent Global Investment Trends analysis, the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) predicts slower FDI growth in 2012, with flows leveling off at about $1.6 trillion: Nonetheless, the report says that longer-term projections show a moderate but steady rise for 2013, with global FDI reaching about $1.8 trillion. According to the Q3/2012 North Americas Industrial Outlook Report from Jones Lang LaSalle, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, San Luis Potos and the North of Mexico City, as well as Puebla, Toluca and Quertaro, are the most dynamic industrial markets in the country. This has been boosted partly by the arrival of new global auto assemblers to the region, such as Nissan, Audi, Volkswagen, Ford, GM, Mazda and Honda, together with new aerospace facilities from Eurocopter and Bombardier, among other investments that need the location of Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers close by. On the other hand, the north border of Mexico is still affected by the violence and by a slower growth of the U.S. econom y. The bottoming markets, as JLL classified them, are currently Reynosa, Juarez, Tijuana and Monterrey, as a result of a lack of new projects or expansions. T he falling markets are basically Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros, where there is an increasing vaca ncy rate. From a total of 31 million constructed square meters (333.6 million sq. ft.), Mexicos available space rate of Class A industrial buildings is on averag e 6.9 percent, with an average lease price of $4 per square meter, said Lyman Daniels, executive director of CBRE Mexico, at the Mexican Association of Industrial Parks (AMPIP) in November 2012. Despite the growing industrial markets in the center of the country, and the stable ones in the north, industrial parks in Mexico still have room to grow, for instance, in the southeast region. Tabasco and Yucatn are states with great potential for industrial infrastructure development, as they can start to serve the U.S. market through a distribution strategy set up across the Gulf of Mexico. New invest ment projects will continue to arrive due to Mexicos geographic and economic advantages. However, there are still threats that could put at risk the performance of the Mexican economy. The deceleration of the U.S. economy is one of the main concerns to b usiness people, as showed in the annual survey of Deloittes Business Barometer, 23th edition, 2012. But even with the image of a violent country, Mexico is showing a positive side, as a rising economy that has been able to go beyond the European crisis, while its middle class is expanding and its international reserves are growing to $163 billion. Now Made in Mexico means quality and competitiveness. Even so, the big challenge for Mexico is t hat the administration of the new President Enrique Pea Nieto and the new Congress be able to carry out new structural reforms (tax, labor, education and energy) so that the nation can really take off into a better and stronger level of development and economic growth. Besides, the development of new FDI projects will depend on better business environment and economic conditions, as the global economy strengthens, especially in the U.S.
Mexicos Aerospace Industry is improving because of skilled labor

Negocios, No date Mexico: The New Global Aerospace Hub Pro Mexico, Accessed July 9 2013, http://negocios.promexico.gob.mx/english/06-2012/art02.html
Over the last seven years, Mexicos aerospace industry has posted average annual growth of almost 20%, consolidating it as a leading global actor. There are currently 249 aerospace
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companies and related entities operating in Mexico, the bulk of which is concentrated in six states and which employ some 31,000 highly-skilled professionals, most of whom are registered with the
Performance Review Institutes National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program (NADCAP) and under the
A combination of advanced technological exports, talented engineers, competitively priced and skilled workforce and an effective legal framework for the protection of industrial property have positioned Mexico as a manufacturing, engineering and development hub of great strategic value to the aerospace industry. In 2011, Mexicos aerospace exports were valued at 4.33 billion usd, while investment in the sector surpassed 1 billion usd. Over the last four years, more than 4.2 billion usd have been channeled into the industry by foreign and Mexican investors. By 2021, exports are expected to be worth 12.27 billion usd, with the industry registering an annual average growth rate of 14%, according to estimates by the Strategic Aerospace Industry Program (Pro-Areo)
Aerospace Standard 91000 (AS9100) certification. coordinated by the Ministry of Economy (SE). Mexicos main commercial partner in the industry is the US, where a decline in specialized human resources has played a part in establishing the former as a strategic partner of the latter in the aerospace and defense industries.
Aero-space on the decline- about to feel the big-squeeze

UPI 11
http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/06/08/Problems-ahead-for-aerospace-industries/UPI29641307557417 Security Industry Problems ahead for aerospace industries Published: June 8, 2011 UPI- United Press International
Analysts say worldwide aerospace and defense industries in the next few years will face unprecedented pressures. In the civilian sector, these include an anticipated 25 percent increase in commercial-aircraft orders for deliveries by 2014, while the defense sector worldwide is facing declining budgets. Global business-advisory firm
AlixPartners highlighted the problems in a recently issued study. AlixPartners Managing Director and co-leader of the firm's Global Aerospace and Defense Practice David Fitzpatrick said: "While bruised, the aerospace and defense industry emerged from the economic downturn in better shape than most industries, due largely to increased demand in the defense sector, plus some petty vigilant cost-cutting overall. "However, the
industry now faces the 'big squeeze' -- the contradictory challenge of quickly ramping up production for expected growth in the commercial sector coupled with the need to address expected cuts and therefore a sharpened focus on affordability in the defense sector. And
those squeezed the most will be the supply chain."
Capital backlog prevents aero-space innovation

Cookson 12
Aerospace & Defense Update: Mergers, Acquisitions and the Operating Environment S Ian Cookson Director, Investment Banking http://www.grantthornton.com/staticfiles/GTCom/Aerospace%20and%20Defense/AD_MA_Update_Spring_2012.pdf continued acquisitions of companies specializing in high-growth, cutting-edge defense technologies such as cybersecurity and unmanned vehicles, with a range of acquirers including prime contractors, second-tier suppliers and firms outside the traditional defense arena; and weaker
M&A activity in traditional defense markets as a result of concerns around budget cuts; and greater focus on civil rather than defense aircraft components. The backlog of private equity capital seeking investments remains at record highs of more than $430 billion as private equity firms look to deploy uninvested capital before funds expire. However, it is likely buyers will focus
investment on growth opportunities in the civil market, viewing defense areas with more caution.
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US aero-space earnings worst in the world

BAH 2k
http://www.boozallen.com/media/file/80445.pdf U.S> Defense Industry Under Siege- An Agenda for Change Booz-Allen Hamilton- private defense contractor
The loss of these commercial companies as participants in the defense industry has hindered the flow of innovation from commercial to defense- at a
commercial practices to defense programs, the
point in history when it is most needed and most relevant. While the government customer is encouraging the application of
contractors are essentially becoming pure defense players. Overall and compared to other industries, the aerospace & defense industry earns below average ROA and ROE (see Exhibit 8).
Government regulations kill aero-space industry

BAH 2k
http://www.boozallen.com/media/file/80445.pdf U.S> Defense Industry Under Siege- An Agenda for Change Booz-Allen Hamilton- private defense contractor
One way the aerospace and defense industry has been trying to overcome this large defense budget decline is by expanding into export and commercial markets segments. However, the U.S. government has also made these prospects highly risky. A case point is the communication satellite manufacturing industry, the U.S. industrial
base historically has dominated the market with approximately 70% of the global market for GEO communications satellites. However, with the recent changes in export control regulations and the regulation body that oversees it, the
U.S. Government could significantly damage this thriving industry for the near and distant future.
China losing now

Reuters 13 China nears approval of $16 billion domestic jet-engine plan: Xinhua [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-china-aircraft-engineidUSBRE91R0BK20130228] February 28 //mtc China is determined to reduce its dependency on foreign companies like Boeing Co (BA.N), EADS-owned Airbus (EAD.PA),
General Electric Co (GE.N) and Rolls Royce Plc (RR.L) for the country's soaring demand for planes and engines. So far the
domestic aerospace industry has failed to build a reliable, high-performance jet engine to end its dependence on Russian and Western makers for equipping its military and commercial aircraft. Xinhua on Thursday quoted an unidentified
professor at the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA) with knowledge of the project as saying the investment would be used mainly for research on technology, designs and materials related to aircraft engine manufacturing. The project was going through approval procedures in the State Council and may be approved shortly, the professor was quoted as saying. Participants in the project include Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group Corp, AVIC Xi'an Aero-Engine (Group) Ltd (600893.SS) and research institutes including the BUAA, Xinhua reported. Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), the country's dominant military and commercial aviation contractor, had lobbied the government to back a multi-billion dollar plan to build a high-performance jet engine. China's
military and aerospace industries have suffered from bans on the sale of military equipment imposed by Western governments after the Tiananmen Square crackdown and foreign engine-makers are reluctant to transfer costly technology.
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Politics Link
Education funding unpopular
Brower 11
Kate, Obama Headed for Fight Over School Spending and Laws [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-24/duncan-obama-headed-for-fightin-congress-on-education-policy-funding.html] Jan 24 / ajs
President Barack Obama, who has adopted such traditionally Republican principles as charter schools and teacher merit pay, will
meet resistance in a divided Congress over spending and the reach of government in the classroom. He will showcase an argument for making the United States more competitive
in education in his State of the Union address tomorrow, Education Secretary Arne Duncan says. Obama has said that the country that out-educates us today is going to out-compete us tomorrow, Duncan said in a Jan. 14 interview, and the president will pursue that challenge. I think youll see that reflected in the State of the Union. Obama wants to replace President George W. Bushs No Child Left Behind law, which required student testing and demanded that schools show adequate yearly progress, with his own plan for tracking of student progress and training teachers. While Bush benefited from a bipartisan alliance, Obama faces a more divisive atmosphere in the wake of his partys loss of control of the House and arrival of a Tea Party caucus that has little appetite for federal involvement in local schools. Theres
going to be a horrific battle about budget cuts between fiscally conservative Republicans and the White House, said Jack Jennings, president of the Center on Education Policy, a Washingtonbased group that advocates for public education. Republicans may seek 10 percent to 25 percent cuts in the education budget Obama sends Congress next month, Jennings said. Federal student aid, most of it
in grants and loans, rose to $134 billion in the 2009-2010 government fiscal year from $73 billion in 2004-2005, according to the Education Department. Risk of Falling Behind: Obama, 49, said last month that education
is so important to the U.S. ability to compete that its one of the areas where hell draw the line at spending cuts. The hard truth is this: In the race for the future, America is

Mexico Student Exchange Negative - JDI 2013

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JDI 2013 Lab BCK

Student Exchanges Neg 1

Student Exchanges Neg

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Student Exchanges Neg 2

Student Exchanges Fail

Foreign students are afraid to come to the US

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Student Exchanges Neg 3

Foreign students create huge inefficiencies due to subsidies

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Student Exchanges Neg 4

US Mexico student exchange programs kill Mexican economy

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Student Exchanges Neg 5

Aff destroys Mexican international mobility

Student exchange program widens economic gaps between US and Mexico

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Student Exchanges Neg 6

Aff plan creates reverse brain drain that kills US competitiveness

bring people in as students, we bring

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Student Exchanges Neg

Student exchange programs fail

Obstacles kill student exchange programs

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Student Exchanges Neg 8

Student exchange fails- no common core curriculum

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Student Exchanges Neg 9

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Student Exchanges Neg

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Student Exchanges Neg 11

Multiple studies show university students stay in the host country

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Student Exchanges Neg 12

Relations High Now

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Student Exchanges Neg 13

A bilateral U.S-Mexico relationship is resilient

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Student Exchanges Neg 14

U.S-Mexico relations are resilient

"The U.S. presence in

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Student Exchanges Neg 15

U.S-Mexico relations resilient

Relations will inevitability decline due to mutual disagreement

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Student Exchanges Neg 16 the words of Vicente Fox, the proposal

falls short of our expectations.

Interdependence maintains resilient U.S-Mexico relations

Mutual dependence result in resilient relations

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Student Exchanges Neg 17

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Student Exchanges Neg 18

Trade is the heart of US Mexico relations

U.S. Mexico relations will remain high inevitably

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Student Exchanges Neg 19

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Student Exchanges Neg 20