SYLLABUS FOR THE 2012 BAR EXAMINATIONS POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW I. The Const t!t on A.

Definition, nature and concepts B. Parts Transitory Provisions Transitory Provisions; Foreign Military Bases (199 ! "o. # $ 1! %nder t&e e'ecutive agree(ent entered into )et*een t&e P&ilippines and t&e ot&er (e()ers of t&e A+,A", t&e ot&er (e()ers *ill eac& send a )attalion$si-e unit of t&eir respective ar(ed forces to conduct a co()ined (ilitary e'ercise in t&e +u)ic Bay Area. A group of concerned citi-ens soug&t to en.oin t&e entry of foreign troops as violative of t&e 19/0 1onstitution t&at pro&i)ited t&e stationing of foreign troops and t&e use )y t&e(, of local facilities. As t&e 2udge, decide t&e case. ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! As a .udge, 7 s&all dis(iss t&e case. 4&at +ection 89, Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution pro&i)its in t&e a)sence of a treaty is t&e stationing of troops and facilities of foreign countries in t&e P&ilippines. 7t does not include t&e te(porary presence in t&e P&ilippines of foreign troops for t&e purpose of a co()ined (ilitary e'ercise. Besides, t&e &olding of t&e co()ined (ilitary e'ercise is connected *it& defense, *&ic& is a sovereign function. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in Baer vs. Ti-on, 90 +15A 1, t&e filing of an action interfering *it& t&e defense of t&e +tate a(ounts to a suit against t&e +tate *it&out its consent. Transitory Provisions; Foreign Military Bases (19//! "o. 886 T&e +ecretary of 2ustice &ad recently ruled t&at t&e President (ay negotiate for a (odification or e'tension of (ilitary )ases agree(ent *it& t&e %nited +tates regardless of t&e <no nu=es< provisions in t&e 19/0 1onstitution. T&e President fort&*it& announced t&at s&e finds t&e sa(e opinion <accepta)le< and *ill adopt it. T&e +enators on t&e ot&er &and, led )y t&e +enate President, are s=eptical, and &ad even *arned t&at no treaty or international agree(ent (ay go into effect *it&out t&e concurrence of t*o$t&irds of all (e()ers of t&e +enate. A for(er senator &ad said, <it is co(pletely *rong, if not erroneous,< and <is an a(end(ent of t&e 1onstitution )y (isinterpretation.< +o(e (e()ers of t&e >o*er ?ouse agree *it& +ecretary @rdone-, *&ile ot&ers la(ent t&e latterAs opinion as <Buestiona)le, unfortunate, and *it&out any )asis at all.< Do you or do you not agree *it& t&e afore(entioned ruling of t&e Depart(ent of 2usticeC 4&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o. T&e 1onstitution provides t&at if foreign (ilitary )ases, troops or facilities are to )e allo*ed after t&e e'piration of t&e present P&ilippine$A(erican Military Bases Agree(ent in 1991, it (ust )e <under a treaty duly concurred in )y t&e +enate and, *&en t&e 1ongress so reBuires, ratified )y a (a.ority of t&e votes cast )y t&e people in a national referendu(.< (Art. :;777, sec. 89! A (ere agree(ent, t&erefore, not a treaty, *it&out t&e concurrence of at least 8DE of all t&e (e()ers of t&e +enate *ill not )e valid (Art. ;77, sec. 81, Art. :;777, sec. #!. 4it& respect to t&e provision allo*ing nuclear *eapons *it&in t&e )ases, t&e 1onstitution appears to )an suc& *eapons fro( t&e P&ilippine territory. 7t declares as a state policy t&at <t&e P&ilippines, consistent *it& t&e national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedo( fro( nuclear *eapons in its territory.< (Art, 77, sec. /! ?o*ever, t&e deli)erations of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission *ould see( to indicate t&at t&is provision of t&e 1onstitution is <not so(et&ing a)solute nor 1FF percent *it&out e'ception.< 7t (ay t&erefore )e t&at circu(stances (ay .ustify a provision on nuclear *eapons. 1. A(end(ents and revisions A5T71>, :;77 A(end(ents or 5evisions PeopleGs 7nitiative (8FF#!

(#$)! An a(end(ent to or a revision of t&e present 1onstitution (ay )e proposed )y a 1onstitutional 1onvention or )y t&e 1ongress upon a vote of t&ree$fourt&s of all its (e()ers. 7s t&ere a t&ird *ay of proposing revisions of or a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitutionC 7f so, &o*C (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&ere is no t&ird *ay of proposing revisions to t&e 1onstitution; &o*ever, t&e people t&roug& initiative upon petition of at least t*elve per cent of t&e total nu()er of registered, voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per cent of t&e registered voters in it, (ay directly propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution. T&is rig&t is not operative *it&out an i(ple(enting la*. (+ection 8, Article :;77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution.! A(end(ents and 5evisions; Modes (1990! "o. 8F6 +tate t&e various (odes of, and steps in, revising or a(ending t&e P&ilippine 1onstitution. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&ere are t&ree (odes of a(ending t&e 1onstitution. 1. %nder +ection 1, Article :;777 of t&e 1onstitution. 1ongress (ay )y t&ree$fourt&s vote of all its Me()ers propose any a(end(ent to or revision of t&e 1onstitution. 8. %nder t&e sa(e provision, a constitutional convention (ay propose any a(end(ent to or revision of t&e 1onstitution. According to +ection E, Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution. 1ongress (ay )y a t*o$t&irds vote of all its Me()ers call a constitutional convention or )y a (a.ority vote of all its Me()ers su)(it t&e Buestion of calling suc& a convention to t&e electorate. E. %nder +ection 8. Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e people (ay directly propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution t&roug& initiative upon a petition of at least t*elve per cent of t&e total nu()er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per cent of t&e registered voters t&erein. According to +ection #, Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution, to )e valid any a(end(ent to or revision of t&e 1onstitution (ust )e ratified )y a (a.ority of t&e votes cast 7n a ple)iscite. 5,F,5,"D%M vs. 7"7T7AT7;, (I1$8FF9! (a! T&e present 1onstitution introduced t&e concepts and processes of 7nitiative and 5eferendu(. 1o(pare and differentiate one fro( t&e ot&er. (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7"7T7AT7;, is t&e po*er of t&e people to propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution or to propose and enact legislations t&roug& an election called for t&e purpose. %nder t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e people t&roug& initiative can propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution upon a petition of at least t*elve per centu( of t&e total nu()er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per centu( of t&e registered voters t&erein. 5,F,5,"D%M is t&e po*er of t&e electorate to approve or re.ect a legislation t&roug& an election called for t&e purpose. (+ec. E, 5.A. "o. 0E9 J19/9K!. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode (5.A. "o. 01 F! defines >@1A> 7"7T7AT7;, as t&e legal process *&ere)y t&e registered voters of a local govern(ent unit (ay directly propose, enact, or a(end any ordinance (+ec. 18F! and >@1A> 5,F,5,"D%M as t&e legal process *&ere)y t&e registered voters of t&e local govern(ent units (ay approve, a(end or re.ect any ordinance enacted )y t&e +anggunian. (+ec. 18 ! PeopleGs initiative (8FF9! 4&at are t&e essential ele(ents of a valid petition for a peopleGs initiative to a(end t&e 19/0 1onstitutionC The essent "# e#e$ents o% " &"# ' (et t on %o) " (eo(#e*s n t "t &e ")e the %o##o+ n,1. At #e"st 12. o% the )e, ste)e' &ote)s/ o% +h 0h e&e)1 #e, s#"t &e ' st) 0t $!st 2e )e()esente' 21 "t #e"st 3. o% the )e, ste)e' &ote)s n t sho!#' ' )e0t#1 s ,n the ent )e ()o(os"#4 "n' 2. The ')"%t o% the ()o(ose' "$en'$ent $!st 2e e$2o' e' n the (et t on 5L"$2 no &. Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons/ 606 SCRA 170 820079:.

D. +elf$e'ecuting and non$self$e'ecuting provisions ,. 3eneral provisions P&ilippine Flag (I#$8FF !

+tate *&et&er or not t&e la* is constitutional. ,'plain )riefly. 1. A la* c&anging t&e design of t&e P&ilippine flag. (8H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e la* is invalid considering t&at under Article :;7, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e flag of t&e P&ilippines s&all )e red, *&ite, and )lue, *it& a sun and t&ree stars, as consecrated and &onored )y t&e people and recogni-ed )y la*. +ince t&e 1onstitution itself prescri)es t&e design, it can only )e c&anged )y constitutional a(end(ent. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e la* is valid, provided t&at t&e ne* design does not c&ange t&e ele(ents and color sc&e(e of t&e flag as stated in t&e 1onstitution, and t&e flag is consecrated and &onored )y t&e people. +ince t&e 1onstitution itself states t&at t&e flag (ust )e recogni-ed )y la*, it i(plies t&at certain aspects of t&e flag are su).ect to c&ange t&roug& legislative action. Principle of 1ivilian +upre(acy (I $8FF ! 8. 4&at 1onstitutional provisions institutionali-e t&e principle of civilian supre(acyC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing constitutional provisions institutionali-e t&e principle of civilian supre(acy6 1ivilian aut&ority is at all ti(es supre(e over t&e (ilitary. JArticle 77, +ection EK T&e installation of t&e President, t&e &ig&est civilian aut&ority, as t&e 1o((ander$in$1&ief of t&e (ilitary. JArticle ;77, +ection 1/K T&e reBuire(ent t&at (e()ers of t&e AFP s*ear to up&old and defend t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& is t&e funda(ental la* of t&e civil govern(ent. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(1!K T&e reBuire(ent t&at (e()ers of t&e AFP s&all &ave respect for peopleAs rig&ts in t&e perfor(ance of t&eir duty. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(8!K Professionalis( in t&e ar(ed forces. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(E!K 7nsulation of t&e AFP fro( partisan politics. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(E!K Pro&i)ition against t&e appoint(ent of an AFP (e()er in t&e active service to a civilian position. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(#!K 1o(pulsory retire(ent of officers *it&out e'tension of service. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(9!K 5eBuire(ent of proportional recruit(ent fro( all provinces and cities, so as to avoid any regional cliBue fro( for(ing *it&in t&e AFP. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(0!K A E$year li(itation on t&e tour of duty of t&e 1&ief of +taff, *&ic& alt&oug& e'tendi)le in case of e(ergency )y t&e President, depends on 1ongressional declaration of e(ergency. JArticle :;7, +ection 9( !K T&e esta)lis&(ent of a police force t&at is not only civilian in c&aracter )ut also under t&e local e'ecutives. JArticle :;7, +ection 9(0!K +tate Principles L Policies (199#! "o. 1; 4&at is t&e state policy on6 a! *or=ing *o(enC )! ecologyC c! t&e sy()ols of state&oodC d! cultural (inoritiesC e! science and tec&nologyC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! +ection 1#, Article :777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e +tate s&all protect 4@5M7"3 4@M," )y providing safe and &ealt&ful *or=ing conditions, ta=ing into account t&eir (aternal functions, and suc& facilities and opportunities t&at *ill en&ance t&eir *elfare and ena)le t&e( to reali-e t&eir full potential in t&e service of t&e nation.< )! +ection 1 , Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 T&e +tate s&all protect and advance t&e rig&t of t&e people and t&eir posterity to a )alanced and &ealt&ful ,1@>@3N in accord *it& t&e r&yt&( and &ar(ony of nature.< c! +ection 1, Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e F>A3 @F T?, P?7>7PP7",+ s&all )e red, *&ite, and )lue, *it& a sun and t&ree stars, as consecrated and &onored )y t&e people and recogni-ed )y la*.< +ection 8, Article :;7 of t&e 1onstitution states6 T&e 1ongress (ay )y la*, adopt a ne* na(e for t&e country, a national ant&e(, or a national seal, *&ic& s&all all )e truly reflective and sy()olic of t&e ideals, &istory, and traditions of t&e people. +uc& la* s&all ta=e effect only upon its ratification )y t&e people in a national referendu(.<

d! +ection 88, Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 T&e +tate recogni-es and pro(otes t&e rig&ts of 7"D73,"@%+ 1%>T%5A> 1@MM%"7T7,+ *it&in t&e fra(e*or= of national unity and develop(ent.< +ection 9, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution reads6 T&e +tate, su).ect to t&e provisions of t&is 1onstitution and national develop(ent policies and progra(s, s&all protect t&e rig&ts of indigenous cultural co((unities to t&eir ancestral lands to ensure t&eir econo(ic, social and cultural *ell$)eing. T&e 1ongress (ay provide for t&e applica)ility of custo(ary la*s governing property rig&ts or relations in deter(ining t&e o*ners&ip and e'tent of t&e ancestral do(ains.< +ection , Art. :777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 T&e +tate s&all apply t&e principles of A35A57A" 5,F@5M or ste*ards&ip, *&enever applica)le in accordance *it& la*, in t&e disposition or utili-ation of ot&er natural resources, including lands of t&e pu)lic do(ain under lease or concession suita)le to agriculture, su).ect to prior rig&ts, &o(estead rig&ts of s(all settlers, and t&e rig&ts of indigenous co((unities to t&eir ancestral lands. T&e +tate (ay resettle landless far(ers and far( *or=ers in its o*n agricultural estates *&ic& s&all )e distri)uted to t&e( in t&e (anner provided )y la*.< +ection 10. Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution states6 <T&e +tate s&all recogni-e, respect and protect t&e rig&ts of indigenous cultural co((unities to preserve and develop t&eir cultures, traditions, and institutions. 7t s&all consider t&ese rig&ts in t&e for(ulation of national plans and policies.< e! +ection 10, Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e +tate s&all give priority to ,D%1AT7@", +17,"1, and T,1?"@>@3N, A5T+, 1%>T%5,, and +P@5T+ to foster patriotis( and nationalis(, accelerate social progress, and pro(ote total &u(an li)eration and develop(ent.< +ection 1#, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution reads in part6 <T&e sustained develop(ent of a reservoir of "AT7@"A> TA>,"T+ consisting of Filipino scientists, entrepreneurs, professionals, (anagers, &ig&$level tec&nical (anpo*er and s=illed *or=ers and crafts(en s&all )e pro(oted )y t&e +tate, T&e +tate s&all encourage appropriate tec&nology and regulate 7ts transfer for t&e national )enefit. +u)$section 8, +ection E. Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution states6 <T&ey (,D%1AT7@"A> 7"+T7T%T7@"+! s&all inculcate patriotis( and nationalis(, foster love of &u(anity, respect for &u(an rig&ts, appreciation of t&e role of national &eroes in t&e &istorical develop(ent of t&e country, teac& t&e rig&ts and duties of citi-ens&ip, strengt&en et&ical and spiritual values, develop (oral c&aracter and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative t&in=ing, )roaden scientific and tec&nological =no*ledge, and pro(ote vocational efficiency.< +ection 1F. Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution declares6 <+17,"1, and T,1?"@>@3N are essential for national develop(ent and progress. T&e +tate s&all give priority to researc& and develop(ent, invention, innovation, and t&eir utili-ation; and to science and tec&nology education, training, services. 7t s&all support indigenous, appropriate, and self$reliant scientific and cultural capa)ilities, and t&eir application to t&e countryAs productive syste(s and national life.< +ection 11, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e 1ongress (ay provide for incentives, including TA: D,D%1T7@"+, to encourage private participation in progra(s of )asic and applied scientific researc&. +c&olars&ips, grants$in$aid or ot&er for(s of 7ncentives s&all )e provided to deserving science students, researc&ers, scientists, investors, tec&nologists, and specially gifted citi-ens.< +ection 18, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution reads6 T&e +tate s&all regulate t&e transfer and pro(ote t&e adaptation of tec&nology fro( all sources for t&e national )enefit. 7t s&all encourage *idest participation of private groups, local govern(ents, and co((unity$)ased organi-ations in t&e generation and utili-ation of science and tec&nology.< "@T,6 7t is suggested t&at if an e'a(inee gave a su)stantive ans*er *it&out giving t&e e'act provisions of t&e 1onstitution, t&en &e s&ould )e given full credit. Furt&er, one provision BuotedDdiscussed )y t&e e'a(inee s&ould )e sufficient for &i( to )e given full credit. Transparency; Matters of Pu)lic 7nterest (19/9! "o. E6 Does t&e 19/0 1onstitution provide for a policy of transparency in (atters of pu)lic interestC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides for a policy of transparency in (atters of pu)lic interest. +ection 8/, Article 77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <+u).ect to reasona)le conditions prescri)ed )y la*, t&e +tate adopts and i(ple(ents a policy of full disclosure of all its transactions involving pu)lic interest,< +ection 0, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution states6 <T&e rig&t of t&e people to infor(ation on (atters of pu)lic concern s&all )e recogni-ed, Access to official records, and to docu(ents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as *ell as to govern(ent researc& data used as )asis for policy develop(ent, s&all )e afforded t&e citi-en, su).ect to suc& li(itations as (ay )e provided )y la*.<

+ection 8F, Article ;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution reads6 <T&e records and )oo=s of account of t&e 1ongress s&all )e preserved and )e open to t&e pu)lic in accordance *it& la*, and suc& )oo=s s&all )e audited )y t&e 1o((ission on Audit *&ic& s&all pu)lis& annually an ite(i-ed list of a(ounts paid to and e'penses incurred for eac& (e()er.< %nder +ection 10, Article :7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e s*orn state(ent of assets, lia)ilities and net *ort& of t&e President, t&e ;ice$President, t&e Me()ers of t&e 1a)inet, t&e 1ongress, t&e +upre(e 1ourt, t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission and ot&er constitutional offices, and officers of t&e ar(ed forces *it& general or flag ran= filed upon t&eir assu(ption of office s&all )e disclosed to t&e pu)lic in t&e (anner provided )y la*. +ection 81, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution declares6 <7nfor(ation on foreign loans o)tained or guaranteed )y t&e govern(ent s&all )e (ade availa)le to t&e pu)lic.< As &eld in ;al(onte vs. Bel(onte, 3.5. "o. 0#9EF, Fe). 1E, 19/9, t&ese provisions on pu)lic disclosures are intended to en&ance t&e role of t&e citi-enry in govern(ental decision$(a=ing as *ell as in c&ec=ing a)use in govern(ent. Transparency; Matters of Pu)lic 7nterest (8FFF! "o ;. +tate at least t&ree constitutional provisions reflecting t&e +tate policy on transparency in (atters of pu)lic interest. 4&at is t&e purpose of said policyC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e constitutional provisions reflecting t&e +tate policy on transparency in (atters of pu)lic interest6 1. <+u).ect to reasona)le conditions prescri)ed )y la*, t&e +tate adopts and 7(ple(ents a policy of full pu)lic disclosure of all its transactions involving pu)lic interest.< (+ection 8/, Article 77! 8. T&e rig&t of t&e people to infor(ation on (atters of pu)lic concern s&all )e recogni-ed. Access to official records, and to docu(ents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as *ell as to govern(ent researc& data used as )asis for policy develop(ent, s&all )e afforded to citi-en, su).ect to suc& li(itations as (ay )e provided )y la*.< (+ection 0, Article 777! E. T&e records and )oo=s of accounts of t&e 1ongress s&all )e preserved and )e open to t&e pu)lic in accordance *it& la*, and suc& )oo=s s&all )e audited )y t&e 1o((ission on Audit *&ic& s&all pu)lis& annually an ite(i-ed list of a(ounts paid to and e'penses incurred for eac& Me()er.< (+ection 8F. Article ;7! #. T&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an s&all &ave t&e follo*ing po*ers, functions, and duties6 ::: ::: ( ! Pu)lici-e (atters covered )y its investigation *&en circu(stances so *arrant and *it& due prudence,< (+ection 18, Article :7! 9. <A pu)lic officer or e(ployee s&all, upon assu(ption of office, and as often as t&ereafter (ay )e reBuired )y la*, su)(it a declaration under oat& of &is assets, lia)ilities, and net *ort&. 7n t&e case of t&e President, t&e ;ice President, t&e Me()ers of t&e 1a)inet, t&e 1ongress, t&e +upre(e 1ourt, t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issions and ot&er constitutional offices, and officers of t&e ar(ed forces *it& general or flag ran=, t&e declaration s&all )e disclosed to t&e pu)lic in t&e (anner provided )y la*.< (+ection 10, Article :7! . <7nfor(ation on foreign loans o)tained or guaranteed )y t&e 3overn(ent s&all )e (ade availa)le to t&e pu)lic.< (+ection 81 Article :77! As e'plained 7n ;al(onte v. Bel(onte, 10F +15A 89 (19/9!, t&e purpose of t&e policy is to protect t&e people fro( a)use of govern(ental po*er. 7f access to infor(ation of pu)lic concern is denied, t&e postulate <pu)lic office is a pu)lic trust< *ould )e (ere e(pty *ords. O"ote6 T&e e'a(inee s&ould )e given full credit if &e gives any t&ree of t&e a)ove$(entioned provisions.P 3eneral Provisions; >ocal Dialect (19/0! "o. ;6 +tate *&et&er or not t&e follo*ing city ordinances are valid and give reasons in support of your ans*ers6 (a! An ordinance prescri)ing t&e use of t&e local dialect as (ediu( of instruction in t&e pri(ary grades. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e ordinance, *&ic& prescri)es t&e use of t&e local dialect as (ediu( of instruction in t&e pri(ary grades, is invalid. T&e 1onstitution provides in Art :7;, +ec. 0 for t&e use of regional dialect as au'iliary (ediu( of instruction. 7f t&e ordinance prescri)es t&e use of local dialect not as au'iliary, )ut as e'clusive language of instruction, t&en it is violative of t&e 1onstitution for t&is additional reason. T&e ordinance *ould t&us allo* (ore dialects to )e used t&an it is desira)le and (a=e t&e Buest for national unity (ore difficult.

 AFP; li(itation on accepting additional duties (199 ! "o. 06 1an t&e 2udge$Advocate 3eneral of t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines )e appointed a Trustee of t&e 3overn(ent +ervice 7nsurance +yste(C ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e 2udge Advocate 3eneral of t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines cannot )e appointed as trustee of t&e 3overn(ent +ervice 7nsurance +yste(. %nder +ection 9(#!. Article :;7 of t&e 1onstitution, no (e()er of t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines in t&e active service s&all at any ti(e )e appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in t&e 3overn(ent, including govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations. 77. 3eneral 1onsiderations A. "ational territory Territory L 3overn(ent (199 ! "o. /6 A la* *as passed dividing t&e P&ilippines into t&ree regions (>u-on, ;isayas, and Mindanao!, eac& constituting an independent state e'cept on (atters of foreign relations, national defense and national ta'ation, *&ic& are vested in t&e 1entral govern(ent. 7s t&e la* validC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* dividing t&e P&ilippines into t&ree regions, eac& constituting an independent state and vesting in central govern(ent (atters of foreign relations, national defense, and national ta'ation, is unconstitutional. First, it violates Article 7, *&ic& guarantees t&e integrity of t&e national territory of t&e P&ilippines )ecause it divided t&e P&ilippines into t&ree states. +econd, it violates +ection 1, Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& provides for t&e esta)lis&(ent of de(ocratic and repu)lic +tates )y replacing it *it& t&ree +tates organi-ed as a confederation. T&ird, it violates +ection 88, Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic&, *&ile recogni-ing and pro(oting t&e rig&ts of indigenous cultural co((unities, provides for national unity and develop(ent. Fourt&, it violates +ection 19, Article : of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic&, provides for autono(ous regions in Musli( Mindanao and in t&e 1ordilleras *it&in t&e fra(e*or= of national sovereignty as *ell as territorial integrity of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines. Fift&, it violates t&e sovereignty of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines. 1. Arc&ipelagic doctrine Arc&ipelagic Doctrine (19/9! "o. 8F6 4&at do you understand )y t&e arc&ipelagic doctrineC 7s t&is reflected in t&e 19/0 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e A51?7P,>A371 D@1T57", e(p&asi-es t&e unity of land and *aters )y defining an arc&ipelago eit&er as a group of islands surrounded )y *aters or a )ody of *aters studded *it& islands. For t&is purpose, it reBuires t&at )aselines )e dra*n )y connecting t&e appropriate points of t&e <outer(ost islands to encircle t&e islands *it&in t&e arc&ipelago. T&e *aters on t&e land*ard side of t&e )aselines regardless of )readt& or di(ensions are (erely internal *aters. Nes, t&e arc&ipelagic doctrine is reflected in t&e 19/0 1onstitution. Article 7, +ection 1 provides t&at t&e national territory of t&e P&ilippines includes t&e P&ilippine arc&ipelago, *it& all t&e islands and *aters e()raced t&erein; and t&e *aters around, )et*een, and connecting t&e islands of t&e arc&ipelago, regardless of t&eir )readt& and di(ensions, for( part of t&e internal *aters of t&e P&ilippines. Arc&ipelagic Doctrine (8FF9! "o. 1. 1. True or False. %nder t&e archipelago doctrine, t&e *aters around, )et*een and connecting t&e islands of t&e arc&ipelago for( part of t&e territorial sea of t&e arc&ipelagic state. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

False. %nder Article 7 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e *aters around, )et*een and connecting t&e islands of t&e P&ilippines for( part of its internal *aters. %nder Article #9 (1! of t&e %.". 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea, t&ese *aters do not for( part of t&e territorial sea )ut are descri)ed as arc&ipelagic *aters. B. +tate i((unity +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (1991! "o. 1E; 7n Fe)ruary 199F, t&e Ministry of t&e Ar(y. 5epu)lic of 7ndonesia, invited )ids for t&e supply of 9FF,FFF pairs of co()at )oots for t&e use of t&e 7ndonesian Ar(y. T&e Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation, a P&ilippine corporation, *&ic& &as no )ranc& office and no assets in 7ndonesia, su)(itted a )id to supply 9FF,FFF pairs of co()at )oots at %.+. QEF per pair delivered in 2a=arta on or )efore EF @cto)er 199F. T&e contract *as a*arded )y t&e Ministry of t&e Ar(y to Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation and *as signed )y t&e parties in 2a=arta. Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation *as a)le to deliver only 8FF,FFF pairs of co()at )oots in 2a=arta )y EF @cto)er 199F and it received pay(ent for 1FF,FFF pairs or a total of %.+. QE,FFF,FFF.FF. T&e Ministry of t&e Ar(y pro(ised to pay for t&e ot&er 1FF,FFF pairs already delivered as soon as t&e re(aining EFF,FFF pairs of co()at )oots are delivered, at *&ic& ti(e t&e said EFF,FFF pairs *ill also )e paid for. Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation failed to deliver any (ore co()at )oots. @n 1 2une 1991, t&e 5epu)lic of 7ndonesia filed an action )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Pasig. 5i-al, to co(pel Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation to perfor( t&e )alance of its o)ligations under t&e contract and for da(ages. 7n its Ans*er, Mari=ina +&oe 1orporation sets up a counterclai( for %.+. QE,FFF,FFF.FF representing t&e pay(ent for t&e 1FF,FFF pairs of co()at )oots already delivered )ut unpaid. 7ndonesia (oved to dis(iss t&e counterclai(, asserting t&at it is entitled to sovereign 7((unity fro( suit. T&e trial court denied t&e (otion to dis(iss and issued t*o *rits of garnis&(ent upon 7ndonesian 3overn(ent funds deposited in t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= and Far ,ast Ban=. 7ndonesia *ent to t&e 1ourt of Appeals on a petition for certiorari under 5ule 9 of t&e 5ules of 1ourt. ?o* *ould t&e 1ourt of Appeals decide t&e caseC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e 1ourt of Appeals s&ould dis(iss t&e petition insofar as it see=s to annul t&e order denying t&e (otion of t&e 3overn(ent of 7ndonesia to dis(iss t&e counterclai(. T&e counterclai( in t&is case is a co(pulsory counterclai( since it arises fro( t&e sa(e contract involved in t&e co(plaint. As suc& it (ust )e set up ot&er*ise it *ill )e )arred. A)ove all, as &eld in Froilan vs. Pan @riental +&ipping 1o., 99 P&il. 9F9, )y filing a co(plaint, t&e state of 7ndonesia *aived its i((unity fro( suit. 7t is not rig&t t&at it can sue in t&e courts )ut it cannot )e sued. T&e defendant t&erefore acBuires t&e rig&t to set up a co(pulsory counterclai( against it. ?o*ever, t&e 1ourt of Appeals s&ould grant t&e petition of t&e 7ndonesian govern(ent insofar as it soug&t to annul t&e garnis&(ent of t&e funds of 7ndonesia *&ic& *ere deposited in t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= and Far ,ast Ban=. 1onsent to t&e e'ercise of .urisdiction of a foreign court does not include *aiver of t&e separate i((unity fro( e'ecution. (Bro*nlie, Principles of Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, #t& ed., p. E##.! T&us, in De'ter vs. 1arpenter vs. Munglig 2arnvagsstyrelsen, #E Fed 0F9, it *as &eld t&e consent to )e sued does not give consent to t&e attac&(ent of t&e property of a sovereign govern(ent. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (199 ! "o. ; T&e 5epu)lic of t&e Balau (for(erly Palau 7slands! opened and operated in Manila an office engaged in trading Balau products *it& P&ilippine products. 7n one transaction, t&e local )uyer co(plained t&at t&e Balau goods delivered to &i( *ere su)standard and &e sued t&e 5epu)lic of Balau, )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Pasig, for da(ages. a! ?o* can t&e 5epu)lic of Balau invo=e its sovereign i((unityC ,'plain. )! 4ill suc& defense of sovereign i((unity prosperC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A! T&e 5epu)lic of Balau can invo=e its sovereign 7((unity )y filing a (otion to dis(iss in accordance *it& +ection l(a!, 5ule 1 of t&e 5ules of 1ourt on t&e ground t&at t&e court &as no .urisdiction over its person. According to t&e ?oly +ee vs. 5osario, 8E/ +15A 98#, in Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, *&en a +tate *is&es to plead sovereign i((unity in a foreign court, it reBuests t&e Foreign @ffice of t&e +tate *&ere it is )eing sued to convey to t&e court t&at it is entitled to i((unity. 7n t&e P&ilippines, t&e practice is for t&e foreign govern(ent to first secure an e'ecutive endorse(ent of its clai( of sovereign i((unity. 7n so(e cases, t&e defense of sovereign i((unity is su)(itted directly to t&e local court )y t&e foreign govern(ent t&roug& counsel )y filing a (otion to dis(iss on t&e ground t&at t&e court &as no 2urisdiction over its person.

)! "o, t&e defense of sovereign 7((unity *ill not prosper. T&e sale of Balau products is a contract involving a co((ercial activity. 7n %nited +tates vs. 5ui-, 1E +15A#/0 and %nited +tates vs. 3uinto, 1/8 +15A ##, it *as stated t&at a foreign +tate cannot invo=e 7((unity fro( suit if it enters into a co((ercial contract. T&e P&ilippines ad&eres to 5,+T571T7;, +@;,5,73" 7MM%"7TN. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (19/9! "o. 1E6 A property o*ner filed an action directly in court against t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines see=ing pay(ent for a parcel of land *&ic& t&e national govern(ent utili-ed for a road *idening pro.ect. (1! 1an t&e govern(ent invo=e t&e doctrine of non$suita)ility of t&e stateC (8! 7n connection *it& t&e preceding Buestion, can t&e property o*ner garnis& pu)lic funds to satisfy &is clai( for pay(entC ,'plain your ans*ers. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, t&e govern(ent cannot invo=e t&e doctrine of state of i((unity fro( suit. As &eld in Ministerio vs. 1ourt of First 7nstance of 1e)u, #F +15A # #, *&en t&e govern(ent e'propriates property for pu)lic use *it&out paying .ust co(pensation, it cannot invo=e its i((unity fro( t&e suit. @t&er*ise, t&e rig&t guaranteed in +ection 9, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution t&at private property s&all not )e ta=en for pu)lic use *it&out .ust co(pensation *ill )e rendered nugatory. (8! "o, t&e o*ner cannot garnis& pu)lic funds to satisfy &is clai( for pay(ent, +ection 0 of Act "o. EF/E pro&i)its e'ecution upon any .udg(ent against t&e govern(ent. As &eld in 5epu)lic vs. Palacio, 8E +15A /99, even if t&e govern(ent (ay )e sued, it does not follo* t&at its properties (ay )e sei-ed under e'ecution. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 (8! "o, funds of t&e govern(ent on deposit in t&e )an= cannot )e garnis&ed for t*o reasons6 1. %nder Art. 77, +ec. 89 (1! pu)lic funds cannot )e spent e'cept in pursuance of an appropriation (ade )y la*, and 8. essential pu)lic services *ill )e i(paired if funds of t&e govern(ent *ere su).ect to e'ecution, (1o((issioner of Pu)lic ?ig&*ays vs. +an Diego, E1 +15A 1 (190F!!. T&e re(edy of t&e prevailing party is to &ave t&e .udg(ent credit in &is favor included in t&e general appropriations la* for t&e ne't year. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (199#! "o. ; 2o&nny *as e(ployed as a driver )y t&e Municipality of 1alu(pit, Bulacan. 4&ile driving rec=lessly a (unicipal du(p truc= *it& its load of sand for t&e repair of (unicipal streets, 2o&nny &it a .eepney. T*o passengers of t&e .eepney *ere =illed. T&e +angguniang Bayan passed an ordinance appropriating PEFF,FFF as co(pensation for t&e &eirs of t&e victi(s. 1! 7s t&e (unicipality lia)le for t&e negligence of 2o&nnyC 8! 7s t&e (unicipal ordinance validC A"+4,56 1! Nes, t&e Municipality of 1alu(pit is lia)le for t&e negligence of its driver 2o&nny. %nder +ection 8# of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, local govern(ent units are not e'e(pt fro( lia)ility for deat& or in.ury to persons or da(age to property. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o, t&e (unicipality is not lia)le for t&e negligence of 2o&nny, t&e prevailing rule in t&e la* of (unicipal corporations is t&at a (unicipality is not lia)le for t&e torts co((itted )y its regular e(ployees in t&e disc&arge of govern(ental functions. T&e (unicipality is ans*era)le only *&en it is acting in a proprietary capacity. 7n t&e case at )ar, 2o&nny *as a regular e(ployee of t&e Municipality of 1alu(pit as driver of its du(p truc=; &e co((itted a tortious act *&ile disc&arging a govern(ental function for t&e (unicipality, ie., driving rec=lessly t&e said truc= loaded *it& sand for t&e repair of (unicipal streets. %ndou)tedly t&en, 2o&nny as driver of t&e du(p truc= *as perfor(ing a duty or tas= pertaining to &is office. T&e construction or (aintenance of pu)lic streets are ad(ittedly govern(ental activities. At t&e ti(e of t&e accident, 2o&nny *as engaged in t&e disc&arge of govern(ental functions. ?ence, t&e deat& of t&e t*o passengers of t&e .eepney $tragic and deplora)le t&oug& it (ay )e $ i(posed on t&e (unicipality no duty to pay (onetary co(pensation, as &eld in Municipality of +an. Fernando v. Fir(e, 199 +15A 98. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (1998!

"o. 96 T&e "ort&ern >u-on 7rrigation Aut&ority (">7A! *as esta)lis&ed )y a legislative c&arter to strengt&en t&e irrigation syste(s t&at supply *ater to far(s and co((ercial gro*ers in t&e area. 4&ile t&e ">7A is a)le to generate revenues t&roug& its operations, it receives an annual appropriation fro( 1ongress. T&e ">7A is aut&ori-ed to <e'ercise all t&e po*ers of a corporation under t&e 1orporation 1ode.< Due to a (iscalculation )y so(e of its e(ployees, t&ere *as a (assive irrigation overflo* causing a flas& flood in Barrio Ran.era. A c&ild dro*ned in t&e incident and &is parents no* file suit against T&e ">7A for da(ages. May t&e ">7A validly invo=e t&e i((unity of t&e +tate fro( suitC Discuss t&oroug&ly. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e "ort&ern >u-on 7rrigation Aut&ority (ay not invo=e t&e i((unity of t&e +tate fro( suit, )ecause, as &eld in Fontanilla vs. Malia(an, 109 +15A /9 and 19# +15A #/ , irrigation is a proprietary function. Besides, t&e "ort&ern >u-on 7rrigation Aut&ority &as a .uridical personality separate and distinct fro( t&e govern(ent, a suit against it is not a suit against t&e +tate. +ince t&e *aiver of t&e i((unity fro( suit is *it&out Bualification, as &eld in 5ayo vs. 1ourt of First 7nstance of Bulacan, 11F +15A #9 , t&e *aiver includes an action )ased on a Buasi$ delict. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (1999! A. 1.! 4&at do you understand )y state i((unity fro( suitC ,'plain. (8H! 8.! ?o* (ay consent of t&e state to )e sued )e givenC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1.! +TAT, 7MM%"7TN F5@M +%7T (eans t&at t&e +tate cannot )e sued *it&out its consent. A corollary of suc& principle is t&at properties used )y t&e +tate in t&e perfor(ance of its govern(ental functions cannot )e su).ect to .udicial e'ecution. 8.! 1onsent of t&e +tate to )e sued (ay )e (ade e'pressly as in t&e case of a specific, e'press provision of la* as *aiver of +tate i((unity fro( suit is not inferred lig&tly (e.g. 1.A. E80 as a(ended )y PD 1##9P or i(pliedly as *&en t&e +tate engages in proprietary functions (%.+. v. 5ui-, %.+. v. 3uinto! or *&en it files a suit in *&ic& case t&e adverse party (ay file a counterclai( (Froilan v. Pan @riental +&ipping! or *&en t&e doctrine *ould in effect )e used to perpetuate an in.ustice (A(iga)le v. 1uenca, #E +15A E F!. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (1999! "o ;7 $ B. T&e e(ployees of t&e P&ilippine To)acco Ad(inistration (PTA! sued to recover overti(e pay. 7n resisting suc& clai(, t&e PTA t&eori-ed t&at it is perfor(ing govern(ental functions. Decide and e'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in P&ilippine ;irginia To)acco Ad(inistration v. 1ourt of 7ndustrial 5elations, 9 +15A #1 , t&e P&ilippine To)acco Ad(inistration is not lia)le for overti(e pay, since it is perfor(ing govern(ental functions. A(ong its purposes are to pro(ote t&e effective (erc&andising of to)acco so t&at t&ose engaged in t&e to)acco industry *ill &ave econo(ic security, to sta)ili-e t&e price of to)acco, and to i(prove t&e living and econo(ic conditions of t&ose engaged in t&e to)acco industry. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (19/0! (a! <:< filed a case against t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines for da(ages caused &is yac&t, *&ic& *as ra((ed )y a navy vessel. ()! <:< also sued in anot&er case t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s and t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines for pay(ent of t&e co(pensation of t&e value of &is land, *&ic& *as used as part of t&e tar(ac of t&e 1e)u 7nternational Airport, *it&out prior e'propriation proceedings. T&e +olicitor 3eneral (oved to dis(iss t&e t*o cases invo=ing state i((unity fro( suit Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e govern(ent cannot )e sued for da(ages considering t&at t&e agency *&ic& caused t&e da(ages *as t&e P&ilippine "avy. %nder Art. 81/F of t&e 1ivil 1ode, t&e state consents to )e sued for a Buasi$delict only *&en t&e da(age is caused )y its special agents. ?ence, t&e +olicitor 3eneralAs (otion s&ould )e granted and t&e suit )roug&t )y <:< )e dis(issed. ()! But t&e govern(ent 1A""@T 7";@M, t&e stateAs i((unity fro( suit. As &eld in Ministerio v. 1ourt of First 7nstance. #F +15A # # (1901!, *&ic& also involved t&e ta=ing of private property *it&out t&e )enefit of e'propriation proceeding, <T&e doctrine of govern(ental i((unity fro( suit cannot serve as an instru(ent for perpetrating an in.ustice on a citi-en.

4&en t&e govern(ent ta=es any property for pu)lic use, *&ic& is conditional upon t&e pay(ent of .ust co(pensation, to )e .udicially ascertained, it (a=es (anifest t&at it su)(its to t&e .urisdiction of t&e court.< T&e +olicitor 3eneralAs (otion to dis(iss s&ould, t&erefore, )e denied. +tate 7((unity vs. 4aiver of 7((unity (1990! "o, 6 7t is said t&at <*aiver of i((unity )y t&e +tate does not (ean a concession of its lia)ility<. 4&at are t&e i(plications of t&is p&raseC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e p&rase t&at *aiver of i((unity )y t&e +tate does not (ean a concession of lia)ility (eans t&at )y consenting to )e sued, t&e +tate does not necessarily ad(it it is lia)le. As stated in P&ilippine 5oc= 7ndustries, 7nc. vs. Board of >iBuidators, 1/F +15A 101, in suc& a case t&e +tate is (erely giving t&e plaintiff a c&ance to prove t&at t&e +tate is lia)le )ut t&e +tate retains t&e rig&t to raise all la*ful defenses. +tate 7((unity fro( +uit (199E! "o 196 Devi is t&e o*ner of a piece of land. 4it&out prior e'propriation or negotiated sale, t&e national govern(ent used a portion t&ereof for t&e *idening of t&e national &ig&*ay. Devi filed a (oney clai( *it& t&e 1o((ission on Audit *&ic& *as denied. >eft *it& no ot&er recourse, Devi filed a co(plaint for recovery of property andDor da(ages against t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays and t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines, T&e defendant (oved for dis(issal of t&e co(plaint contending t&at t&e govern(ent cannot )e sued *it&out its consent. T&e 5T1 dis(issed t&e co(plaint. @n appeal, &o* *ould you decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e order dis(issing t&e co(plaint s&ould )e reversed. 7n Ministerio v. 1ourt of First 7nstance of 1e)u, #F +15A # #, it *as &eld t&at *&en t&e govern(ent ta=es property fro( a private lando*ner *it&out prior e'propriation or negotiated sale, t&e lando*ner (ay (aintain a suit against t&e govern(ent *it&out violating t&e doctrine of govern(ent 7((unity fro( suit. T&e govern(ent s&ould )e dee(ed to &ave *aived i(pliedly its i((unity fro( suit. @t&er*ise, t&e constitutional guarantee t&at private property s&all not )e ta=en for pu)lic use *it&out .ust co(pensation *ill )e rendered nugatory. ,(inent Do(ain; i((unity fro( suit (8FF1! "o 777 $ T&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines, t&roug& t&e Depart(ent of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays (DP4?!, constructed a ne* &ig&*ay lin=ing Metro Manila and Iue-on province, and *&ic& (a.or t&oroug&fare traversed t&e land o*ned )y Mang Pandoy. T&e govern(ent neit&er filed any e'propriation proceedings nor paid any co(pensation to Mang Pandoy for t&e land t&us ta=en and used as a pu)lic road. Mang Pandoy filed a suit against t&e govern(ent to co(pel pay(ent for t&e value of &is land. T&e DP4? filed a (otion to dis(iss t&e case on t&e ground t&at t&e +tate is i((une fro( suit. Mang Pandoy filed an opposition. 5esolve t&e (otion. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e (otion to dis(iss s&ould )e denied. As &eld in A(iga)le v. 1uenca, #E +15A EFF (1908!, *&en t&e 3overn(ent e'propriates private property *it&out paying co(pensation, it is dee(ed to &ave *aived its i((unity fro( suit. @t&er*ise, t&e constitutional guarantee t&at private property s&all not )e ta=en for pu)lic use *it&out pay(ent of .ust co(pensation *ill )e rendered nugatory. 1. Principles and policies Ar(ed Forces; +ervant of t&e People (8FFE! "o 7 $ Article 77. +ection E, of t&e 19/0 1onstitution e'presses, in part, t&at t&e <Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines is t&e protector of t&e people and (of! t&e +tate.< Descri)e )riefly *&at t&is provision (eans. 7s t&e P&ilippine "ational Police covered )y t&e sa(e (andateC F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Article 77, +ection E of t&e 19/0 1onstitution (eans t&at t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines s&ould not serve t&e interest of t&e President )ut of t&e people and s&ould not co((it a)uses against t&e people. (5ecord of t&e

1onstitutional 1o((ission, ;ol. ;, p. 1EE.! T&is provision is specifically addressed to t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines and not to t&e P&ilippine "ational Police, )ecause t&e latter is separate and distinct fro( t&e for(er. (5ecord of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission, ;ol. ;, p. 89 ; Manalo v. +isto-a. E18 +15 A 8E9 J1999K.! +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Article 77, +ection E of t&e 19/0 1onstitution can )e interpreted to (ean t&at t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines can )e a legiti(ate instru(ent for t&e overt&ro* of t&e civilian govern(ent if it &as ceased to )e t&e servant of t&e people. (Bernas, T&e 19/0 1onstitution of t&e P&ilippines6 A 1o((entary, 8FFE ed., p. .! T&is provision does not apply to t&e P&ilippine "ational Police, )ecause it is separate and distinct fro( t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines. (5ecord of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission, ;ol. ;, p. 89 , Manalo v. +isto-a. E18 +15A 8E9 J1999K.! Doctrine of 7ncorporation; 1onstitutional >a* (1990! "o. 1; 4&at do you understand )y t&e <Doctrine of 7ncorporation< in 1onstitutional >a*C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e D@1T57", @F 7"1@5P@5AT7@" (eans t&at t&e rules of 7nternational la* for( part of t&e la* of t&e land and no legislative action is reBuired to (a=e t&e( applica)le to a country. T&e P&ilippines follo*s t&is doctrine, )ecause +ection 8. Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution states t&at t&e P&ilippines adopts t&e generally accepted principles of international la* as part of t&e la* of t&e land. Doctrine of 7ncorporation; Pacta +unt +ervanda (8FFF! "o :. T&e P&ilippines &as )eco(e a (e()er of t&e 4orld Trade @rgani-ation (4T@! and resultantly agreed t&at it <s&all ensure t&e confor(ity of its la*s, regulations and ad(inistrative procedures *it& its o)ligations as provided in t&e anne'ed Agree(ents.< T&is is assailed as unconstitutional )ecause t&is underta=ing unduly li(its, restricts and i(pairs P&ilippine sovereignty and (eans a(ong ot&ers t&at 1ongress could not pass legislation t&at *ill )e good for our national interest and general *elfare if suc& legislation *ill not confor( *it& t&e 4T@ Agree(ents. 5efute t&is argu(ent. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Tanada v. Angara, 808 +15A 1/ (1990!, t&e sovereignty of t&e P&ilippines is su).ect to restriction )y its (e()ers&ip in t&e fa(ily of nations and t&e li(itations i(posed of treaty li(itations. +ection 8. Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution adopts t&e generally accepted principles of international la* as part of t&e la* of t&e land. @ne of suc& principles is pacta sunt servanda. T&e 1onstitution did not envision a &er(it$li=e isolation of t&e country fro( t&e rest of t&e *orld. 4o(en (8FFF! "o 7:. )! 4&at are t&e provisions of t&e 1onstitution on *o(enC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 )! T&e follo*ing are t&e provisions of t&e 1onstitution on *o(en6 1! <7t (t&e +tate! s&all eBually protect t&e life of t&e (ot&er and t&e life of t&e un)orn fro( conception.< (+ection 18, Article 77! 8! T&e +tate recogni-es t&e role of *o(en in nation$)uilding, and s&all ensure t&e funda(ental eBuality )efore t&e la* of *o(en and (en.< (+ection 1#, Article 77! E! <T&e +tate s&all protect *or=ing *o(en )y providing safe and &ealt&ful *or=ing conditions, ta=ing into account t&eir (aternal functions, and suc& faculties and opportunities t&at *ill en&ance t&eir *elfare and ena)le t&e( to reali-e t&eir full potential in t&e service of t&e nation.< (+ection 1#, Article :777! D. +eparation of po*ers +eparation of Po*ers (19//! "o. 896 1an any ot&er depart(ent or agency of t&e 3overn(ent revie* a decision of t&e +upre(e 1ourtC 4&y or *&y notC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

"o. T&e +upre(e 1ourt is t&e &ig&est ar)iter of legal Buestions. (2avier v. 1o(elec, 1## +15A 19# (19/ !! To allo* revie* of its decision )y t&e ot&er depart(ents of govern(ent *ould upset t&e classic pattern of separation of po*ers and destroy t&e )alance )et*een t&e .udiciary and t&e ot&er depart(ents of govern(ent. As t&e 2ustices said in t&eir ans*er to t&e co(plaint for i(peac&(ent in t&e 1o((ittee on 2ustice of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, <2ust as it is co(pletely unaccepta)le to file c&arges against t&e individual (e()ers of 1ongress for t&e la*s enacted )y t&e( upon t&e argu(ent t&at t&ese la*s are violative of t&e 1onstitution, or are a )etrayal of pu)lic trust, or are un.ust. +o too, s&ould it )e eBually i(per(issi)le to (a=e t&e individual (e()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt accounta)le for t&e courtAs decisions or rulings. +eparation of Po*ers (8FFE! "o 77 $ A group of losing litigants in a case decided )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt filed a co(plaint )efore t&e @()uds(an c&arging t&e 2ustices *it& =no*ingly and deli)erately rendering an un.ust decision in utter violation of t&e penal la*s of t&e land. 1an t&e @()uds(an validly ta=e cogni-ance of t&e caseC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e @()uds(an cannot entertain t&e co(plaint. As stated in t&e case of 7n re6 >aureta. 1#/ +15A E/8 J19/0K, pursuant to t&e principle of separation of po*ers, t&e correctness of t&e decisions of t&e +upre(e 1ourt as final ar)iter of all .usticia)le disputes is conclusive upon all ot&er depart(ents of t&e govern(ent; t&e @()uds(an &as no po*er to revie* t&e decisions of t&e +upre(e 1ourt )y entertaining a co(plaint against t&e 2ustices of t&e +upre(e 1ourt for =no*ingly rendering an un.ust decision. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Article :7, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at pu)lic officers (ust at all ti(es )e accounta)le to t&e people. +ection 88 of t&e @()uds(an Act provides t&at t&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an &as t&e po*er to investigate any serious (isconduct allegedly co((itted )y officials re(ova)le )y i(peac&(ent for t&e purpose of filing a verified co(plaint for i(peac&(ent if *arranted. T&e @()uds(an can entertain t&e co(plaint for t&is purpose. ,. 1&ec=s and )alances F. Delegation of po*ers Delegation of Po*ers (8FF8! "o :;77. $ +uppose t&at 1ongress passed a la* creating a Depart(ent of ?u(an ?a)itat and aut&ori-ing t&e Depart(ent +ecretary to pro(ulgate i(ple(enting rules and regulations. +uppose furt&er t&at t&e la* declared t&at violation of t&e i(ple(enting rules and regulations so issued *ould )e punis&a)le as a cri(e and aut&ori-ed t&e Depart(ent +ecretary to prescri)e t&e penalty for suc& violation. 7f t&e la* defines certain acts as violations of t&e la* and (a=es t&e( punis&a)le, for e'a(ple, *it& i(prison(ent of t&ree (E! years or a fine in t&e a(ount of P1F,FFF.FF, or )ot& suc& i(prison(ent and fine, in t&e discretion of t&e court, can it )e provided in t&e i(ple(enting rules and regulations pro(ulgated )y t&e Depart(ent +ecretary t&at t&eir violation *ill also )e su).ect to t&e sa(e penalties as t&ose provided in t&e la* itselfC ,'plain your ans*er fully. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e rules and regulations pro(ulgated )y t&e +ecretary of ?u(an ?a)itat cannot provide t&at t&e penalties for t&eir violation *ill )e t&e sa(e as t&e penalties for t&e violation of t&e la*. As &eld in %nited +tates v. Barrias, 11 P&il. E80 (19F/!, t&e fi'ing of t&e penalty for cri(inal offenses involves t&e e'ercise of legislative po*er and cannot )e delegated. T&e la* itself (ust prescri)e t&e penalty. Delegation of Po*ers; (I $8FF9! (8! +ection E8 of 5epu)lic Act "o. # 0F (T&e Magna 1arta for Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers! reads6 +ec. E8. Penal Provision. S A person *&o s&all *illfully interfere *it&, restrain or coerce any teac&er in t&e e'ercise of &is rig&ts guaranteed )y t&is Act or *&o s&all in any ot&er (anner co((it any act to defeat any of t&e provisions of t&is Act s&all, upon conviction, )e punis&ed )y a fine of not less t&an one &undred pesos nor (ore t&an one t&ousand pesos, or )y i(prison(ent, in t&e discretion of t&e court. 7s t&e proviso granting t&e court t&e aut&ority to i(pose a penalty or i(prison(ent in its discretion constitutionalC ,'plain )riefly. (#H!

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e proviso is unconstitutional. +ection E8 of 5.A. "o. # 0F provides for an indeter(ina)le period of i(prison(ent, *it& neit&er a (ini(u( nor a (a'i(u( duration &aving )een set )y t&e legislative aut&ority. T&e courts are t&us given *ide latitude of discretion to fi' t&e ter( of i(prison(ent, *it&out even t&e )enefit of any sufficient standard, suc& t&at t&e duration t&ereof (ay range, in t&e *ords of respondent .udge, fro( one (inute to t&e life span of t&e accused. T&is cannot )e allo*ed. 7t vests in t&e courts a po*er and a duty essentially legislative in nature and *&ic&, as applied to t&is case, does violence to t&e rules on separation of po*ers as *ell as t&e non$ delega)ility of legislative po*ers. (People v. 2udge Dacuycuy, 3.5. "o. >$#9180, May 9, 19/9! Delegation of Po*ers; 1o(pleteness Test; +ufficient +tandard Test (I $8FF9! (1! T&e t*o accepted tests to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere is a valid delegation of legislative po*er are t&e 1o(pleteness Test and t&e +ufficient +tandard Test. ,'plain eac&. (#H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 %nder t&e 1@MP>,T,",++ T,+T, a la* (ust )e co(plete in all its ter(s and provisions *&en it leaves t&e legislature t&at not&ing is left to t&e .udg(ent of t&e delegate. T&e legislature does not a)dicate its functions *&en it descri)es *&at .o) (ust )e done, *&o is to do it, and *&at is t&e scope of &is aut&ority. ?o*ever, a delegation of po*er to (a=e t&e la*s *&ic& necessarily involves a discretion as to *&at it s&all )e (ay not constitutionally )e done. (,du v. ,ricta, 3.5. "o. >$E8F9 , @cto)er 8#, 190F! %nder t&e +%FF717,"1N @F +TA"DA5D+ T,+T, t&e statute (ust not only define a funda(ental legislative policy, (ar= its li(its and )oundaries, and specify t&e pu)lic agency to e'ercise t&e legislative po*er. 7t (ust also indicate t&e circu(stances under *&ic& t&e legislative co((and is to )e effected. To avoid t&e taint of unla*ful delegation, t&ere (ust )e a standard, *&ic& i(plies at t&e very least t&at t&e legislature itself deter(ines (atters of principle and lays do*n funda(ental policy. (Free Telep&one 4or=ers %nion v. Minister of >a)or, 3.5. "o. >$ 9/1/#, @cto)er EF, 19/1! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 1@MP>,T,",++ T,+T. T&e la* (ust )e co(plete in all its essential ter(s and conditions *&en it leaves t&e legislature so t&at t&ere *ill )e not&ing left for t&e delegate to do *&en it reac&es &i( e'cept to enforce it. (+ee 7T+ v. Ang Tang ?o, 3.5. "o. >$10188, Fe)ruary 80, 1988! +%FF717,"T +TA"DA5D T,+T. A sufficient standard is intended to (ap out t&e )oundaries of t&e delegateAs aut&ority )y defining t&e legislative policy and indicating t&e circu(stances under *&ic& it is to )e pursued and effected; intended to prevent a total transference of legislative po*er fro( t&e legislature to t&e delegate. T&e standard is usually indicated in t&e la* delegating legislative po*er. (+ee Nnot u. 7nter(ediate Appellate 1ourt, 3.5. "o. 0##90, Marc& 8F, 19/0! 3. For(s of govern(ent 3overn(ent Presidential For( vs. Parlia(entary For( (I $8FF ! 1. a! 4&at is t&e principal identifying feature of a presidential for( of govern(entC ,'plain. (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e principal identifying feature of a presidential for( of govern(ent is e()odied in t&e separation of po*ers doctrine. ,ac& depart(ent of govern(ent e'ercises po*ers granted to it )y t&e 1onstitution and (ay not control, interfere *it& or encroac& upon t&e acts done *it&in t&e constitutional co(petence of t&e ot&ers. ?o*ever, t&e 1onstitution also gives eac& depart(ent certain po*ers )y *&ic& it (ay definitely restrain t&e ot&ers fro( i(provident action, t&ere)y (aintaining a syste( of c&ec=s and )alances a(ong t&e(, t&us, preserving t&e *ill of t&e sovereign e'pressed in t&e 1onstitution. )! 4&at are t&e essential c&aracteristics of a parlia(entary for( of govern(entC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e essential c&aracteristics of a parlia(entary for( of govern(ent are6 t&e fusion of t&e legislative and e'ecutive )ranc&es in parlia(ent; t&e pri(e (inister, *&o is t&e &ead of govern(ent, and t&e (e()ers of t&e ca)inet, are c&osen fro( a(ong t&e (e()ers of parlia(ent and as suc& are accounta)le to t&e latter; and t&e pri(e (inister (ay )e re(oved fro( office )y a vote of loss of confidence of parlia(ent. T&ere (ay )e a &ead of state *&o (ay or (ay not )e elected.

III. Le, s#"t &e De(")t$ent A. 4&o (ay e'ercise legislative po*er 1. 1ongress 8. 5egionalD>ocal legislative po*er E. PeopleGs initiative on statutes a! 7nitiative and referendu( P&il 1on /0; People Po*er (19/0! "o. 1/6 T&e fra(ers of t&e 19/0 1onstitution and t&e people *&o ratified it (ade sure t&at provisions institutionali-ing people po*er *ere incorporated in t&e funda(ental la*, Briefly discuss at least t*o suc& provisions. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Art. ;7, +ec. 1, *&ile vesting in 1ongress t&e legislative po*er, nonet&eless states t&at suc& confer(ent of po*er s&all )e su).ect to t&e reservation (ade in favor of t&e people )y provisions on initiatives and referendu(. For t&is purpose, 1ongress is reBuired, as early as possi)le, to provide for a syste( of initiative of referendu( *&ere)y t&e people can directly propose and enact la*s or approve or re.ect an act or la* or part t&ereof passed )y t&e 1ongress or t&e legislative )odies after t&e registration of a petition t&erefor, signed )y at least 1FH of t&e total nu()er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least EH of t&e registered voters. (7d., sec. E8! T&e 1onstitution also provides t&at t&roug& initiative, upon a petition of at least 18H of t&e total nu()ers of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least EH of t&e registered voters t&erein, a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution (ay )e directly proposed )y t&e people. Art, :777, sec. 19 states t&at t&e state s&all respect t&e role of independent peopleAs organi-ation to ena)le t&e( to pursue and protect, *it&in t&e de(ocratic fra(e*or=, t&eir legiti(ate and collective interests and aspirations t&roug& peaceful la*ful (eans. For t&is purpose, t&e 1onstitution guarantees to suc& organi-ations t&e rig&t to participate at all levels of social, political and econo(ic decision$(a=ing and t&e state is reBuired to validate t&e esta)lis&(ent of adeBuate (ec&anis( for t&is purpose. (7d., sec, 1 ! P&il 1on /0; People Po*er (8FFF! "o 7:. 7s t&e concept of People Po*er recogni-ed in t&e 1onstitutionC Discuss )riefly. (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e concept of People Po*er is recogni-ed in t&e 1onstitution. %nder +ection E8. Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, t&roug& initiative and referendu(, t&e people can directly propose and enact la*s or approve or re.ect any act or la* or part t&ereof passed )y t&e 1ongress or local legislative )ody after t&e registration of a petition t&erefor signed )y at least ten per centu( of t&e total nu()er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per centu( of t&e registered voters t&ereof. %nder +ection 1 , Article :777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e rig&t of t&e people and t&eir organi-ations to effective and reasona)le participation at all levels of social, political and econo(ic decision$(a=ing s&all not )e a)ridged. T&e +tate s&all, )y la* facilitate t&e esta)lis&(ent of adeBuate consultation (ec&anis(s. %nder +ection 8. Article :;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e people (ay directly propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution t&roug& initiative upon a petition of at least t*elve per centu( of t&e total nu()er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district (ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per centu( of t&e registered voters t&erein. B. ?ouses of 1ongress 1. +enate 8. ?ouse of 5epresentatives Iualifications; 1ongress(en (19//! "o. 1E6 $5o)ert Bro*n *as )orn in ?a*aii on May 19, 19 8, of an A(erican fat&er and a Filipina (ot&er. @n May 1 , 19/E *&ile &olding an A(erican passport, &e registered as a Filipino *it& t&e P&ilippine 1onsulate at ?onolulu, ?a*aii. 7n +epte()er, 19/E &e returned to t&e P&ilippines, and too= up residence at Boac, MarinduBue, &o(eto*n of &is (ot&er. ?e registered as a voter, voted, and even participated as a leader of one of t&e candidates in t&at district in t&e 19/# Batasan elections. 7n t&e elections of 19/0, &e ran for 1ongress(an, and *on. ?is sole opponent

is no* Buestioning &is Bualifications and is trying to oust &i( on t*o )asic clai(s6 ?e is not a natural )orn Filipino citi-en, )ut is in fact, an A(erican, )orn in ?a*aii, an integral portion of t&e %.+.A., *&o &olds an A(erican passport; ?e did not (eet t&e age reBuire(ent; and ?e &as a <green card< fro( t&e %.+. 3overn(ent. Assu(e t&at you are a (e()er of t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal *&ere t&e petition for Bro*nAs ouster is pending. ?o* *ould you decide t&e t&ree issues raised against &i(C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e first and t&ird grounds &ave no (erit. But t&e second is *ell ta=en and, t&erefore, Bro*n s&ould )e disBualified. 1. 5o)ert Bro*n is a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. A person )orn of a Filipino (ot&er and an alien fat&er )efore 2anuary 10, 190E, *&o t&ereafter upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, is a citi-en of t&e P&ilippines (Art. 7;, sec. 1(E!!. %nder Art. 7;, sec, 8 &e is also dee(ed a natural$)orn citi-en. 8. T&e 1onstitution reBuires, a(ong ot&er t&ings, t&at a candidate for (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives (ust )e at least 89 years of age <on t&e day of t&e election.< (Art. ;7, sec. !. As Bro*n *as )orn on May 19, 19 8, &e did not )eco(e 89 years old until May 19, 19/0. ?ence on May 11, 19/0, *&en t&e election *as &eld, &e *as # days s&ort of t&e reBuired age. E. T&e 1onstitution provides t&at t&ose *&o see= eit&er to c&ange t&eir citi-ens&ip or to acBuire t&e status of an i((igrant of anot&er country <during t&eir tenure< s&all )e dealt *it& )y la* (Art. :7, sec. 10!. T&e provision cannot apply to Bro*n for t&e follo*ing reasons6 First, Bro*n is in addition an A(erican citi-en and t&us &as a dual citi-ens&ip *&ic& is allo*ed )y t&e 1onstitution. (1f. Art. 7;, sec. #!, +econd, Bro*n did not see= to acBuire t&e status of an i((igrant, )ut is an A(erican )y )irt& under t&e principle of .us soli o)taining in t&e %nited +tates. T&ird, &e did not see= to c&ange &is status during &is tenure as a pu)lic officer. Fourt&, t&e provision of Art. :7, sec. 10 is not self$e'ecuting )ut reBuires an i(ple(enting la*. Fift&, )ut a)ove all, t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal &as no .urisdiction to decide t&is Buestion since it does not concern t&e Bualification of a (e()er$elect. Iualifications; 1ongress(en; (199E! "o. 16 7n 19 #. 5uffa, a Filipina do(estic &elper *or=ing in ?ong=ong, *ent to Taipei for a vacation, *&ere s&e (et 1&eng +io Pao. *&o( s&e (arried. %nder 1&inese >a*, 5uffa auto(atically )eca(e a 1&inese citi-en. T&e couple resided in ?ong=ong, *&ere on May 9, 19 9, 5uffa gave )irt& to a )oy na(ed ,rnest. %pon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority, ,rnest elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. After t&e ,D+A +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! ,rnest cannot )e disBualified. 8! ,rnest is not under$aged. ?aving )een )orn on May 9, 19 9, &e *as over t*enty$five years old on t&e date of t&e May 11, 199E election. (,lection *as &eld on May 11, 1998!. +ection , Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, reBuires congress(en to )e at least t*enty$five years of age on t&e day of t&e election. Iualifications; 1ongress(en; (1999! "o 777 $ 1. ;ictor A&(ad *as )orn on Dece()er 1 , 1908 of a Filipino (ot&er and an alien fat&er. %nder t&e la* of &is fat&erAs country, &is (ot&er did not acBuire &is fat&erAs citi-ens&ip. ;ictor consults you on Dece()er 81, 199E and infor(s you of &is intention to run for 1ongress in t&e 1999 elections. 7s &e Bualified to runC 4&at advice *ould you give &i(C 4ould your ans*er )e t&e sa(e if &e &ad seen and consulted you on Dece()er 1 , 1991 and infor(ed you of &is desire to run for 1ongress in t&e 1998 electionsC Discuss your ans*er. (EH! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 1. "o, ;ictor A&(ad is not Bualified to run for 1ongress in t&e 1999 elections. %nder +ection , Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives (ust )e at least t*enty$five (89! years of age on t&e day of t&e election. +ince &e *ill )e less t&an t*enty$five (89! years of age in 1999, ;ictor A&(ad is not Bualified to run. %nder +ection 8, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, to )e dee(ed a natural$)orn citi-en, ;ictor A&(ad (ust elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority. 7 s&all advise &i( to elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, if &e &as not yet done so, and to *ait until t&e 199/ elections. My ans*er *ill )e t&e sa(e if &e consulted (e in 1991 and infor(ed (e of &is desire to run in t&e 1998 elections. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56

1. %nder +ection 8, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, ;ictor A&(ad (ust &ave elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority to )e considered a natural )orn citi-en and Bualified to run for 1ongress. 5epu)lic Act "o. /F9 reduced t&e (a.ority age to eig&teen (1/! years. 1uenco v. +ecretary of 2ustice, 9 +15A 1F/ recogni-ed t&ree (E! years fro( reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority as t&e reasona)le period for electing P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. +ince 5epu)lic Act "o. /F9 too= effect in 19/9 and t&ere is no s&o*ing t&at ;ictor A&(ad elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip *it&in t&ree (E! years fro( t&e ti(e &e reac&ed t&e age of (a.ority on Dece()er 1 , 1991, &e is not Bualified to run for 1ongress. 7f &e consulted (e on Dece()er 1 , 1991, 7 *ould infor( &i( t&at &e s&ould elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip so t&at &e can )e considered a natural )orn citi-en. T&ree$Ter( >i(it6 1ongress(en (199 ! "o. 1E6 $ :, a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, *as serving &is t&ird consecutive ter( in t&e ?ouse. 7n 2une 199 &e *as appointed +ecretary of "ational Defense. 1an &e run for election to t&e +enate in t&e 199/ electionsC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, : can run for t&e +enate in t&e 19// election. %nder +ection 0, Article : of t&e 1onstitution, &aving served for t&ree consecutive ter(s as Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. : is only pro&i)ited fro( running for t&e sa(e position. T&ree$Ter( >i(it; 1ongress(en (8FF1! "o ; $ During &is t&ird ter(, <A<, a Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, *as suspended fro( office for a period of F days )y &is colleagues upon a vote of t*o$t&irds of all t&e Me()ers of t&e ?ouse. 7n t&e ne't succeeding election, &e filed &is certificate of candidacy for t&e sa(e position. <B<, t&e opposing candidate, filed an action for disBualification of <A< on t&e ground t&at t&e latterAs, candidacy violated +ection 0. Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution *&ic& provides t&at no Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives s&all serve for (ore t&an t&ree consecutive ter(s. <A< ans*ered t&at &e *as not )arred fro( running again for t&at position )ecause &is service *as interrupted )y &is FTday suspension *&ic& *as involuntary. 1an AAA, legally continue *it& &is candidacy or is &e already )arredC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 <A< cannot legally continue *it& &is candidacy. ?e *as elected as Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives for a t&ird ter(. T&is ter( s&ould )e included in t&e co(putation of t&e ter( li(its, even if <A< did not serve for a full ter(. (5ecord of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission, ;ol. n, p. 998.! ?e re(ained a Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives even if &e *as suspended. a! District representatives and Buestions of apportion(ent Appropriation of Pu)lic Funds; De)t +ervicing (1998! "o 1E6 ,'plain &o* t&e auto(atic appropriation of pu)lic funds for de)t servicing can )e reconciled *it& Article ;7, +ection 89(1! of t&e 1onstitution. +aid provision says t&at <no (oney s&all )e paid out of t&e Treasury e'cept in pursuance of an appropriation (ade )y la*<. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As stated in 3uingona vs. 1arague, 19 +15A 881, t&e presidential decrees providing for t&e appropriation of funds to pay t&e pu)lic de)t do not violate +ection 89(1!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution. T&ey provide for a continuing appropriation, t&ere is no constitutional pro&i)ition against t&is. T&e presidential decrees appropriate as (uc& (oney as is needed to pay t&e principal, interest, ta'es and ot&er nor(al )an=ing c&arges on t&e loan. Alt&oug& no specific a(ounts are (entioned, t&e a(ounts are certain )ecause t&ey can )e co(puted fro( t&e )oo=s of t&e "ational Treasury. Appropriation of Pu)lic Funds; Pu)lic Purposes (19//! "o. 06 $ Ta*i$Ta*i is a predo(inantly Mosle( province. T&e 3overnor, t&e ;ice$3overnor, and (e()ers of its +angguniang Panlala*igan are all Mosle(s. 7ts )udget provides t&e 3overnor *it& a certain a(ount as &is discretionary funds. 5ecently, &o*ever, t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan passed a resolution appropriating P1FF,FFF

as a special discretionary fund of t&e 3overnor, to. )e spent )y &i( in leading a pilgri(age of &is province(ates to Mecca, +audi Ara)ia, 7sla(As &oliest city. P&ilconsa, on constitutional grounds, &as filed suit to nullify t&e resolution of t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan giving t&e special discretionary fund to t&e 3overnor for t&e stated purpose. ?o* *ould you decide t&e caseC 3ive your reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e resolution is unconstitutional First, it violates art. ;7, sec. 89(8! of t&e 1onstitution *&ic& pro&i)its t&e appropriation of pu)lic (oney or property, directly or indirectly, for t&e use, )enefit or support of any syste( of religion, and, second, it contravenes art. ;7, sec, 89( ! *&ic& li(its t&e appropriation of discretionary funds only for pu)lic purposes. T&e use of discretionary funds for purely religious purpose is t&us unconstitutional, and t&e fact t&at t&e dis)urse(ent is (ade )y resolution of a local legislative )ody and not )y 1ongress does not (a=e it any less offensive to t&e 1onstitution. A)ove all, t&e resolution constitutes a clear violation of t&e "on$esta)lis&(ent 1lause (art. 777, sec. 9! of t&e 1onstitution. >a* passed )enefitting t&e interests of a (e()er of 1ongress (8F1F! "o. 9. 1ongress*o(an A is a co$o*ner of an industrial estate in +ta. 5osa, >aguna *&ic& s&e &ad declared in &er +tate(ent of Assets and >ia)ilities. A (e()er of &er political party aut&ored a )ill *ould provide a 9$year develop(ent plan for all industrial estates in t&e +out&ern Tagalog 5egion to attract foreign investors. T&e plan included an appropriation of 8 )illion pesos for construction of roads around t&e estates. 4&en t&e )ill finally )eca(e la*, a civil society *atc&dog Buestioned t&e constitutionality of t&e la* as it o)viously )enefitted 1ongress*o(an AGs industrial estate. Decide *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 The #"+ s 0onst t!t on"#. Se0t on 12/ A)t 0#e ;I o% the Const t!t on 'oes not ()oh 2 t the en"0t$ent o% " #"+ +h 0h + ## 2ene% t the nte)est o% " $e$2e) o% the Sen"te o) the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es. It on#1 )e<! )es th"t % the $e$2e) o% Con,)ess +hose 2!s ness nte)ests + ## 2e 2ene% tte' 21 the #"+ s the one +ho + ## % #e the 2 ##/ he sho!#' not %1 the Ho!se 0on0e)ne' o% the (otent "# 0on%# 0t o% nte)est. )! Party$list syste( Multi$Party +yste( (1999! "o :7; $ Discuss t&e (erits and de(erits of t&e (ulti$party syste(. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A (ulti$party syste( provides voters *it& a greater c&oice of candidates, ideas, and platfor(s instead of li(iting t&eir c&oice to t*o parties, *&ose ideas (ay )e sterile. 7t also leaves roo( for deserving candidates *&o are not accepta)le to t&ose *&o control t&e t*o do(inant parties to see= pu)lic office. @n t&e ot&er &and, a (ulti$party syste( (ay (a=e it difficult to o)tain a sta)le and *or=a)le (a.ority, since pro)a)ly no party *ill get a (a.ority. >i=e*ise, t&e opposition *ill )e *ea=ened if t&ere are several (inority parties. Party supported )y foreign funds (8F1F! "o. 1 . 5udy Do(ingo, E/ years old, natural$)orn Filipino and a resident of t&e P&ilippines since )irt& is a Manila$ )ased entrepreneur *&o runs MABAMA, a coalition of peopleGs organi-ations fro( fis&er fol= co((unities. MABAMAGs operations consist of e(po*ering fis&erfol= leaders t&roug& liveli&ood pro.ects and trainings on good governance. T&e Dutc& foundation for 3lo)al 7nitiatives, a private organi-ation registered in t&e "et&erlands, receives a &uge su)sidy fro( t&e Dutc& Foreign Ministry, *&ic&, in turn is allocated *orld*ide to t&e FoundationGs partners li=e MABAMA. 5udy see=s to register MABAMA as a party$list *it& &i(self as a no(inee of t&e coalition. 4ill MABAMA and 5udy )e Bualified as a party$list and a no(inee, respectivelyC Decide *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 =ABA=A "n' R!'1 ")e not <!"# % e' "s " (")t1 # st "n' "s no$ nee/ )es(e0t &e#1 s n0e =ABA=A s )e0e & n, " s!2s '1 %)o$ the D!t0h Fo)e ,n M n st)1. Un'e) Se0t on 256:/ A)t 0#e IX>C o% the

Const t!t on/ " (o# t 0"# (")t1 +h 0h s s!((o)te' 21 "n1 %o)e ,n ,o&e)n$ent 0"nnot 2e )e, ste)e' + th the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons. 1. >egislative privileges, in&i)itions and disBualifications >oans ,'tended to Me()ers of 1ongress (1991! "o. 96 A. After 8 Fe)ruary 19/0, t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= (P"B! grants a loan to 1ongress(an :. 7s t&e loan violative of t&e 1onstitutionC +uppose t&e loan &ad instead )een granted )efore 8 Fe)ruary 19/0, )ut *as outstanding on t&at date *it& a re(aining )alance on t&e principal in t&e a(ount of P9F,FFF.FF, can t&e P"B validly give 1ongress(an : an e'tension of ti(e after said date to settle t&e o)ligationC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. 4&et&er or not t&e loan is violative of t&e 19/0 1onstitution depends upon its purpose. 7f it *as o)tained for a )usiness purpose, it is violative of t&e 1onstitution. 7f it *as o)tained for so(e ot&er purpose, e.g., for &ousing. 7t is not violative of t&e 1onstitution )ecause under +ection 1 , Article :7. Me()ers of 1ongress are pro&i)ited fro( o)taining loans fro( govern(ent$o*ned )an=s only if it is for a )usiness purpose. 7f t&e loan *as granted )efore t&e effectivity of t&e 1onstitution on Fe)ruary 8, 19/0, t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= cannot e'tend its (aturity after Fe)ruary 8, 19/0, if t&e loan *as o)tained for a )usiness purpose. 7n suc& a case t&e e'tension is a financial acco((odation *&ic& is also pro&i)ited )y t&e 1onstitution. Pro&i)itions and 7n&i)itions of Pu)lic @ffice (8FF#! (E$a! 2A5 faces a dile((a6 s&ould &e accept a 1a)inet appoint(ent no* or run later for +enatorC ?aving succeeded in la* practice as *ell as prospered in private )usiness *&ere &e and &is *ife &ave su)stantial invest(ents, &e no* conte(plates pu)lic service )ut *it&out losing t&e fle'i)ility to engage in corporate affairs or participate in professional activities *it&in et&ical )ounds. Ta=ing into account t&e pro&i)itions and in&i)itions of pu)lic office *&et&er as +enator or +ecretary, &e turns to you for advice to resolve &is dile((a. 4&at is your adviceC ,'plain )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 s&all advise 2A5 to run for +,"AT@5. As a +enator, &e can retain &is invest(ents in &is )usiness, alt&oug& &e (ust (a=e a full disclosure of &is )usiness and financial interests and notify t&e +enate of a potential conflict of interest if &e aut&ors a )ill. (+ection 18, Article ;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution.! ?e can continue practicing la*, )ut &e cannot personally appear as counsel )efore any court of .ustice, t&e ,lectoral Tri)unals, or Buasi$.udicial and ot&er ad(inistrative )odies. (+ection 1#, Article ;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution.! As a (e()er of t&e 1a)inet, 2A5 cannot directly or indirectly practice la* or participate in any )usiness. ?e *ill &ave to divest &i(self of &is invest(ents in &is )usiness. (+ection 1E, Article ;77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution.! 7n fact, t&e 1onstitutional pro&i)ition i(posed on (e()ers of t&e 1a)inet covers )ot& pu)lic and private office or e(ploy(ent. (1ivil >i)erties %nion v. ,'ecutive +ecretary, 19# +15A E10! D. Iuoru( and voting (a.orities ,. Discipline of (e()ers Discipline; Modes of 5e(oval (199E! "o. 116 $ ?o* (ay t&e follo*ing )e re(oved fro( office6 1! +enators L 1ongress(en 8! 2udges of lo*er courts E! @fficers and e(ployees in t&e 1ivil +ervice +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! 7n accordance *it& Art. 777, section 1 (E!, of t&e 1onstitution, +enators and 1ongress(en (ay )e re(oved )y t&eir ,:P%>+7@" for disorderly )e&avior, *it& t&e concurrence of at least t*o$t&irds of all t&e (e()ers of t&e ?ouse to *&ic& t&ey )elong. 7n addition, t&ey (ay also )e re(oved in conseBuence of an election contest filed *it& t&e +enate or ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal.

8! As to 2udges, Art. ;777, sec. 11 of t&e 1onstitution, .... E! As to 1ivil +ervice ,(ployees, Art. 7:$B. +ec. 8(E! of t&e 1onstitution. Discipline; +uspension of a Me()er of t&e 1ongress (8FF8! "o 77. $ +i(eon ;alera *as for(erly a Provincial 3overnor *&o ran and *on as a Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives for t&e +econd 1ongressional District of lloilo. For violation of +ection E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act (5.A. "o.EF19!, as a(ended, allegedly co((itted *&en &e *as still a Provincial 3overnor, a cri(inal co(plaint *as filed against &i( )efore t&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an for *&ic&, upon a finding of pro)a)le cause, a cri(inal case *as filed *it& t&e +andigan)ayan. During t&e course of trial, t&e +andigan)ayan issued an order of preventive suspension for 9F days against &i(. 5epresentative ;alera Buestioned t&e validity of t&e +andigan)ayan order on t&e ground t&at, under Article ;7, +ection 1 (E! of t&e 1onstitution, &e can )e suspended only )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and t&at t&e cri(inal case against &i( did not arise fro( &is actuations as a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. 7s 5epresentative ;aleraAs contention correctC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention of 5epresentative ;alera is not correct As &eld in +antiago v. +andigan)ayan, E9 +15A E , t&e suspension conte(plated in Article ;7, +ection 1 (E! of t&e 1onstitution is a punis&(ent t&at is i(posed )y t&e +enate or ?ouse of 5epresentatives upon an erring (e()er, it is distinct fro( t&e suspension under +ection 1E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act, *&ic& is not a penalty )ut a preventive (easure. +ince +ection 1E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orruption Practices Act does not state t&at t&e pu)lic officer (ust )e suspended only in t&e office *&ere &e is alleged to &ave co((itted t&e acts *&ic& &e &as )een c&arged, it applies to any office *&ic& &e (ay )e &olding. F. ,lectoral tri)unals and t&e co((ission on appoint(ents 1. "ature 1o((ission on Appoint(ents (8FF8! "o 777 $ +uppose t&ere are 8F8 (e()ers in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. @f t&is nu()er, 1/9 )elong to t&e Progressive Party of t&e P&ilippines or PPP, *&ile 10 )elong to t&e 1iti-ens Party or 1P. ?o* *ould you ans*er t&e follo*ing Buestions regarding t&e representation of t&e ?ouse in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(entsC A. A ?o* (any seats *ould t&e PPP )e entitled to &ave in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(entsC ,'plain your ans*er fully. (9H! B. +uppose 19 of t&e 1P representatives, *&ile (aintaining t&eir party affiliation, entered into a political alliance *it& t&e PPP in order to for( t&e <5ain)o* 1oalitionAA in t&e ?ouse. 4&at effect, if any, *ould t&is &ave on t&e rig&t of t&e 1P to &ave a seat or seats in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(entsC ,'plain your ans*er fully. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e 1/9 (e()ers of t&e Progressive Party of t&e P&ilippines represent 91.9/ per cent of t&e 8F8 (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. 7n accordance *it& Article ;7, +ection 1/ of t&e 1onstitution, it is entitled to &ave ten of t&e t*elve seats in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents. Alt&oug& t&e 1/9 (e()ers of Progressive Party of t&e P&ilippines represent 1F.9/ seats in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, under t&e ruling in 3uingona v. 3on-ales, 81# +15A 0/9 (1998!, a fractional (e()ers&ip cannot )e rounded off to full (e()ers&ip )ecause it *ill result in over$representation of t&at political party and under$representation of t&e ot&er political parties. B. T&e political alliance for(ed )y t&e 19 (e()ers of t&e 1iti-ens Party *it& t&e Progressive Party of t&e P&ilippines *ill not result in t&e di(inution of t&e nu()er of seats in t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents to *&ic& t&e 1iti-ens Party is entitled. As &eld in 1unanan v. Tan, 9 +15A 1 (19 8!, a te(porary alliance )et*een t&e (e()ers of one political party and anot&er political party does not aut&ori-e a c&ange in t&e (e()ers&ip of t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, @t&er*ise, t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents *ill &ave to )e reorgani-ed as often as votes s&ift fro( one side to anot&er in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives 8. Po*ers ,lectoral Tri)unal; ?5,T Me()ersG 5ig&t L 5esponsi)ilities (8FF8!

"o 7;. 7n an election case, t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal rendered a decision up&olding t&e election protest of protestant A, a (e()er of t&e Freedo( Party, against protestee B, a (e()er of t&e Federal Party. T&e deciding vote in favor of A *as cast )y 5epresentative :, a (e()er of t&e Federal Party . For &aving voted against &is party (ate, 5epresentative : *as re(oved )y 5esolution of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, at t&e instance of &is party (t&e Federal Party!, fro( (e()ers&ip in t&e ?5,T. 5epresentative : protested &is re(oval on t&e ground t&at &e voted on t&e )asis of t&e evidence presented and contended t&at &e &ad security of tenure as a ?5,T Me()er and t&at &e cannot )e re(oved e'cept for a valid cause. 4it& *&ose contention do you agree, t&at of t&e Federal Party or t&at of 5epresentative :C 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 agree *it& t&e contention of 5epresentative :. As &eld 7n Bondoc v. Pineda, 8F1 +15A 098 (1991!, t&e (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal are entitled to security of tenure li=e (e()ers of t&e .udiciary. Me()ers&ip in it (ay not )e ter(inated e'cept for a .ust cause. Disloyalty to party is not a valid ground for t&e e'pulsion of a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal. 7ts (e()ers (ust disc&arge t&eir functions *it& i(partiality and independence fro( t&e political party to *&ic& t&ey )elong. ,lectoral Tri)unal; +enate; 2urisdiction (199F! "o. E6 N *as elected +enator in t&e May 19/0 national elections. ?e *as )orn out of *edloc= in 19#9 of an A(erican fat&er and a naturali-ed Filipina (ot&er. N never elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority. Before *&at )ody s&ould T, t&e losing candidate, Buestion t&e election of NC +tate t&e reasons for your ans*er. 7s N a Filipino citi-enC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! T, t&e losing candidate, s&ould Buestion t&e election of N )efore t&e +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal, )ecause t&e issue involved is t&e Bualification of N to )e a +enator. +ection 10, Article ;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at. T&e +enate and t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives s&all eac&$&ave an ,lectoral Tri)unal *&ic& s&all )e t&e sole .udge of all contests relating to t&e election, returns, and Bualifications of t&eir respective Me()ers.< (8! Nes, N is a natural )orn Filipino citi-en. ,lectoral Tri)unal; Functions L 1o(position (I9$8FF ! 1. 4&at is t&e function of t&e +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal and t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unalC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder Article ;7, +ection 10 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e +enate and ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unals s&all )e t&e sole .udge of all contests relating to t&e election, returns, and Bualifications of t&eir respective Me()ers. 8. 4&at is t&e co(position of eac&C (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 ,ac& ,lectoral Tri)unal s&all )e co(posed of "7", Me()ers, t&ree of *&o( s&all )e 2ustices of t&e +upre(e 1ourt to )e designated )y t&e 1&ief 2ustice, and t&e re(aining si' s&all )e Me()ers of t&e +enate or t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, as t&e case (ay )e, *&o s&all )e c&osen on t&e )asis of proportional representation fro( t&e political parties and t&e parties or organi-ations registered under t&e party$list syste( represented t&erein. T&e senior 2ustice in t&e ,lectoral Tri)unal s&all )e its 1&air(an (Article ;7, +ection 10,19/0 1onstitution!. 3. Po*ers of 1ongress 1. >egislative >a* Ma=ing; Process L Pu)lication (199E! "o. 8; ,rnest 1&eng, a )usiness(an, &as no =no*ledge of legislative procedure. 1&eng retains you as &is legal adviser and as=s enlig&ten(ent on t&e follo*ing (atters6 (1! 4&en does a )ill )eco(e a la* even *it&out t&e signature of t&e PresidentC (8! 4&en does t&e la* ta=e effectC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! %nder +ection 80(1!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, a )ill )eco(es a la* even *it&out t&e signature of t&e President if &e vetoed it )ut &is veto *as overriden )y t*o$t&irds vote of all t&e (e()ers of )ot& t&e +enate and t&e

?ouse of 5epresentatives and 7f t&e President failed to co((unicate &is veto to t&e ?ouse fro( *&ic& t&e )ill originated, *it&in t&irty days after t&e date of receipt of t&e )ill )y t&e President. 8! As &eld in Tanada vs. Tuvera, 1# +15A ## , a la* (ust )e pu)lis&ed as a condition for its effectivity and in accordance *it& Article 8 of t&e 1ivil 1ode, it s&all ta=e effect fifteen days follo*ing t&e co(pletion of its pu)lication in t&e @fficial 3a-ette or in a ne*spaper of general circulation unless it is ot&er*ise provided. (,'ecutive @rder "o. 898, 5evised Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/9! >egislative Po*er; Pres. ABuinoGs Ti(e (199F! "o. 1; $ ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1 and 8 issued )y President 1ora-on 1. ABuino created t&e Presidential 1o((ission on 3ood 3overn(ent (P133! and e(po*ered it to seBuester any property s&o*n pri(a facie to )e ill$gotten *ealt& of t&e late President Marcos, &is relatives and cronies. ,'ecutive @rder "o. 1# vests on t&e +andigan)ayan .urisdiction to try &idden *ealt& cases. @n April 1#, 19/ , after an investigation, t&e P133 seBuestered t&e assets of : 1orporation, 7nc. : 1orporation, 7nc. clai(ed t&at President ABuino, as President, could not la*fully issue ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1#, *&ic& &ave t&e force of la*, on t&e ground t&at legislation is a function of 1ongress. Decide. +aid corporation also Buestioned t&e validity of t&e t&ree e'ecutive orders on t&e ground t&at t&ey are )ills of attainder and, t&erefore, unconstitutional. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! T&e contention of : 1orporation s&ould )e re.ected. ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1# *ere issued in 19/ . At t&at ti(e President 1ora-on ABuino e'ercised legislative po*er +ection 1, Article 77 of t&e Provisional 1onstitution esta)lis&ed )y Procla(ation "o, E, provided6 <%ntil a legislature is elected and convened under a ne* constitution, t&e President s&all continue to e'ercise legislative po*er.< >i=e*ise, +ection , Article :;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution reads6 T&e incu()ent President s&all continue to e'ercise legislative po*er until t&e first 1ongress is convened.< 7n t&e case of Mapatiran ng (ga "agliling=od sa Pa(a$&alaan ng Pilipinas. 7nc. v. Tan, 1 E +15A E01. t&e +upre(e 1ourt ruled t&at t&e Provisional 1onstitution and t&e 19/0 1onstitution, )ot& recogni-ed t&e po*er of t&e president to e'ercise legislative po*ers until t&e first 1ongress created under t&e 19/0 1onstitution *as convened on 2uly 80, 19/0. (8! ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1# are not )ills of attainder. >egislative Po*ers (19/9! "o. 1#6 An e'isting la* grants govern(ent e(ployees t&e option to retire upon reac&ing t&e age of 90 years and co(pletion of at least EF years of total govern(ent service. As a fiscal retrenc&(ent (easure, t&e @ffice of t&e President later issued a Me(orandu( 1ircular reBuiring p&ysical incapacity as an additional condition for optional retire(ent age of 9 years. A govern(ent e(ployee, *&ose application for optional retire(ent *as denied )ecause &e *as )elo* 9 years of age and *as not p&ysically incapacitated, filed an action in court Buestioning t&e disapproval of &is application clai(ing t&at t&e Me(orandu( 1ircular is void. 7s t&e contention of t&e e(ployee correctC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e contention of t&e e(ployee is correct. 7n Marasigan vs. 1ru-, 19F +15 A 1, it *as &eld t&at suc& a (e(orandu( circular is void. By introducing p&ysical capacity as an additional condition for optional retire(ent, t&e (e(orandu( circular tried to a(end t&e la*. +uc& a po*er is lodged *it& t&e legislative )ranc& and not *it& t&e e'ecutive )ranc&. a! >egislative inBuiries and t&e oversig&t functions 7nvestigations in Aid of >egislation (1998! "o. /6 A case *as filed )efore t&e +andigan)ayan regarding a Buestiona)le govern(ent transaction. 7n t&e course of t&e proceedings, ne*spapers lin=ed t&e na(e of +enator 2. de >eon to t&e scandal. +enator de >eon too= t&e floor of t&e +enate to spea= on a <(atter of personal privilege< to vindicate &is &onor against t&ose <)aseless and (alicious< allegations. T&e (atter *as referred to t&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers, *&ic& proceeded to conduct a legislative inBuiry. T&e 1o((ittee as=ed Mr. ;ince >edes(a, a

)usiness(an lin=ed to t&e transaction and no* a respondent )efore t&e +andigan)ayan, to appear and to testify )efore t&e 1o((ittee. Mr >edes(a refuses to appear and file suit )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt to c&allenge t&e legality of t&e proceedings )efore t&e 1o((ittee. ?e also as=s *&et&er t&e 1o((ittee &ad t&e po*er to reBuire &i( to testify. 7dentify t&e issues 7nvolved and resolve t&e(. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e issues involved in t&is case are t&e follo*ing6 1. 4&et&er or not t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as .urisdiction to entertain t&e case; 8. 4&et&er or not t&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers &as t&e po*er to investigate a (atter *&ic& is involved in a case pending in court; and E. 4&et&er or not t&e petitioner can invo=e &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. All t&ese 7ssues *ere resolved in t&e case of Beng-on vs. +enate Blue 5i))on 1o((ittee, 8FE +15A 0 0. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as .urisdiction over t&e case (deter(ination of grave a)use of discretion!. T&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers &as no po*er to investigate t&e scandal. (no .udicial functions!. T&e petitioner can invo=e &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, )ecause t&is rig&t is availa)le in all proceedings. +ince t&e petitioner is a respondent in t&e case pending )efore t&e +andigan)ayan, &e (ay refuse to testify >egislative 7nBuiry and ,'ecutive Privilege (8F1F! "o. 1/. T&e ?ouse 1o((ittee on Appropriations conducted an inBuiry in aid of legislation into alleged irregular and ano(alous dis)urse(ents of t&e 1ountry*ide Develop(ent Fund (1DF! and 1ongressional 7nitiative Allocation (17A! of 1ongress(en as e'posed )y :, a Division 1&ief of t&e Depart(ent of Budget and Manage(ent (DBM!. 7(plicated in t&e Buestiona)le dis)urse(ents are &ig& officials of t&e Palace. T&e ?ouse 1o((ittee su((oned : and t&e DBM +ecretary to appear and testify. : refused to appear, *&ile t&e secretary appeared )ut refused to testify invo=ing e'ecutive privilege. a. May : )e co(pelled to appear and testifyC 7f yes, *&at sanction (ay )e i(posed on &i(C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 X $"1 2e 0o$(e##e' to "((e") "n' test %1. On#1 the P)es 'ent o) the E?e0!t &e Se0)et")1 21 o)'e) o% the P)es 'ent 0"n n&o@e e?e0!t &e () & #e,e. 5Sen"te o% the Ph # (( nes &. E)$ t"/ ABB SCRA 13 820079: He 0"n 2e 0 te' %o) 0onte$(t "n' o)'e)e' to 2e "))este'. 5De #" P"C &. Sen"te Co$$ ttee on Fo)e ,n Re#"t ons/ 6DE SCRA 621 8200E9:. ). 7s t&e Budget +ecretary s&ielded )y e'ecutive privilege fro( responding to t&e inBuiries of t&e ?ouse 1o((itteeC ,'plain )riefly. 7f t&e ans*er is no, is t&ere any sanction t&at (ay )e i(posed on &i(C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 The Se0)et")1 o% B!',et "n' M"n",e$ent s not sh e#'e' 21 e?e0!t &e () & #e,e %)o$ )es(on' n, to the n<! ) es o% the Ho!se Co$$ ttee on A(()o() "t ons/ 2e0"!se the n<! )1 s n " ' o% #e, s#"t on "n' ne the) the P)es 'ent no) the E?e0!t &e Se0)et")1 21 o)'e) o% the P)es 'ent n&o@e' e?e0!t &e P) & #e,e. 5Sen"te o% the Ph # (( nes & E)$ t"/ ABB SCRA 1 820079: Fo) )e%!s n, to test %1/ he $"1 2e 0 te' %o) 0onte$(t "n' o)'e)e' to 2e "))este'. 5De #" P"C & Sen"te Co$$ ttee on Fo)e ,n Re#"t ons/ 61E SCRA 621 8200E9:. @versig&t Functions (8F1F! T&e UPoverty Alleviation an Assistance ActV *as passed to en&ance t&e capacity of t&e (ost (arginali-ed fa(ilies nation*ide. A financial assistance sc&e(e called Uconditional cas& transfersV *as initially funded 9FF (illion pesos )y 1ongress. @ne of t&e provisions of t&e la* gave t&e 2oint$1ongressional @versig&t 1o((ittee t&e aut&ority to screen t&e list of )eneficiary fa(ilies initially deter(ined )y t&e +ecretary of Depart(ent of +ocial 4elfare and Develop(ent pursuant to t&e Depart(ent i(ple(enting rules. Mang Pandoy, a resident of +(o=ey Mountain in Tondo, Buestioned t&e aut&ority of t&e co((ittee. a. Does Mang Pandoy &ave legal standing to Buestion t&e la* On the "ss!$(t on th"t M"n, P"n'o1 s " 2ene% 0 ")1 o% the % n"n0 "# #e,"# "ss st"n0e/ he h"s #e,"# st"n' n, to <!est on the #"+. He $"1 2e ()eF!' 0e' 21 the $()o(e) s0)een n, o% the 2ene% 0 ")1 %"$ # es 5P)o& n0e o% B"t"n,"s &. Ro$!#o/ AE2 SRA D37 8200A9:. Bes 'es s n0e the $(#e$ent"t on o% the #"+ + ##

).

)e<! )e the e?(en' t!)e o% (!2# 0 %!n's/ "s " t"?("1e) M"n, P"n'o1 h"s #e,"# st"n' n, to <!est on the #"+. 5C)!C . Se0)et")1 o% En& )on$ent "n' N"t!)"# Reso!)0es/ 3AD SCRA 12B 820009:. 7s t&e grant of aut&ority to t&e @versig&t 1o((ittee to screen )eneficiaries constitutionalC Decide *it& reasons The ,)"nt o% "!tho) t1 to the O&e)s ,ht Co$$ ttee to s0)een 2ene% 0 ") es s !n0onst t!t on"#. It & o#"tes the () n0 (#e o% se(")"t on o% (o+e)s. B1 2e n, n&o#&e' n the $(#e$ent"t on o% #"+/ the O&e)s ,ht 0o$$ ttee + ## 2e e?e)0 s n, e?e0!t &e (o+e) 5A2"@"'" G!)o P")t1# st &. P) s $"/ 672 SCRA 261 8200B9.:

,'ecutive Privilege (8F1F! T&e ?ouse 1o((ittee on Appropriations conducted an inBuiry in aid of legislation into alleged irregular and ano(alous dis)urse(ents of t&e 1ountry*ide Develop(ent Fund (1DF! and 1ongressional 7nitiative Allocation (17A! of 1ongress(en as e'posed )y :, a Division 1&ief of t&e Depart(ent of Budget and Manage(ent (DBM!. 7(plicated in t&e Buestiona)le dis)urse(ents are &ig& officials of t&e Palace. T&e ?ouse 1o((ittee su((oned : and t&e DBM +ecretary to appear and testify. : refused to appear, *&ile t&e secretary appeared )ut refused to testify invo=ing e'ecutive privilege. o May : )e co(pelled to appear and testifyC 7f yes, *&at sanction (ay )e i(posed on &i(C X $"1 2e 0o$(e##e' to "((e") "n' test %1. On#1 the P)es 'ent o) the E?e0!t &e Se0)et")1 21 o)'e) o% the P)es 'ent 0"n n&o@e e?e0!t &e () & #e,e. 5Sen"te o% the Ph # (( nes &. E)$ t"/ ABB SCRA 13 820079: He 0"n 2e 0 te' %o) 0onte$(t "n' o)'e)e' to 2e "))este'. 5De #" P"C &. Sen"te Co$$ ttee on Fo)e ,n Re#"t ons/ 6DE SCRA 621 8200E9:. o 7s t&e Budget +ecretary s&ielded )y e'ecutive privilege fro( responding to t&e inBuiries of t&e ?ouse 1o((itteeC ,'plain )riefly. 7f t&e ans*er is no, is t&ere any sanction t&at (ay )e i(posed on &i(C The Se0)et")1 o% B!',et "n' M"n",e$ent s not sh e#'e' 21 e?e0!t &e () & #e,e %)o$ )es(on' n, to the n<! ) es o% the Ho!se Co$$ ttee on A(()o() "t ons/ 2e0"!se the n<! )1 s n " ' o% #e, s#"t on "n' ne the) the P)es 'ent no) the E?e0!t &e Se0)et")1 21 o)'e) o% the P)es 'ent n&o@e' e?e0!t &e P) & #e,e. 5Sen"te o% the Ph # (( nes & E)$ t"/ ABB SCRA 1 820079: Fo) )e%!s n, to test %1/ he $"1 2e 0 te' %o) 0onte$(t "n' o)'e)e' to 2e "))este'. 5De #" P"C & Sen"te Co$$ ttee on Fo)e ,n Re#"t ons/ 61E SCRA 621 8200E9:. >elgislative 7nBuiry (8FF9!

1ongress(an "onoy delivered a privilege speec& c&arging t&e 7ntercontinental %niversal Ban= (7%B! *it& t&e sale of unregistered foreign securities, in violation of 5A/099. ?e t&en filed, and t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives unani(ously approved, a 5esolution directing t&e ?ouse 1o((ittee on 3ood 3overn(ent (?133! to conduct an inBuiry on t&e (atter, in aid of legislation, in order to prevent t&e recurrence of any si(ilar fraudulent activity. T&e ?133 i((ediately sc&eduled a &earing and invited t&e responsi)le officials of 7%B, t&e 1&air(an and t&e 1o((issioners of t&e +ecurities and ,'c&ange 1o((ission (+,1! , and t&e 3overnor of t&e Bang=o +entral ng Pilipinas (B+P!. @n t&e date set for t&e &earing, only t&e +,1 1o((issioners appeared, pro(pting 1ongress(an "onoy to (ove for t&e issuance of t&e appropriate su)poena ad testificandu( to co(pel t&e attendance of t&e invited resource persons. T&e 7%B officials filed suit to pro&i)it ?133 fro( proceeding *it& t&e inBuiry and to Buas& t&e su)poena raising t&e follo*ing argu(ents6 a. T&e su).ect of t&e legislative investigation is also t&e su).ect of t&e cri(inal and civil actions pending )efore t&e courts and t&e prosecutorGs office; t&us, t&e legislative inBuiry *ould pre$e(pt .udicial action; and The "),!$ent s not ten"2#e4 s n0e th s s "n essent "# 0o$(onent o% #e, s#"t &e (o+e)/ t 0"nnot 2e $"'e s!2o)' n"te to 0) $ n"# "n' 0 & # "0t ons. Othe)+ se/ t +o!#' 2e &e)1 e"s1 to s!2&e)t "n1 n&est ,"t on n " ' o% #e, s#"t on th)o!,h the 0on&en ent (#o1 o% nst t!t n, 0) $ n"# "n' 0 & # "0t ons 5St"n'")' Ch")te)e' B"n@ & Sen"te Co$$ ttee on B"n@s/ F n"n0 "# Inst t!t ons "n' C!))en0 es/ 6A1 SCRA A67 8200D9: ). 1o(pelling t&e 7%B officials, *&o are also respondents in t&e cri(inal and civil cases in court, to testify at t&e inBuiry *ould violate t&eir constitutional rig&t against self$incri(ination (EH! Are foregoing argu(ents tena)leC

c.

The "),!$ent s !nten"2#e. S n0e the IUB o%% 0 "#s +e)e not 2e n, s!2Fe0te' to " 0) $ n"# (en"#t1/ the1 0"nnot n&o@e the ) ) ,ht "," nst se#%> n0) $ n"t on !n#ess " <!est on 0"## n, %o) "n n0) $ n"t n, "ns+e) s ()o(o!n'e'. 5St"n'")' Ch")te)e' B"n@ & Sen"te Co$$ ttee on B"n@s/ F n"n0 "# Inst t!t ons "n' C!))en0 es/ 6A1 SCRA A67 8200D9: May t&e 3overnor of t&e B+P validly invo=e e'ecutive privilege and t&us refuse to attend t&e legislative inBuiryC 4&y or *&y notC No/ 2e0"!se the (o+e) to n&o@e e?e0!t &e () & #e,e s # $ te' to the P)es 'ent 5Sen"te o% the Ph # (( nes &. E)$ t"/ ABB SCRA 1 820079: )! Bica(eral conference co((ittee c! >i(itations on legislative po*er (i! >i(itations on revenue, appropriations and tariff (easures

Appropriation of Pu)lic Funds (19//! "o. 6 $ Metropolitan ne*spapers &ave reported t&at t&e P&ilippine 3a(es and A(use(ent 1orporation (PA31@5! gives &efty contri)utions to Malacanang, to fund <socio$econo(ic and civic pro.ects< of t&e President, T&e reports add t&at for 19// alone, so(e si' &undred (illion (P FFM! pesos &ave already )een ear(ar=ed for re(ittance to t&e @ffice of t&e President. PA31@5 &ad also )een reported to &ave funded, as coordinated )y a 1ongress(an fro( Mindanao, special pro.ects of Buite a nu()er of (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. Assu(ing t&at (oney earned )y PA31@5 fro( its operations are pu)lic funds, are suc& contri)utions to MalacaWang and to certain 1ongress(en and t&eir e'penditure as reported, legalC 1ite constitutional or decisional rules in support of your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contri)utions (ade to MalacaWang and to certain congress(en are 7llegal. %nder art. ;7, sec. 89(1! no (oney can )e paid out of t&e Treasury e'cept in pursuance of an appropriation (ade )y la*. T&e dis)urse(ent of pu)lic funds )y PA31@5, not )eing (ade pursuant to an appropriation (ade )y la*, violates t&e 1onstitution. >a*$Ma=ing; Appropriation Bill (199 ! "o 96 Are t&e follo*ing )ills filed in 1ongress constitutionalC A )ill originating fro( t&e +enate *&ic& provides for t&e creation of t&e Pu)lic %tility 1o((ission to regulate pu)lic service co(panies and appropriating t&e initial funds needed to esta)lis& t&e sa(e. ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A )ill providing for t&e creation of t&e Pu)lic %tility 1o((ission to regulate pu)lic service co(panies and appropriating funds needed to esta)lis& it (ay originate fro( t&e +enate. 7t is not an appropriation )ill, )ecause t&e appropriation of pu)lic funds is not t&e principal purpose of t&e )ill. 7n Association of +(all >ando*ners of t&e P&ilippines, 7nc. vs. +ecretary of Agrarian 5efor( 109 +15A E#E, it *as &eld t&at a la* is not an appropriate (easure if t&e appropriation of pu)lic funds is not its principal purpose and t&e appropriation is only incidental to so(e ot&er o).ective. >a*$Ma=ing; Appropriation >a*; Auto(atic 5ene*al L Po*er of Aug(entation (199/! "o :7. $ +uppose t&e President su)(its a )udget *&ic& does not contain provisions for 1DF (1ountry*ide Develop(ent Funds!, popularly =no*n as t&e por= )arrel, and )ecause of t&is 1ongress does not pass t&e )udget. 1. 4ill t&at (ean parali-ation of govern(ent operations in t&e ne't fiscal year for lac= of an appropriation la*C (8H! 8. +uppose in t&e sa(e )udget, t&ere is a special provision in t&e appropriations for t&e Ar(ed Forces aut&ori-ing t&e 1&ief of +taff, AFP, su).ect to t&e approval of t&e +ecretary of "ational Defense, to use savings in t&e appropriations provided t&ereto to cover up *&atever financial losses suffered )y t&e AFP 5etire(ent and +eparation Benefits +yste( (5+B+! in t&e last five (9! years due to alleged )ad )usiness .udg(ent. 4ould you Buestion t&e constitutionality validity of t&e special provisionC JEHK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. "o, t&e failure of 1ongress to pass t&e )udget *ill not paraly-e t&e operations of t&e 3overn(ent.

+ection 89(0!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <7f, )y t&e end of any fiscal year, t&e 1ongress s&all &ave failed to pass t&e general appropriations )ill for t&e ensuing fiscal year, t&e general appropriations la* for t&e preceding fiscal year s&all )e dee(ed reenacted and s&all re(ain in force and effect until t&e general appropriations )ill is passed )y t&e 1ongress. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8. Nes, t&e provision aut&ori-ing t&e 1&ief of +taff, *it& t&e approval of t&e +ecretary of "ational Defense, to use savings to cover t&e losses suffered )y t&e AFP 5etire(ent and +eparation Benefits +yste( is unconstitutional. +ection 89(9K, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <"o la* s&all )e passed aut&ori-ing any transfer of appropriations; &o*ever, t&e President, t&e President of t&e +enate, t&e +pea=er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, t&e 1&ief 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, and t&e &eads of 1onstitutional 1o((issions (ay, )y la*, )e aut&ori-ed to aug(ent any ite( in t&e general appropriation la* for t&eir respective offices fro( savings in ot&er 7te(s of t&eir respective appropriations.< 7n P&ilippine 1onstitution vs ,nriBue-, 8E9 +15A 9F , 9##, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at a provision in t&e 3eneral Appropriation Act aut&ori-ing t&e 1&ief of +taff to use savings to aug(ent t&e funds of t&e AFP 5etire(ent and +eparation Benefits +yste(s *as unconstitutional. <4&ile +ection 89(9! allo*s as an e'ception t&e realign(ent of savings to aug(ent ite(s in t&e general appropriations la* for t&e e'ecutive )ranc&, suc& rig&t (ust and can )e e'ercised only )y t&e President pursuant to a specific la*.< >a*$Ma=ing; Appropriation >a*; 5ider Provision (8FF1! "o ;77 $ +uppose t&at t&e fort&co(ing 3eneral Appropriations >a* for Near 8FF8, in t&e portion pertaining to t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports, *ill contain a provision to t&e effect t&at t&e 5eserve @fficers Training 1ourse (5@T1! in all colleges and universities is &ere)y a)olis&ed, and in lieu t&ereof all (ale college students s&all )e reBuired to plant ten (1F! trees every year for t*o (8! years in areas to )e designated )y t&e Depart(ent of ,nviron(ent and "atural 5esources in coordination *it& t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports and t&e local govern(ent unit concerned. 7t furt&er provides t&at t&e sa(e provision s&all )e incorporated 7n future 3eneral appropriations Acts. T&ere is no specific ite( of appropriation of funds for t&e purpose.1o((ent on t&e constitutionality of said provision. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e provision is unconstitutional, )ecause it is a rider. +ection 89(8!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution provides, <"o provision or enact(ent s&all )e e()raced in t&e general appropriations )ill unless it relates specifically to so(e particular appropriation t&erein.< T&e a)olition of t&e 5eserve @fficers Training 1ourse involves a policy (atter. As &eld in P&ilippine 1onstitution Association vs. ,nriBue-, 8E9 +15A 9F (199#!, t&is cannot )e incorporated in t&e 3eneral Appropriations Act )ut (ust )e e()odied in a separate la*. (ii! Presidential veto and 1ongressional override >a*$Ma=ing; @verriding t&e Presidential ;eto (1991! "o. 86 T&e President signs into la* t&e Appropriations Act passed )y 1ongress )ut s&e vetoes separate ite(s t&erein, a(ong *&ic& is a provision stating t&at t&e President (ay not increase an ite( of appropriation )y transfer of savings fro( ot&er ite(s. T&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives c&ooses not to override t&is veto. T&e +enate, &o*ever, proceeds to consider t*o options6 (1! to override t&e veto and (8! to c&allenge t&e constitutionality of t&e veto )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt. a! 7s option (1! via)leC 7f so. *&at is t&e vote reBuired to override t&e vetoC )! 7s option (8! via)leC 7f not. *&y notC 7fvvia)le, &o* s&ould t&e 1ourt decide t&e caseC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! @ption 1 is not via)le in as (uc& as t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, fro( *&ic& t&e Appropriations Act originated and to *&ic& t&e President (ust &ave returned t&e la*, is un*illing to override t&e presidential veto. T&ere is, t&erefore, no )asis for t&e +enate to even consider t&e possi)ility of overriding t&e PresidentAs veto. %nder t&e 1onstitution t&e vote of t*o$t&ird of all t&e (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and t&e +enate, voting separately, *ill )e needed to override t&e presidential veto. ()! 7t is not feasi)le to Buestion t&e constitutionality of t&e veto )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt. 7n 3on-ales vs. Macaraig, 191 +15A 198, t&e +upre(e 1ourt up&eld t&e constitutionality of a si(ilar veto. %nder Article ;7, +ec. 80(8! of t&e 1onstitution, a distinct and severa)le part of t&e 3eneral Appropriations act (ay )e t&e su).ect of a

separate veto. Moreover, t&e vetoed provision does not relate to any particular appropriation and is (ore an e'pression of a congressional policy in respect of aug(entation fro( savings t&an a )udgetary provision. 7t is t&erefore an inappropriate provision and it s&ould )e treated as an ite( for purposes of t&e veto po*er of t&e President. T&e +upre(e 1ourt s&ould up&old t&e validity of t&e veto in t&e event t&e Buestion is )roug&t )efore it. >a*$Ma=ing; Passage of a >a* (19//! "o. 186 $ 8. A )ill upon filing )y a +enator or a Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives goes t&roug& specified steps )efore it leaves t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives or t&e +enate, as t&e case (ay )e. After leaving t&e legislature, please na(e t&e t&ree (et&ods )y *&ic& said )ill (ay )eco(e a la*. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A )ill passed )y 1ongress (ay )eco(e a la* in any of t&e follo*ing cases6 7f it is signed into la* )y t&e President. (Art. ;7, sec. 80(1!!. 7f it is re$passed over t&e PresidentAs veto )y t&e vote of t*o t&irds of all t&e (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and of t&e +enate. (7d.! 7f t&e President fails to veto it *it&in t&irty days after receipt t&ereof and co((unicate t&e veto to t&e ?ouse fro( *&ic& it originated, (7d.! President; Participation; >egislative Process (199 ! "o. 06 1an t&e President ta=e active part in t&e legislative processC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, T&e President can ta=e active part in t&e legislative process to t&e e'tent allo*ed )y t&e 1onstitution. ?e can address 1ongress at any ti(e to propose t&e enact(ent of certain la*s. ?e reco((ends t&e general appropriations )ill. ?e can call a special session of 1ongress at any ti(e. ?e can certify to t&e necessity of t&e i((ediate enact(ent of a )ill to (eet a pu)lic cala(ity or e(ergency. ?e can veto a )ill. Poc=et ;eto and >ine ite( ;eto (8F1F! Distinguis& )et*een Upoc=et vetoV and Uite( vetoV. A (o0@et &eto s +hen the ()es 'ent s 0ons 'e)e' to h"&e )eFe0te' " 2 ## s!2$ tte' to h $ %o) h s "(()o&"# +hen Con,)ess "'Fo!)ns '!) n, the (e) o' , &en to the P)es 'ent to "(()o&e o) )eFe0t " 2 ##. On the othe) h"n'/ "n te$ &eto/ o) " (")t "# &eto s the (o+e) o% the P)es 'ent to n!## %1 o) 0"n0e# s(e0 % 0 ()o& s ons o% " 2 ##/ !s!"##1 " 2!',et "(()o() "t ons 2 ##/ + tho!t &eto n, the ent )e #e, s#"t &e ("0@",e. 8. "on$legislative a! 7nfor(ing function "on$>egislative Po*ers (19//! "o. 186 >egislative po*ers &ad )een vested )y t&e 1onstitution in t&e 1ongress of t&e P&ilippines. 7n addition, t&e 1onstitution also granted t&e la*(a=ing )ody, non$legislative po*ers. Mindly na(e five of t&e latter. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1ongress &as t&e follo*ing non$legislative po*ers6 (1! To act as national )oard of canvassers for President and ;ice President. (Art. ;77, sec. #!. (8! To decide *&et&er t&e President is te(porarily disa)led in t&e event &e reassu(es &is office after t&e 1a)inet, )y a (a.ority of vote of its (e()ers, declared t&at &e is una)le to disc&arge t&e po*ers and duties of &is office and no* *it&in five days insists t&at t&e President is really una)le to disc&arge t&e po*ers and duties of t&e presidency. (Art. ;77, sec. 11! (E! To concur in t&e grant of a(nesty )y t&e President. (Art. ;77, sec. 19!, (#! To initiate t&roug& t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and, t&roug& t&e +enate, to try all cases of i(peac&(ent against t&e President, ;ice President, t&e Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, t&e Me()ers of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issions and t&e @()uds(an, for culpa)le violation of t&e 1onstitution, treason, )ri)ery, graft and corruption, ot&er &ig& cri(es, or )etrayal of pu)lic trust. (Art. :7, secs. 8$E!. (9! To act as a constituent asse()ly for t&e revision or a(end(ent of t&e 1onstitution. (Art. :;77!.

 "on$>egislative Po*ers; ,(ergency Po*ers; 5eBuisites (1990! "o. 116 During a period of national e(ergency. 1ongress (ay grant e(ergency po*ers to t&e President, +tate t&e conditions under *&ic& suc& vesture is allo*ed. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection 8E(8!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution. 1ongress (ay grant t&e President e(ergency po*ers su).ect to t&e follo*ing conditions6 (1! T&ere is a *ar or ot&er national e(ergency6 (8! T&e grant of e(ergency po*ers (ust )e for a li(ited period; (E! T&e grant of e(ergency po*ers is su).ect to suc& restrictions as 1ongress (ay prescri)e; and (#! T&e e(ergency po*ers (ust )e e'ercised to carry out a declared national policy. I;. E?e0!t &e De(")t$ent A. Privileges, in&i)itions and disBualifications 1. Presidential i((unity Presidential 7((unity fro( +uit (1990! "o. 1E6 %pon co(plaint of t&e incu()ent President of t&e 5epu)lic, <A< *as c&arged *it& li)el )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt. <A< (oved to dis(iss t&e infor(ation on t&e ground t&at t&e 1ourt &ad no .urisdiction over t&e offense c&arged )ecause t&e President, )eing i((une fro( suit, s&ould also )e disBualified fro( filing a case against <A< in court. 5esolve t&e (otion. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e (otion s&ould )e denied according to +oliven us. Ma=asiar, 1 0 +15A E9E, t&e i((unity of t&e President fro( suit is personal to t&e President. 7t (ay )e invo=ed )y t&e President only and not )y any ot&er person. 8. Presidential privilege

Presidential co((unications Privilege (8F1F! Distinguis& UPresidential co((unications privilegeV fro( Udeli)erative process privilege.V P)es 'ent "# 0o$$!n 0"t ons () & #e,e "((# es to 'e0 s on>$"@ n, o% the P)es 'ent. The 'e# 2e)"t &e ()o0ess () & #e,e "((# es to 'e0 s on>$"@ n, o% e?e0!t &e o%% 0 "#s. Un# @e the H'e# 2e)"t &e ()o0ess () & #e,e/I Hthe ()es 'ent "# 0o$$!n 0"t ons () & #e,eI "((# es to 'o0!$ents n the ) ent )et1 "n' 0o&e)s % n"# "n' (ost> 'e0 s on"# $"tte)s/ "s +e## "s ()e>'e# 2e)"t &e ones. The 'e# 2e)"t &e ()o0ess () & #e,e n0#!'es "'& so)1 o( n ons/ )e0o$$en'"t ons "n' 'e# 2e)"t ons 0o$() s n, (")t o% " ()o0ess 21 +h 0h ,o&e)n$ent"# 'e0 s ons "n' (o# 0 es ")e %o)$!#"te'. 5Ne) &. Sen"te Co$$ ttee on A00o!nt"2 # t1 o% P!2# 0 O%% 0e)s "n' In&est ,"t ons/ 6AE SCRA DD 8200B9: B. Po*ers 1. ,'ecutive and ad(inistrative po*ers in general Ad(in >a*; Po*er of t&e President to 5eorgani-e Ad(inistrative +tructure (8FFE! "o ;7 $ T&e President a)olis&ed t&e @ffice of t&e Presidential +po=es(an in Malacanang Palace and a long$standing Bureau under t&e Depart(ent of 7nterior and >ocal 3overn(ents. T&e e(ployees of )ot& offices assailed t&e action of t&e President for )eing an encroac&(ent of legislative po*ers and t&ere)y void. 4as t&e contention of t&e e(ployees correctC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention of t&e e(ployees is not correct. As &eld in Bu=lod ng Ma*aning ,?B v. Ra(ora. E F +15A 01/ J8FF1K, +ection E1, Boo= 777 of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0 &as delegated to t&e President continuing aut&ority to reorgani-e t&e ad(inistrative structure of t&e @ffice of t&e President to ac&ieve si(plicity, econo(y and efficiency. +ince t&is includes t&e po*er to a)olis& offices, t&e President can a)olis& t&e @ffice of t&e Presidential +po=es(an, provided it is done in good fait&. T&e President can also a)olis& t&e Bureau in t&e Depart(ent of 7nterior and >ocal 3overn(ents, provided it is done in good fait& )ecause t&e President &as )een granted continuing aut&ority to reorgani-e t&e ad(inistrative structure of t&e "ational 3overn(ent to effect econo(y and pro(ote

efficiency, and t&e po*ers include t&e a)olition of govern(ent offices. (Presidential Decree "o. 1#1 , as a(ended )y Presidential Decree "o. 1008; >arin v. T&e ,'ecutive +ecretary. 8/F +15A 01E J1990K!. 8. Po*er of appoint(ent a! 7n general Appointing Po*er; 1ategories of @fficials (1999! A. 1.! 4&at are t&e si' categories of officials *&o are su).ect to t&e appointing po*er of t&e PresidentC (8H! 8.! "a(e t&e category or categories of officials *&ose appoint(ents need confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(entsC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection 1 , Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e si' categories of officials *&o are su).ect to t&e appointing po*er of t&e President are t&e follo*ing6 1. ?ead of e'ecutive depart(ents; 8. A()assadors, ot&er pu)lic (inisters and consuls; E. @fficers of t&e ar(ed forces fro( t&e ran= of colonel or naval captain; #. @t&er officers *&ose appoint(ents are vested in &i( )y t&e 1onstitution; 9. All ot&er officers of t&e govern(ent *&ose appoint(ents are not ot&er*ise provided )y la*; and . T&ose *&o( &e (ay )e aut&ori-ed )y la* to appoint. (1ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 199/ ed., pp. 8F#$8F9! (7t is suggested t&at if t&e e'a(inee follo*ed t&e classification in +ar(iento v. Mison, 19 +15A 9#9 and na(ed only four categories, )ecause &e co()ined t&e first t&ree categories into one, &e )e given full credit.! 8.! According to +ar(iento v. Mison, 19 +15A 9#9, t&e only officers *&ose appoint(ents need (7t is suggested t&at if t&e e'a(inee follo*ed t&e classification in +ar(iento v. Mison, 19 +15A 9#9 and na(ed only four categories, )ecause &e co()ined t&e first t&ree categories into one, &e )e given full credit.! 8.! According to +ar(iento v. Mison, 19 +15A 9#9, t&e only officers *&ose appoint(ents need confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents are t&e &ead of e'ecutive depart(ents, a()assadors, ot&er pu)lic (inisters and consuls, officers of t&e ar(ed forces fro( t&e ran= of colonel or naval captain, and ot&er officials *&ose appoint(ents are vested in t&e President )y t&e 1onstitution. )! 1o((ission on appoint(ents confir(ation Appointing Po*er; ad interi( appoint(ents (1991! "o. E6 $ @n E May 1998, *&ile 1ongress is on a s&ort recess for t&e elections, t&e president appoints 5enato de +ilva to t&e ran= of 3eneral (#$star! in t&e Ar(ed Forces. +&e also designates &i( as 1&ief of +taff of t&e AFP. ?e i((ediately ta=es &is oat& and assu(es t&at office, *it& t&e ran= of #$star 3eneral of t&e AFP. 4&en 1ongress resu(es its session on 10 May 1998, t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents infor(s t&e @ffice of t&e President t&at it &as received fro( &er office only t&e appoint(ent of De +ilva to t&e ran= of #$star 3eneral and t&at unless &is appoint(ent to t&e @ffice of t&e 1&ief of +taff of t&e AFP is also su)(itted, t&e 1o((ission *ill not act on t&e (atter. T&e President (aintains t&at s&e &as su)(itted to t&e 1o((ission all t&at t&e 1onstitution calls for. (a! 4&o is correctC ()! Did 3en. de +ilva violate t&e 1onstitution in i((ediately assu(ing office prior to a confir(ation of &is appoint(entC (c! Are t&e appoint(ent and designation validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e President is correct. %nder Presidential Decree "o. E F, t&e grade of four$star general is conferred only upon t&e 1&ief of +taff. ?ence, t&e appoint(ent of 5enato de +ilva as a four$star general (ust )e dee(ed to carry *it& it &is appoint(ent as 1&ief of +taff of t&e AFP, ()! 3en. 5enato de +ilva did not violate t&e 1onstitution *&en &e i((ediately assu(ed office )efore t&e confir(ation of &is appoint(ent, since &is appoint(ent *as an ad interi( appoint(ent. %nder Article ;7 7, +ec. 1 of t&e 1onstitution, suc& appoint(ent is i((ediately effective and is su).ect only to disapproval )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents or as a result of t&e ne't ad.ourn(ent of t&e 1ongress. (c! T&e appoint(ent and designation of 3en. de +ilva are valid for reasons given a)ove. ?o*ever, fro( anot&er point of vie* t&ey are not valid )ecause t&ey *ere (ade *it&in t&e period of t&e )an for (a=ing appoint(ents. %nder Article ;77, +ec. 19 t&e President is pro&i)ited fro( (a=ing appoint(ents *it&in t&e period of t*o (8! (ont&s preceding t&e election for President and ;ice President. T&e appoint(ent in t&is case *ill )e (ade on May

E, 1998 *&ic& is .ust / days a*ay fro( t&e election for President and ;ice President on May 11, 1998. For t&is reason t&e appoint(ent and designation of 3en. de +ilva are after all invalid. J"ote6 May E, 1991 and May 10, 1998 are +undays. ?o*ever t&e 1o((ittee finds no relevance in t&e fact t&at t&ese are &olidays and t&erefore decided to ignore t&is fact.K Appointing Po*er; Ad 7nteri( Appoint(ents (199#! "o. 1 ; 7n Dece()er 19//, *&ile 1ongress *as in recess, A *as e'tended an ad interi( appoint(ent as Brigadier 3eneral of t&e P&ilippine Ar(y, in Fe)ruary 19/9. 4&en 1ongress *as in session, B *as no(inated as Brigadier 3eneral of t&e P&ilippine Ar(y. BAs no(ination *as confir(ed on August 9, 19/9 *&ile AAs appoint(ent *as confir(ed on +epte()er 9, 19/9. 4&o is dee(ed (ore senior of t&e t*o, A or BC +uppose 1ongress ad.ourned *it&out t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents acting on )ot& appoint(ents, can A and B retain t&eir original ran=s of colonelC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! A is senior to B. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in +u((ers vs. @-aeta. /1 P&il. 09#, t&e ad interi( appoint(ent e'tended to A is per(anent and is effective upon &is acceptance alt&oug& it is su).ect to confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents. 8! 7f 1ongress ad.ourned *it&out t&e appoint(ents of A and B &aving )een confir(ed )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, A cannot return to &is old position. As &eld in +u((ers vs. I-aeta, /1 P&il. 09#, )y accepting an ad interi( appoint(ent to a ne* position, A *aived &is rig&t to &old &is old position. @n t&e ot&er &and, since B did not assu(e t&e ne* position, &e retained &is old position. Appointing Po*er; Appoint(ents 5eBuiring 1onfir(ation; 5A 909$%nconstitutional (8FF8! "o ; $ @n Dece()er 1E, 199F, t&e President signed into la* 5epu)lic Act "o. 909 (su)seBuently a(ended )y 5A "o. /991! creating t&e Depart(ent of 7nterior and >ocal 3overn(ent. +ections 8 and E1 of t&e la* provide t&at senior officers of t&e P&ilippine "ational Police (P"P!, fro( +enior +uperintendent, 1&ief +uperintendent, Deputy Director 3eneral to Director 3eneral or 1&ief of P"P s&all, a(ong ot&ers, )e appointed )y t&e President su).ect to confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents. 7n 1991 t&e President pro(oted 1&ief +uperintendent 5o)erto Matapang and +enior +uperintendent 1onrado Ma&igpit to t&e positions of Director and 1&ief +uperintendent of t&e P"P, respectively. T&eir appoint(ents *ere in a per(anent capacity. 4it&out undergoing confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, Matapang and Ma&igpit too= t&eir oat& of office and assu(ed t&eir respective positions. T&ereafter, t&e Depart(ent of Budget and Manage(ent aut&ori-ed dis)urse(ents for t&eir salaries and ot&er e(olu(ents. 2uan Bantay filed a ta'payerAs suit Buestioning t&e legality of t&e appoint(ents and dis)urse(ents (ade. Bantay argues t&at t&e appoint(ents are invalid inas(uc& as t&e sa(e &ave not )een confir(ed )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, as reBuired under +ections 8 and E1 of 5.A. "o. 909. Deter(ine *it& reasons t&e legality of t&e appoint(ents and t&e dis)urse(ents for salaries )y discussing t&e constitutional validity of +ections 8 and E1 of 5.A. "o. 909. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e appoint(ents of Matapang and Ma&igpit are valid even if t&ey *ere not confir(ed )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, )ecause t&ey are not a(ong t&e pu)lic officials *&ose appoint(ents are reBuired to )e confir(ed )y t&e first sentence of Article ;77, +ection 1 of t&e 1onstitution. According to Manalo v. +isto-a, E18 +15A 8E9 (1999!, +ections 8 and E1 of 5epu)lic Act 909 are unconstitutional, )ecause 1ongress cannot )y la* e'pand t&e list of pu)lic officials reBuired to )e confir(ed )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents. +ince t&e appoint(ents of Matapang and Ma&igpit are valid, t&e dis)urse(ents of t&eir salaries and e(olu(ents are valid. c! Midnig&t appoint(ents Appointing Po*er; >i(itations on Presidential Appoint(ents (1990! "o. 06 A (ont& )efore a fort&co(ing election, <A< one of t&e incu()ent 1o((issioners of t&e 1@M,>,1, died *&ile in office and <B<, anot&er 1o((issioner, suffered a severe stro=e. 7n vie* of t&e pro'i(ity of t&e elections and to avoid paraly-ation in t&e 1@M,>,1, t&e President *&o *as not running for any office, appointed 1o((issioner 1 of t&e 1o((ission on Audit, *&o *as not a la*yer )ut a certified pu)lic accountant )y profession,

ad interi( 1o((issioner to succeed 1o((issioner A and designated )y *ay of a te(porary (easure. Associate 2ustice D of t&e 1ourt of Appeals as acting Associate 1o((issioner during t&e a)sence of 1o((issioner B. Did t&e President do t&e rig&t t&ing in e'tending suc& ad interi( appoint(ent in favor of 1o((issioner 1 and designating 2ustice D acting 1o((issioner of t&e 1@M,>,1C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o. T&e President *as *rong in e'tending an ad interi( appoint(ent in favor of 1o((issioner 1. 7n +u((ers vs. @-aeta, /1 P&il. 09#, it *as &eld t&at an ad interi( appoint(ent is a per(anent appoint(ent. %nder +ection 19, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, *it&in t*o (ont&s i((ediately )efore t&e ne't presidential elections and up to t&e end of &is ter(, t&e President cannot (a=e per(anent appoint(ents. T&e designation of 2ustice D as acting Associate 1o((issioner is also invalid. +ection 1(8!. Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution pro&i)its t&e designation of any 1o((issioner of t&e 1@M,>,1 in a te(porary or acting capacity. +ection 18, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution pro&i)its t&e designation of any (e()er of t&e 2udiciary to any agency perfor(ing Buasi$.udicial or ad(inistrative functions. d! Po*er of re(oval E. Po*er of control and supervision a! Doctrine of Bualified political agency )! ,'ecutive depart(ents and offices c! >ocal govern(ent units 3overn(ent Appoint(ent of Budget @fficer; control vs supervision (1999! "o ; $ D. @n May 10, 19//, t&e position of Provincial Budget @fficer of Province : )eca(e vacant. Pedro 1asta&on, governor of t&e province, pursuant to +ec. 1 of ,.@. "o. 118, su)(itted t&e na(es of t&ree no(inees for t&e aforesaid position to t&e Depart(ent of Budget Manage(ent (DBM!, one of *&o( *as t&at of Marta Ma&on&on. A (ont& later, 1asta&on infor(ed t&e DBM t&at Ma&on&on &ad assu(ed t&e office of PB@ and reBuested t&at s&e )e e'tended t&e appropriate appoint(ent. T&e DBM +ecretary appointed 2osefa Malayon instead. 1asta&on protested t&e appoint(ent of Malayon insisting t&at it is &e *&o &ad t&e rig&t to c&oose t&e PB@ )y su)(itting t&e na(es of &is t&ree no(inees and Malayon *as not one of t&e(. T&e DBM countered t&at none of t&e governorAs no(inees &ave t&e necessary Bualifications for t&e position. +pecifically, Ma&on&on lac=ed t&e five$year e'perience in )udgeting. ?ence, t&e DBM *as left *it& no alternative )ut to na(e one *&o possesses all t&e reBuisite Bualifications in t&e person of Malayon. 7t cited +ection .F of t&e DBM >ocal Budget 1ircular "o. E1 *&ic& states, <T&e DBM reserves t&e rig&t to fill up any e'isting vacancy *&ere none of t&e no(inees of t&e local c&ief e'ecutive (eet t&e prescri)ed reBuire(ents.< (a! 4as t&e DBMAs appoint(ent validC (8H! ()! 4&at can you say regarding t&e a)ove$Buoted +ection .F of DBMAs >ocal Budget 1ircular "o. E1C ,'plain your ans*ers. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 D. (a! %nder +ection 1 of ,'ecutive @rder "o. 118, t&e Provincial Budget @fficer (ust )e reco((ended )y t&e 3overnor. +ince 2osefa Malayon *as not reco((ended )y t&e 3overnor, &er appoint(ent is not valid. As &eld in +an 2uan v. 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, 19 +15A 9, if t&e person reco((ended )y t&e 3overnor is not Bualified, *&at t&e +ecretary of Budget and Manage(ent s&ould do is to as= &i( to reco((end so(eone *&o is eligi)le. ()! DBM >ocal Budget 1ircular "o. E1 is not valid, since it is inconsistent *it& ,'ecutive @rder "o. 118, *&ic& reBuires t&at t&e appointee for Provincial Budget @fficer )e reco((ended )y t&e 3overnor. (%nder t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, it is no* t&e local c&ief e'ecutive *&o is e(po*ered to appoint t&e )udget officer!. >ocal 3overn(ent Po*ers (8F1F! AB1 operates an industrial *aste processing plant *it&in >aoag 1ity. @ccasionally, *&enever fluid su)stances are released t&roug& a near)y cree=, o)no'ious odor is e(itted causing di--iness a(ong residents in Brangay >a Pa-. @n co(pliant of t&e Punong Barangay, t&e 1ity Mayor *rote AB1 de(anding t&at it a)ate t&e nuisance. T&is *as ignored. An invitation to attend a &earing called )y t&e +angguniang Panglunsod *as also declined )y t&e president of AB1. T&e city govern(ent t&ereupon issued a cease and desist order to stop t&e operations of t&e plant, pro(pting AB1 to file a petition for in.unction )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt, arguing t&at t&e city govern(ent did not &ave any po*er to a)ate t&e alleged nuisance. Decide *it& reasons.

The 0 t1 ,o&e)n$ent h"s no (o+e) to sto( the o(e)"t ons o% the (#"nt. S n0e ts o(e)"t ons s not " n! s"n0e (e) se/ the 0 t1 ,o&e)n$ent 0"nnot "2"te t e?t)"F!' 0 "##1. A s! t $!st 2e % #e' n 0o!)t. 5AC Ente)() ses/ In0. &. F)"2e##e P)o(e)t es Co)(o)"t on/ 607 SCRA 726 820079: #. Military po*ers 1alling$out Po*er; President (I1$8FF ! 1. 4&at do you (ean )y t&e <1alling$out Po*er< of t&e President under +ection 1/, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitutionC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder Article ;77, +ec. 1/ of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, *&enever it )eco(es necessary, t&e President, as 1o((ander$ in$1&ief, (ay call out t&e ar(ed forces to aid &i( in preventing or suppressing la*less violence, invasion or re)ellion (David v. Arroyo, 3.5. "o. 101E9 , May E, 8FF !. Declaration; +tate of 1ala(ity; >egal ,ffects (I1$8FF9! ()! To give t&e (uc& needed &elp to t&e Province of Aurora *&ic& *as devastated )y typ&oons and torrential rains, t&e President declared it in a <state of cala(ity.< 3ive at least four (#! legal effects of suc& declaration. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Declaration of a state of cala(ity produces, inter alia, t&ese legal effects *it&in t&e Province of Aurora S 1. Auto(atic Price 1ontrol S under 5.A. "o. 09/1, T&e Price Act; 8. Aut&ori-ation for t&e i(portation of rice under 5.A. "o. /10/, T&e Agricultural Tarrification Act; E. Auto(atic appropriation under 5.A. "o. 01 F is availa)le for unforeseen e'penditures arising fro( t&e occurrence of cala(ities in areas declared to )e in a state of cala(ity; #. >ocal govern(ent units (ay enact a supple(ental )udget for supplies and (aterials or pay(ent of services to prevent danger to or loss of life or property, under 5.A. "o. 01 F; 9. ,ntitle(ent to &a-ard allo*ance for Pu)lic ?ealt& 4or=ers (under 5.A. "o. 0EF9, Magna 1arta for Pu)lic ?ealt& 4or=ers!, *&o s&all )e co(pensated &a-ard allo*ances eBuivalent to at least t*enty$five percent (89H! of t&e (ont&ly )asic salary of &ealt& *or=ers receiving salary grade 19 and )elo*, and five percent (9H! for &ealt& *or=ers *it& salary grade 8F and a)ove; . ,ntitle(ent to &a-ard allo*ance for science and tec&nological personnel of t&e govern(ent under 5.A. "o. /#E9; and 0. A cri(e co((itted during t&e state of cala(ity *ill )e considered aggravated under Art. 1#, par. 0 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode. Declaration; +tate of "ational ,(ergency (I1$8FF ! 8. @n Fe)ruary 8#, 8FF , President 3loria Macapagal$Arroyo issued Procla(ation "o. 1F10 declaring a state of national e(ergency. 7s t&is Procla(ation constitu$tionalC ,'plain. (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e procla(ation is constitutional insofar as it constitutes a call )y t&e President for t&e AFP to prevent or suppress la*less violence as t&is is sustained )y +ection 1/, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution. ?o*ever, PP 1F10As provisions giving t&e President e'press or i(plied po*er (1! to issue decrees; (8! to direct t&e AFP to enforce o)edience to all la*s even t&ose not related to la*less violence as *ell as decrees pro(ulgated )y t&e President; and (E! to i(pose standards on (edia or any for( of prior restraint on t&e press, are ultra vires and unconstitutional. >i=e*ise, under +ection 10, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e President, in t&e a)sence of legislation, cannot ta=e over privately$o*ned pu)lic utilities and )usinesses affected *it& t&e pu)lic interest (David v. Arroyo, 3.5. "o. 101E9 , May E, 8FF !. E. During t&e effectivity of t&is Procla(ation, 3ener, >ito and Bong *ere arrested )y t&e police for acts of terroris(. 7s t&e arrest legalC ,'plain. (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e arrest, apparently done *it&out a valid *arrant, is illegal. ?o*ever, a *arrantless arrest *ould )e valid if t&ose accused are caug&t co((itting cri(es en flagrante delicto. @n t&e ot&er &and, if t&e arrest is (ade pursuant to a

valid *arrant, t&en it is la*ful. T&e ter( <acts of terroris(< &as not )een legally defined and (ade punis&a)le )y 1ongress. "o la* &as )een enacted to guide t&e la* enforce(ent agents, and eventually t&e courts, to deter(ine t&e li(its in (a=ing arrests for t&e co((ission of said acts of terroris( (David v. Arroyo, 3.5. "o. 101E9 , May E, 8FF !. Martial >a* L +uspension of 4rit of ?a)eas 1orpus (19/0! "o. :;776 @ne of t&e features of t&e govern(ent esta)lis&ed under t&e 19/0 1onstitution is t&e restoration of t&e principle of c&ec=s and )alances. T&is is especially note*ort&y in t&e 1o((ander$in$1&ief po*ers of t&e President *&ic& su)stantially affects *&at *as styled under t&e past dispensation as t&e <cali)rated response< to national e(ergencies, (a! Discuss fully t&e provisions of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, giving t&e scope, li(its and t&e role of t&e principle of c&ec=s and )alances on t&e PresidentAs e'ercise of t&e po*er6 To suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus Procla(ation of (artial la*. ()! 1onsidering t&e pressing pro)le(s of insurgency, re)el activities, li)eration (ove(ents and terrorist violence, *&ic& in your considered opinion a(ong t&e options availa)le to t&e President as 1o((ander$in$1&ief *ould )e t&e (ost effective in (eeting t&e e(ergencies )y t&e nationC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e PresidentAs po*er to suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus and to proclai( (artial la* is su).ect to several c&ec=s )y 1ongress and )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt. T&e President is reBuired to report to 1ongress *it&in #/ &ours &is action in declaring (artial la* or suspending t&e privilege of t&e *rit, and 1ongress is in turn reBuired to convene, if it is not in session, *it&in 8# &ours follo*ing t&e procla(ation of (artial la* or t&e suspension of t&e privilege *it&out need of any call, in accordance *it& its rules. T&e procla(ation of (artial la* or suspension of t&e *rit is effective for F days only, )ut 1ongress can cut s&ort its effectivity )y revo=ing t&e procla(ation )y t&e vote of at least a (a.ority of all its (e()ers, voting, .ointly. Any e'tension of t&e procla(ation of (artial la* or suspension of t&e *rit can only )e granted )y 1ongress *&ic& *ill deter(ine also t&e period of suc& e'tension. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e +upre(e 1ourt e'ercises a c&ec= on ,'ecutive action in t&e for( of .udicial revie* at t&e instance of any citi-en. T&e 1onstitution e()odies in t&is respect t&e ruling in 3arcia v. >ansang, #8 +15A ##/ (1901! t&at t&e 1ourt can deter(ine t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e procla(ation of (artial la* or t&e suspension of t&e privilege or t&e e'tension t&ereof not for t&e purpose of supplanting t&e .udg(ent of t&e President )ut to deter(ine *&et&er t&e latter did not act ar)itrarily. 7ndeed, Art. ;777, +ec. 1 i(poses upon t&e courts t&e duty of deter(ining *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of t&e ot&er )ranc&es of t&e govern(ent, in t&is case, t&e President. T&e President cannot, )y (eans of t&e procla(ation of (artial la*, suspend t&e 1onstitution or supplant t&e courts and t&e legislature. "eit&er can &e aut&ori-e t&e trial of civilians )y (ilitary tri)unals so long as courts are open and functioning, t&us overruling t&e case of ABuino v. Military 1o((ission "o. 8, E +15A 9# (1909!. ?is procla(ation of (artial la* does not carry *it& it t&e suspension of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus, so t&at t&e decision on ABuino v. Ponce ,nrile, 99 +15A 1/E (190E! is no* overruled. "or does t&e suspension of t&e *rit deprive courts of t&eir po*er to ad(it persons to )ail, *&ere proper. T&e 1onstitution t&us overrules t&e cases of 3arcia$ Padilla v. Ponce ,nrile, 181 +15A #08 (19/E! and Morales v. Ponce ,nrile. 181 +15A 9E/ (19/E!. ()! T&e President &as t&ree options6 (1! T@ 1A>> @%T t&e ar(ed forces to prevent or suppress la*less violence, invasion or re)ellion; (8! T@ +%+P,"D t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus or (E! T@ P5@1>A7M (artial la*. T&e last t*o options can )e resorted to only in cases of invasion or re)ellion *&en pu)lic safety reBuires eit&er t&e supension of t&e privilege or t&e procla(ation of (artial la*. 7t is su)(itted t&at t&e (ost effective (eans of (eeting t&e current e(ergency *&ic& is )roug&t a)out )y re)ellion, li)eration (ove(ents, and terroris( is to si(ply call out t&e ar(ed forces for t&e follo*ing reasons6 1! t&e e'igencies to )e (et are not solely t&ose caused )y invasion or re)ellion )ut terroris( and ot&er cri(es. 8! +uspension of t&e privilege *ill only )e for a li(ited period and t&en t&e period of retention is li(ited to E days *&ic& (ay not really )e effective. @n t&e ot&er &and, pu)lic criticis( of t&e action (ay only erode t&e PresidentAs aut&ority. E! T&ere is practically little difference, as far as t&e a)ility of t&e President to (eet an e(ergency is concerned, )et*een option 1, on t&e ot&er &and, t&e options 8 and E. T&e President (ay *ell ta=e co(fort in t&e follo*ing t&oug&t6 <3overn(ent of li(ited po*er need not )e ane(ic govern(ent. Assurance t&at rig&ts are secure tends to di(inis& fear and .ealousy of strong govern(ent, and, )y

(a=ing us feel safe to live under it (a=es for its )etter support.< (4est ;s. +tate Brd. of ,duc. v. Barnette, E19 %.+. 8# (19#E!! Martial >a*; >i(itations (8FFF! "o :;77. Declaring a re)ellion, &ostile groups &ave opened and (aintained ar(ed conflicts on t&e 7slands of +ulu and Basilan. a! To Buell t&is, can t&e President place under (artial la* t&e islands of +ulu and BasilanC 3ive your reasonsC (EH! )! 4&at are t&e constitutional safeguards on t&e e'ercise of t&e PresidentAs po*er to proclai( (artial la*C (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! 7f pu)lic safety reBuires it, t&e President can place +ulu and Basilan under (artial la* since t&ere is an actual re)ellion. %nder +ection 1/, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e President can place any part of t&e P&ilippines under (artial la* in case of re)ellion, *&en pu)lic safety reBuires it. )! T&e follo*ing are t&e constitutional safeguards on t&e e'ercise of t&e po*er of t&e President to proclai( (artial la*6 a! T&ere (ust )e actual invasion or re)ellion; )! T&e duration of t&e procla(ation s&all not e'ceed si'ty days6 c! 4it&in forty$eig&t &ours, t&e President s&all report &is action to 1ongress. 7f 1ongress is not in session, it (ust convene *it&in t*enty$four &ours; d! 1ongress (ay )y (a.ority vote of all its (e()ers voting 2ointly revo=e t&e procla(ation, and t&e President cannot set aside t&e revocation; e! By t&e sa(e vote and in t&e sa(e (anner, upon 7nitiative of t&e President, 1ongress (ay e'tend t&e procla(ation 7f t&e invasion or re)ellion continues and pu)lic safety reBuires t&e e'tension; f! T&e +upre(e 1ourt (ay revie* t&e factual sufficiency of t&e procla(ation, and t&e +upre(e 1ourt (ust decide t&e case *it&in t&irty days fro( t&e ti(e it *as filed; g! Martial la* does not auto(atically suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus or t&e operation of t&e 1onstitution. &! 7t does not supplant t&e functioning of t&e civil courts and of 1ongress. Military courts &ave no 2urisdiction over civilians *&ere civil courts are a)le to function. (1ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 1999 ed., pp. 81ET81#.! Martial >a*; +ufficiency of t&e Factual Basis (IE$8FF ! T&e President issued a Procla(ation "o. 1F1/ placing t&e P&ilippines under Martial >a* on t&e ground t&at a re)ellion staged )y la*less ele(ents is endangering t&e pu)lic safety. Pursuant to t&e Procla(ation, suspected re)els *ere arrested and detained and (ilitary tri)unals *ere set up to try t&e(. 5o)ert dela 1ru-, a citi-en, filed *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt a petition Buestioning t&e validity of Procla(ation "o. 1F1/. 1. Does 5o)ert &ave a standing to c&allenge Procla(ation "o. 1F1/C ,'plain. (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, 5o)ert &as standing. %nder Article ;777, +ection 10 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e +upre(e 1ourt (ay revie*, in an appropriate proceeding filed )y any citi-en, t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e procla(ation of (artial la*. As citi-en t&erefore, 5o)ert (ay file t&e petition Buestioning Procla(ation "o. 1F1/. 8. 7n t&e sa(e suit, t&e +olicitor 3eneral contends t&at under t&e 1onstitution, t&e President as 1o((ander$in$1&ief, deter(ines *&et&er t&e e'igency &as arisen reBuiring t&e e'ercise of &is po*er to declare Martial >a* and t&at &is deter(ination is conclusive upon t&e courts. ?o* s&ould t&e +upre(e 1ourt ruleC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e +upre(e 1ourt s&ould rule t&at &is deter(ination is not conclusive upon t&e courts. T&e 19/0 1onstitution allo*s a citi-en, in an appropriate proceeding, to file a petition Buestioning t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of said procla(ation. Moreover, t&e po*er to suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus and t&e po*er to i(pose (artial la* involve t&e curtail(ent and suppression of certain )asic civil rig&ts and individual freedo(s, and t&us necessitate safeguards )y 1ongress and revie* )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt (7BP v. Ra(ora, 3.5. "o. 1#18/#, August 19, 8FFF!. E. T&e +olicitor 3eneral argues t&at, in any event, t&e deter(ination of *&et&er t&e re)ellion poses danger to pu)lic safety involves a Buestion of fact and t&e +upre(e 1ourt is not a trier of facts. 4&at s&ould )e t&e ruling of t&e 1ourtC (8.9H!

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 2udicial po*er includes t&e duty of t&e courts of .ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent (Art. ;in, +ec. 1, par. 8,19/0 1onstitution!. 4&en t&e grant of po*er is Bualified, conditional or su).ect to li(itations, t&e issue of *&et&er t&e prescri)ed Bualifications or conditions &ave )een (et or t&e li(itations respected, is .usticia)le S t&e pro)le( )eing one of legality or validity, not its *isdo(. Article ;77, +ection 1/ of t&e 19/0 1onstitution specifically grants t&e +upre(e 1ourt t&e po*er to revie*, in an appropriate proceeding filed )y any citi-en, t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e procla(ation of (artial la*. T&us, in t&e (atter of suc& declaration, t*o conditions (ust concur6 (1! t&ere (ust )e an actual invasion or re)ellion; and (8! pu)lic safety (ust reBuire it. T&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot renege on its constitutional duty to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&e said factual conditions e'ist (7BP v. Ra(ora, 3.5. "o. 1#18/#, August 19, 8FFF!. #. Finally, t&e +olicitor 3eneral (aintains t&at t&e President reported to 1ongress suc& procla(ation of Martial >a*, )ut 1ongress did not revo=e t&e procla(ation. 4&at is t&e effect of t&e inaction of 1ongress on t&e suit )roug&t )y 5o)ert to t&e +upre(e 1ourtC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e inaction of 1ongress &as no effect on t&e suit )roug&t )y 5o)ert to t&e +upre(e 1ourt as Article ;777, +ection 1/ provides for c&ec=s on t&e PresidentAs po*er to declare (artial la* to )e e'ercised separately )y 1ongress and t&e +upre(e 1ourt. %nder said provision, t&e duration of (artial la* s&all not e'ceed si'ty days )ut 1ongress &as t&e po*er to revo=e t&e procla(ation or e'tend t&e period. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as t&e po*er to revie* t&e said procla(ation and pro(ulgate its decision t&ereon *it&in t&irty days fro( its filing (Article ;777, +ection 1/!. 9. Pardoning po*er a! "ature and li(itations Pardoning Po*er; A(nesty (199E! "o 8F6 $ T&e "ational %nification 1o((ission &as reco((ended t&e grant of a)solute and unconditional a(nesty to all re)els. T&ere is t&e vie* t&at it is not necessary for t&e re)els to ad(it t&e co((ission of t&e cri(e c&arged, it )eing enoug& t&at t&e offense falls *it&in t&e scope of t&e a(nesty procla(ation follo*ing t&e doctrine laid do*n in BarrioBuinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8. 7n ot&er *ords, ad(ission of guilt is not a condition sine Bua non for t&e avail(ent of a(nesty. 7s t&is correctC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e vie* t&at it is not necessary for re)els to ad(it t&e co((ission of t&e cri(e c&arged in order to avail t&e(selves of t&e )enefits of a(nesty is not correct. As stated in ;era v. People, 0 +15A 19 , t&e doctrine laid do*n in BorrioBuinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8 &as )een overturned. A(nesty presupposes t&e co((ission of a cri(e. 7t is inconsistent for so(eone to see= for forgiveness for a cri(e *&ic& &e denies &aving co((itted. (People vs. Pasilan, 1# +15A 9#!. Pardoning Po*er; A(nesty (1999! "o. 96 >ucas, a ran=ing (e()er of t&e "DF, *as captured )y police(en *&ile a)out to )oard a passenger )us )ound for +orsogon. 1&arged *it& re)ellion &e pleaded not guilty *&en arraigned. Before trial &e *as granted a)solute pardon )y t&e President to allo* &i( to participate in t&e peace tal=s )et*een t&e govern(ent and t&e co((unist re)els. E. 7nstead of a pardon, (ay t&e President grant t&e accused a(nesty if favora)ly reco((ended )y t&e "ational A(nesty 1o((issionC ,'plain. #. May t&e accused avail of t&e )enefits of a(nesty despite t&e fact t&e &e continued to profess innocenceC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E. T&e President (ay grant t&e accused a(nesty. According to BarrioBuinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8, A(nesty (ay )e granted )efore or after t&e institution of t&e cri(inal prosecution. #. "o, t&e accused cannot avail of t&e )enefits of a(nesty if &e continues to profess &is innocence. 7n ;era vs. People, 0 +15A 198. since a(nesty presupposes t&e co((ission of a cri(e. 7t is inconsistent for an accused to see= forgiveness for so(et&ing *&ic& &e clai(s &e &as not co((itted.

 Pardoning Po*er; Breac& of 1ondition; 5evocation (I9$8FF9! (1! Bruno still &ad several years to serve on &is sentence *&en &e *as conditionally pardoned )y t&e President. A(ong t&e conditions i(posed *as t&at &e *ould <not again violate any of t&e penal la*s of t&e P&ilippines.< Bruno accepted all of t&e conditions and *as released. +&ortly t&ereafter, Bruno *as c&arged *it& 8 counts of estafa. ?e *as t&en incarcerated to serve t&e i e'pired portion of &is sentence follo*ing t&e revocation )y t&e President of t&e pardon. BrunoAs fa(ily filed a petition for &a)eas corpus, alleging t&at it *as error to &ave &i( reco((itted as t&e c&arges *ere false, in fact, &alf of t&e( *ere already dis(issed. 5esolve t&e petition *it& reasons. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition s&ould not )e given due course. T&e grant of pardon and t&e deter(ination of t&e ter(s and conditions of a conditional pardon are P%5,>N ,:,1%T7;, A1T+ *&ic& are not su).ect to .udicial scrutiny. T&e acceptance t&ereof )y t&e convict or prisoner carried *it& it t&e aut&ority or po*er of t&e ,'ecutive to deter(ine *&et&er a condition or conditions of t&e pardon &as or &ave )een violated. 4&ere t&e President opts to revo=e t&e conditional pardon given, no .udicial pronounce(ent of guilt of a su)seBuent cri(e is necessary, (uc& less conviction t&erefor )y final .udg(ent of a court, in order t&at a convict (ay )e reco((ended for t&e violation of &is conditional pardon. T&e deter(ination of t&e occurrence of a )reac& of a condition of a pardon, and t&e proper conseBuences of suc& )reac&, is a purely e'ecutive act, not su).ect to .udicial scrutiny. (Torres v. 3on-ales, 3.5. "o. 0 /08, 2uly 8E, 19/0! Pardoning Po*er; Minds (19//! "o. 8#6 T&e first paragrap& of +ection 19 of Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution providing for t&e pardoning po*er of t&e President, (entions reprieve, co((utation, and pardon. Please define t&e t&ree of t&e(, and differentiate one fro( t&e ot&ers. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ter(s *ere defined and distinguis&ed fro( one anot&er in People v. ;era, 9 P&il. 9 , 111T118 (19EF!, as follo*s6 (1! 5,P57,;, is a postpone(ent of t&e e'ecution of a sentence to a day certain, (8! 1@MM%TAT7@" is a re(ission of a part of t&e punis&(ent, a su)stitution of less penalty for t&e one originally i(posed. (E! A PA5D@", on t&e ot&er &and, is an act of grace, proceeding fro( t&e po*er entrusted *it& t&e e'ecution of t&e la*s *&ic& e'e(pts t&e individual on *&o( it is )esto*ed fro( t&e punis&(ent t&e la* inflicts for a cri(e &e &as co((itted. Pardoning Po*er; Pardon, 1onditional (1990! "o. 1 ; A *&ile serving i(prison(ent for estafa. upon reco((endation of t&e Board of Pardons and Parole, *as granted pardon )y t&e President on condition t&at &e s&ould not again violate any penal la* of t&e land. >ater, t&e Board of Pardons and Parole reco((ended to t&e President t&e cancellation of t&e pardon granted &i( )ecause A &ad )een c&arged *it& estafa on 8F counts and *as convicted of t&e offense c&arged alt&oug& &e too= an appeal t&erefro( *&ic& *as still pending. As reco((ended, t&e President canceled t&e pardon &e &ad granted to A. A *as t&us arrested and i(prisoned to serve t&e )alance of &is sentence in t&e first case. A clai(ed in &is petition for &a)eas corpus filed in court t&at &is detention *as illegal )ecause &e &ad not yet )een convicted )y final .udg(ent and *as not given a c&ance to )e &eard )efore &e *as reco((itted to prison. 7s AAs argu(ent validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e argu(ent of A is not valid. As &eld in Torres vs. 3on-ales. 198 +15A 808 a .udicial pronounce(ent t&at a convict *&o *as granted a pardon su).ect to t&e condition t&at &e s&ould not again violate any penal la* is not necessary )efore &e can )e declared to &ave violated t&e condition of &is pardon. Moreover, a &earing is not necessary )efore A can )e reco((itted to prison. By accepting t&e conditional pardon, A, agreed t&at t&e deter(ination )y t&e President t&at &e violated t&e condition of &is pardon s&all )e conclusive upon &i( and an order for &is arrest s&ould at once issue. Discipline; ,ffect of Pardon 3ranted in Favor of Pu)lic @fficers (1999!

"o 7; $ 1. A 1ity Assistant Treasurer *as convicted of ,stafa t&roug& falsification of pu)lic docu(ent. 4&ile serving sentence, &e *as granted a)solute pardon )y t&e President. 1 Assu(ing t&at t&e position of Assistant 1ity Treasurer &as re(ained vacant, *ould &e )e entitled to a reinstate(ent *it&out t&e need of a ne* appoint(entC ,'plain. (8H! 8 7f later t&e sa(e position )eco(es vacant, could &e reapply and )e reappointedC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. 1.! As &eld in Monsanto v. Factoran, 10F +15A 19F, pardon (erely frees t&e individual fro( all t&e penalties and legal disa)ilities i(posed upon &i( )ecause of &is conviction. 7t does not restore &i( to t&e pu)lic office relinBuis&ed )y reason of t&e conviction. F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 8.! T&e Assistant 1ity Treasurer can reapply and )e appointed to t&e position, since t&e pardon re(oved t&e disBualification to &old pu)lic office. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 8.! T&e Assistant 1ity Treasurer cannot reapply and )e appointed to t&e position, %nder Article E of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode, a pardon does not restore t&e rig&t to &old pu)lic office unless suc& rig&t )e e'pressly restored )y t&e pardon; )! For(s of e'ecutive cle(ency Pardoning Po*er; ,'ec 1le(ency; Pardon (1999! "o. 96 >ucas, a ran=ing (e()er of t&e "DF, *as captured )y police(en *&ile a)out to )oard a passenger )us )ound for +orsogon. 1&arged *it& re)ellion &e pleaded not guilty *&en arraigned. Before trial &e *as granted a)solute pardon )y t&e President to allo* &i( to participate in t&e peace tal=s )et*een t&e govern(ent and t&e co((unist re)els. (1! 7s t&e pardon of t&e President validC ,'plain. (8! Assu(ing t&at t&e pardon is valid, can >ucas re.ect itC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e pardon is not valid. %nder +ection 19, Article ;77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, pardon (ay )e granted only after conviction )y final 2udg(ent. 8. Nes, >ucas can re.ect t&e pardon As &eld in %nited +tates vs. 4ilson, 0 Pet. 19F and Burdic= vs. %nited +tates, 80# %.+. #/F. acceptance is essential to co(plete t&e pardon and t&e pardon (ay )e re.ected )y t&e person to *&o( it is tendered, for it (ay inflict conseBuences of greater disgrace t&an t&ose fro( *&ic& it purports to relieve. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o, >ucas cannot re.ect t&e pardon. According to Biddle vs. Perovic&, 80# %.+. #/F, acceptance is not necessary, for t&e grant of pardon involves a deter(ination )y t&e President t&at pu)lic *elfare *ill )e )etter served )y inflicting less t&an *&at t&e .udg(ent fi'ed. Pardoning Po*er; ,'ecutive 1le(ency (1990! "o. 19; 3overnor A *as c&arged ad(inistratively *it& oppression and *as placed under preventive suspension fro( office during t&e pendency of &is case. Found guilty of t&e c&arge, t&e President suspended &i( fro( office for ninety days. >ater, t&e President granted &i( cle(ency )y reducing t&e period of &is suspension to t&e period &e &as already served. T&e ;ice 3overnor Buestioned t&e validity of t&e e'ercise of e'ecutive cle(ency on t&e ground t&at it could )e granted only in cri(inal, not ad(inistrative, cases. ?o* s&ould t&e Buestion )e resolvedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e argu(ent of t&e ;ice 3overnor s&ould )e re.ected. As &eld in >la(as vs. @r)os, 8F8 +15A /##. t&e po*er of e'ecutive cle(ency e'tends to ad(inistrative cases. 7n granting t&e po*er of e'ecutive cle(ency upon t&e President, +ection 19, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution does not distinguis& )et*een cri(inal and ad(inistrative cases. +ection 19, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution e'cludes i(peac&(ent cases, *&ic& are not cri(inal cases, fro( t&e scope of t&e po*er of e'ecutive cle(ency. 7f t&is po*er (ay )e e'ercised only in cri(inal cases, it *ould &ave

)een unnecessary to e'clude i(peac&(ent cases fro( t&is scope. 7f t&e President can grant pardons in cri(inal cases, *it& (ore reason &e can grant e'ecutive cle(ency in ad(inistrative cases, *&ic& are less serious. Pardoning Po*er; ,'ecutive 1le(ency (1999! A. 4&at are t&e constitutional li(itations on t&e pardoning po*er of t&e PresidentC (8H! B. Distinguis& )et*een pardon and a(nesty. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e follo*ing are t&e li(itations on t&e pardoning po*er of t&e President. 1! 7t cannot )e granted in cases of i(peac&(ent; 8! 5eprieves, co((utations, pardon, and re(ission of fines and forfeitures can )e granted only after conviction )y final .udg(ent. E! T&e favora)le reco((endation of t&e 1@M,>,1 is reBuired for violation of election la*s, rules and regulations. B. According to BarrioBuinto v. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8, t&e follo*ing are t&e distinctions )et*een pardon and a(nesty. 1 Pardon is a private act and (ust )e pleaded and proved )y t&e person pardoned; *&ile a(nesty is a pu)lic act of *&ic& courts ta=e .udicial notice; 8 Pardon does not reBuire t&e concurrence of 1ongress, *&ile a(nesty reBuires t&e concurrence of 1ongress; E Pardon is granted to individuals, *&ile a(nesty is granted to classes of persons or co((unities; # Pardon (ay )e granted for any offense, *&ile a(nesty is granted for political offenses; 9 Pardon is granted after final conviction, *&ile a(nesty (ay )e granted at any ti(e; and Pardon loo=s for*ard and relieves t&e offender fro( t&e conseBuences of &is offense, *&ile a(nesty loo=s )ac=*ard and t&e person granted it stands )efore t&e la* as t&oug& &e &ad co((itted no offense. . Diplo(atic po*er Foreign Affairs; 5ole of ?ouse of 5ep (199 ! "o. 06 9! 1an t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ta=e active part in t&e conduct of foreign relations, particularly in entering into treaties and international agree(entsC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives cannot ta=e active part in t&e conduct of foreign relations, particularly in entering into treaties and international agree(ents. As &eld in %nited +tates vs. 1urtiss$4rig&t ,'port 1orporation, 899 %.+. EF#, t&e President alone is t&e representative of t&e nation in t&e conduct of foreign affairs. Alt&oug& t&e +enate &as t&e po*er to concur in treaties, t&e President alone negotiates treaties and 1ongress is po*erless to intrude into t&is. ?o*ever, if t&e (atter involves a treaty or an e'ecutive agree(ent, t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives (ay pass a resolution e'pressing its vie*s on t&e (atter. Foreign Affairs; 5ole of +enate (199#! "o. 1E6 1! %nder t&e 1onstitution, *&at is t&e role of t&e +enate in t&e conduct of foreign affairsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e +enate plays a role in t&e conduct of foreign affairs, )ecause of t&e reBuire(ent in +ection 81, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution t&at to )e valid and effective a treaty or international agree(ent (ust )e concurred in )y at least t*o$ t&irds of all t&e Me()ers of t&e +enate. +ection #, Article :;777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <All e'isting treaties or international agree(ents *&ic& &ave not )een ratified s&all not )e rene*ed or e'tended *it&out t&e concurrence of at least t*o$t&irds of all t&e Me()ers of t&e +enate.V ,nter into 1ontract or 3uarantee Foreign >oans (199#! "o. 1E6 T&e President of t&e P&ilippines aut&ori-ed t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays to negotiate and sign a loan agree(ent *it& t&e 3er(an 3overn(ent for t&e construction of a da(. T&e +enate, )y a resolution, as=ed t&at t&e agree(ent )e su)(itted to it for ratification. T&e +ecretary of Foreign Affairs advised t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays not to co(ply *it& t&e reBuest of t&e +enate. 8! 7s t&e President )ound to su)(it t&e agree(ent to t&e +enate for ratificationC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e President is not )ound to su)(it t&e agree(ent to t&e +enate for ratification. %nder +ection 8F, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, only t&e prior concurrence of t&e Monetary Board is reBuired for t&e President to contract foreign loans on )e&alf of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines. ,nter into 1ontract or 3uarantee Foreign >oans (1999! "o 7 $ 4&at are t&e restrictions prescri)ed )y t&e 1onstitution on t&e po*er of t&e President to contract or guarantee foreign loans on )e&alf of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippinesC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection 8F, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e po*er of t&e President to contract or guarantee loans on )e&alf of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines is su).ect to t&e prior concurrence of t&e Monetary Board and su).ect to suc& li(itations as (ay )e prescri)ed )y la*. ,nter into ,'ecutive Agree(ents (8FFE! "o :: $ An ,'ecutive Agree(ent *as e'ecuted )et*een t&e P&ilippines and a neig&)oring +tate. T&e +enate of t&e P&ilippines too= it upon itself to procure a certified true copy of t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent and, after deli)erating on it, declared, )y a unani(ous vote, t&at t&e agree(ent *as )ot& un*ise and against t&e )est interest of t&e country. 7s t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent )inding (a! fro( t&e standpoint of P&ilippine la* and ()! fro( t&e standpoint of international la*C ,'plain +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! Fro( t&e standpoint of P&ilippine la*, t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent is )inding. According to 1o((issioner of 1usto(s v. ,astern +ea Trading. E +15A E91 J19 1K, t&e President can enter into an ,'ecutive Agree(ent *it&out t&e necessity of concurrence )y t&e +enate. ()! T&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent is also )inding fro( t&e standpoint of international la* ,'ecutive Agree(ents; Binding ,ffect (8FFE! "o :: An ,'ecutive Agree(ent *as e'ecuted )et*een t&e P&ilippines and a neig&)oring +tate. T&e +enate of t&e P&ilippines too= it upon itself to procure a certified true copy of t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent and, after deli)erating on it, declared, )y a unani(ous vote, t&at t&e agree(ent *as )ot& un*ise and against t&e )est interest of t&e country. 7s t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent )inding (a! fro( t&e standpoint of P&ilippine la* and ()! fro( t&e standpoint of international la*C ,'plain +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! As to P&ilippine la*, t&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent is )inding.... ()! T&e ,'ecutive Agree(ent is also )inding fro( t&e standpoint of international la*. As &eld in Bavan v. Ra(ora. E#8 +15A ##9 J8FFFK, in international la* e'ecutive agree(ents are eBually )inding as treaties upon t&e +tates *&o are parties to t&e(. Additionally, under Article 8O1!(a! of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on t&e >a* of Treaties, *&atever (ay )e t&e designation of a *ritten agree(ent )et*een +tates, *&et&er it is indicated as a Treaty, 1onvention or ,'ecutive Agree(ent, is not legally significant. +till it is considered a treaty and governed )y t&e international la* of treaties. 0. Po*ers relative to appropriation (easures 7(pose Tariff 5ates, 7(port and ,'port Iuotas (1999! "o 7 $ 4&at are t&e li(itationsDrestrictions provided )y t&e 1onstitution on t&e po*er of 1ongress to aut&ori-e t&e President to fi' tariff rates, i(port and e'port Buotas, tonnage and *&arfage dues. ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to +ection 8/(8!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, 1ongress (ay, )y la*, aut&ori-e t&e President to fi' *it&in specified li(its, and su).ect to suc& li(itations and restrictions it (ay i(pose, tariff rates, i(port and e'port Buotas, tonnage and *&arfage dues and ot&er duties or i(posts *it&in t&e fra(e*or= of t&e national develop(ent progra( of t&e 3overn(ent.

/. Delegated po*ers 1a)inet Me()ers; li(itation on accepting additional duties (199 ! 199 "o. 06 1an t&e +ecretary of Finance )e elected 1&air(an of t&e Board of Directors of t&e +an Miguel 1orporationC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e +ecretary of Finance cannot )e elected 1&air(an of t&e Board of Directors of t&e +an Miguel 1orporation. %nder +ection 1E, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, (e()ers of t&e 1a)inet cannot &old any ot&er office or e(ploy(ent during t&eir tenure unless it is ot&er*ise provided in t&e 1onstitution. T&ey s&all not also during said tenure participate in any )usiness or )e financially interested in any contract *it&, or in any franc&ise, or special privilege granted )y t&e 3overn(ent or any su)division, agency or instru(entality t&ereof, including govern(ent$ o*ned or controlled corporations or t&eir su)sidiaries. T&ey s&all strictly avoid conflict of interest in t&e conduct of t&eir office. 9. ;eto po*ers 1F. 5esidual po*ers 11. ,'ecutive Privilege 1. 5ules on +uccession ;. J!' 0 "# De(")t$ent A. 1oncepts 1. 2udicial po*er 1onte(pt Po*ers (199 ! "o. E6 8! @n t&e first day of t&e trial of a rape$(urder case *&ere t&e victi( *as a popular T; star, over a &undred of &er fans rallied at t&e entrance of t&e court&ouse, eac& carrying a placard de(anding t&e conviction of t&e accused and t&e i(position of t&e deat& penalty on &i(. T&e rally *as peaceful and did not distur) t&e proceedings of t&e case. a! 1an t&e trial court order t&e dispersal of t&e rallyists under pain of )eing punis&ed for conte(pt of court, if t&ey fail to do soC ,'plain. )! 7f instead of a rally, t&e fans of t&e victi( *rote letters to t&e ne*spaper editors de(anding t&e conviction of t&e accused, can t&e trial court punis& t&e( for conte(ptC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8. a! Nes, t&e trial court can order t&e dispersal of t&e rally under pain of )eing cited for conte(pt. T&e purpose of t&e rally is to atte(pt to influence t&e ad(inistration of 2ustice. As stated in People vs. Flores, 8E9 +15A /E, any conduct )y any party *&ic& tends to directly or indirectly 7(pede, o)struct or degrade t&e ad(inistration of .ustice is su).ect to t&e conte(pt po*ers of t&e court. )! "o, t&e trial court cannot punis& for conte(pt t&e fans of t&e victi( *&o *rote letters to t&e ne*spaper editors as=ing for t&e conviction of t&e accused. +ince t&e letters *ere not addressed to t&e 2udge and t&e pu)lication of t&e letters occurred outside t&e court, t&e fans cannot )e punis&ed in t&e a)sence of a clear and present danger to t&e ad(inistration of 2ustice. 7n 1a)ansag vs. Fernande-, 1F8 P&il 198, it *as &eld t&at a party *&o *rote to t&e Presidential 1o(plaints and Action 1o((ittee to co(plain a)out t&e delay in t&e disposition of &is case could not )e punis&ed for conte(pt in t&e a)sence of a clear and present danger to t&e fair ad(inistration of 2ustice. Finality of ;oid 2udg(ents (199E! "o. /; T&e AB1 5ealty, 7nc, filed a co(plaint against 5ico for t&e collection of unpaid install(ents on a su)division lot purc&ased )y t&e latter, 5ico failed to file an ans*er, *as declared in default; and after reception of plaintiffs evidence e' parte, .udg(ent *as rendered against &i(. T&e decision )eca(e final, and upon (otion )y AB1 5ealty, t&e .udge issued a *rit of e'ecution. 5ico no* files a (otion to Buas& t&e *rit and to vacate t&e 2udg(ent contending t&at it is t&e ?ousing and >and %se 5egulatory Board (?>%5B! *&ic& is vested *it& original and e'clusive 2urisdiction over cases involving t&e real estate )usiness. 5ico prays for t&e dis(issal of t&e co(plaint and for t&e nullity of t&e decision. T&e realty fir( opposes t&e (otion arguing t&at under BP 189, 5T1s &ave e'clusive and original .urisdiction over cases in *&ic& t&e a(ount of controversy e'ceeds P8F,FFF.FF. Ans*er t&e follo*ing Bueries6 1! 4&o &as .urisdiction over t&e collection suitC 8! T&e 5T1 decision, &aving )eco(e final and e'ecutory, can it still )e vacatedC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1P T&e ?>%5B 8! Nes, t&e decision of t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt can still )e vacated, even if it &as )eco(e final and e'ecutory. +ince t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt &ad no .urisdiction over t&e case, t&e decision is void. Fiscal Autono(y (1999! "o :7 $ 4&at do you understand )y t&e (andate of t&e 1onstitution t&at t&e .udiciary s&all en.oy fiscal autono(yC 1ite t&e constitutional provisions calculated to )ring a)out t&e reali-ation of t&e said constitutional (andate. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection E, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e fiscal autono(y of t&e 2udiciary (eans t&at appropriations for t&e 2udiciary (ay not )e reduced )y t&e legislature )elo* t&e a(ount appropriated for t&e previous year and, after approval, s&all )e auto(atically and regularly released. 7n Beng-on v. Drilon, 8F/ +15A 1EE, t&e +upre(e 1ourt e'plained t&at fiscal autono(y conte(plates a guarantee of full fle'i)ility to allocate and utili-e resources *it& t&e *isdo( and dispatc& t&at t&e needs reBuire. 7t recogni-es t&e po*er and aut&ority to deny, assess and collect fees, fi' rates of co(pensation not e'ceeding t&e &ig&est rates aut&ori-ed )y la* for co(pensation and pay plans of t&e govern(ent and allocate and dis)urse suc& su(s as (ay )e provided )y la* or prescri)ed )y it in t&e course of t&e disc&arge of its functions. Function; 1ontinuing 1onstitutional 1onvention (8FFF! "o 7. $$@ne +enator re(ar=ed t&at t&e +upre(e 1ourt is a continuing 1onstitutional 1onvention. Do you agreeC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 do not agree t&at t&e +upre(e 1ourt is a continuing 1onstitutional 1onvention. T&e criticis( is )ased on t&e assu(ption t&at in e'ercising its po*er of .udicial revie* t&e +upre(e 1ourt 7s not (erely interpreting t&e 1onstitution )ut is trying to re(a=e t&e 3overn(ent on t&e )asis of t&e personal predilections of t&e Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, t&is is a po*er t&at properly )elongs to t&e people and t&eir elected representatives. T&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot decide cases (erely on t&e )asis of t&e letter of t&e 1onstitution. 7t &as to interpret t&e 1onstitution to give effect to t&e intent of its fra(ers and of t&e people adopting it. 7n 7nterpreting t&e 1onstitution, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as to adopt it to t&e ever$c&anging circu(stances of society. 4&en t&e +upre(e 1ourt stri=es do*n an act of t&e >egislative or t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent, it is (erely disc&arging its duty under t&e 1onstitution to deter(ine conflicting clai(s of aut&ority. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 To a certain e'tent, t&e +upre(e 1ourt is a continuing 1onstitutional 1onvention. 4&en a case is )roug&t in court involving a constitutional issue. 7t )eco(es necessary to interpret t&e 1onstitution, +ince t&e +upre(e 1ourt is supre(e *it&in its o*n sp&ere, its interpretation of t&e 1onstitution *ill for( part of t&e la* of t&e land. 2udicial Po*er (19/9! "o. 1F6 4&ere is .udicial po*er vestedC 4&at are included in suc& po*erC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, .udicial po*er is vested in one +upre(e 1ourt and in suc& lo*er courts as (ay )e esta)lis&ed )y la*. 7t includes t&e duty of t&e courts of .ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent. 2udicial Po*er (1998! "o. /6 A case *as filed )efore t&e +andigan)ayan regarding a Buestiona)le govern(ent transaction. 7n t&e course of t&e proceedings, ne*spapers lin=ed t&e na(e of +enator 2. de >eon to t&e scandal. +enator de >eon too= t&e floor of t&e +enate to spea= on a <(atter of personal privilege< to vindicate &is &onor against t&ose <)aseless and (alicious< allegations. T&e (atter *as referred to t&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers, *&ic& proceeded to conduct a legislative inBuiry. T&e 1o((ittee as=ed Mr. ;ince >edes(a, a

)usiness(an lin=ed to t&e transaction and no* a respondent )efore t&e +andigan)ayan, to appear and to testify )efore t&e 1o((ittee. Mr >edes(a refuses to appear and file suit )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt to c&allenge t&e legality of t&e proceedings )efore t&e 1o((ittee. ?e also as=s *&et&er t&e 1o((ittee &ad t&e po*er to reBuire &i( to testify. 7dentify t&e issues 7nvolved and resolve t&e(. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e issues involved in t&is case are t&e follo*ing6 1. 4&et&er or not t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as .urisdiction to entertain t&e case; 8. 4&et&er or not t&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers &as t&e po*er to investigate a (atter *&ic& is involved in a case pending in court; and E. 4&et&er or not t&e petitioner can invo=e &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. All t&ese 7ssues *ere resolved in t&e case of Beng-on vs. +enate Blue 5i))on 1o((ittee, 8FE +15A 0 0. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as .urisdiction over t&e case, )ecause it involves t&e Buestion of *&et&er or not t&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers &as t&e po*er to conduct t&e investigation. %nder +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, .udicial po*er includes t&e duty of t&e courts to deter(ine *&et&er or not any )ranc& of t&e govern(ent is acting *it& grave of a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= of .urisdiction. T&e 1o((ittee on Accounta)ility of Pu)lic @fficers &as no po*er to investigate t&e scandal. +ince t&e scandal is involved in a case pending in court, t&e investigation *ill encroac& upon t&e e'clusive do(ain of t&e court. To allo* t&e investigation *ill create t&e possi)ility of conflicting .udg(ents )et*een t&e co((ittee and t&e court. 7f t&e decision of t&e co((ittee *ere reac&ed )efore t&at of t&e court, it (ig&t influence t&e .udg(ent of t&e court. T&e petitioner can invo=e &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. 2udicial Po*er (199/! 7;. Andres Ang *as )orn of a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er in +orsogon, +orsogon. on 2anuary 8F, 190E. 7n 19//. &is fat&er *as naturali-edas a Filipino citi-en. @n May 11,199/. Andres Ang *as elected 5epresentative of t&e First District of +orsogon. 2uan Bonto *&o received t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes, filed a petition for Iuo 4arranto against Ang. T&e petition *as filed *it& t&e ?ouse of 5epresentative ,lectoral Tri)unal (?5,T!. Bonto contends t&at Ang is not a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines and t&erefore is disBualified to )e a (e()er of t&e ?ouse. T&e ?5,T ruled in favor of Ang. Bonto filed a petition for certiorari in t&e +upre(e 1ourt. T&e follo*ing issues are raised6 1. 4&et&er t&e case is .usticia)le considering t&at Article ;7. +ection 10 of t&e 1onstitution declares t&e ?5,T to )e t&e <sole 2udge< of all contests relating to t&e election returns and disBualifications of (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. J9HK 8. 4&et&er Ang is a natural )o( citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. X9HK ?o* s&ould t&is case )e decidedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e case is .usticia)le. As stated 7n >a-atin vs. ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal 1 / +15A E91, #F#, since .udicial po*er includes t&e duty to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as t&e po*er to revie* t&e decisions of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal in case of grave A)use of discretion on its part. 8. Andres Ang s&ould )e considered a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. 2udicial Po*er; +cope (199#! "o. 86 1P 4&at is t&e difference, if any. )et*een t&e scope of 2udicial po*er under t&e 19/0 1onstitution on one &and, and t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitutions on t&e ot&erC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e scope of .udicial po*er under t&e 19/0 1onstitution is )roader t&an its scope under t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitution )ecause of t&e second paragrap& of +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, *&ic& states t&at it includes t&e duty to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent. As &eld in Marcos us. Manglapus, 100 +15A /. t&is provision li(its resort to t&e political Buestion doctrine and )roadens t&e scope of .uridical

inBuiry into areas *&ic& t&e courts under t&e 19E9 and t&e 190E 1onstitutions *ould nor(ally &ave left to t&e political depart(ents to decide. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 %nder t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitutions, t&ere *as no provision defining t&e scope of .udicial po*er as vested in t&e .udiciary. 4&ile t&ese 1onstitutions, )ot& provided for vesture of .udicial po*er <in one +upre(e 1ourt and in suc& inferior courts as (ay )e esta)lis&ed )y la*,< t&ey *ere silent as to t&e scope of suc& po*er. T&e 19/0 1onstitution, on t&e ot&er &and, reT*rote t&e provisions on t&e vesture of .udicial po*er originally appearing in t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitutions, as follo*s6 <T&e .udicial po*er s&all )e vested in one +upre(e 1ourt and in suc& lo*er courts as (ay )e esta)lis&ed )y la*. <2udicial po*er includes t&e duty of t&e courts of .ustice to settle actual controversies 7nvolving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of 2urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent.< (+ec. 1. Art. ;777! T&e second paragrap& of t&e cited provision *as not found in t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitution, it contains a ne* definition of .udicial po*er particularly t&e scope t&ereof. T&e first portion t&ereof represents t&e traditional concept of 2udicial po*er, involving t&e settle(ent of conflicting rig&ts as )y la*, *&ic& presu(a)ly *as i(plicit in t&e 19E9 and 190E 1onstitutions. T&e second (latter! portion of t&e definition represents a )roadening of t&e scope of .udicial po*er or, in t&e language of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, confer(ent of <e'panded 2urisdiction< on t&e 2udiciary (Da-a v. +ingson, 1/F +15A #9 ! to ena)le t&e courts to revie* t&e e'ercise of discretion )y t&e political depart(ents of govern(ent. T&is ne* prerogative of t&e .udiciary as no* recogni-ed under t&e 19/0 1onstitution *as not constitutionally per(issi)le under t&e 19E9 and 190E 1&arters. 8. 2udicial revie* 7ssuance of 5estraining @rders and 7n.unctions (1998! "o. 06 1ongress is considering ne* (easures to encourage foreign corporations to )ring t&eir invest(ents to t&e P&ilippines. 1ongress &as found t&at foreign invest(ents are deterred )y t&e uncertain invest(ent cli(ate in t&e P&ilippines. @ne source of suc& uncertainty is t&e &eig&tened .udicial intervention in invest(ent (atters. @ne suc& (easure provides t&at <no court or ad(inistrative agency s&all issue any restraining order or in.unction against t&e 1entral Ban=< in t&e Ban=As e'ercise of its regulatory po*er over specific foreign e'c&ange transactions. 4ould t&is )e a valid (easureC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e (easure is valid. 7n Mantruste +yste(s, 7nc. vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 109 +15A 1E , t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at a la* pro&i)iting t&e issuance of an in.unction is valid, )ecause under +ection 8, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e .urisdiction of t&e courts (ay )e defined )y la*. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +ince under +ections 1 and 9(8!, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e courts are given t&e po*er of 2udicial revie*, t&e (easure is void, +uc& po*er (ust )e preserved. T&e issuance of restraining orders and 7n.unctions is in aid of t&e po*er of .udicial revie*. 2udicial 5evie*; >ocus +tandi (1998! "o. 6 T&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalistsA @rgani-ation for "ature, a duly recogni-ed nonTgovern(ental organi-ation, intends to file suit to en.oin t&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent fro( allocating funds to operate a po*er plant at Mount Tu)a 7n a sout&ern island. T&ey clai( t&at t&ere *as no consultation *it& t&e 7ndigenous cultural co((unity *&ic& *ill )e displaced fro( ancestral lands essential to t&eir liveli&ood and indispensa)le to t&eir religious practices. T&e organi-ation is )ased in Ma=ati. All its officers live and *or= in Ma=ati. "ot one of its officers or (e()ers )elong to t&e affected indigenous cultural co((unity. Do t&ey &ave t&e standing in t&is disputeC ,'plain. 4ould your ans*er )e different if t&e P&ilippine Po*er 1orporation, a private co(pany, *ere to operate t&e plantC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

a! %nder +ection 9, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e +tate s&ould protect t&e rig&ts of cultural 7ndigenous co((unities to t&eir ancestral lands to ensure t&eir *ell$)eing. %nder +ection 10, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution, t&e +tate s&ould protect t&e rig&ts of indigenous cultural co((unities to preserve and develop t&is cultures, traditions, and institutions and s&ould consider t&ese rig&ts in t&e for(ulation of national plans and policies. T&e govern(ent violated t&ese provisions, )ecause it decided to operate t&e po*er plant *it&out consulting t&e indigenous cultural co((unity and t&e operation of t&e po*er plant *ill result in its displace(ent. 7f t&e pro.ected la*suit *ill )e )ased on violation of t&e rig&ts of t&e indigenous cultural co((unities, t&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalists @rgani-ation *ill &ave no standing to file t&e case. "one of its officers and (e()ers )elong to t&e indigenous cultural co((unity. "one of t&eir rig&ts are affected. 7f t&e la*suit *ill see= to en.oin t&e use of pu)lic funds to operate t&e po*er plant, t&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalistsA @rgani-ation can file a ta'payerAs suit. As &eld in Maceda us. Macaraig, 190 +15A 001, a ta'payer &as standing to Buestion t&e illegal e'penditure of pu)lic funds. )! T&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalists @rgani-ation *ill &ave no standing to file t&e case if it is a private co(pany t&at *ill operate t&e po*er plant, )ecause no pu)lic funds *ill )e spent for its operation. As &eld in 3on-ales vs. Marcos, 9 +15A 8#, a ta'payer &as no standing to file a case if no e'penditure of pu)lic funds is involved. +ince no (e()er or officer of t&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalistsA @rgani-ation )elongs to t&e affected indigenous co((unity, none of t&e rig&ts of t&e P&ilippine ,nviron(entalistsA @rgani-ation and of its officers and (e()ers are affected. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in "ational ,cono(ic Protectionis( Association vs. @ngpin, 101 +15A 90, t&e organi-ation &as no standing to file t&e case. 2udicial 5evie*; 5eBuisites (199#! "o. 86 8! Assu(e t&at t&e constitutional Buestion raised in a petition )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt is t&e 7is (ota of t&e case, give at least t*o ot&er reBuire(ents )efore t&e 1ourt *ill e'ercise its po*er of .udicial revie*C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! According to Macasiano vs. "ational ?ousing Aut&ority, 88# +15A 8E , in addition to t&e reBuire(ent t&at t&e constitutional Buestion raised )e t&e lis (ota of t&e case, t&e follo*ing reBuisites (ust )e present for t&e e'ercise of t&e po*er of .udicial revie*6 1. T&ere (ust )e an actual case or controversy involving a conflict of legal rig&ts suscepti)le of 2udicial deter(ination; 8. T&e constitutional Buestion (ust )e raised )y t&e proper party; and E. T&e constitutional Buestion (ust )e raised at t&e earliest opportunity. 2urisdiction of ?>%5B (199E! "o. /; T&e AB1 5ealty, 7nc, filed a co(plaint against 5ico for t&e collection of unpaid install(ents on a su)division lot purc&ased )y t&e latter, 5ico failed to file an ans*er, *as declared in default; and after reception of plaintiffs evidence e' parte, .udg(ent *as rendered against &i(. T&e decision )eca(e final, and upon (otion )y AB1 5ealty, t&e .udge issued a *rit of e'ecution. 5ico no* files a (otion to Buas& t&e *rit and to vacate t&e 2udg(ent contending t&at it is t&e ?ousing and >and %se 5egulatory Board (?>%5B! *&ic& is vested *it& original and e'clusive 2urisdiction over cases involving t&e real estate )usiness. 5ico prays for t&e dis(issal of t&e co(plaint and for t&e nullity of t&e decision. T&e realty fir( opposes t&e (otion arguing t&at under BP 189, 5T1s &ave e'clusive and original .urisdiction over cases in *&ic& t&e a(ount of controversy e'ceeds P8F,FFF.FF. Ans*er t&e follo*ing Bueries6 (1! 4&o &as .urisdiction over t&e collection suitC (8! T&e 5T1 decision, &aving )eco(e final and e'ecutory, can it still )e vacatedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1P As &eld in ,state Developers and 7nvestors 1orporation vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 81E +15A E9E, pursuant to Presidential Decree "o. 1E##, it is t&e ?ousing and >and %se 5egulatory Board *&ic& &as .urisdiction over t&e clai( of a developer against a )uyer for t&e pay(ent of t&e )alance of t&e purc&ase price of a lot. T&e .urisdiction of t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt over cases in *&ic& t&e a(ount of controversy e'ceeds P8F,FFF.FF e'ists only in all cases *&ere t&e case does not ot&er*ise fall *it&in t&e e'clusive .urisdiction of any ot&er court, tri)unal, person or )ody e'ercising 2udicial or Buasi$.udicial functions, 8! Nes, )ecause it is void. Pro ?ac ;ice 1ases (1999!

"o :7 4&at does if (ean *&en a +upre(e 1ourt 2ustice concurs in a decision pro &ac viceC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 4&en a decision is pro &ac vice, it (eans t&e ruling *ill apply to t&is particular case only. Ta'payerAs +uit; >ocus +tandi (1999! "o. 186 4&en t&e Marcos ad(inistration *as toppled )y t&e revolutionary govern(ent, t&e Marcoses left )e&ind several @ld MastersA paintings and antiBue silver*are said to &ave )een acBuired )y t&e( as personal gifts. "egotiations *ere t&en (ade *it& ,llen >ayne of >ondon for t&eir disposition and sale at pu)lic auction. >ater, t&e govern(ent entered into a <1onsign(ent Agree(ent< allo*ing ,llen >ayne of >ondon to auction off t&e su).ect art pieces. %pon learning of t&e intended sale, *ell$=no*n artists, patrons and guardians of t&e arts of t&e P&ilippines filed a petition in court to en.oin t&e sale and disposition of t&e valued ite(s asserting t&at t&eir cultural significance (ust )e preserved for t&e )enefit of t&e Filipino people. (1! 1an t&e court ta=e cogni-ance of t&e caseC ,'plain. (8! 4&at are t&e reBuisites for a ta'payerAs suit to prosperC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. "o, t&e court cannot ta=e cogni-ance of t&e case. As &eld in 2oya vs. Presidential 1o((ission on 3ood 3overn(ent, 889 +15A 9 9, since t&e petitioners *ere not t&e legal o*ners of paintings and antiBue silver*are, t&ey &ad no standing to Buestion t&eir disposition. Besides, t&e paintings and t&e antiBue silver*are did not constitute i(portant cultural properties or national cultural treasures, as t&ey &ad no e'ceptional &istorical and cultural significance to t&e P&ilippines. 8. According to 2oya us. Presidential 1o((ission on 3ood 3overn(ent, 889 +15A 9 /. for a ta'payerAs suit to prosper, four reBuisites (ust )e considered6 (1! t&e Buestion (ust )e raised )y t&e proper party; (8! t&ere (ust )e an actual controversy; (E! t&e Buestion (ust )e raised at t&e earliest possi)le opportunity; and (#! t&e decision on t&e constitutional or legal Buestion (ust )e necessary to t&e deter(ination of t&e case. 7n order t&at a ta'payer (ay &ave standing to c&allenge t&e legality of an official act of t&e govern(ent, t&e act )eing Buestioned (ust involve a dis)urse(ent of pu)lic funds upon t&e t&eory t&at t&e e'penditure of pu)lic funds for an unconstitutional act is a (isapplication of suc& funds, *&ic& (ay )e en.oined at t&e instance of a ta'payer. a! @perative fact doctrine Definitions (8F1F! DefineDe'plain t&e follo*ing6 a. Doctrine of operative facts6 The 'o0t) ne o% o(e)"t &e %"0ts $e"ns th"t 2e%o)e " #"+ +"s 'e0#")e' !n0onst t!t on"#/ ts "0t!"# e? sten0e $!st 2e t"@en nto "00o!nt "n' +h"te&e) +"s 'one +h #e the #"+ +"s n o(e)"t on sho!#' 2e )e0o,n Ce' "s &"# '. 5R et" &. Peo(#e/ A37 SCRA 2D3 8200A9: ). De facto (unicipal corporation A 'e %"0to $!n 0 ("# 0o)(o)"t on s one so 'e%e0t &e#1 0)e"te' "s not to 2e " 'e F!)e 0o)(o)"t on 2!t s ne&e)the#ess the )es!#t o% " 2on" % 'e "tte$(t to n0o)(o)"te !n'e) e? st n, st"t!to)1 "!tho) t1/ 0o!(#e' + th the e?e)0 se o% 0o)(o)"te (o+e)s/ "n' )e0o,n Ce' 21 the 0o!)ts "s s!0h on the ,)o!n' o% (!2# 0 (o# 01 n "## ()o0ee' n,s e?0e(t " ' )e0t "tt"0@ 21 the st"te <!est on n, ts 0o)(o)"te e? sten0e. 5An,e#es/ Rest"te$ent o% the L"+ on Lo0"# Go&e)n$ents/ (.23: c. Municipal 1orporation )y estoppel A $!n 0 ("# Co)(o)"t on 21 esto((e# s " 0o)(o)"t on +h 0h s so 'e%e0t &e#1 %o)$e' "s not to 2e " 'e %"0to 0o)(o)"t on 2!t s 0ons 'e)e' " 0o)(o)"t on n )e#"t on to so$eone +ho 'e"#t + th t "n' "0<! es0e' n ts e?e)0 se o% ts 0o)(o)"te %!n0t ons o) ente)e' nto " 0ont)"0t + th t. 5M")t n/ P!2# 0 Co)(o)"t ons 1EB6 e'./ (.20: d. Doctrine of necessary i(plication The Do0t) ne o% ne0ess")1 $(# 0"t on $e"ns th"t e&e)1 st"t!te s !n'e)stoo' 21 $(# 0"t on to 0ont" n "## s!0h ()o& s ons "s $"1 2e ne0ess")1 to e%%e0t!"te ts o2Fet "n' (!)(ose/ o) to $"@e e%%e0t &e ) ,hts/ (o+e)s/ () & #e,es o) F!) s' 0t on +h 0h t ,)"nts/ n0#!' n, "## s!0h 0o##"te)"# "n' s!2s ' ")1

e.

0onse<!en0es "s $"1 2e %" )#1 "n' #o, 0"##1 n%e))e' %)o$ ts te)$s. 5Pe(s >Co#" P)o'!0ts Ph # (( nes/ In0. &. Se0)et")1 o% L"2o)/ 312 SCRA 10A 81EEE9: Principle of &oldover The () n0 (#e o% ho#'o&e) $e"ns th"t n the "2sen0e o% "n e?()ess o) $(# e' 0onst t!t on"# o) st"t!to)1 ()o& s on to the 0ont)")1/ "n o%% 0e) s ent t#e' to ho#' h s o%% 0e !nt # h s s!00esso) s "((o nte' o) 0hosen "n' h"s 2een <!"# % e'. 5To("0 o N!eno & An,e#es/ D7 Ph # 12 81EA79:

)! Moot Buestions Mandatory Period For Deciding 1ases (19/9! "o. 1F6 (8! Despite t&e lapse of # (ont&s fro( t&e ti(e t&at t&e trial *as ter(inated and t&e case su)(itted for decision, t&e trial court failed to decide t&e case. T&e defense counsel (oved to dis(iss t&e case on t&e ground t&at after t&e lapse of 9F days, t&e court &ad lost .urisdiction to decide t&e case. +&ould t&e (otion )e grantedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e (otion s&ould not )e granted. +ection 19 (#!, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <Despite t&e e'piration of t&e applica)le (andatory period, t&e court, *it&out pre.udice to suc& responsi)ility as (ay &ave )een incurred in conseBuence t&ereof, s&all decide or resolve t&e case or (atter su)(itted t&ereto for deter(ination, *it&out furt&er delay.< T&us, t&e failure of t&e trial court to decide t&e case *it&in ninety days did not oust it of .urisdiction to decide t&e case. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e 190E 1onstitution provided for certain conseBuences on t&e decisions of courts in case of t&e failure of t&e +upre(e 1ourt and ot&er inferior collegiate courts to decide cases *it&in prescri)ed periods. But it did not provide for conseBuences on t&e decisions of trial courts as a result of t&eir failure to decide cases *it&in t&ree (ont&s (Art. :, +ec. 11!. 7n Marcelino vs. 1ru-, 181 +15A 91 (19/E! it *as &eld t&at t&e periods prescri)ed are only directory, not (andatory. c! Political Buestion doctrine Political Iuestion (1999! "o. 1E6 2udicial po*er as defined in +ec. 1, 8nd par., Art. ;777, 19/0 1onstitution, no* <includes t&e duty of t&e 1ourts of 2ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= of e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent. <T&is definition is said to &ave e'panded t&e po*er of t&e .udiciary to include political Buestions for(erly )eyond its .urisdiction. 1. Do you agree *it& suc& as interpretation of t&e constitutional definition of .udicial po*er t&at *ould aut&ori-e t&e courts to revie* and, if *arranted, reverse t&e e'ercise of discretion )y t&e political depart(ents (e'ecutive and legislative! of t&e govern(ent, including t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issionsC Discuss fully, 8. 7n your opinion, &o* s&ould suc& definition )e construed so as not to erode considera)ly or disregard entirely t&e e'isting <political Buestion< doctrineC Discuss fully. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. Nes, t&e second paragrap& of +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution &as e'panded t&e po*er of t&e 2udiciary to include political Buestions. T&is *as not found in t&e 19E9 and t&e 190E 1onstitution, Precisely, t&e fra(ers of t&e 19/0 constitution intended to *iden t&e scope of .udicial revie*. 8. As pointed out in Marcos vs. Manglapus, 100 +15A /, so as not to disregard entirely t&e political Buestion doctrine, t&e e'tent of .udicial revie* *&en political Buestions are involved s&ould )e li(ited to a deter(ination of *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of t&e official *&ose act is )eing Buestioned. 7f grave a)use of discretion is not s&o*n, t&e courts s&ould not su)stitute t&eir .udg(ent for t&at of t&e official concerned and decide a (atter *&ic& )y its nature or )y la* is for t&e latter alone to decide.

 Political Iuestion Doctrine (1990! "o. 9; To *&at e'tent, if at all, &as t&e 19/0 1onstitution affected t&e <political Buestion doctrine<C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution &as e'panded t&e scope of .udicial po*er )y including t&e duty of t&e courts of 2ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e 3overn(ent. 7n Marcos vs. Manglapus, 100 +15A /, t&e +upre(e 1ourt stated t&at )ecause of t&is courts of .ustice (ay decide political Buestions if t&ere *as grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of t&e official *&ose action is )eing Buestioned. Political Iuestion6 +eparation of Po*ers (8FF#! ()! +D@ *as elected 1ongress(an. Before t&e end of &is first year in office, &e inflicted p&ysical in.uries on a colleague, ,T, in t&e course of a &eated de)ate. 1&arges *ere filed in court against &i( as *ell as in t&e ?ouse ,t&ics 1o((ittee. >ater, t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, dividing along party lines, voted to e'pel &i(. 1lai(ing t&at &is e'pulsion *as railroaded and tainted )y )ri)ery, &e filed a petition see=ing a declaration )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt t&at t&e ?ouse gravely a)used its discretion and violated t&e 1onstitution. ?e prayed t&at &is e'pulsion )e annulled and t&at &e s&ould )e restored )y t&e +pea=er to &is position as 1ongress(an. 7s +D@As petition )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt .usticia)leC 1ite pertinent issues for consideration. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 4&ile under +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution t&e +upre(e 1ourt (ay inBuire *&et&er or not t&e decision to e'pel +D@ is tainted *it& grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction, t&e petition s&ould )e dis(issed. 7n Ale.andrino v. Iue-on (# P&il. /E J198#K!, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at it could not co(pel t&e +enate to reinstate a +enator *&o assaulted anot&er +enator and *as suspended for disorderly )e&avior, )ecause it could not co(pel a separate and co$eBual depart(ent to ta=e any particular action. 7n @s(eWa v. Pendatun (1F9 P&il. / E J19 FK!, it *as &eld t&at t&e +upre(e 1ourt could not interfere *it& t&e suspension of a 1ongress(an for disorderly )e&avior, )ecause t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives is t&e .udge of *&at constitutes disorderly )e&avior. T&e assault of a fello* +enator constitutes disorderly )e&avior. Political Iuestion; To +ettle Actual 1ontroversies (8FF#! (a! T&e 19E9, 190E and 19/0 1onstitutions co((only provide t&at <2udicial po*er s&all )e vested in one +upre(e 1ourt and in suc& lo*er courts as (ay )e esta)lis&ed )y la*.< 4&at is t&e effect of t&e addition in t&e 19/0 1onstitution of t&e follo*ing provision6 <2udicial po*er includes t&e duty of t&e courts of .ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& are legally de(anda)le and enforcea)le, and to deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e govern(ent<C Discuss )riefly, citing at least one illustrative case. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e effect of t&e second paragrap& of +ection 1, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution is to li(it resort to t&e political Buestion doctrine and to )roaden t&e scope of .udicial inBuiry into areas *&ic& t&e 2udiciary, under t&e previous 1onstitutions, *ould &ave left to t&e political depart(ents to decide. 7f a political Buestion is involved, t&e 2udiciary can deter(ine *&et&er or not t&e official *&ose action is )eing Buestioned acted *it& grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction (Marcos v. Manglapus, 100 +15A / J19/9K!; (Da-a v. +ingson, 1/F +15A #9 J19/9K!. T&us, alt&oug& t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal &as e'clusive .urisdiction to decide election contests involving (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, t&e +upre(e 1ourt nullified t&e re(oval of one of its (e()ers for voting in favor of t&e protestant, *&o )elonged to a different party. (Bondoc v. Pineda, 8F1 +15A 098 J1991K!. Political Iuestions (19//! "o. 8E6 7n accordance *it& t&e opinion of t&e +ecretary of 2ustice, and )elieving t&at it *ould )e good for t&e country, t&e President enters into an agree(ent *it& t&e A(ericans for an e'tension for anot&er five (9! years of t&eir stay at t&eir (ilitary )ases in t&e P&ilippines, in consideration of6

(1! A yearly rental of one )illion %.+. dollars, paya)le to t&e P&ilippine govern(ent in advance; (8! An underta=ing on t&e part of t&e A(erican govern(ent to i(ple(ent i((ediately t&e (ini$Mars&all plan for t&e country involving ten )illion %.+. dollars in aids and concessional loans; and (E! An underta=ing to &elp persuade A(erican )an=s to condone interests and ot&er c&arges on t&e countryAs out$ standing loans. 7n return, t&e President agreed to allo* A(erican nuclear vessels to stay for s&ort visits at +u)ic, and in case of vital (ilitary need, to store nuclear *eapons at +u)ic and at 1lar= Field. A vital (ilitary need co(es, under t&e agree(ent, *&en t&e sealanes fro( t&e Persian 3ulf to t&e Pacific, are t&reatened )y &ostile (ilitary forces. T&e "uclear Free P&ilippine 1oalition co(es to you for advice on &o* t&ey could legally prevent t&e sa(e agree(ent entered into )y t&e President *it& t&e %+ govern(ent fro( going into effect. 4&at *ould you advise t&e( to doC 3ive your reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f t&e Agree(ent is not in t&e for( of a treaty, it is not li=ely to )e su)(itted to t&e +enate for ratification as reBuired in Art. ;77, sec. 81. 7t (ay not, t&erefore, )e opposed in t&at )ranc& of t&e govern(ent. "or is .udicial revie* feasi)le at t&is stage )ecause t&ere is no .usticia)le controversy. 4&ile Art. ;777, sec. 1, par. 8 states t&at .udicial po*er includes t&e duty of court of .ustice to <deter(ine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretion a(ounting to lac= or e'cess of .urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instru(entality of t&e govern(ent,< it is clear t&at t&is provision does not do a*ay *it& t&e political Buestion doctrine. 7t *as inserted in t&e 1onstitution to prevent courts fro( (a=ing use of t&e doctrine to avoid *&at ot&er*ise are .usticia)le controversies, al)eit involving t&e ,'ecutive Branc& of t&e govern(ent during t&e (artial la* period. @n t&e ot&er &and, at t&is stage, no .usticia)le controversy can )e fra(ed to .ustify .udicial revie*, 7 *ould, t&erefore, advice t&e "uclear Free P&ilippine 1oalition to resort to t&e (edia to launc& a ca(paign against t&e Agree(ent. 5evie* ,'ecutive Acts (199 ! "o. 1F6 1! :, a cler= of court of t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Manila, *as found guilty of )eing a)sent *it&out official leave for 9F days and considered dis(issed fro( service )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt. ?e appealed to t&e President for e'ecutive cle(ency. Acting on t&e appeal, t&e ,'ecutive +ecretary, )y order of t&e President co((uted t&e penalty to a suspension of si' (ont&s. a! 1an t&e +upre(e 1ourt revie* t&e correctness of t&e action of t&e President in co((uting t&e penalty i(posed on :C ,'plain. )! 4as t&e action of t&e President constitutional and validC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. a! Nes, t&e +upre(e 1ourt can revie* t&e correctness of t&e action of t&e President 7n co((uting t&e penalty i(posed on :. By doing so, t&e +upre(e 1ourt is not deciding a political Buestion. T&e +upre(e 1ourt is not revie*ing t&e *isdo( of t&e co((utation of t&e penalty. 4&at it is deciding is *&et&er or not t&e President &as t&e po*er to co((ute t&e penalty of :, As stated in Da-a vs. +ingson. 1/F +15A #9 , it is *it&in t&e scope of 2udicial po*er to pass upon t&e validity of t&e actions of t&e ot&er depart(ents of t&e 3overn(ent. )! T&e co((utation )y t&e President of t&e penalty i(posed )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt upon : is unconstitutional. +ection . Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution vests t&e +upre(e 1ourt *it& t&e po*er of ad(inistrative supervision over all courts and t&eir personnel. 7n 3arcia vs. De la Pena, 889 +15A 0 , it *as &eld t&at no ot&er )ranc& of t&e 3overn(ent (ay intrude into t&is e'clusive po*er of t&e +upre(e 1ourt. B. +afeguards of 2udicial independence 2udicial 7ndependence; +afeguard (8FFF! "o 7. "a(e at least t&ree constitutional safeguards to (aintain .udicial independence. (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e constitutional safeguards to (aintain .udicial independence6 1. T&e +upre(e 1ourt is a constitutional )ody and cannot )e a)olis&ed )y (ere legislation. 8. T&e (e()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot )e re(oved e'cept )y i(peac&(ent. E. T&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot )e deprived of its (ini(u( .urisdiction prescri)ed in +ection 9, Article : of t&e 1onstitution. #. T&e appellate .urisdiction of t&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot )e increased )y la* *it&out its advice and concurrence.

9. . 0. /. 9. 1F. 11. 18. 1E. 1#.

Appointees to t&e 2udiciary are no(inated )y t&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil and are not su).ect to confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as ad(inistrative supervision over all lo*er courts and t&eir personnel. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as e'clusive po*er to discipline 2udges of lo*er courts. T&e Me()ers of t&e 2udiciary &ave security of tenure, *&ic& cannot )e under(ined )y a la* reorgani-ing t&e 2udiciary. Me()ers of t&e 2udiciary cannot )e designated to any agency perfor(ing Buasi$2udicial or ad(inistrative functions. T&e salaries of Me()ers of t&e 2udiciary cannot )e decreased during t&eir continuance in office. T&e 2udiciary &as fiscal autono(y. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as e'clusive po*er to pro(ulgate rules of pleading, practice and procedure. @nly t&e +upre(e 1ourt can te(porarily assign .udges to ot&er stations. 7t is t&e +upre(e 1ourt *&o appoints all officials and e(ployees of t&e 2udiciary. (1ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 1999 ed. (pp. 889$E1.!

1. 2udicial restraint D. Appoint(ents to t&e 2udiciary 2udicial L Bar 1ouncil (19//! "o. 116 A novel feature of t&e present 1onstitution is t&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil. Please state6 1. 7ts principal function; 8. 7ts co(position; and E. 4&o supervises it, and ta=es care of its appropriationsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil &as t&e principal function of reco((ending appointees to t&e 2udiciary. 7t (ay e'ercise suc& ot&er functions and duties as t&e +upre(e 1ourt (ay assign to it. (Art. ;777, sec. /(9!!. 8. T&e 2B1 is co(posed of t&e 1&ief 2ustice as e' officio 1&air(an, t&e +ecretary of 2ustice and a representative of t&e 1ongress as e' officio Me()ers, a representative of t&e 7ntegrated Bar, a professor of la*, a retired Me()er of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, and a representative of t&e private sector. (Art. ;777, sec. /(1!!. E. T&e +upre(e 1ourt supervises t&e 2B1 and provides in t&e annual )udget of t&e 1ourt t&e appropriations of t&e 2B1. (Art. ;777, sec. /(#!!. 2udicial L Bar 1ouncil (1999!

"o :7 $ 4&at is t&e co(position of t&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil and t&e ter( of office of its regular (e()ersC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil is co(posed of t&e follo*ing6 8. T&e 1&ief 2ustice as e' officio c&air(an; E. T&e +ecretary of 2ustice as e' officio (e()er; #. A representative of 1ongress as e' officio (e()er; 9. A representative of t&e 7ntegrated Bar; . A professor of la*; 0. A retired 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt; and /. A representative of t&e private sector. (+ection / (1!, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution! T&e ter( of office of t&e regular (e()ers is four (#! years. (+ection /(8!, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution! Ter( of @ffice; 2ustices (199 ! "o. 96 A, an associate .ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt reac&ed t&e age of seventy on 2uly 1, 199 . T&ere *as a case calendared for deli)eration on t&at day *&ere t&e vote of A *as crucial. 1an A &old over t&e position and participate in t&e deli)eration of t&e case on 2uly 1, 199 C ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

"o. A cannot &old over &is position as Associate 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt and participate in t&e deli)erations of t&e case on 2uly 1, 199 . %nder +ection 11, Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt &old office until t&ey reac& t&e age of seventy years or )eco(e incapacitated to disc&arge t&eir duties. 1onstitutional officers *&ose ter(s are fi'ed )y t&e 1onstitution &ave no rig&t to &old over t&eir positions until t&eir successors s&all &ave )een appointed and Bualified unless ot&er*ise provided in t&e 1onstitution. (Mec&e(, A Treaties on t&e >a* of Pu)lic @ffices and @fficers, p. 89/.! ,. +upre(e 1ourt 1. ,n )anc and division cases 1ases to )e ?eard ,n Banc; +upre(e 1ourt (1999! "o :7 $ ,nu(erate t&e cases reBuired )y t&e 1onstitution to )e &eard en )anc )y t&e +upre(e 1ourtC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e cases reBuired )y t&e 1onstitution to )e &eard en )anc )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt6 1. 1ases involving t&e constitutionality of a treaty, international or e'ecutive agree(ent, or la*; 8. 1ases *&ic& under t&e 5ules of 1ourt are reBuired to )e &eard en )anc. E. 1ases involving t&e constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, procla(ations, orders, instructions, ordinances, and ot&er regulations; #. 1ases &eard )y a division *&en t&e reBuired (a.ority is not o)tained; 9. 1ases *&ere a doctrine or principle of la* previously laid do*n *ill )e (odified or reversed; . Ad(inistrative cases against .udges *&en t&e penalty is dis(issal; and 0. ,lection contests for President or ;ice$President. ;otes reBuired for declaring a la* unconstitutional (199 ! "o. 06 1an five (e()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt declare a (unicipal ordinance unconstitutionalC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes. five Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt sitting en$)anc can declare a (unicipal ordinance unconstitutional. %nder +ection #(8!. Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, a (unicipal ordinance can )e declared unconstitutional *it& t&e concurrence of a (a.ority of t&e Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt *&o actually too= part in t&e deli)eration on t&e issues in t&e case and voted t&ereon. 7f only eig&t Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt actually too= part in deciding t&e case, t&ere *ill still )e a Buoru(. Five Me()ers *ill constitute a (a.ority of t&ose *&o actually too= part in deciding t&e case. 8. Procedural rule$(a=ing E. Ad(inistrative supervision over lo*er courts 5e(oval of >o*er 1ourt 2udges (199E! "o. 116 ?o* (ay t&e follo*ing )e re(oved fro( office6 1! +enators L 1ongress(en 8! 2udges of lo*er courts E! @fficers and e(ployees in t&e 1ivil +ervice +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! As to +en L 1ong, Art. 777, section 1 (E!, of t&e 1onstitution. 8! %nder Art. ;777, sec. 11 of t&e 1onstitution, 2udges of lo*er courts (ay )e re(oved )y dis(issal )y t&e +upre(e )y a vote of a (a.ority of t&e Me()ers *&o actually too= part in t&e deli)eration on t&e issues in t&e case and voted t&ereon. E! As to 1iv +ervice ,(pl, Art. 7:$B. +ec. 8(E! of t&e 1onstitution. +upervision; 1ourts L its Personnel (I9T8FF9! (8! Pedro Masipag filed *it& t&e @()uds(an a co(plaint against 5T1 2udge 2ose Palacpac *it& violation of Article 8F# of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode for =no*ingly rendering an un.ust .udg(ent in 1ri(inal 1ase "o. 10. 2udge Palacpac filed a (otion *it& t&e @()uds(an to refer t&e co(plaint to t&e +upre(e 1ourt to deter(ine *&et&er an ad(inistrative aspect *as involved in t&e said case. T&e @()uds(an denied t&e (otion on t&e ground t&at no ad(inistrative case against 2udge Palacpac relative to t&e decision in 1ri(inal 1ase "o. 10 *as filed and pending in &is office. +tate *it& reasons *&et&er t&e @()uds(anAs ruling is correct. (#H!

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e @()uds(anAs ruling is not correct. %nder +ection , Article ;777 of t&e 1onstitution, it is t&e +upre(e 1ourt *&ic& is vested *it& e'clusive ad(inistrative supervision over all courts and its personnel. Prescinding fro( t&is pre(ise, t&e @()uds(an cannot deter(ine for itself and )y itself *&et&er a cri(inal co(plaint against a .udge, or court e(ployee, involves an ad(inistrative (atter. T&e @()uds(an is duty )ound to &ave all cases against .udges and court personnel filed )efore it, referred to t&e +upre(e 1ourt for deter(ination as to *&et&er an ad(inistrative aspect is involved t&erein. (2udge 2ose 1aoi)es v. @()uds(an, 3.5. "o. 1E8100, 2uly 19, 8FF1! ;I. Const t!t on"# Co$$ ss ons A. 1onstitutional safeguards to ensure independence of co((issions 5otational +c&e(e (1999! "o :777 $ 4&at are t&e reBuisites for t&e effective operation of t&e so$called <5otational +c&e(e< for 1onstitutional 1o((issionsC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in 5epu)lic v. 7(perial, 9 P&il. 00F, for t&e effective operation of t&e rotational sc&e(e of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission, t&e first 1o((issioner s&ould start on a co((on date and any vacancy )efore t&e e'piration of t&e ter( s&ould )e filled only for t&e une'pired )alance of t&e ter(. 1onstitutional 1o((issions L 1ouncil (I0T8FF ! T&e legislature (ay a)olis& t&is )ody6 (9H! 1o((ission on Appoint(ents @()uds(an 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil 1ourt of Ta' Appeals 1o((ission on Audit +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e legislature (ay a)olis& t&e d! 1@%5T @F TA: APP,A>+ since it is (erely a creation of la* unli=e t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, @()uds(an, 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil and 1o((ission on Audit *&ic& are all constituTtional creations. T&us, t&e latter agencies (ay only )e a)olis&ed )y *ay of an a(end(ent or revision of t&e 1onstitution. 5e(oval fro( @ffice; 1o((issioners (199/! "o 7:. $ +uppose a 1o((issioner of t&e 1@M,>,1 is c&arged )efore t&e +andigan)ayan for allegedly tolerating violation of t&e election la*s against proliferation of pro&i)ited )ill)oards and election propaganda *it& t&e end in vie* of re(oving &i( fro( office. 4ill t&e action prosperC J9HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e action *ill not prosper. %nder +ection /, Article :7 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e 1o((issioners of t&e 1@M,>,1 are re(ova)le )y 7MP,A1?M,"T. As &eld in t&e case of 7n re 3on-ales. 1 F +15A 001, 00#T009, a pu)lic officer *&o is re(ova)le )y i(peac&(ent cannot )e c&arged )efore t&e +andigan)ayan *it& an offense *&ic& carries *it& it t&e penalty of re(oval fro( office unless &e is first i(peac&ed. @t&er*ise, &e *ill )e re(oved fro( office )y a (et&od ot&er t&an 7(peac&(ent. 5otational +c&e(e (8F1F! 4&at is t&e 5otational +c&e(e of appoint(ents in t&e 1@M,>,1C The )ot"t on"# s0he$e o% "((o nt$ents n the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons )e%e)s to the s0he$e n +h 0h the)e s " )e,!#") )e0!))en0e o% " t+o>1e") nte)&"# 2et+een the e?( )"t on o% te)$s o% the Ch" )$"n "n' the Co$$ ss one)s 5G"$ n'e &. Co$$ s on on A!' t/ 3AD SCRA 766 820009: 4&at are t&e t*o conditions for its *or=a)ilityC The t+o 0on' t ons %o) the +o)@"2 # t1 o% the )ot"t on"# s0he$e o% "((o nt$ents ")e the %o##o+ n,- 1: the te)$s o% the % )st Ch" )$"n "n' Co$$ ss one)s sho!#' st")t on " 0o$$on '"te/ ))es(e0t &e o% &") "t on o% '"tes o% the ) "((o nt$ents "n' <!"# % 0"t ons/ "n' 52: "n1 &"0"n01 '!e to the

'e"th/ )es ,n"t on o) ' s"2 # t1 2e%o)e e?( )"t on o% the te)$ sho!#' 2e % ##e' on#1 + th the !ne?( )e' 2"#"n0e o% the te)$. 5G"$ n'e &. Co$$ ss on on A!' t/ 3AD SCRA 766 820009: To *&at ot&er constitutional offices does t&e rotational sc&e(e of appoint(ents applyC The )ot"t on"# s0he$e o% "((o nt$ents "((# es "#so to the J!' 0 "# "n' B") Co!n0 #/ the C & # Se)& 0e Co$$ ss on "n' the Co$$ ss on on A!' t. 5Se0t on E52:/ A)t 0#e ;III/ Se0t on 1 52:/ A)t 0#e IX>B "n' Se0t on 1 52:/ A)t 0#e IX>D o% the Const t!t on:.

B. Po*ers and functions of eac& co((ission 1. Pro&i)ited offices and interests D. 2urisdiction of eac& constitutional co((ission 5ig&t to ;ote; 2urisdiction (8FF1! "o 77 $ >et us suppose t&at 1ongress enacted a la* *&ic& a(ended t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode (particularly +ections 1E/, 1E9, 1#8, 1#E! )y vesting , in t&e 1@M,>,1 t&e .urisdiction over inclusion and e'clusion cases filed )y voters, instead of in t&e courts (MT1, t&en 5T1!. 7s t&e la* valid or not, and *&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* granting t&e 1@M,>,1 .urisdiction over inclusion and e'clusion cases is unconstitutional. %nder +ection 8(E!, Article 7:T1 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e 1@M,>,1 cannot decide t&e rig&t to vote, *&ic& refers to t&e inclusion and e'clusion of voters. %nder +ection 8( !, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution, it can only file petitions in court for inclusion or e'clusion of voters. 1o((ission on Audit 1@A; 2urisdiction (8FF1! "o ;777 $ T&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= *as t&en one of t&e leading govern(ent$o*ned )an=s and it *as under t&e audit .urisdiction of t&e 1o((ission on Audit (1@A!. A fe* years ago, it *as privati-ed. 4&at is t&e effect, if any, of t&e privati-ation of P"B on t&e audit 2urisdiction of t&e 1@AC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in P&ilippine Airlines vs. 1o((ission on Audit, 8#9 +15A E9,(1999!, since t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= is no longer o*ned )y t&e 3overn(ent, t&e 1o((ission on Audit no longer &as .urisdiction to audit it as an institution. %nder +ection 8(8!, Article 7:$D of t&e 1onstitution, it is govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations and t&eir su)sidiaries *&ic& are su).ect to audit )y t&e 1o((ission on Audit. ?o*ever, in accordance *it& +ection 8(1!, Article 7:$D of t&e 1onstitution, t&e 1o((ission on Audit can audit t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= *it& respect to its accounts )ecause t&e 3overn(ent still &as eBuity in it. 1@A; Money 1lai(s (199/! "o 7. $ T&e Depart(ent of "ational Defense entered into a contract *it& 5aintree 1orporation for t&e supply of ponc&os to t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines (AFP!, stipulating t&at, in t&e event of )reac&, action (ay )e filed in t&e proper courts in Manila. +uppose t&e AFP fails to pay for delivered ponc&os, *&ere (ust 5aintree 1orporation file its clai(C 4&yC J 1FHK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 5aintree 1orporation (ust file its clai( *it& t&e 1o((ission on Audit, %nder +ection 8(1! 7:$D of t&e 1onstitution, t&e 1o((ission on Audit &as t&e aut&ority to settle all accounts pertaining to e'penditure of pu)lic funds. 5aintree 1orporation cannot file a case in court. T&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines did not *aive its i((unity fro( suit *&en it entered into t&e contract *it& 5aintree 1orporation for t&e supply of ponc&os for t&e use of t&e Ar(ed Forces of t&e P&ilippines. T&e contract involves t&e defense of t&e P&ilippines and t&erefore relates to a sovereign function. 7n %nited +tates vs. 5ui-, 1E +15A #/0, #98, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld; <T&e restrictive application of +tate i((unity is proper only *&en t&e proceedings arise out of co((ercial transactions of t&e foreign sovereign. 7ts co((ercial activities or econo(ic affairs. +tated differently, a +tate (ay )e said to &ave descended to t&e level of an individual and can t&us )e dee(ed to &ave tacitly given its consent to )e sued only *&en it enters into )usiness

contracts. 7t does not apply *&ere t&e contract relates to t&e e'ercise of its sovereign functions. 7n t&is case t&e pro.ects are an integral part of t&e naval )ase *&ic& is devoted to t&e defense of )ot& t&e %nited +tates and t&e P&ilippines, indisputa)ly a function of t&e govern(ent of t&e &ig&est order; t&ey are not utili-ed for nor dedicated to co((ercial or )usiness purposes.< T&e provision for venue in t&e contract does not constitute a *aiver of t&e +tate 7((unity fro( suit, )ecause t&e e'press *aiver of t&is i((unity can only )e (ade )y a statute. 7n 5epu)lic us. Purisi(a 0/ +15A #0F, #0#, t&e +upre(e 1ourt ruled6 <Apparently respondent 2udge *as (isled )y t&e ter(s of t&e contract )et*een t&e private respondent, plaintiff in &is sala and defendant 5ice and 1orn Ad(inistration *&ic&, according to &i(, anticipated t&e case of a )reac& of contract )et*een t&e parties and t&e suits t&at (ay t&ereafter arise. T&e consent, to )e effective t&oug&, (ust co(e fro( t&e +tate acting t&roug& a duly enacted statute as pointed out )y 2ustice Beng-on in Mo)il.< A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7n accordance *it& t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies, 5aintree 1orporation s&ould first file a clai( *it& t&e 1o((ission on Audit. 7f t&e clai( is denied, it s&ould file a petition for certiorari *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt. ,. 5evie* of final orders, resolutions and decisions 1. 5endered in t&e e'ercise of Buasi$.udicial functions 2udicial 5evie* of Decisions (8FF1! "o :;7 $ 7n an election protest involving t&e position of 3overnor of t&e Province of >aguna )et*een <A<, t&e protestee, and <B<, t&e protestant, t&e First Division of t&e 1@M,>,1 rendered a decision up&olding BAs protest can <A< file a petition for certiorari *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt under 5ule 9 of t&e 5ules of 1ourt, fro( t&e decision of t&e 1@M,>,1 First DivisionC 7f yes. 4&yC 7f not *&at procedural step (ust &e underta=e firstC ( 9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 <A< cannot file a petition for certiorari *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt. As &eld in Mastura vs. 1@M,>,1, 8/9 +15A #9E (199/!, t&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot revie* t&e decisions or resolutions of a division of t&e 1@M,>,1. <A< s&ould first file a (otion for reconsideration *it& t&e 1@M,>,1 en )anc. 8. 5endered in t&e e'ercise of ad(inistrative functions ;77. Bill of 5ig&ts P&il 1on /0; "e* Features (1991! ?o* is t&e Bill of 5ig&ts strengt&ened in t&e 19/0 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&ere are several *ays in *&ic& t&e Bill of 5ig&ts is strengt&ened in t&e 19/0 1onstitution. 1. "e* rig&ts are given e'plicit recognition suc& as, t&e pro&i)ition against detention )y reason of political )eliefs and aspirations. T&e *aiver of Miranda rig&ts is no* reBuired to )e (ade in *riting *it& t&e assistance of counsel. T&e use of solitary, inco((unicado and secret detention places is pro&i)ited, *&ile t&e e'istence of su)standard and inadeBuate penal facilities is (ade t&e concern of legislation. 8. T&ere is also recognition of t&e rig&t of e'pression, an e'press pro&i)ition against t&e use of torture, a (andate to t&e +tate to provide co(pensation and re&a)ilitation for victi(s of torture and t&eir fa(ilies. E. +o(e rig&ts &ave )een e'panded. For instance, free access to courts no* includes access to Buasi$.udicial )odies and to adeBuate legal assistance. #. T&e reBuire(ents for interfering *it& so(e rig&ts &ave )een (ade (ore strict. For instance, only .udges can no* issue searc& *arrants or *arrants of arrest. T&ere (ust )e a la* aut&ori-ing t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent to interfere *it& t&e privacy of co((unication, t&e li)erty of a)ode, and t&e rig&t to travel )efore t&ese rig&ts (ay )e i(paired or curtailed. 9. T&e 1onstitution no* provides t&at t&e suspension of t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus does not suspend t&e rig&t to )ail, t&us resolving a doctrinal dispute of long standing.

T&e suspension of t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus and t&e procla(ation of (artial la* &ave )een li(ited to si'ty ( F! days and are no* su).ect to t&e po*er of 1ongress to revo=e. 7n addition, t&e +upre(e 1ourt is given t&e .urisdiction, upon t&e petition of any citi-en to deter(ine t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e suspension of t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus and t&e procla(ation of (artial la*. 0. T&e +upre(e 1ourt is e(po*ered to adopt rules for t&e protection and enforce(ent of constitutional rig&ts. /. Art. 77. +ec. 11 co((its t&e +tate to a policy *&ic& places value on t&e dignity of every &u(an person and guarantees full respect for &u(an rig&ts. 9. A 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts is created. 1F. %nder Article :;7. +ec. 9(8! t&e +tate is (andated to pro(ote respect for t&e peopleAs rig&ts a(ong t&e (e()ers of t&e (ilitary in t&e perfor(ance of t&eir duty. A. Funda(ental po*ers of t&e state (police po*er, e(inent do(ain, ta'ation! 1. 1oncept and application Police Po*er; Ban on To)acco AD (1998! "o. 16 1ongress passes a la* pro&i)iting television stations fro( airing any co((ercial advertise(ent *&ic& pro(otes to)acco or in any *ay gla(ori-es t&e consu(ption of to)acco products. T&is legislation *as passed in response to findings )y t&e Depart(ent of ?ealt& a)out t&e alar(ing rise in lung diseases in t&e country. T&e 4orld ?ealt& @rgani-ation &as also reported t&at %.+. to)acco co(panies &ave$s&ifted (ar=eting efforts to t&e T&ird 4orld due to d*indling sales in t&e &ealt&$conscious A(erican (ar=et, 1o*)oy >evyAs, a 2eans co(pany, recently released an advertise(ent featuring (odel 5ic&ard Burgos *earing >evyAs .ac=ets and .eans and &olding a pac= of Marl)oro cigarettes. T&e Asian Broadcasting "et*or= (AB"!, a privately o*ned television station, refuses to air t&e advertise(ent in co(pliance *it& t&e la*. Decide t&e constitutionality of t&e la* in Buestion. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* is constitutional. 7t is a valid e'ercise of police po*er, )ecause s(o=ing is &ar(ful to &ealt&. 7n Posadas de Puerto 5ico Associates vs. Touris( 1o(pany of Puerto 5ico, #0/ %.+. E8/, it *as ruled t&at a la* pro&i)iting certain types of advertise(ents is valid if it *as adopted in t&e interest of t&e &ealt&, safety, and *elfare of t&e people. 7n 1apital Broadcasting 1o(pany us. Mitc&ell EEE F +upp 9/8, a la* (a=ing it unla*ful to advertise cigarettes on any (ediu( of electronic co((unication *as up&eld. T&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt su((arily sustained t&is ruling in 1apitaY Broadcasting 1o(pany us, Acting Attorney 3eneral #F9 %.+. 1FFF. T&e la* in Buestion *as enacted on t&e )asis of t&e legislative finding t&at t&ere is a need to protect pu)lic &ealt&, )ecause s(o=ing causes lung diseases. 1o*)oy >evyAs &as not overt&ro*n t&is finding. Police Po*er; Roning @rdinance vs. "on$7(pair(ent of 1ontracts (19/9! "o. 186 Pedro )oug&t a parcel of land fro( +(art 1orporation, a realty fir( engaged in developing and selling lots to t&e pu)lic. @ne of t&e restrictions in t&e deed of sale *&ic& *as annotated in t&e title is t&at t&e lot s&all )e used )y t&e )uyer e'clusively for residential purposes. A (ain &ig&*ay &aving )een constructed across t&e su)division, t&e area )eca(e co((ercial in nature. T&e (unicipality later passed a -oning ordinance declaring t&e area as a co((ercial )an= )uilding on &is lot. +(art 1orporation *ent to court to stop t&e construction as violative of t&e )uilding restrictions i(posed )y it. T&e corporation contends t&at t&e -oning ordinance cannot nullify t&e contractual o)ligation assu(ed )y t&e )uyer. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e case (ust )e dis(issed. As &eld in @rtigas and 1o(pany, >i(ited Partners&ip vs. F,AT7i Ban= and Trust 1o(pany, 9# +15A 9EE, suc& a restriction in t&e contract cannot prevail over t&e -oning ordinance, )ecause t&e enact(ent of t&e ordinance is a valid e'ercise of police po*er. 7t is &a-ardous to &ealt& and co(fort to use t&e lot for residential purposes, since a &ig&*ay crosses t&e su)division and t&e area &as )eco(e co((ercial. Police Po*er; Roning @rdinance vs. "on$7(pair(ent of 1ontracts (8FF1! "o :;777 7n t&e deeds of sale to, and in t&e land titles of &o(eo*ners of a residential su)division in Pasig 1ity, t&ere are restrictions annotated t&erein to t&e effect t&at only residential &ouses or structures (ay )e )uilt or constructed on t&e lots. ?o*ever, t&e 1ity 1ouncil of Pasig enacted an ordinance a(ending t&e e'isting -oning ordinance )y c&anging t&e -one classification in t&at place fro( purely residential to co((ercial.

<A<, a lot o*ner, sold &is lot to a )an=ing fir( and t&e latter started constructing a co((ercial )uilding on t&e lot to &ouse a )an= inside t&e su)division. T&e su)division o*ner and t&e &o(eo*nersA association filed a case in court to stop t&e construction of t&e )uilding for )an=ing )usiness purposes and to respect t&e restrictions e()odied in t&e deed of sale )y t&e su)division developer to t&e lot o*ners, as *ell as t&e annotation in t&e titles. 7f you *ere t&e 2udge, &o* *ould you resolve t&e caseC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f 7 *ere t&e .udge, 7 *ould dis(iss t&e case. As &eld in @rtigas and 1o(pany >i(ited Partners&ip vs. F,AT7 Ban= and Trust 1o(pany. 9# +15A EE (1909!, t&e -oning ordinance is a valid e'ercise of police po*er and prevails over t&e contractual stipulation restricting t&e use of t&e lot to residential purposes. Police Po*er, Po*er to Ta' (8FF9! To address t&e pervasive pro)le( of ga()ling, 1ongress is considering t&e follo*ing options6 1! pro&i)it all for(s of ga()ling; 8! allo* ga()ling only on +undays; E! allo* ga()ling only in govern(ent$o*ned casinos; and #! re(ove all pro&i)itions against ga()ling )ut i(pose a ta' eBuivalent to EFH on all *innings. d. 7f 1ongress c&ooses t&e first option and passes t&e corresponding la* a)solutely pro&i)iting all for(s of ga()ling, can t&e la* )e validly attac=ed on t&e ground t&at it is an invalid e'ercise of police po*erC ,'plain your ans*er. The #"+ "2so#!te#1 ()oh 2 t n, "## %o)$s o% ,"$2# n, s " &"# ' e?e)0 se o% (o# 0e (o+e)/ 2e0"!se t s "n e& # th"t !n'e)$ nes the so0 "#/ $o)"# "n' e0ono$ 0 ,)o+th o% the n"t on 5Peo(#e &. P!nto/ 7B Ph #. AB1 81E3E9: e. 7f 1ongress c&ooses t&e last option and passes t&e corresponding la* i(posing a EFH ta' on all *innings and pri-es *on fro( ga()ling, *ould t&e la* co(ply *it& t&e constitutional li(itations on t&e e'ercise of t&e po*er of ta'ationC ,'plain your ans*er. A t"? o% 30. on + nn n,s %)o$ ,"$2# n, 'oes not & o#"te '!e ()o0ess "s to the )e"son"2#eness o% the )"te o% the t"? $(ose'. T"?es on non>!se%!# ente)() ses $"1 2e n0)e"se' to )est)" n the n!$2e) o% (e)sons +ho $ ,ht othe)+ se en,",e n t 5E)$ t">M"#"te Hote# "n' Mote# O(e)"to)s Asso0 "t on/ In0. &. C t1 M"1o) o% M"n #"/ 20 SCRA BAE 81E7D9:. T"?es $"1 2e $(ose' %o) the "tt" n$ent o% the o2Fe0t &e o% (o# 0e (o+e) 5L!tC &. A)"net"/ EB Ph #. 1AB 81E669: 8. 5eBuisites for valid e'ercise E. +i(ilarities and differences Police Po*er; A)ate(ent of "uisance (8FF#! (9$)! T&e 1ity of +an 5afael passed an ordinance aut&ori-ing t&e 1ity Mayor, assisted )y t&e police, to re(ove all advertising signs displayed or e'posed to pu)lic vie* in t&e (ain city street, for )eing offensive to sig&t or ot&er*ise a nuisance. AM, *&ose advertising agency o*ns and rents out (any of t&e )ill)oards ordered re(oved )y t&e 1ity Mayor, clai(s t&at t&e 1ity s&ould pay for t&e destroyed )ill)oards at t&eir current (ar=et value since t&e 1ity &as appropriated t&e( for t&e pu)lic purpose of city )eautification. T&e Mayor refuses to pay, so AM is suing t&e 1ity and t&e Mayor for da(ages arising fro( t&e ta=ing of &is property *it&out due process nor .ust co(pensation. 4ill AM prosperC 5eason )riefly. (9H! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e suit of AM *ill not prosper. T&e re(oval of t&e )ill)oards is not an e'ercise of t&e po*er of e(inent do(ain )ut of police po*er (1&urc&ill v. 5afferty, E8 P&il. 9/F J1919F$ T&e a)ate(ent of a nuisance in t&e e'ercise of police po*er does not constitute ta=ing of property and does not entitle t&e o*ner of t&e property involved to co(pensation. (Association of +(all >ando*ners in t&e P&ilippines, 7nc. v. +ecretary of Agrarian 5efor(, 109 +15A E#E J19/9K!. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e re(oval of t&e )ill)oards for t&e purpose of )eautification per(anently deprived AM of t&e rig&t to use &is property and a(ounts to its ta=ing. 1onseBuently, &e s&ould )e paid .ust co(pensation. (People v. Fa.ardo, 1F# P&il. ##E 1199/K!.

#. Delegation B. Private acts and t&e )ill of rig&ts 7(pair(ent 1lause; Basic ?u(an 5ig&ts (1998! "o. 86 +&eila, an actress, signed a t*o$year contract *it& +olidaridad Fil(s, T&e fil( co(pany undertoo= to pro(ote &er career and to feature &er as t&e leading lady in at least four (ovies. 7n turn, +&eila pro(ised t&at, for t&e duration of t&e contract, s&e s&all not get (arried or &ave a )a)y; ot&er*ise, s&e s&all )e lia)le to refund to t&e fil( co(pany a portion of its pro(otion e'penses. a! Does t&is contract i(pair, or i(pinge upon, any constitutionally protected li)erty of +&eilaC ,'plain. )! 7f +olidaridad Fil(s tries to enforce t&is contract .udicially, *ill t&is constitutionally protected li)erty prevailC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! Nes, t&e contract i(pairs t&e rig&t of +&eila to (arry and to procreate. T&e case of >oving vs. ;irginia, E// %.+. 1 and Ra)loc=i vs. 5ed&ail #E# %.+. E0# recogni-ed t&e rig&t to (arry is a )asic civil rig&t. >i=e*ise, t&e case of +=inner vs @=la&o(a, E1 %.+. 9E9 recogni-ed t&at t&e rig&t to procreate is a )asic civil rig&t. T&ese rig&ts are part of t&e li)erty protected )y t&e due process clause in +ection 1. Article 1 of t&e 1onstitution. )! Nes, t&e constitutionally protected li)erty of +&eila *ill prevail, )ecause it involves )asic &u(an rig&ts. T&e *aiver of t&ese )asic &u(an rig&ts is void. 4&at +olidaridad Fil(s is see=ing to recover are pro(otion e'penses. T&ese involve property rig&ts. As &eld in P&ilippine Bloo(ing Mills ,(ployees @rgani-ation vs. P&ilippine Bloo(ing Mills, 7nc., 91 +15A 1/9, civil rig&ts are superior to property rig&ts. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; T&e *aiver of t&e rig&t to (arry and t&e rig&t to procreate is valid. ,nforce(ent of t&e contract does not entail enforce(ent of t&e stipulation not to (arry and not to &ave a )a)y. 7t is li(ited to a refund of a portion of t&e pro(otion e'penses incurred )y +olidaridad Fil(s. 1. Due process 1. 5elativity of due process 8. Procedural and su)stantive due process Due Process; PPA$Pilots (8FF1! "o :777 $ T&e P&ilippine Ports Aut&ority (PPA! 3eneral Manager issued an ad(inistrative order to t&e effect t&at all e'isting regular appoint(ents to &ar)or pilot positions s&all re(ain valid only up to Dece()er E1 of t&e current year and t&at &encefort& all appoint(ents to &ar)or pilot positions s&all )e only for a ter( of one year fro( date of effectivity, su).ect to yearly rene*al or cancellation )y t&e PPA after conduct of a rigid evaluation of perfor(ance. Pilotage as a profession (ay )e practiced only )y duly licensed individuals, *&o &ave to pass five govern(ent professional e'a(inations. T&e ?ar)or Pilot Association c&allenged t&e validity of said ad(inistrative order arguing t&at it violated t&e &ar)or pilotsA rig&t to e'ercise t&eir profession and t&eir rig&t to due process of la* and t&at t&e said ad(inistrative order *as issued *it&out prior notice and &earing. T&e PPA countered t&at t&e ad(inistrative order *as valid as it *as issued in t&e e'ercise of its ad(inistrative control and supervision over &ar)or pilots under PPAAs legislative c&arter, and t&at in issuing t&e order as a rule or regulation, it *as perfor(ing its e'ecutive or legislative, and not a Buasi$ 2udicial function. Due process of la* is classified into t*o =inds, na(ely, procedural due process and su)stantive due process of la*. 4as t&ere, or, *as t&ere no violation of t&e &ar)or pilotsA rig&t to e'ercise t&eir profession and t&eir rig&t to due process of la*C (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e rig&t of t&e &ar)or pilots to due process *as violated. A( &eld in 1orona vs. %nited ?ar)or Pilots Association of t&e P&ilippines, 8/E +15A E1 (1990! pilotage as a profession is a property rig&t protected )y t&e guarantee of due process. T&e pre$evaluation cancellation of t&e licenses of t&e &ar)or pilots every year is unreasona)le and violated t&eir rig&t to su)stantive due process. T&e rene*al is dependent on t&e evaluation after t&e licenses &ave )een cancelled. T&e issuance of t&e ad(inistrative order also violated procedural due process, since no prior pu)lic &earing *as conducted. As &old in 1o((issioner of 7nternal 5evenue vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 8 1 +15A 8E0 (199/!,

*&en a regulation is )eing issued under t&e Buasi$legislative aut&ority of an ad(inistrative agency, t&e reBuire(ents of notice, &earing and pu)lication (ust )e o)served. Due Process; Procedural vs. +u)stantive (1999! "o ;777 $ A. 3ive e'a(ples of acts of t&e state *&ic& infringe t&e due process clause6 1. in its su)stantive aspect and (1H! 8. in its procedural aspectC (1H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1.! A la* violates su)stantive due process *&en it is unreasona)le or unduly oppressive. For e'a(ple, Presidential Decree "o. 1010, *&ic& cancelled all t&e (ortgages and liens of a de)tor, *as considered unconstitutional for )eing oppressive. >i=e*ise, as stated in ,r(ita$Malate ?otel and Motel @perators Association, 7nc. v. 1ity Mayor of Manila, 8F +15A /#9, a la* *&ic& is vague so t&at (en of co((on intelligence (ust guess at its (eaning and differ as to its application violates su)stantive due process. As &eld in Tanada v. Tuvera, 1# +15A ## , due process reBuires t&at t&e la* )e pu)lis&ed. 8.! 7n +tate Prosecutors v. Muro, 8E +15A 9F9, it *as &eld t&at t&e dis(issal of a case *it&out t&e )enefit of a &earing and *it&out any notice to t&e prosecution violated due process. >i=e*ise, as &eld in People v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8 8 +15A #98, t&e lac= of i(partiality of t&e .udge *&o *ill decide a case violates procedural due process. Due Process; Provisional @rder (1991! "o 0 $ @n 89 2uly 1991. t&e ,nergy 5egulatory Board (,5B!, in response to pu)lic cla(or, issued a resolution approving and adopting a sc&edule for )ringing do*n t&e prices of petroleu( products over a period of one (1! year starting 19 August 1991, over t&e o).ection of t&e oil co(panies *&ic& clai( t&at t&e period covered is too long to pre.udge and foresee. 7s t&e resolution validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e resolution is invalid, since t&e ,nergy 5egulatory Board issued t&e resolution *it&out a &earing. T&e resolution &ere is not a provisional order and t&erefore it can only )e issued after appropriate notice and &earing to affected parties. T&e ruling in P&ilippine 1o((unications +atellite 1orporation vs. Alcua-, 1/F +15A 81/, to t&e effect t&at an order provisionally reducing t&e rates *&ic& a pu)lic utility could c&arge, could )e issued *it&out previous notice and &earing, cannot apply. Due Process; Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers (8FF8! "o : $ Ten pu)lic sc&ool teac&ers of 1aloocan 1ity left t&eir classroo(s to .oin a stri=e, *&ic& lasted for one (ont&, to as= for teac&ersA )enefits. T&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports c&arged t&e( ad(inistratively, for *&ic& reason t&ey *ere reBuired to ans*er and for(ally investigated )y a co((ittee co(posed of t&e Division +uperintendent of +c&ools as 1&air(an, t&e Division +upervisor as (e()er and a teac&er, as anot&er (e()er. @n t&e )asis of t&e evidence adduced at t&e for(al investigation *&ic& a(ply esta)lis&ed t&eir guilt, t&e Director rendered a decision (eting out to t&e( t&e penalty of re(oval fro( office. T&e decision *as affir(ed )y t&e D,1+ +ecretary and t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission. @n appeal, t&ey reiterated t&e argu(ents t&ey raised )efore t&e ad(inistrative )odies, na(ely6 ()! T&ey *ere deprived of due process of la* as t&e 7nvestigating 1o((ittee *as i(properly constituted )ecause it did not include a teac&er in representation of t&e teac&ersA organi-ation as reBuired )y t&e Magna 1arta for Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers (5.A. "o. # 0F, +ec. 9!. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e teac&ers *ere deprived of due process of la*. %nder +ection 9 of t&e Magna 1arta for Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers, one of t&e (e()ers of t&e co((ittee (ust )e a teac&er *&o is a representative of t&e local, or in its a)sence, any e'isting provincial or national organi-ation of teac&ers. According to Fa)ella v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8/E +15A 89 (1990!, to )e considered t&e aut&ori-ed representative of suc& organi-ation, t&e teac&er (ust )e c&osen )y t&e organi-ation itself and not )y t&e +ecretary of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports. +ince in ad(inistrative proceedings, due process reBuires t&at t&e tri)unal )e vested *it& .urisdiction and )e so constituted as to afford a person c&arged ad(inistratively a reasona)le guarantee of i(partiality, if t&e teac&er *&o is a (e()er of t&e co((ittee *as not appointed in accordance *it& t&e la*, any proceeding )efore it is tainted *it& deprivation of procedural due process.

 Due Process; +u)stantive (8FFE! 8FFE "o :77 $ T&e (unicipal council of t&e (unicipality of 3uagua, Pa(panga, passed an ordinance penali-ing any person or entity engaged in t&e )usiness of selling tic=ets to (ovies or ot&er pu)lic e'&i)itions, ga(es or perfor(ances *&ic& *ould c&arge c&ildren )et*een 0 and 18 years of age t&e full price of ad(ission tic=ets instead of only one$&alf of t&e a(ount t&ereof. 4ould you &old t&e ordinance a valid e'ercise of legislative po*er )y t&e (unicipalityC 4&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ordinance is void. As &eld in Balacuit v. 1ourt of First 7nstance of Agusan del "orte. 1 E +15A 1/8 J19//K, t&e ordinance is unreasona)le. 7t deprives t&e sellers of t&e tic=ets of t&eir property *it&out due process. A tic=et is a property rig&t and (ay )e sold for suc& price as t&e o*ner of it can o)tain. T&ere is not&ing pernicious in c&arging c&ildren t&e sa(e price as adults. E. 1onstitutional and statutory due process Due Process; Per(it to 1arry Firear( @utside 5esidence (I $8FF ! E. Does a Per(it to 1arry Firear( @utside 5esidence (PT1F@5! constitute a property rig&t protected )y t&e 1onstitutionC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, it is not a property rig&t under t&e due process clause of t&e 1onstitution. 2ust li=e ordinary licenses in ot&er regulated fields, it (ay )e revo=ed any ti(e. 7t does not confer an a)solute rig&t, )ut only a personal privilege, su).ect to restrictions. A licensee ta=es &is license su).ect to suc& conditions as t&e >egislature sees fit to i(pose, and (ay )e revo=ed at its pleasure *it&out depriving t&e licensee of any property (1&ave- v. 5o(ulo, 3.5. "o. 190FE , 2une 9, 8FF#!. Due Process; 5adio +tation (19/0! "o. :7;6 7n t&e (orning of August 8/, 19/0, during t&e &eig&t of t&e fig&ting at 1&annel # and 1a(elot ?otel, t&e (ilitary closed 5adio +tation ::, *&ic& *as e'citedly reporting t&e successes of t&e re)els and (ove(ents to*ards Manila and troops friendly to t&e re)els. T&e reports *ere correct and factual. @n @cto)er , 19/0, after nor(alcy &ad returned and t&e 3overn(ent &ad full control of t&e situation, t&e "ational Teleco((unications 1o((ission, *it&out notice and &earing, )ut (erely on t&e )asis of t&e report of t&e (ilitary, cancelled t&e franc&ise of station ::. Discuss t&e legality of6 ()! T&e cancellation of t&e franc&ise of t&e station on @cto)er , 19/0. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e cancellation of t&e franc&ise of t&e station on @cto)er , 19/0, *it&out prior notice and &earing, is void. As &eld in ,astern Broadcasting 1orp. (DN5,! v. Dans, 1E0 +15A #0 (19/9!, t&e cardinal pri(ary reBuire(ents in ad(inistrative proceedings (one of *&ic& is t&at t&e parties (ust first )e &eard! as laid do*n in Ang Ti)ay v. 175, 9 P&il. E9 (19#F! (ust )e o)served in closing a radio station )ecause radio )roadcasts are a for( of constitutionally$protected e'pression #. ?ierarc&y of rig&ts 9. 2udicial standards of revie* . ;oid$for$vagueness doctrine D. ,Bual protection 1. 1oncept ,Bual Protection; Alien ,(ploy(ent (19/9! "o 1/6 An ordinance of t&e 1ity of Manila reBuires every alien desiring to o)tain e(ploy(ent of *&atever =ind, including casual and part$ti(e e(ploy(ent, in t&e city to secure an e(ploy(ent per(it fro( t&e 1ity Mayor and to pay a *or= per(it fee of P9FF. 7s t&e ordinance validC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e ordinance is not valid. 7n ;illegas vs. ?iu 1&iong Tsai Pao ?o, / +15A 80F, it *as &eld t&at suc& an ordinance violates eBual protection. 7t failed to consider t&e valid su)stantial differences a(ong t&e aliens reBuired to pay t&e fee. T&e sa(e a(ong it )eing collected fro( every e(ployed alien, *&et&er &e is casual or per(anent, part$ti(e or full$ti(e. T&e ordinance also violates due process, )ecause it does not contain any standard to guide t&e (ayor in t&e e'ercise of t&e po*er granted to &i( )y t&e ordinance. T&us, it confers upon &i( unrestricted po*er to allo* or prevent an activity *&ic& is la*ful per se. ,Bual Protection; 7nvidious Discri(ination (19/0! "o. ;76 Marina "eptunia, daug&ter of a sea captain and sister to four (arine officers decided as a c&ild to follo* in &er fat&erAs footsteps. 7n &er gro*ing up years s&e *as as (uc& at &o(e on )oard a )oat as s&e *as in t&e fa(ily &o(e )y t&e sea. 7n ti(e s&e earned a Bac&elor of +cience degree in Marine Transportation, (a.or in "avigation and +ea(ans&ip. +&e served &er apprentices&ip for a year in a (erc&ant (arine vessel registered for foreign trade and anot&er year on a (erc&ant (arine vessel registered for coast*ise trade. But to )eco(e a full$fledged (arine officer s&e &ad to pass t&e appropriate )oard e'a(inations )efore s&e could get &er professional license and registration. +&e applied in 2anuary 19/ to ta=e e'a(ination for (arine officers )ut &er application *as re.ected for t&e reason t&at t&e la* 5egulating t&e Practice of Marine Profession in t&e P&ilippines (Pres. Dec. "o. 90 (190E! ! specifically prescri)es t&at <"o person s&all )e Bualified for e'a(ination as (arine officer unless &e is6 Marina feels very aggrieved over t&e denial and &as co(e to you for advice. +&e *ants to =no*6 (1! 4&et&er t&e Board of ,'a(iners &ad any plausi)le or legal )asis for re.ecting &er application in 19/ . ,'plain )riefly. (8! 4&et&er t&e 19/0 1onstitution guarantees &er t&e rig&t to ad(ission to ta=e t&e co(ing 2anuary 19// (arine officers e'a(inations. ,'plain and cite relevant provisions. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e disBualification of fe(ales fro( t&e practice of (arine profession constitutes as invidious discri(ination conde(ned )y t&e ,Bual Protection 1lause of t&at 1onstitution (Art. 7;, +ec. 1! 7n t&e %nited +tates, under a si(ilar provision, *&ile earlier decisions of t&e +upre(e 1ourt up&eld t&e validity of a statute pro&i)iting *o(en fro( )artending unless s&e *as t&e *ife or daug&ter of a (ale o*ner (3oesart v. 1leary, EE9 %.+. # # (19#/! and denying to *o(en t&e rig&t to practice la* (Brad*ell v. +tate, /E %.+. (1 4all! 1EF (1/0E!, recent decisions &ave invalidated statutes or regulations providing for differential treat(ent of fe(ales )ased on not&ing stereotypical and inaccurate generali-ations. T&e 1ourt &eld t&at <classification )ased on se', li=e classifications )ased upon race, alienage, or national origin, are in&erently suspect, and (ust t&erefore )e su).ected to strict .udicial scrutiny.< Accordingly, t&e 1ourt invalidated a statute per(itting a (ale service(an to clai( &is spouse as a dependent to o)tain increased Buarter allo*ance, regardless of *&et&er t&e *ife is actually dependent on &i(, *&ile denying t&e sa(e rig&t to a service*o(an unless &er &us)and *as in fact dependent on &er for over one &alf of &is support. (Frontierro v 5ic&ardson, #11 %.+. /0 (190E!; Accord 1raig, v. Boren, #89 %.+. 19F (190 ! (providing for sale of )eer to (ales under 81 and to fe(ales under 1/!; 5eed v. 5eed. #F# %.+. 01 (1901! (preference given to (en over *o(en for appoint(ent as ad(inistrators of estates invalid!. ()! 7n addition to t&e ,Bual Protection 1lause, t&e 19/0 1onstitution no* reBuires t&e +tate to <ensure t&e funda(ental eBuality )efore t&e la* of *o(en and (en< (Art 77, +ec. 1#! and to provide t&e( *it& <suc& facilities and opportunities t&at *ill en&ance t&eir *elfare and ena)le t&e( to reali-e t&eir full potential in t&e service of t&e nation.< (Art. :777, +ec. 1#!. T&ese provisions put in serious dou)t t&e validity of PD 90 li(iting t&e practice of (arine profession to (ales. ,Bual Protection; 7nvidious Discri(ination (19/0! "o. 1F6 <:<, a son of a ric& fa(ily, applied for enrol(ent *it& t&e +an 1arlos +e(inary in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. Because &e &ad )een previously e'pelled fro( anot&er se(inary for sc&olastic deficiency, t&e 5ector of +an 1arlos +e(inary denied t&e application *it&out giving any grounds for t&e denial. After <:< *as refused ad(ission, t&e 5ector ad(itted anot&er applicant, *&o is t&e son of a poor far(er *&o *as also acade(ically deficient. (a! Prepare a s&ort argu(ent citing rules, la*s, or constitutional provisions in support of <:As< (otion for reconsideration of t&e denial of &is application. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e refusal of t&e se(inary to ad(it <:< constitutes invidious discri(ination, violative of t&e ,Bual Protection 1lause (Art. 777, +ec. 1! of t&e 1onstitution. T&e fact, t&at t&e ot&er applicant is t&e son of a poor far(er does not

(a=e t&e discri(ination any less invidious since t&e ot&er applicant is also acade(ically deficient. T&e reverse discri(ination practiced )y t&e se(inary cannot )e .ustified )ecause unli=e t&e race pro)le( in A(erica, poverty is not a condition of inferiority needing redress. ,Bual Protection; Police Po*er (8FFF! "o 7;. %ndaunted )y &is t&ree failures in t&e "ational Medical Ad(ission Test ("MAT!, 1ru- applied to ta=e it again )ut &e *as refused )ecause of an order of t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports (D,1+! disallo*ing flun=ers fro( ta=ing t&e test a fourt& ti(e. 1ru- filed suit assailing t&is rule raising t&e constitutional grounds of accessi)le Buality education, acade(ic freedo( and eBual protection. T&e govern(ent opposes t&is, up&olding t&e constitutionality of t&e rule on t&e ground of e'ercise of police po*er. Decide t&e case discussing t&e grounds raised. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports v. +an Diego,1/F +15A 9EE (19/9!, t&e rule is a valid e'ercise of police po*er to ensure t&at t&ose ad(itted to t&e (edical profession are Bualified. T&e argu(ents of 1ru- are not (eritorious. T&e rig&t to Buality education and acade(ic freedo( are not a)solute. %nder +ection 9(E!, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution, t&e rig&t to c&oose a profession is su).ect to fair, reasona)le and eBuita)le ad(ission and acade(ic reBuire(ents. T&e rule does not violate eBual protection. T&ere is a su)stantial distinction )et*een (edical students and ot&er students. %nli=e ot&er professions, t&e (edical profession directly affects t&e lives of t&e people. ,Bual Protection; +u)sidiary 7(prison(ent (19/9! "o. #6 <:< *as sentenced to a penalty of 1 year and 9 (ont&s of prision correctional and to pay a fine of P/,FFF.FF, *it& su)sidiary i(prison(ent in case of solvency. After serving &is prison ter(, <:< as=ed t&e Director of Prisons *&et&er &e could already )e released. <:< *as as=ed to pay t&e fine of P9,FFF.FF and &e said &e could not afford it, )eing an indigent. T&e Director infor(ed &i( &e &as to serve an additional prison ter( at t&e rate of one day per eig&t pesos in accordance *it& Article E9 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode, T&e la*yer of <:< filed a petition for &a)eas corpus contending t&at t&e furt&er incarceration of &is client for unpaid fines violates t&e eBual protection clause of t&e 1onstitution. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! T&e petition s&ould )e granted, )ecause Article E9 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode is unconstitutional. 7n Tate vs. +&ort, #F1 %.+. E99, t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at i(position of su)sidiary i(prison(ent upon a convict *&o is too poor to pay a fine violates eBual protection, )ecause econo(ic status cannot serve as a valid )asis for distinguis&ing t&e duration of t&e i(prison(ent )et*een a convict *&o is a)le to pay t&e fine and a convict *&o is una)le to pay it. (8! @n t&e ot&er &and, in %nited +tates e' rel. Privitera vs. Mross, 8E9 F +upp 11/, it *as &eld t&at t&e i(position of su)sidiary i(prison(ent for ina)ility to pay a fine does not violate eBual protection, )ecause t&e punis&(ent s&ould )e tailored to fit t&e individual, and eBual protection does not co(pel t&e eradication of every disadvantage caused )y indigence. T&e decision *as affir(ed )y t&e %nited +tates 1ircuit 1ourt of Appeals in E#9 F8d 9EE, and t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt denied t&e petition for certiorari in E/8 %.+. 911. T&is ruling *as adopted )y t&e 7llinois +upre(e 1ourt in People vs. 4illia(s, E1 A>5Ed 98F. 8. 5eBuisites for valid classification ,Bual Protection; 5ig&t to ,ducation (199#! "o. 18; T&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports 7ssued a circular disBualifying anyone *&o fails for t&e fourt& ti(e in t&e "ational ,ntrance Tests fro( ad(ission to a 1ollege of Dentistry. : *&o *as t&us disBualified, Buestions t&e constitutionality of t&e circular. 1! Did t&e circular deprive &er of &er constitutional rig&t to educationC 8! Did t&e circular violate t&e eBual protection clause of t&e 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, )ecause it is a per(issive li(itation to rig&t to education, as it is intended to ensure t&at only t&ose *&o are Bualified to )e dentists are ad(itted for enroll(ent. 8! "o, t&e circular did not violate t&e eBual protection clause of t&e 1onstitution. T&ere is a su)stantial distinction )et*een dentistry students and ot&er students. T&e dental profession directly affects t&e lives and &ealt& of people.

@t&er professions do not involve t&e sa(e delicate responsi)ility and need not )e si(ilarly treated. T&is is in accordance *it& t&e ruling in Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports vs. +an Diego, 1/F +15A 9EE. E. +tandards of .udicial revie* a! 5ational Basis Test )! +trict +crutiny Test c! 7nter(ediate +crutiny Test ,. +earc&es and sei-ures 1. 1oncept +earc&es and +ei-ure; Private 7ndividuals (I/$8FF9! (8! ,(ilio &ad long suspected t&at Alvin, &is e(ployee, &ad )een passing trade secrets to &is co(petitor, 5andy, )ut &e &ad no proof. @ne day, ,(ilio )ro=e open t&e des= of Alvin and discovered a letter *&erein 5andy t&an=ed Alvin for &aving passed on to &i( vital trade secrets of ,(ilio. ,nclosed in t&e letter *as a c&ec= for P9F,FFF.FF dra*n against t&e account of 5andy and paya)le to Alvin. ,(ilio t&en dis(issed Alvin fro( &is e(ploy(ent. ,(ilioAs proof of AlvinAs perfidy are t&e said letter and c&ec= *&ic& are o).ected to as inad(issi)le for &aving )een o)tained t&roug& an illegal searc&. Alvin filed a suit assailing &is dis(issal. 5ule on t&e ad(issi)ility of t&e letter and c&ec=. (9H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 As &eld in People v. Marti (3.5. "o. /19 1, 2anuary 1/, 1991!, t&e constitution, in laying do*n t&e principles of t&e govern(ent and funda(ental li)erties of t&e people, does not govern relations&ips )et*een individuals. T&us, if t&e searc& is (ade at t&e )e&est or initiative of t&e proprietor of a private esta)lis&(ent for its o*n and private purposes and *it&out t&e intervention of police aut&orities, t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc& and sei-ure cannot )e invo=ed for only t&e act of private individuals, not t&e la* enforcers, is involved. 7n su(, t&e protection against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures cannot )e e'tended to acts co((itted )y P57;AT, 7"D7;7D%A>+ so as to )ring it *it&in t&e a()it of alleged unla*ful intrusion )y t&e govern(ent. Accordingly, t&e letter and c&ec= are ad(issi)le in evidence. (4aterous Drug 1orp. v. ">51, 3.5. "o. 11E801, @cto)er 1 , 1990! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e letter is inad(issi)le in evidence. T&e constitutional in.unction declaring t&e privacy of co((unication and correspondence to )e inviola)le is no less applica)le si(ply )ecause it is t&e e(ployer *&o is t&e party against *&o( t&e constitutional provision is to )e enforced. T&e only e'ception to t&e pro&i)ition in t&e 1onstitution is if t&ere is a la*ful order fro( t&e court or *&en pu)lic safety or order reBuires ot&er*ise, as prescri)ed )y la*. Any violation of t&is provision renders t&e evidence o)tained inad(issi)le for any purpose in any proceeding. (Rulueta v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 1F0E/E, Fe)ruary 8F, 199 ! +earc&es and +ei-ures; Aliens (8FF1! "o 7; $ A is an alien. +tate *&et&er, in t&e P&ilippines, &e6 7s entitled to t&e rig&t against illegal searc&es and sei-ures and against illegal arrests. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Aliens are entitled to t&e rig&t against illegal searc&es and sei-ures and illegal arrests. As applied in People v. 1&ua ?o +an, EF0 +15A #E8 (1999!, t&ese rig&ts are availa)le to all persons, including aliens. +earc&es and +ei-ures; ;isual +earc& (1998! "o. 96 During t&e recent elections, c&ec=points *ere set up to enforce t&e election period )an on firear(s. During one suc& routine searc& one nig&t, *&ile loo=ing t&roug& an open *indo* *it& a flas&lig&t, t&e police sa* firear(s at t&e )ac=seat of a car partially covered )y papers and clot&es. Antonio, o*ner and driver of t&e car in Buestion, *as c&arged for violation of t&e firear(s )an. Are t&e firear(s ad(issi)le in evidence against &i(C ,'plain. 7f, upon furt&er inspection )y t&e police, pro&i)ited drugs *ere found inside t&e various co(part(ents of AntonioAs car, can t&e drugs )e used in evidence against Antonio if &e is prosecuted for possession of pro&i)ited drugsC ,'plain.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! Nes, t&e firear(s are ad(issi)le in evidence, )ecause t&ey *ere validly sei-ed. 7n ;al(onte vs. De ;illa, 10/ +15A 811 and 1/9 +15A 9, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at c&ec=points (ay )e set up to (aintain peace and order for t&e )enefit of t&e pu)lic and c&ec=points are a security (easure against unaut&ori-ed firear(s. +ince t&e searc& *&ic& resulted in t&e discovery of t&e firear(s *as li(ited to a visual searc& of t&e car, it *as reasona)le. Because of t&e )an on firear(s, t&e possession of t&e firear(s *as pro&i)ited. +ince t&ey *ere found in plain vie* in t&e course of a la*ful searc&, in accordance *it& t&e decision in Magancia vs. Palacio, /F P&il. 00F, t&ey are ad(issi)le in evidence. )! "o, t&e drugs cannot )e used in evidence against Antonio if &e is prosecuted for possession of pro&i)ited drugs. T&e drugs *ere found after a (ore e'tensive searc& of t&e various co(part(ents of t&e car. As &eld in ;al(onte vs. De ;illa, 1/9 +15A 9, for suc& a searc& to )e valid, t&ere (ust )e a pro)a)le cause. 7n t&is case, t&ere *as no pro)a)le cause, as t&ere *as not&ing to indicate t&at Antonio &ad pro&i)ited drugs inside t&e co(part(ents of &is car. 8. 4arrant reBuire(ent a! 5eBuisites +earc&es and +ei-ures; 7ncidental to ;alid +earc& (199F! "o. 9; +o(e police operatives, acting under a la*fully issued *arrant for t&e purpose of searc&ing for firear(s in t&e ?ouse of : located at "o. 1F +&a* Boulevard, Pasig, Metro Manila, found, instead of firear(s, ten =ilogra(s of cocaine. (1! May t&e said police operatives la*fully sei-e t&e cocaineC ,'plain your ans*er. (8! May : successfully c&allenge t&e legality of t&e searc& on t&e ground t&at t&e peace officers did not infor( &i( a)out &is rig&t to re(ain silent and &is rig&t to counselC ,'plain your ans*er. (E! +uppose t&e peace officers *ere a)le to find unlicensed firear(s in t&e &ouse in an ad.acent lot, t&at is. "o, 18 +&a* Boulevard, *&ic& is also o*ned )y :. May t&ey la*fully sei-e t&e said unlicensed firear(sC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! Nes, t&e police operatives (ay la*fully sei-e t&e cocaine, )ecause it is an ite( *&ose possession is pro&i)ited )y la*, it *as in plain vie* and it *as only inadvertently discovered in t&e course of a la*ful searc&. T&e possession of cocaine is pro&i)ited )y +ection / of t&e Dangerous Drugs Act. As &eld in Magoncia v. Palacio, /F P&il. 00F, an article *&ose possession is pro&i)ited )y la* (ay )e sei-ed *it&out t&e need of any searc& *arrant if it *as discovered during a la*ful searc&. T&e additional reBuire(ent laid do*n in 5oan v. 3on-ales, 1#9 +15A /0 t&at t&e discovery of t&e article (ust &ave )een (ade inadvertently *as also satisfied in t&is case. (8! "o, : cannot successfully c&allenge t&e legality of t&e searc& si(ply )ecause t&e peace officers did not infor( &i( a)out &is rig&t to re(ain silent and &is rig&t to counsel. +ection 18(1!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <Any person under investigation for t&e co((ission of an offense s&all &ave t&e rig&t to )e infor(ed of &is rig&t to re(ain silent and to &ave co(petent and independent counsel prefera)ly of &is o*n c&oice.< As &eld in People v. Dy, 19/ +15A 111. for t&is provision to apply, a suspect (ust )e under investigation. T&ere *as no investigation involved in t&is case. (E! T&e unlicensed firear(s stored at 18 +&a* Boulevard (ay la*fully )e sei-ed since t&eir possession is illegal. As &eld in Magoncia a Palacio, /F P&il. 00F, *&en an individual possesses contra)and (unlicensed firear(s )elong to t&is category!, &e is co((itting a cri(e and &e can )e arrested *it&out a *arrant and t&e contra)and can )e sei-ed. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7n accordance *it& t&e rulings in %y Meytin v, ;illareal, #8 P&il. // and People v. +y 2uco, # P&il. 0, t&e unlicensed firear(s found in t&e &ouse at 18 +&a* Boulevard (ay not )e la*fully sei-ed, since t&ey *ere not included in t&e description of t&e articles to )e sei-ed )y virtue of t&e searc& *arrant. T&e searc& *arrant descri)ed t&e articles to )e sei-ed as firear(s in t&e &ouse of : located at 1F +&a* Boulevard. +earc&es and +ei-ures; Place of +earc& (8FF1! "o :7 $ Ar(ed *it& a searc& and sei-ure *arrant, a tea( of police(en led )y 7nspector Trias entered a co(pound and searc&ed t&e &ouse descri)ed t&erein as "o. 10 +pea=er Pere- +t., +ta. Mesa ?eig&ts, Iue-on 1ity, o*ned )y Mr. ,rnani Pelets, for a reported cac&e of firear(s and a((unition. ?o*ever, upon t&oroug& searc& of t&e &ouse, t&e police found not&ing.

T&en, acting on a &unc&, t&e police(en proceeded to a s(aller &ouse inside t&e sa(e co(pound *it& address at "o. 10$A +pea=er Pere- +t., entered it, and conducted a searc& t&erein over t&e o).ection of Mr. Pelets *&o &appened to )e t&e sa(e o*ner of t&e first &ouse. T&ere, t&e police found t&e unlicensed firear(s and a((unition t&ey *ere loo=ing for. As a result. Mr. ,rnani Pelets *as cri(inally c&arged in court *it& 7llegal possession of firear(s and a((unition as penali-ed under P.D. 1/ , as a(ended )y 5A. /89#. At t&e trial, &e ve&e(ently o).ected to t&e presentation of t&e evidence against &i( for )eing inad(issi)le. 7s Mr. ,(ani PeletAs contention valid or notC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention of ,rnani Pelet is valid. As &eld in People vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 891+15A #FF (199E!, if t&e place searc&ed is different fro( t&at stated in t&e searc& *arrant, t&e evidence sei-ed is inad(issi)le. T&e police(an cannot (odify t&e place to )e searc&ed as set out in t&e searc& *arrant. E. 4arrantless searc&es +earc&es and +ei-ures; 7((ediate 1ontrol (19/0! "o. 7776 <:< a 1onsta)ulary @fficer, *as arrested pursuant to a la*ful court order in Baguio 1ity for (urder. ?e *as )roug&t to Manila *&ere a *arrantless searc& *as conducted in &is official Buarters at 1a(p 1ra(e, T&e searc& tea( found and sei-ed t&e (urder *eapon in a dra*er of <:<. 1an <:< clai( t&at t&e searc& and sei-ure *ere illegal and (ove for e'clusion fro( evidence of t&e *eapon sei-edC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, <:< can do so. T&e *arrantless searc& cannot )e .ustified as an incident of a valid arrest, )ecause considera)le ti(e &ad elapsed after &is arrest in Baguio )efore t&e searc& of &is Buarters in 1a(p 1ra(e, Iue-on 1ity *as (ade, and )ecause t&e distance )et*een t&e place of arrest and t&e place of searc& negates any clai( t&at t&e place searc&ed is *it&in &is <i((ediate control< so as to .ustify t&e appre&ension t&at &e (ig&t destroy or conceal evidence of cri(e )efore a *arrant can )e o)tained. (1&i(el v. 1alifornia, E99 %.+. 098 (19 9! ! in "olasco v. 1ruPano, 1#0 +15A 9F9 (19/0!, t&e +upre(e 1ourt reconsidered its previous decision &olding t&at a *arrantless searc&, (ade after EF (inutes fro( t&e ti(e of arrest, and, in a place several )loc=s a*ay fro( t&e place of arrest, *as valid. 7t &eld t&at a *arrantless searc& is li(ited to t&e searc& of t&e person of t&e arrestee at t&e ti(e and incident to &is arrest and for dangerous *eapons or anyt&ing *&ic& (ay )e used as proof of t&e offense. A contrary rule *ould .ustify t&e police in procuring a *arrant of arrest and, )y virtue t&ereof, not only arrest t&e person )ut also searc& &is d*elling. A *arrant reBuires t&at all facts as to t&e condition of t&e property and its surroundings and its i(prove(ents and capa)ilities (ust )e considered, and t&is can only )e done in a .udicial proceeding. +earc&es and +ei-ures; searc& (ade )y a private citi-en (199E! "o. #6 >arry *as an overnig&t guest in a (otel. After &e c&ec=ed out t&e follo*ing day, t&e c&a()er(aid found an attac&e case *&ic& s&e sur(ised *as left )e&ind )y >arry. +&e turned it over to t&e (anager *&o, to deter(ine t&e na(e and address of t&e o*ner, opened t&e attac&e case and sa* pac=ages *&ic& &ad a peculiar s(ell and upon sBuee-ing felt li=e dried leaves. ?is curiosity aroused, t&e (anager (ade an opening on one of t&e pac=ages and too= several gra(s of t&e contents t&ereof. ?e too= t&e pac=ages to t&e "B7, and in t&e presence of agents, opened t&e pac=ages, t&e contents of *&ic& upon la)oratory e'a(ination, turned out to )e (ari.uana flo*ering tops, >arry *as su)seBuently found, )roug&t to t&e "B7 @ffice *&ere &e ad(itted o*ners&ip of t&e attac&e case and t&e pac=ages. ?e *as (ade to sign a receipt for t&e pac=ages. >arry *as c&arged in court for possession of pro&i)ited drugs. ?e *as convicted. @n appeal, &e no* poses t&e follo*ing issues6 1! T&e pac=ages are inad(issi)le in evidence )eing t&e product of an illegal searc& and sei-ure; . 8! "eit&er is t&e receipt &e signed ad(issi)le, &is rig&ts under custodial investigation not &aving )een o)served. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 @n t&e assu(ption t&at t&e issues *ere ti(ely raised t&e ans*ers are as follo*s6 1! T&e pac=ages are ad(issi)le in evidence. T&e one *&o opened t&e pac=ages *as t&e (anager of t&e (otel *it&out any interference of t&e agents of t&e "ational Bureau of 7nvestigation. As &eld in People vs. Marti, 19E +15A 90, t&e constitutional rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures refers to un*arranted intrusion )y t&e govern(ent and does not operate as a restraint upon private individuals. 8! T&e receipt is not ad(issi)le in evidence.

 +earc&es and +ei-ures; searc& (ade )y a private citi-en (8FF8! "o ;777. @ne day a passenger )us conductor found a (anAs &and)ag left in t&e )us. 4&en t&e conductor opened t&e )ag, &e found inside a catling card *it& t&e o*nerAs na(e (Dante 3alang! and address, a fe* &undred peso )ills, and a s(all plastic )ag containing a *&ite po*dery su)stance. ?e )roug&t t&e po*dery su)stance to t&e "ational Bureau of 7nvestigation for la)oratory e'a(ination and it *as deter(ined to )e (et&a(p&eta(ine &ydroc&loride or s&a)u, a pro&i)ited drug. Dante 3alang *as su)seBuently traced and found and )roug&t to t&e "B7 @ffice *&ere &e ad(itted o*ners&ip of t&e &and)ag and its contents. 7n t&e course of t&e interrogation )y "B7 agents, and *it&out t&e presence and assistance of counsel, 3alang *as (ade to sign a receipt for t&e plastic )ag and its s&a)u contents. 3alang *as c&arged *it& illegal possession of pro&i)ited drugs and *as convicted. @n appeal &e contends t&at $ (1! T&e plastic )ag and its contents are inad(issi)le in evidence )eing t&e product of an illegal searc& and sei-ure; (EH! and (8! T&e receipt &e signed is also inad(issi)le as &is rig&ts under custodial investigation *ere not o)served. (8H! Decide t&e case *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e plastic )ag and its contents are ad(issi)le in evidence, since it *as not t&e "ational Bureau of 7nvestigation )ut t&e )us conductor *&o opened t&e )ag and )roug&t it to t&e "ational Bureau of 7nvestigation. As &eld 7n People v. Marti, 19E +15A 90 (1991!, t&e constitutional rig&t against unreasona)le searc& and sei-ure is a restraint upon t&e govern(ent. 7t does not apply so as to reBuire e'clusion of evidence *&ic& ca(e into t&e possession of t&e 3overn(ent t&roug& a searc& (ade )y a private citi-en. B. 7t is inad(issi)le. +earc&es and +ei-ures; ;alid 4arrantless +earc& (8FFF! a! 1rac= officers of t&e Anti$"arcotics %nit *ere assigned on surveillance of t&e environs of a ce(etery *&ere t&e sale and use of dangerous drugs are ra(pant. A (an *it& reddis& and glassy eyes *as *al=ing unsteadily (oving to*ards t&e( )ut veered a*ay *&en &e sensed t&e presence of police(en. T&ey approac&ed &i(, introduced t&e(selves as police officers and as=ed &i( *&at &e &ad clenc&ed in &is &and. As &e =ept (u(, t&e police(en pried &is &and open and found a sac&et of s&a)u, a dangerous drug. Accordingly c&arged in court, t&e accused o).ected to t&e ad(ission in evidence of t&e dangerous drug )ecause it *as t&e result of an illegal searc& and sei-ure. 5ule on t&e o).ection. (EH! )! 4&at are t&e instances *&en *arrantless searc&es (ay )e effectedC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! T&e o).ection is not tena)le. 7n accordance *it& Manalili v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8/F +15A #FF (1990!. since t&e accused &ad red eyes and *as *al=ing unsteadily and t&e place is a =no*n &ang$out of drug addicts, t&e police officers &ad sufficient reason to stop t&e accused and to fris= &i(. +ince s&a)u *as actually found during t&e investigation, it could )e sei-ed *it&out t&e need for a searc& *arrant. )! A *arrantless searc& (ay )e effected in t&e follo*ing cases6 i. +earc&es incidental to a la*ful arrest; ii. +earc&es of (oving ve&icles; iii. +earc&es of pro&i)ited articles in plain vie*; iv. ,nforce(ent of custo(s la*; e! 1onsented searc&es; v. +top and fris= (People v. Monaco, 8/9 +15A 0FE J199/K!; vi. 5outine searc&es at )orders and ports of entry (%nited +tates v. 5a(sey, #E1 %.+. F J1900K!; and vii. +earc&es of )usinesses in t&e e'ercise of visitorial po*ers to enforce police regulations ("e* Nor= v. Burger, #/8 %.+. 91 (19/0K!. +earc&es and +ei-ures; 4aiver of 1onsent (19/9! "o. 06 Pursuing reports t&at great Buantities of pro&i)ited drugs are )eing s(uggled at nig&tti(e t&roug& t&e s&ores of 1avite, t&e +out&ern >u-on 1o((and set up c&ec=points at t&e end of t&e 1avite coastal road to searc& passing (otor ve&icles. A 19$year old )oy, *&o finis&ed fift& grade, *&ile driving, *as stopped )y t&e aut&orities at t&e c&ec=point. 4it&out any o).ection fro( &i(, &is car *as inspected, and t&e searc& yielded (ari.uana leaves &idden in t&e trun= co(part(ent of t&e car. T&e pro&i)ited drug *as pro(ptly sei-ed, and t&e )oy *as )roug&t to t&e police station for Buestioning. 4as t&e searc& *it&out *arrant legalC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

"o, t&e searc& *as not valid, )ecause t&ere *as no pro)a)le cause for conducting t&e searc&. As &eld in Al(eda +anc&e- vs. %nited +tates, #1E %.+. 8 , *&ile a (oving ve&icle can )e searc&ed *it&out a *arrant, t&ere (ust still )e pro)a)le cause. 7n t&e case in Buestion, t&ere *as not&ing to indicate t&at (ari.uana leaves *ere &idden in t&e trun= of t&e car. T&e (ere fact t&at t&e )oy did not o).ect to t&e inspection of t&e car does not constitute consent to t&e searc&. As ruled in People vs. Burgos, 1## +15A 1, t&e failure to o).ect to a *arrantless searc& does not constitute consent, especially in t&e lig&t of t&e fact. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Nes. T&e reBuire(ent of pro)a)le cause differs fro( case to case. 7n t&is one, since t&e police agents are confronted *it& large$scale s(uggling of pro&i)ited drugs, e'istence of *&ic& is of pu)lic =no*ledge, t&ey can set up c&ec=points at strategic places, in t&e sa(e *ay t&at of in a neig&)or&ood a c&ild is =idnapped, it is la*ful to searc& cars and ve&icles leaving t&e neig&)or&ood or village6 T&is situation is also si(ilar to *arrantless searc&es of (oving ve&icles in custo(s area, *&ic& searc&es &ave )een up&eld. (Papa vs. Mago, 88 +15A /90 (19 /!. T&e rule is )ased on practical necessity. +earc& and +ei-ure (8F1F! A *itnessed t*o &ooded (en *it& )ase)all )ats enter t&e &ouse of t&eir ne't door neig&)our B. After a fe* seconds, &e &eard B s&outing, U?u*ag Pilo )a)ayaran =ita agad.V T&en A sa* t&e t*o &ooded (en &itting B until t&e latter fell lifeless. T&e assailants escaped using a yello* (otorcycle *it& a fire)all stic=er on it to*ard t&e direction of an e'clusive village near)y. A reported t&e incident to P@1 "uval. T&e follo*ing day, P@1 "uval sa* t&e (otorcycle par=ed in t&e garage of a &ouse at +ta. 7nes +treet inside t&e e'clusive village. ?e inBuired *it& t&e careta=er as to *&o o*ned t&e (otorcycle. T&e careta=er na(ed t&e )rot&ers Pilo and 5a(on Maradona *&o *ere t&en outside t&e country. P@1 "uval insisted on getting inside t&e garage. @ut of fear, t&e careta=er allo*ed &i(. P@1 "uval too= 8 s=i (as=s and 8 )ats )eside t&e (otorcycle. 4as t&e searc& validC 4&at a)out t&e sei-ureC Decide *it& reasons. The +"))"nt#ess se")0h "n' the se C!)e +"s not &"# '. It +"s not $"'e "s "n n0 'ent to " #"+%!# +"))"nt#ess "))est/ 5Peo(#e &. B"!#". 3AA SCRA 733 820009: . The 0")et"@e) h"' no "!tho) t1 to +" &e the ) ,ht o% the 2)othe)s P #o "n' R"$on M")"'on" "," nst "n !n)e"son"2#e se")0h "n' se C!)e. 5Peo(#e &. D"$"so/ 212 SCRA 6AD 81EE29: The +"))"nt#ess se C!)e o% the s@ $"s@s "n' 2"ts 0"nnot 2e F!st % e' !n'e) the (#" n & e+ 'o0t) ne/ 2e0"!se the1 +e)e se Ce' "%te) "n n&"# ' nt)!s on nto the ho!se. 5Peo(#e & Bo#"s"/ 321 SCRA A6E 81EEE9:. #. 4arrantless arrests +earc&es and +ei-ures; 4arrantless Arrests (199E! "o. 96 2o&ann learned t&at t&e police *ere loo=ing for &i( in connection *it& t&e rape of an 1/$year old girl, a neig&)or. ?e *ent to t&e police station a *ee= later and presented &i(self to t&e des= sergeant. 1oincidentally. t&e rape victi( *as in t&e pre(ises e'ecuting an e'tra.udicial state(ent. 2o&ann, along *it& si' ( ! ot&er suspects, *ere placed in a police lineup and t&e girl pointed to &i( as t&e rapist. 2o&ann *as arrested and loc=ed up in a cell. 2o&ann *as c&arged *it& rape in court )ut prior to arraign(ent invo=ed &is rig&t to preli(inary investigation. T&is *as denied )y t&e .udge, and t&us, trial proceeded. After t&e prosecution presented several *itnesses, 2o&ann t&roug& counsel, invo=ed t&e rig&t to )ail and filed a (otion t&erefor, *&ic& *as denied outrig&t )y t&e 2udge. 2o&ann no* files a petition for certiorari )efore t&e 1ourt of Appeals arguing t&at6 ?is arrest *as not in accordance *it& la*. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e *arrantless arrest of 2o&ann *as not in accordance *it& la*. As &eld in 3o v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8F +15A 1E/, &is case does not fall under t&e 7nstances in 5ule 11E, sec. 9 (a! of t&e 19/9 5ules of 1ri(inal Procedure aut&ori-ing *arrantless arrests. 7t cannot )e considered a valid *arrantless arrest )ecause 2o&ann did not co((it a cri(e in t&e presence of t&e police officers, since t&ey *ere not present *&en 2o&ann &ad allegedly raped &is neig&)or. "eit&er can 7t )e considered an arrest under 5ule 11E sec. 9 ()! *&ic& allo*s an arrest *it&out a *arrant to )e (ade *&en a cri(e &as in fact .ust )een co((itted and t&e person (a=ing t&e arrest &as personal =no*ledge offsets indicating t&at t&e person to )e arrested co((itted it. +ince 2o&ann *as arrested a *ee= after t&e alleged

rape, it cannot )e dee(ed to )e a cri(e *&ic& <&as .ust )een co((itted<. "or did t&e police officers *&o arrested &i( &ave personal =no*ledge of facts indicating t&at 2o&ann raped &is neig&)or. +earc&es and +ei-ures; 4arrants of Arrest (1991! "o. /6 @n t&e )asis of a verified report and confidential infor(ation t&at various electronic eBuip(ent, *&ic& *ere illegally i(ported into t&e P&ilippines, *ere found in t&e )odega of t&e Ti=asan 1orporation located at 1FF8 Bina=ayan +t., 1e)u 1ity, t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s of 1e)u issued, in t&e (orning of 8 2anuary 19//, a 4arrant of +ei-ure and Detention against t&e corporation for t&e sei-ure of t&e electronic eBuip(ent. T&e *arrant particularly descri)es t&e electronic eBuip(ent and specifies t&e provisions of t&e Tariff and 1usto(s 1ode *&ic& *ere violated )y t&e i(portation. T&e *arrant *as served and i(ple(ented in t&e afternoon of 8 2anuary 19// )y 1usto(s police(en *&o t&en sei-ed t&e descri)ed eBuip(ent. T&e inventory of t&e sei-ed articles *as signed )y t&e +ecretary of t&e Ti=asan 1orporation. T&e follo*ing day, a &earing officer in t&e @ffice of t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s conducted a &earing on t&e confiscation of t&e eBuip(ent. T*o days t&ereafter, t&e corporation filed *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt a petition for certiorari, pro&i)ition and (anda(us to set aside t&e *arrant, en.oin t&e 1ollector and &is agents fro( furt&er proceeding *it& t&e forfeiture &earing and to secure t&e return of t&e confiscated eBuip(ent, alleging t&erein t&at t&e *arrant issued is null and void for t&e reason t&at, pursuant to +ection 8 of Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, only a .udge (ay issue a searc& *arrant. 7n &is co((ent to t&e petition, t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s, t&roug& t&e @ffice of t&e +olicitor 3eneral, contends t&at &e is aut&ori-ed under t&e Tariff and 1usto( 1ode to order t&e sei-ure of t&e eBuip(ent *&ose duties and ta'es *ere not paid and t&at t&e corporation did not e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies. +&ould t&e petition )e grantedC Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition s&ould not )e granted. %nder +ecs. 88F9 and 88F/ of t&e Tariff and 1usto(s 1ode, custo(s officials are aut&ori-ed to enter any *are&ouse, not used as d*elling, for t&e purpose of sei-ing any article *&ic& is su).ect to forfeiture. For t&is purpose t&ey need no *arrant issued )y a court. As stated in ;iduya vs. Berdiago, 0E +15A 99E. for centuries t&e sei-ure of goods )y custo(s officials to enforce t&e custo(s la*s *it&out need of a searc& *arrant &as )een recogni-ed. 4arrantless Arrest (8FF9! 1rac= agents of t&e Manila Police Anti$"arcotics %nit *ere on surveillance of a ce(etery *&ere t&e sale and use of pro&i)ited drugs *ere ru(oured to )e ra(pant. T&e tea( sa* a (an *it& reddis& and glassy eyes *al=ing unsteadily to*ards t&e, )ut &e i((ediately veered a*ay upon seeing t&e police(en. T&e tea( approac&ed t&e (an, introduced t&e(selves as peace officers, t&en as=ed *&at &e &ad in &is clenc&ed fist. Because t&e (an refused to ans*er, a police(an pried t&e first open and sa* a plastic sac&et filled *it& a crystalline su)stance. T&e tea( t&en too= t&e (an into custody and su)(itted t&e contents of t&e sac&et to forensic e'a(ination. T&e crystalline su)stance in t&e sac&et turned out to )e s&a)u. T&e (an *as accordingly c&arged in court. During trial, t&e accused6 a. 1&allenged t&e validity of &is arrest The +"))"nt#ess "))est o% the "00!se' +"s &"# '. The 0e$ete)1 +"s )!$o!)e' to 2e " (#"0e +he)e the s"#e o% ')!,s +"s )"$("nt. The e1es o% the "00!se' +e)e )e'' sh "n' ,#"ss1. He +"s +"#@ n, !nste"' #1/ &ee)e' "+"1 %)o$ the (o# 0e$en !(on see n, the$/ "n' )e%!se' to s"1 +h"t +"s n h s 0#en0he' % st. The (o# 0e$en h"' s!%% 0 ent )e"son to sto( h $ "n' n&est ,"te' % he +"s h ,h on ')!,s. S n0e the n&est ,"t on sho+e' th"t the "00!se' +"s n (ossess on o% sh"2!/ he 0o!#' 2e "))este' + tho!t the nee' %o) " +"))"nt 5M"n"# # &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s 2B0 SCRA A00 81EED9: Alternative Answer: The +"))"nt#ess "))est o% the "00!se' +"s &o '. The)e +"s no o&e)t "0t o) s!s( 0 o!s 0 )0!$st"n0es th"t +o!#' n' 0"te th"t he +"s 0o$$ tt n, " 0) $e. The se")0h ()e0e'e' h s "))est 5Peo(#e &. T!'t!'/ A12 SCRA 1A2 820039: ). ?e o).ected to t&e ad(ission in evidence of t&e pro&i)ited drug clai(ing t&at it *as o)tained in an illegal searc& and sei-ure. Decide *it& reasons. S n0e the se")0h "n' se C!)e o% the sh"2! +e)e n0 'ent"# to " &"# ' +"))"nt#ess "))est/ the sh"2! s "'$ ss 2#e e& 'en0e 5M"n"# # &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s 2B0 SCRA A00 81EED9 Alternative Answer:

The se")0h "n' se C!)e +e)e ##e,"#/ 2e0"!se the1 ()e0e'e' the "))est "n' +e)e not n0 'ent"# to the "))est. The sh"2! 0on% s0"te "s " )es!#t the)eo% s n"'$ ss 2#e "s e& 'en0e. 5Peo(#e & T!'t!'/ A12 SCRA 1A2 820039:. 9. Ad(inistrative arrests . Drug, alco&ol and )lood tests +earc&es and +ei-ures; Breat&aly-er Test (1998! "o, E; 1ongress is considering a la* against drun=en driving. %nder t&e legislation, police aut&orities (ay as= any driver to ta=e a <)reat&aly-er test<, *&erein t&e driver e'&ales several ti(es into a device *&ic& can deter(ine *&et&er &e &as )een driving under t&e influence of alco&ol. T&e results of t&e test can )e used, in any legal proceeding against &i(. Furt&er(ore, declaring t&at t&e issuance of a driverAs license gives rise only to a privilege to drive (otor ve&icles on pu)lic roads, t&e la* provides t&at a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e test s&all )e auto(atically su).ect to a 9F$day suspension of &is driverAs license, 1ite t*o J8K possi)le constitutional o).ections to t&is la*. 5esolve t&e o).ections and e'plain *&et&er any suc& infir(ities can )e cured. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Possi)le o).ections to t&e la* are t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test *ill violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, t&at providing for t&e suspension of &is driverAs license *it&out any &earing violates due process, and t&at t&e proposed la* *ill violate t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures, )ecause it allo*s police aut&orities to reBuire a drive to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even if t&ere is no pro)a)le cause. 5eBuiring a driver to ta=e a )reat&aly-er test does not violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, )ecause &e is not )eing co(pelled to give testi(onial evidence. ?e is (erely )eing as=ed to su)(it to a p&ysical test. T&is is not covered )y t&e constitutional guarantee against self$incri(ination. T&us, in +out& Da=ota vs. "eville, #99 %.+. 99E, it *as &eld for t&is reason t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e a )lood$alco&ol test is valid. As &eld in Mac=ey vs. Afontrya ##E %.+. 1, )ecause of co(pelling govern(ent interest in safety along t&e streets, t&e license of a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test (ay )e suspended i((ediately pending a post$suspension &earing, )ut t&ere (ust )e a provision for a post$suspension &earing. T&us, to save t&e proposed la* fro( unconstitutionally on t&e ground of denial of due process, it s&ould provide for an i((ediate &earing upon suspension of t&e driverAs license. T&e proposed la* violates t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures. 7t *ill aut&ori-e police aut&orities to stop any driver and as= &i( to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even in t&e a)sence of a pro)a)le cause. F. Privacy of co((unications and correspondence 1. Private and pu)lic co((unications 8. 7ntrusion, *&en allo*ed Privacy of 1o((unication (8FF1! "o :77 $ <A< &as a telep&one line *it& an e'tension. @ne day, <A< *as tal=ing to <B< over t&e telep&one. <A< conspired *it& &is friend <1<, *&o *as at t&e end of t&e e'tension line listening to <AAs< telep&one conversation *it& <B< in order to over&ear and tape$record t&e conversation *&erein <B< confidentially ad(itted t&at *it& evident pre(editation, &e (B! =illed <D< for &aving c&eated &i( in t&eir )usiness partners&ip. <B< *as not a*are t&at t&e telep&one conversation *as )eing tape$recorded. 7n t&e cri(inal case against <B< for (urder, is t&e tape$recorded conversation containing &is ad(ission ad(issi)le in evidenceC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e tape$recorded conversation is not ad(issi)le in evidence. As &eld in +alcedo$@rtane- vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 8E9 +15A 111 (199#!. 5epu)lic Act "o. #8FF (a=es t&e tape$recording of a telep&one conversation done *it&out t&e aut&ori-ation of all t&e parties to t&e conversation, inad(issi)le in evidence. 7n addition, t&e taping of t&e conversation violated t&e guarantee of privacy of co((unications enunciated in +ection E, Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution. Privacy of 1orrespondence (199/! "o ;77. $ T&e police &ad suspicions t&at 2uan +a(son, (e()er of t&e su)versive "e* Proletarian Ar(y, *as using t&e (ail for propaganda purposes in gaining ne* ad&erents to its cause. T&e 1&ief of Police of Bantolan, >anao del

+ur ordered t&e Post(aster of t&e to*n to intercept and open all (ail addressed to and co(ing fro( 2uan +a(son in t&e interest of t&e national security. 4as t&e order of t&e 1&ief of Police validC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e order of t&e 1&ief of Police is not valid, )ecause t&ere is no la* *&ic& aut&ori-es &i( to order t&e Post(aster to open t&e letters addressed to and co(ing fro( 2uan +a(son. An official in t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent cannot interfere *it& t&e privacy of correspondence and co((unication in t&e a)sence of a la* aut&ori-ing &i( to do so or a la*ful order of t&e court. +ection E(1!, Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e privacy of co((unication and correspondence s&all )e inviola)le e'cept upon la*ful order of t&e court, or *&en pu)lic safety or order reBuires ot&er*ise as prescri)ed )y la*.< Privacy of 1orrespondence; 2ail (19/9! "o. /6 4&ile serving sentence in Muntinlupa for t&e cri(e of t&eft, <:< sta))ed dead one of &is guards, <:< *as c&arged *it& (urder. During &is trial, t&e prosecution introduced as evidence a letter *ritten in prison )y <:< to &is *ife tending to esta)lis& t&at t&e cri(e of (urder *as t&e result of pre(editation. T&e letter *as *ritten voluntarily. 7n t&e course of inspection, it *as opened and read )y a *arden pursuant to t&e rules of discipline of t&e Bureau of Prisons and considering its contents, t&e letter *as turned over to t&e prosecutor. T&e la*yer of <:< o).ected to t&e presentation of t&e letter and (oved for its return on t&e ground t&at it violates t&e rig&t of <:< against unla*ful searc& and sei-ure. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e o).ection of t&e la*yer (ust )e sustained, +ection E(1!, Article 7; of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <T&e privacy of co((unication and correspondence s&all )e inviola)le e'cept upon la*ful order of t&e court, or *&en pu)lic safety or order reBuires ot&er*ise as prescri)ed )y la*.< T&ere *as no court order *&ic& aut&ori-ed t&e *arden to read t&e letter of <:<. "eit&er is t&ere any la* specifically aut&ori-ing t&e Bureau of Prisons to read t&e letter of <:<, %nder +ection E(1!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, to interfere *it& any correspondence *&en t&ere is no court order, t&ere (ust )e a la* aut&ori-ing it in t&e interest of pu)lic safety or order. T&e ruling of t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt in t&e case of +troud vs. %nited +tates, 891 %.+. 19 is not applica)le &ere, )ecause +ection E(1!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution &as no counterpart in t&e A(erican 1onstitution. ?ence, in accordance *it& +ection E(8!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e letter is inad(issi)le in evidence. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e o).ection of t&e la*yer (ust )e overruled. 7n ?udson vs. Pal(er, # / %.+. 910, it *as &eld t&at t&e constitutional pro&i)ition against illegal searc&es and sei-ures does not e'tend to t&e confines of t&e prison. 7n +troud vs. %nited +tates, 891 %.+. 19, t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at letters voluntarily *ritten )y a prisoner and e'a(ined )y t&e *arden *&ic& contained incri(inatory state(ents *ere ad(issi)le in evidence. T&eir inspection )y t&e prison aut&orities did not violate t&e constitutional pro&i)ition against illegal searc&es and sei-ures. T&is is an esta)lis&ed practice reasona)ly designed to pro(ote discipline *it&in t&e penitentiary. E. 4rit of &a)eas data 3. Freedo( of e'pression 1. 1oncept and scope a! Prior restraint (censors&ip! Freedo( of ,'pression; 1ensors&ip (8FFE! "o 7: $ May t&e 1@M,>,1 (1@M,>,1! pro&i)it t&e posting of decals and stic=ers on <(o)ile< places, pu)lic or private, suc& as on a private ve&icle, and li(it t&eir location only to t&e aut&ori-ed posting areas t&at t&e 1@M,>,1 itself fi'esC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Adiong v. 1@M,>,1. 8F0 +15A 018 J1998K, t&e pro&i)ition is unconstitutional. 7t curtails t&e freedo( of e'pression of individuals *&o *is& to e'press t&eir preference for a candidate )y posting decals and stic=ers on t&eir cars and to convince ot&ers to agree *it& t&e(. 7t is also over)road, )ecause it enco(passes private

property and constitutes deprivation of property *it&out due process of la*. @*ners&ip of property includes t&e rig&t to use. T&e pro&i)ition is censors&ip, *&ic& cannot )e .ustified. Freedo( of ,'pression; Prior 5estraint (19//! "o. 1 6 T&e +ecretary of Transportation and 1o((unications &as *arned radio station operators against selling )loc=ed ti(e, on t&e clai( t&at t&e ti(e covered t&ere)y are often used )y t&ose )uying t&e( to attac= t&e present ad(inistration. Assu(e t&at t&e depart(ent i(ple(ents t&is *arning and orders o*ners and operators of radio stations not to sell )loc=ed ti(e to interested parties *it&out prior clearance fro( t&e Depart(ent of Transportation and 1o((unications. Nou are approac&ed )y an interested party affected adversely )y t&at order of t&e +ecretary of Transportation and 1o((unications. 4&at *ould you do regarding t&at )an on t&e sale of )loc=ed ti(eC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 *ould c&allenge its validity in court on t&e ground t&at it constitutes a prior restraint on freedo( of e'pression. +uc& a li(itation is valid only in e'ceptional cases, suc& as *&ere t&e purpose is to prevent actual o)struction to recruit(ent of service or t&e sailing dates of transports or t&e nu()er and location of troops, or for t&e purpose of enforcing t&e pri(ary reBuire(ents of decency or t&e security of co((unity life. ("ear v. Minnesota, 8/E %.+, 90 (19E1!!. Attac=s on t&e govern(ent, on t&e ot&er &and, cannot .ustify prior restraints. For as &as )een pointed out, <t&e interest of society and t&e (aintenance of good govern(ent de(and a full discussion of pu)lic affairs. 1o(plete li)erty to co((ent on t&e conduct of pu)lic (en is a scalpel in t&e case of free speec&. T&e s&arp incision of its pro)e relieves t&e a)scesses of officialdo(. Men in pu)lic life (ay suffer under a &ostile and an un.ust accusation; t&e *ound can )e assuaged *it& t&e )al( of a clear conscience,< (%nited +tates v Bustos, E0 P&il. 0#1 (191/!!. T&e parties adversely affected (ay also disregard t&e regulation as )eing on its face void. As &as )een &eld, <any syste( of prior restraints of e'pression co(es to t&e court )earing a &eavy presu(ption against its constitutional validity,< and t&e govern(ent <t&us carries a &eavy )urden of s&o*ing .ustification for t&e i(position of suc& a restraint.< ("e* Nor= Ti(es 1o. v. %nited +tates, #FE %.+. 01E (1901!!. T&e usual presu(ption of validity t&at in&eres in legislation is reversed in t&e case of la*s i(posing prior restraint on freedo( of e'pression. Freedo( of t&e Press; 4arti(e 1ensors&ip (19/0! "o. :7;6 7n t&e (orning of August 8/, 19/0, during t&e &eig&t of $t&e fig&ting at 1&annel # and 1a(elot ?otel, t&e (ilitary closed 5adio +tation ::, *&ic& *as e'citedly reporting t&e successes of t&e re)els and (ove(ents to*ards Manila and troops friendly to t&e re)els. T&e reports *ere correct and factual. @n @cto)er , 19/0, after nor(alcy &ad returned and t&e 3overn(ent &ad full control of t&e situation, t&e "ational Teleco((unications 1o((ission, *it&out notice and &earing, )ut (erely on t&e )asis of t&e report of t&e (ilitary, cancelled t&e franc&ise of station ::. Discuss t&e legality of6 (a! T&e action ta=en against t&e station on August 8/, 19/0; ()! T&e cancellation of t&e franc&ise of t&e station on @cto)er , 19/0. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e closing do*n of 5adio +tation :: during t&e fig&ting is per(issi)le. 4it& respect ne*s (edia, *arti(e censors&ip &as )een up&eld on t&e ground t&at <*&en a nation is at *ar (any t&ings t&at (ig&t )e said in ti(e of peace are suc& a &indrance to its efforts t&at t&eir utterance *ill not )e endured so long as (en fig&t and t&at no 1ourt could regard t&e( as protected )y any constitutional rig&t.< T&e security of co((unity life (ay )e protected against incite(ents to acts of violence and t&e overt&ro* )y force of orderly govern(ent. ("ear v. Minnesota, 8/E %.+. 90 (19E1!, Buoting 2ustice ?ol(eAs opinion in +c&enc= v. %nited +tates, 8#9 %.+. #0 (1919!; "e* Nor= Ti(es v. %nited +tates, #FE %.+. 01E (1901! ! 4it& greater reason t&en (ay censors&ip in ti(es of e(ergency )e .ustified in t&e case of )roadcast (edia since t&eir freedo( is so(e*&at lesser in scope. T&e i(pact of t&e vi)rant speec&, as 2ustice 3utierre- said, is forceful and i((ediate. %nli=e readers of t&e printed *or=, a radio audience &as lesser opportunity to cogitate, analy-e and re.ect t&e utterance. (,astern Broadcasting 1orp (DN5,! v, Dans, 1E0 +15A #0 (19/9! !. 7n F11 v. Pacifica Foundation, #E/ %.+. 08 (190/!, it *as &eld t&at <of all for(s of co((unication, it is )roadcasting *&ic& &as received t&e (ost li(ited First A(end(ent Protection.< MT51B and censors&ip (8FF9!

T&e MMM Television "et*or= (MMM$T;! aired t&e docu(entary, U1ase >a*6 ?o* t&e +upre(e 1ourt Decides,V *it&out o)taining t&e necessary per(it reBuired )y PD19/ . 1onseBuently, t&e Movie and Television 5evie* and 1lassification Board (MT51B! suspended t&e airing of MMM T; progra(s. MT51B declared t&at under PD 19/ , it &as t&e po*er of prior revie* over all television progra(s, e'cept Une*sreelsV and progra(s U)y t&e 3overn(entV, and t&e su).ect docu(entary does not fall under eit&er of t&ese t*o classes. T&e suspension order *as ostensi)ly )ased on Me(orandu( 1ircular "o. 9/$10 *&ic& grants MT51B t&e aut&ority to issue suc& an order. MMM$T; filed a certiorari petition in court, raising t&e follo*ing issues6 o T&e act of MT51B constitutes Uprior restraintV and violates t&e constitutionally guaranteed freedo( of e'pression; and The 0ontent on o% ===>T; s not ten"2#e. The () o) )est)" nt s " &"# ' e?e)0 se o% (o# 0e (o+e). Te#e& s on s " $e' !$ +h 0h )e"0hes e&en the e1es "n' e")s o% 0h #')en 5I,#es " n C) sto &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s/ 26E SCRA 62E 81EE79:. Alternative Answer: The $e$o 0 )0!#") s !n0onst t!t on"#. The "0t o% the Mo& e "n' Te#e& s on Re& e+ "n' C#"ss % 0"t on Bo")' 0onst t!tes () o) )est)" nt "n' & o#"tes %)ee'o$ o% e?()ess on. An1 s1ste$ o% () o) )est)" nt h"s "," nst t " he"&1 ()es!$(t on "," nst ts &"# ' t1. P) o) )est)" nt s "n "2) ',$ent o% the %)ee'o$ o% e?()ess on. The)e s no sho+ n, th"t the " ) n, o% the ()o,)"$s +o!#' 0onst t!te " 0#e") "n' ()esent '"n,e) 5Ne+ Yo)@ T $es &. Un te' St"tes/ A03 U.S. D13 8 1ED19: o 4&ile Me(orandu( 1ircular "o. 9/$10 *as issued and pu)lis&ed in a ne*spaper of general circulation, a copy t&ereof *as never filed *it& t&e office of t&e "ational 5egister of t&e %niversity of t&e P&ilippines >a* 1enter. In "00o)'"n0e + th Ch"(te) 2/ Boo@ ;II o% the A'$ n st)"t &e Co'e o% 1EBD/ Me$o)"n'!$ C )0!#") No. EB> 1D $!st 2e % #e' + th the Un &e)s t1 o% the Ph # (( nes L"+ Cente). It 0"nnot 2e en%o)0e' !nt # t h"s 2een % #e' + th the Un &e)s t1 o% the Ph # (( nes L"+ Cente) 5P # ( n"s She## Pet)o#e!$ Co)(o)"t on & Co$$ ss one) o% Inte)n"# Re&en!e/ 6A1 SCRA 317 8200D9:. )! +u)seBuent punis&(ent 8. 1ontent$)ased and content$neutral regulations a! Tests )! Applications E. Facial c&allenges and t&e over)readt& doctrine @ver)readt& and ;oid for ;agueness (8F1F! 1o(pare and 1ontrast t&e Uover )readt& doctrineV fro( t&e Uvoid for vaguenessV doctrine. Wh #e the o&e)2)e"'th 'o0t) ne 'e0)ees th"t " ,o&e)n$ent"# (!)(ose $"1 not 2e "0h e&e' 21 $e"ns n " st"t!te +h 0h s+ee( !nne0ess")1 2)o"'#1 "n' the)e21 n&"'es the ")e" o% ()ote0te' %)ee'o$ " st"t!te s &o ' %o) &",!eness +hen t %o)2 's o) )e<! )es the 'o n, o% "n "0t n te)$s so &",!e th"t $en o% 0o$$on nte## ,en0e 0"nnot ne0ess") #1 ,!ess "t ts $e"n n, "n' ' %%e) "s to ts "((# 0"t on 5Est)"'" & S"n' ,"n2"1"n/ 37E SCRA 2EA 820019:. #. Tests 9. +tate regulation of different types of (ass (edia . 1o((ercial speec& Freedo( of +peec&; Ban on To)acco AD (1998! "o. 16 1ongress passes a la* pro&i)iting television stations fro( airing any co((ercial advertise(ent *&ic& pro(otes to)acco or in any *ay gla(ori-es t&e consu(ption of to)acco products. T&is legislation *as passed in response to findings )y t&e Depart(ent of ?ealt& a)out t&e alar(ing rise in lung diseases in t&e country. T&e 4orld ?ealt& @rgani-ation &as also reported t&at %.+. to)acco co(panies &ave$s&ifted (ar=eting efforts to t&e T&ird 4orld due to d*indling sales in t&e &ealt&$conscious A(erican (ar=et. 1o*)oy >evyAs, a 2eans co(pany, recently released an advertise(ent featuring (odel 5ic&ard Burgos *earing >evyAs .ac=ets and .eans and &olding a pac= of Marl)oro cigarettes. T&e Asian Broadcasting "et*or= (AB"!, a privately o*ned television station, refuses to air t&e advertise(ent in co(pliance *it& t&e la*. a! Assu(e t&at suc& refusal a)ridges t&e

freedo( of speec&. Does t&e constitutional pro&i)ition against t&e a)ridge(ent of t&e freedo( of speec& apply to acts done )y AB", a private corporationC ,'plain. )! May 1o*)oy >evyAs, a private corporation, invo=e t&e free speec& guarantee in its favorC ,'plain. c! 5egardless of your ans*ers a)ove, decide t&e constitutionality of t&e la* in Buestion. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! T&e constitutional pro&i)ition against t&e freedo( of speec& does not apply to AB", a private corporation. As stated in ?udgens vs. "ational >a)or 5elations Board, #8# %.+. 9F0, t&e constitutional guarantee of freedo( of speec& is a guarantee only against a)ridge(ent )y t&e govern(ent. 7t does not t&erefore apply against private parties. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +ince AB" &as a franc&ise, it (ay )e considered an agent of t&e govern(ent )y co(plying *it& t&e la* and refusing to air t&e advertise(ent, it aligned itself *it& t&e govern(ent. T&us it rendered itself lia)le for a la*suit *&ic& is )ased on a)ridge(ent of t&e freedo( of speec&. %nder Article E8 of t&e 1ivil 1ode, even private parties (ay )e lia)le for da(ages for i(pair(ent of t&e freedo( of speec&. )! 1o*)oy >evyAs (ay invo=e t&e constitutional guarantee of freedo( of speec& in its favor. 7n First "ational Ban= of Boston vs. Bellotti, #E9 %.+. 0 9, it *as ruled t&at t&is guarantee e'tends to corporations. 7n ;irginia +tate Board of P&ar(acy vs. ;irginia 1iti-ens 1onsu(er 1ouncil 7nc., #89 %.+. 0#/, it *as &eld t&at t&is rig&t e'tends to co((ercial advertise(ents. 7n Ayer Productions Pty, >td. vs. 1apulong, 1 F +15A / 1, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at even if t&e production of a fil( is a co((ercial activity t&at is e'pected to yield profits, it is covered )y t&e guarantee of freedo( of speec&. c! T&e la* is constitutional. 7t is a valid e'ercise of police po*er. 0. Private vs. 3overn(ent speec& Freedo( of t&e Press; Actual Malice (8FF#! (9$a! T&e +TA5, a national daily ne*spaper, carried an e'clusive report stating t&at +enator :: received a &ouse and lot located at NN +treet, Ma=ati, in consideration for &is vote cutting cigarette ta'es )y 9FH. T&e +enator sued t&e +TA5, its reporter, editor and pu)lis&er for li)el, clai(ing t&e report *as co(pletely false and (alicious. According to t&e +enator, t&ere is no NN +treet in Ma=ati, and t&e ta' cut *as only 8FH. ?e clai(ed one (illion pesos in da(ages. T&e defendants denied <actual (alice,< clai(ing privileged co((unication and a)solute freedo( of t&e press to report on pu)lic officials and (atters of pu)lic concern. 7f t&ere *as any error, t&e +TA5 said it *ould pu)lis& t&e correction pro(ptly. 7s t&ere <actual (alice< in +TA5A+ reportageC ?o* is <actual (alice< definedC Are t&e defendants lia)le for da(agesC (9H! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +ince +enator :: is a pu)lic person and t&e Buestioned i(putation is directed against &i( in &is pu)lic capacity, in t&is case actual (alice (eans t&e state(ent *as (ade *it& =no*ledge t&at it *as false or *it& rec=less disregard of *&et&er it *as false or not (Bor.a v. 1ourt of Appeals, EF1 +15A 1 D1999!. +ince t&ere is no proof t&at t&e report *as pu)lis&ed *it& =no*ledge t&at it is false or *it& rec=less disregard of *&et&er it *as false or not, t&e defendants are not lia)le for da(age. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +ince +enator :: is a pu)lic person and t&e Buestioned i(putation is directed against &i( in &is pu)lic capacity, in t&is case actual (alice (eans t&e state(ent *as (ade *it& =no*ledge t&at it *as false or *it& rec=less disregard of *&et&er it *as false or not (Bor.al v. 1ourt of Appeals, EF1 +15A 1 D1999K!. +ince it is a (atter of pu)lic =no*ledge t&at t&ere is no NN +treet in Ma=ati, t&e pu)lication *as (ade *it& rec=less disregard of *&et&er or not it is false. T&e defendants (ay )e &eld lia)le for da(ages. /. ?ec=lerGs veto ?. Freedo( of religion 1. "on$esta)lis&(ent clause a! 1oncept and )asis )! Acts per(itted and not per(itted )y t&e clause

 Freedo( of 5eligion; "on$,sta)lis&(ent 1lause (19//! "o. 06 $ Ta*i$Ta*i is a predo(inantly Mosle( province. T&e 3overnor, t&e ;ice$3overnor, and (e()ers of its +ang$guniang Panlala*igan are all Mosle(s. 7ts )udget provides t&e 3overnor *it& a certain a(ount as &is discretionary funds. 5ecently, &o*ever, t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan passed a resolution appropriating P1FF,FFF as a special discretionary fund of t&e 3overnor to )e spent )y &i( in leading a pilgri(age of &is province(ates to Mecca, +audi Ara)ia, 7sla(As &oliest city. P&ilconsa, on constitutional grounds, &as filed suit to nullify t&e resolution of t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan giving t&e special discretionary fund to t&e 3overnor for t&e stated purpose. ?o* *ould you decide t&e caseC 3ive your reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e resolution is unconstitutional. First, it violates art. ;7, sec. 89(8! of t&e 1onstitution *&ic& pro&i)its t&e appropriation of pu)lic (oney or property, directly or indirectly, for t&e use, )enefit or support of any syste( of religion, and, second, it contravenes art. ;7, sec, 89( ! *&ic& li(its t&e appropriation of discretionary funds only for pu)lic purposes. T&e use of discretionary funds for purely religious purpose is t&us unconstitutional, and t&e fact t&at t&e dis)urse(ent is (ade )y resolution of a local legislative )ody and not )y 1ongress does not (a=e it any less offensive to t&e 1onstitution. A)ove all, t&e resolution constitutes a clear violation of t&e "on$esta)lis&(ent 1lause (art. 777, sec. 9! of t&e 1onstitution. Freedo( of 5eligion; "on$,sta)lis&(ent 1lause (1998! "o. 1F6 5ecogni-ing t&e value of education in (a=ing t&e P&ilippine la)or (ar=et attractive to foreign invest(ent, t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports offers su)sidies to accredited colleges and universities in order to pro(ote Buality tertiary education. T&e D,1+ grants a su)sidy to a 1at&olic sc&ool *&ic& reBuires its students to ta=e at least E &ours a *ee= of religious instruction. a! 7s t&e su)sidy per(issi)leC ,'plain, )! Presu(ing t&at you ans*er in t&e negative, *ould it (a=e a difference if t&e su)sidy *ere given solely in t&e for( of la)oratory eBuip(ent in c&e(istry and p&ysicsC c! Presu(e, on t&e ot&er &and, t&at t&e su)sidy is given in t&e for( of sc&olars&ip vouc&ers given directly to t&e student and *&ic& t&e student can use for paying tuition in any accredited sc&ool of &is c&oice, *&et&er religious or non$sectarian. 4ill your ans*er )e differentC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! "o, t&e su)sidy is not per(issi)le. 7t *ill foster religion, since t&e sc&ool gives religious instructions to its students. Besides, it *ill violate t&e pro&i)ition in +ection 89J82, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution against t&e use of pu)lic funds to aid religion. 7n >e(on vs Murt-(an. #FE %.+. F8, it *as &eld t&at financial assistance to a sectarian sc&ool violates t&e pro&i)ition against t&e esta)lis&(ent of religion if it fosters an e'cessive govern(ent entangle(ent *it& religion. +ince t&e sc&ool reBuires its students to ta=e at least t&ree &ours a *ee= of religious instructions, to ensure t&at t&e financial assistance *ill not )e used for religious purposes, t&e govern(ent *ill &ave to conduct a continuing surveillance. T&is involves e'cessive entangle(ent *it& religion. )! 7f t&e assistance *ould )e in t&e for( of la)oratory eBuip(ent in c&e(istry and p&ysics, it *ill )e valid. T&e purpose of t&e assistance is secular, i.e., t&e i(prove(ent of t&e Buality of tertiary education. Any )enefit to religion is (erely incidental. +ince t&e eBuip(ent can only )e used for a secular purpose, it is religiously neutral. As &eld in Tilton vs. 5ic&ardson, #FE %.+. 08, it *ill not involve e'cessive govern(ent entangle(ent *it& religion, for t&e use of t&e eBuip(ent *ill not reBuire surveillance. c! 7n general, t&e giving of sc&olars&ip vouc&ers to students is valid. +ection 8(E!, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution reBuires t&e +tate to esta)lis& a syste( of su)sidies to deserving students in )ot& pu)lic and private sc&ools. ?o*ever, t&e la* is vague and over$)road. %nder it, a student *&o *ants to study for t&e priest&ood can apply for t&e su)sidy and use it for &is studies. T&is *ill involve using pu)lic funds to aid religion. Freedo( of 5eligion; "on$,sta)lis&(ent 1lause (1990! "o. #6 %pon reBuest of a group of overseas contract *or=ers in Brunei, 5ev. Fat&er 2uan de la 1ru-, a 5o(an 1at&olic priest, *as sent to t&at country )y t&e President of t&e P&ilippines to (inister to t&eir spiritual needs. T&e travel e'penses, per die(s, clot&ing allo*ance and (ont&ly stipend of P9,FFF *ere ordered c&arged against t&e PresidentAs discretionary fund. %pon post audit of t&e vouc&ers t&erefor, t&e 1o((ission on Audit refused approval t&ereof clai(ing t&at t&e e'penditures *ere in violation of t&e 1onstitution. 4as t&e 1o((ission on Audit correct in disallo*ing t&e vouc&ers in BuestionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

Nes, t&e 1o((ission on Audit *as correct in disallo*ing t&e e'penditures. +ection 89(8!, Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution pro&i)its t&e e'penditure of pu)lic funds for t&e use, )enefit, or support of any priest. T&e only e'ception is *&en t&e priest is assigned to t&e ar(ed forces, or to any penal institution or govern(ent orp&anage or leprosariu(. T&e sending of a priest to (inister to t&e spiritual needs of overseas contract *or=ers does not fall *it&in t&e scope of any of t&e e'ceptions. c! Test 8. Free e'ercise clause Freedo( of 5eligion; 1onvicted Prisoners (19/9! "o. 96 <:< is serving &is prison sentence in Muntinlupa. ?e )elongs to a religious sect t&at pro&i)its t&e eating of (eat. ?e as=ed t&e Director of Prisons t&at &e )e served *it& (eatless diet. T&e Director refused and <:< sued t&e Director for da(ages for violating &is religious freedo(. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e Director of Prison is lia)le under Article E8 of t&e 1ivil 1ode for violating t&e religious freedo( of <:<. According to t&e decision of t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt in t&e case of @A>one vs. ,state of +&a)a--, 1F0 +. 1t. 8#FF, convicted prisoners retain t&eir rig&t to free e'ercise of religion. At t&e sa(e ti(e, la*ful incarceration )rings a)out necessary li(itations of (any privileges and rig&ts .ustified )y t&e considerations underlying t&e penal syste(. 7n considering t&e appropriate )alance )et*een t&ese t*o factors, reasona)leness s&ould )e t&e test. Acco((odation to religious freedo( can )e (ade if it *ill not involve sacrificing t&e interests of security and it *ill &ave no i(pact on t&e allocation of t&e resources of t&e penitentiary. 7n t&is case, providing <:< *it& a (eatless diet *ill not create a security pro)le( or unduly increase t&e cost of food )eing served to t&e prisoners. 7n fact, in t&e case of @A >one vs. ,state of +&a)a--, it *as noted t&at t&e Mosle( prisoners *ere )eing given a different (eal *&enever por= *ould )e served. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e suit s&ould )e dis(issed. T&e Free ,'ercise 1lause of t&e 1onstitution is essentially a restraint on govern(ental interference *it& t&e rig&t of individuals to *ors&ip as t&ey please. 7t is not a (andate to t&e state to ta=e positive, affir(ative action to ena)le t&e individual to en.oy &is freedo(. 7t *ould &ave )een different &ad t&e Director of Prisons pro&i)ited (eatless diets in t&e penal institution. Freedo( of 5eligion; >i(itations (199/! "o :;. $ A religious organi-ation &as a *ee=ly television progra(. T&e progra( presents and propagates its religious, doctrines, and co(pares t&eir practices *it& t&ose of ot&er religions. As t&e Movie and Television 5evie* and 1lassification Board (MT51B! found as offensive several episodes of t&e progra( *&ic& attac=ed ot&er religions, t&e MT51B reBuired t&e organi-ation to su)(it its tapes for revie* prior to airing. T&e religious organi-ation )roug&t t&e case to court on t&e ground t&at t&e action of t&e MT51B suppresses its freedo( of speec& and interferes *it& its rig&t to free e'ercise of religion. Decide. J9HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e religious organi-ation cannot invo=e freedo( of speec& and freedo( of religion as grounds for refusing to su)(it t&e tapes to t&e Movie and Television 5evie* and 1lassification Board for revie* prior to airing. 4&en t&e religious organi-ation started presenting its progra( over television, it *ent into t&e real( of action. T&e rig&t to act on oneAs religious )elief is not a)solute and is su).ect to police po*er for t&e protection of t&e general *elfare. ?ence t&e tapes (ay )e reBuired to )e revie*ed prior to airing. 7n 7glesia ni 1risto vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 899 +15A 989, 9##, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <4e t&us re.ect petitionerAs postulate t&at 7ts religious progra( is per se )eyond revie* )y t&e respondent Board. 7ts pu)lic )roadcast on T; of its religious progra( )rings it out of t&e )oso( of internal )elief. Television is a (ediu( t&at reac&es even t&e eyes and ears of c&ildren. T&e 1ourt reiterates t&e rule t&at t&e e'ercise of religious freedo( can )e regulated )y t&e +tate *&en it *ill )ring a)out t&e 1>,A5 A"D P5,+,"T DA"3,5 of so(e su)stantive evil *&ic& t&e +tate is duty )ound to prevent, i.e., serious detri(ent to t&e (ere overriding 7nterest of pu)lic &ealt&, pu)lic (orals, or pu)lic *elfare.< ?o*ever, t&e Movie and Television 5evie* and 1lassification Board cannot )an t&e tapes on t&e ground t&at t&ey attac=ed ot&er religions. 7n 7glesia ni 1risto vs. 1ourt of Appeals,. 899 +15A 989, 9#0, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld6

<,ven a side glance at +ection E of PD "o. 19/ *ill reveal t&at it is not a(ong t&e grounds to .ustify an order pro&i)iting t&e )roadcast of petitionerAs television progra(.< Moreover, t&e )roadcasts do not give rise to a clear and present danger of a su)stantive evil. 7n t&e case of 7glesia ni 1risto vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 899 +15A 989, 9#96 <Prior restraint on speec&, including t&e religious speec&, cannot )e .ustified )y &ypot&etical fears )ut only )y t&e s&o*ing of a su)stantive and i((inent evil *&ic& &as ta=en t&e reality already on t&e ground.< Freedo( of 5eligion; Flag +alute (8FFE! "o 777 $ 1&ildren *&o are (e()ers of a religious sect &ave )een e'pelled fro( t&eir respective pu)lic sc&ools for refusing, on account of t&eir religious )eliefs, to ta=e part in t&e flag cere(ony *&ic& includes playing )y a )and or singing t&e national ant&e(, saluting t&e P&ilippine flag and reciting t&e patriotic pledge. T&e students and t&eir parents assail t&e e'pulsion on t&e ground t&at t&e sc&ool aut&orities &ave acted in violation of t&eir rig&t to free pu)lic education, freedo( of speec&, and religious freedo( and *ors&ip. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e students cannot )e e'pelled fro( sc&ool. As &eld in ,)ralinag v. T&e Division +uperintendent of +c&ools of 1e)u. 819 +15A 89 J199EK, to co(pel students to ta=e part in t&e flag cere(ony *&en it is against t&eir religious )eliefs *ill violate t&eir religious freedo(. T&eir e'pulsion also violates t&e duty of t&e +tate under Article :7;, +ection 1 of t&e 1onstitution to protect and pro(ote t&e rig&t of all citi-ens to Buality education and (a=e suc& education accessi)le to all. Freedo( of e'ercise (8FF9!e Angelina, a (arried *o(an, is a Division 1&ief in t&e Depart(ent of +cience and Tec&nology. +&e &ad )een living *it& a (arried (an, not &er &us)and for t&e last 19 years. Ad(inistratively c&arged *it& i((orality and conduct pre.udicial to t&e )est interest of t&e service, s&e ad(its &er live$in arrange(ent, )ut (aintains t&at t&is con.ugal understanding is in confor(ity *it& &er )eliefs. As (e()ers of t&e religious sect, Na&*e&Gs @)servers, t&ey &ad e'ecuted a Declaration of Pledging Fait&fulness *&ic& &as )een confir(ed and )lessed )y t&eir 1ouncil of ,lders. At t&e for(al investigation of t&e ad(inistrative case, t&e 3rand ,lder of t&e sect affir(ed AngelinaGs testi(ony and attested to t&e sincerity of Angelina and &er partner in t&e profession of t&eir fait&. 7f you *ere to .udge t&e case, *ill you e'onerate AngelinaC An,e# n" sho!#' 2e e?one)"te'. F )st/ t h"s not 2een sho+n th"t the)e s 0o$(e## n, st"te nte)est +h 0h + ## 2e !n'e)$ ne' 21 ,)"nt n, he) s!0h "n e?e$(t on. Se0on'/ t h"s not 2een sho+n th"t the #e"st nt)!s &e $e"ns (oss 2#e +"s !se' so th"t the %)ee e?0h"n,e o% )e# , on s not n%) n,e' "n1 $o)e th"n ne0ess")1 5Est)"'" & Es0) to) AE2 SCRA 1 820079: Mean*&ile, 2enny, also a (e()er of Na&*e&Gs @)servers, *as severely disappointed at t&e (anner t&e 3rand ,lder validated *&at s&e considered an o)viously i((oral con.ugal arrange(ent )et*een Angelina and &e partner. 2enny filed a suit in court, see=ing t&e re(oval of t&e 3rand ,lder fro( t&e religious sect on t&e ground t&at &is act in supporting Angelina not only ruined t&e reputation of t&eir religion, )ut also violated t&e constitutional policy up&olding t&e sanctity of (arriage and t&e solidarity of t&e fa(ily. 4ill 2ennyGs case prosperC The 0"se + ## not ()os(e). Th s n&o#&es the (e)%o)$"n0e o% the o%% 0 "# %!n0t ons o% )e# , o!s "!tho) t es. Be0"!se o% the se(")"t on o% Ch!)0h "n' st"te/ 0o!)ts $!st )es(e0t the "!tono$1 o% the )e# , o!s se0t n s!0h $"tte)s 5T")0! &. De #" C)!C/ A63 SCTA 123 820069:.

E. Tests a! 1lear and Present Danger Test Freedo( of 5eligion; Flag +alute (1990! "o. 186 +ection 8/. Title ;7, 1&apter 9, of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0 reBuires all educational institutions to o)serve a si(ple and dignified flag cere(ony, including t&e playing or singing of t&e P&ilippine "ational Ant&e(, pursuant to rules to )e pro(ulgated )y t&e +ecretary of ,ducation. 1ulture and +ports, T&e refusal of a teac&er, student or pupil to attend or participate in t&e flag cere(ony is a ground for dis(issal after due investigation. T&e +ecretary of ,ducation 1ulture and +ports issued a (e(orandu( i(ple(enting said provision of la*. As ordered,

t&e flag cere(ony *ould )e &eld on Mondays at 06EF a.(. during class days. A group of teac&ers, students and pupils reBuested t&e +ecretary t&at t&ey )e e'e(pted fro( attending t&e flag cere(ony on t&e ground t&at attendance t&ereto *as against t&eir religious )elief. T&e +ecretary denied t&e reBuest. T&e teac&ers, students and pupils concerned *ent to 1ourt to &ave t&e (e(orandu( circular declared null and void. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e teac&ers and t&e students s&ould )e e'e(pted fro( t&e flag cere(ony. As &eld in ,)ralinag vs. Division +uperintendent of +c&ools of 1e)u, 891 +15A 9 9. to co(pel t&e( to participate in t&e flag cere(ony *ill violate t&eir freedo( of religion. Freedo( of religion cannot )e i(paired e'cept upon t&e s&o*ing of a clear and present danger of a su)stantive evil *&ic& t&e +tate &as a rig&t to prevent. T&e refusal of t&e teac&ers and t&e students to participate in t&e flag cere(ony does not pose a clear and present danger. )! 1o(pelling +tate 7nterest Test c! 1onscientious @).ector Test 7. >i)erty of a)ode and freedo( of (ove(ent 1. >i(itations >i)erty of A)ode; >i(itations (199/! "o ;777 $ 2uan 1asanova contracted ?ansenAs disease (leprosy! *it& open lesions. A la* reBuires t&at lepers )e isolated upon petition of t&e 1ity ?ealt& @fficer. T&e *ife of 2uan 1asanova *rote a letter to t&e 1ity ?ealt& @fficer to &ave &er for(erly p&ilandering &us)and confined in so(e isolated leprosariu(. 2uan 1asanova c&allenged t&e constitutionality of t&e la* as violating &is li)erty of a)ode. 4ill t&e suit prosperC J9HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e suit *ill not prosper. +ection , Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e li)erty of a)ode and of c&anging t&e sa(e *it&in t&e li(its prescri)ed )y la* s&all not )e i(paired e'cept upon la*ful order of t&e court.< T&e li)erty of a)ode is su).ect to t&e police po*er of t&e +tate. 5eBuiring t&e segregation of lepers is a valid e'ercise of police po*er. 7n >oren-o us. Director of ?ealt&. 9F P&il 999, 99/, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <2udicial notice *ill )e ta=en of t&e fact t&at leprosy is co((only )elieved to )e an infectious disease tending to cause one afflicted *it& it to )e s&unned and e'cluded fro( society, and t&at co(pulsory segregation of lepers as a (eans of preventing t&e spread of t&e disease is supported )y &ig& scientific aut&ority.< >i)erty of A)ode; Te(porary (199 ! "o 86 T&e (ilitary co((ander$in c&arge of t&e operation against re)el groups directed t&e in&a)itants of t&e island *&ic& *ould )e t&e target of attac= )y govern(ent forces to evacuate t&e area and offered t&e residents te(porary (ilitary &a(let. 1an t&e (ilitary co((ander force t&e residents to transfer t&eir places of a)ode *it&out a court orderC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e (ilitary co((ander cannot co(pel t&e residents to transfer t&eir places of a)ode *it&out a court order. %nder +ection , Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution, a la*ful order of t&e court is reBuired )efore t&e li)erty of a)ode and of c&anging t&e sa(e can )e i(paired. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; Nes, t&e (ilitary co((ander can co(pel t&e residents to transfer t&eir places of a)ode *it&out a court order. 7f t&ere is no reasona)le ti(e to get a court order and t&e c&ange of a)ode is (erely te(porary, )ecause of t&e e'igency, t&is e'ercise of police po*er (ay )e .ustified. 8. 5ig&t to travel 5ig&t to Travel; @rder of Arrest (1991! "o. 6 Mr. ,ste)an Mrony, a Filipino citi-en, is arrested for t&e cri(e of s(uggling. ?e posts )ail for &is release. +u)seBuently, &e .u(ps )ail and is a)out to leave t&e country *&en t&e Depart(ent of Foreign Affairs (DFA! cancels &is passport. ?e sues t&e DFA, clai(ing violation of &is freedo( to travel, citing t&e ne* provision in t&e

Bill of 5ig&ts of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, to *it6 <"eit&er s&all t&e rig&t to travel )e i(paired e'cept in t&e interest of national security, pu)lic safety, or pu)lic &ealt&, as (ay )e provided )y la*. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e case s&ould )e dis(issed. Any person under an order of arrest is under restraint and t&erefore &e can not clai( t&e rig&t to travel. 7f &e is ad(itted to )ail &is freedo( of (ove(ent is confined *it&in t&e country. T&erefore, if &e su)seBuently .u(ps )ail, &e cannot de(and passport *&ic& in effect *ill facilitate &is escape fro( t&e country; &e is in fact lia)le to )e arrested anyti(e. 7ndeed, t&e rig&t to travel under t&e 1onstitution presupposes t&at t&e individual is under no restraint suc& as t&at *&ic& *ould follo* fro( t&e fact t&at one &as a pending cri(inal case and &as )een placed under arrest. E. 5eturn to return to oneGs county 2. 5ig&t to infor(ation 1. >i(itations Diplo(atic negotions (8FF9! T&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent is negotiating a ne* security treaty *it& t&e %nite +tates *&ic& could involve engage(ent in .oint (ilitary operations of t&e t*o countriesG ar(ed forces. A loose organi-ation of Filipinos, t&e Ma)ataan at Matatandang Ma=a)ansa (MMM! *rote t&e Depart(ent of Foreign Affairs (DFAZ and t&e Depart(ent of "ational Defense (D"D! de(anding disclosure of t&e details of t&e negotiations as *ell as copies of t&e (inutes of t&e (eetings. T&e DFA and t&e D"D refused, contending t&at pre(ature disclosure of t&e offers and counter$ offers )et*een t&e parties could .eopardi-e on$going negotiations *it& anot&er country. MMM filed suit to co(pel disclosure of t&e negotiation details, and )e granted access to t&e records of t&e (eetings, invo=ing t&e constitutional rig&t of t&e people to infor(ation on (atters of pu)lic concern. a. Decide *it& reasons. The (et t on o% =MM $!st 2e 'en e'. D (#o$"t 0 ne,ot "t ons ")e () & #e,e' n o)'e) to en0o!)",e " %)"n@ e?0h"n,e o% e?(#o)"to)1 'e"s 2et+een the (")t es 21 sh e#' n, the ne,ot "t ons %)o$ (!2# 0 & e+ 5A=BAYAN C t Cens A0t on P")t1 &. A<! no/ 66B SCRA A7B 8200B9:. ). 4ill your ans*er )e t&e sa(e if t&e infor(ation soug&t )y MMM pertains to contracts entered into )y t&e 3overn(ent in its proprietary or co((ercial capacityC 4&y so or *&y notC =MM s ent t#e' to h"&e "00ess to n%o)$"t on (e)t" n n, to ,o&e)n$ent 0ont)"0ts ente)e' nto 21 the Go&e)n$ent n the e?e)0 se o% ts ()o() et")1 o) 0o$$e)0 "# 0"("0 t1. The ) ,ht to n%o)$"t on !n'e) the Const t!t on 'oes not e?0#!'e 0ont)"0ts o% (!2# 0 nte)est "n' ")e not () & #e,e' 5Se0t on D/ A)t 0#e III o% the Const t!t on4 ;"#$onte &. Be#$onte/ 1D0 SCRA 267 81EBE9:. 8. Pu)lication of la*s and regulations E. Access to court records #. 5ig&t to infor(ation relative to a! 3overn(ent contract negotiations )! Diplo(atic negotiations M. 5ig&t of association 5ig&t to Asse()ly; Per(it Application; Freedo( Par=s (I8$8FF ! T&e +a(a&an ng (ga Ma&i&irap (+M! filed *it& t&e @ffice of t&e 1ity Mayor of Manila an application for per(it to &old a rally on Mendiola +treet on +epte()er 9, 8FF fro( 1F6FF a.(. to E6FF p.(. to protest t&e political =illings of .ournalists. ?o*ever, t&e 1ity Mayor denied t&eir application on t&e ground t&at a rally at t&e ti(e and place applied for *ill )loc= t&e traffic in t&e +an Miguel and Iuiapo Districts. ?e suggested t&e >i*asang Bonifacio, *&ic& &as )een designated a Freedo( Par=, as venue for t&e rally. 1. Does t&e +M &ave a re(edy to contest t&e denial of its application for a per(itC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

Nes, +M &as a re(edy. %nder B.P. Big. //F (T&e Pu)lic Asse()ly Act of 19/9!, in t&e event of denial of t&e application for a per(it, t&e applicant (ay contest t&e decision in an appropriate court of la*. T&e court (ust decide *it&in t*enty$four (8#! &ours fro( t&e date of filing of t&e case. +aid decision (ay )e appealed to t&e appropriate court *it&in forty$eig&t (#/! &ours after receipt of t&e sa(e. 7n all cases, any decision (ay )e appealed to t&e +upre(e 1ourt (Bayan Muna v. ,r(ita, 3.5. "o. 1 9/E/, April 89, 8FF !. 8. Does t&e availa)ility of a Freedo( Par= .ustify t&e denial of +MAs application for a per(itC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e availa)ility of a freedo( par= does not .ustify t&e denial of t&e per(it. 7t does i(ply t&at no per(its are reBuired for activities in freedo( par=s. %nder B.P. Big. //F, t&e denial (ay )e .ustified only if t&ere is clear and convincing evidence t&at t&e pu)lic asse()ly *ill create a clear and present danger to pu)lic order, pu)lic safety, pu)lic convenience, pu)lic (orals or pu)lic &ealt& (Bayan Muna v. ,r(ita, 3.5. "o. 1 9/E/, April 89, 8FF !. E. 7s t&e reBuire(ent to apply for a per(it to &old a rally a prior restraint on freedo( of speec& and asse()lyC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e reBuire(ent for a per(it to &old a rally is not a prior restraint on freedo( of speec& and asse()ly. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as &eld t&at t&e per(it reBuire(ent is valid, referring to it as regulation of t&e ti(e, place, and (anner of &olding pu)lic asse()lies, )ut not t&e content of t&e speec& itself. T&us, t&ere is no prior restraint, since t&e content of t&e speec& is not relevant to t&e regulation (Bayan Muna v. ,r(ita, 3.5. "o. 1 9/E/, April 89, 8FF !. #. Assu(ing t&at despite t&e denial of +MAs application for a per(it, its (e()ers &old a rally, pro(pting t&e police to arrest t&e(. Are t&e arrests *it&out .udicial *arrants la*fulC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e arrests are unla*ful. 4&at is pro&i)ited and penali-ed under +ec. 1E (a! and 1# (a! of B.P. Big //F is <t&e &olding of any pu)lic asse()ly as defined in t&is Act )y any leader or organi-er *it&out &aving first secured t&at *ritten per(it *&ere a per(it is reBuired fro( t&e office concerned ' ' ' Provided, &o*ever, t&at no person can )e punis&ed or &eld cri(inally lia)le for participating in or attending an ot&er*ise peaceful asse()ly.< T&us, only t&e leader or organi-er of t&e rally *it&out a per(it (ay )e arrested *it&out a *arrant *&ile t&e (e()ers (ay not )e arrested, as t&ey can not )e punis&ed or &eld cri(inally lia)le for attending t&e rally. ?o*ever, under +ection 18 t&ereof, *&en t&e pu)lic asse()ly is &eld *it&out a per(it *&ere a per(it is reBuired, t&e said pu)lic asse()ly (ay )e peacefully dispersed. 5ig&t to Asse()ly; Per(it 5eBuire(ents (1998! "o. #6 @ly(pia Acade(y, a private university, issued a student regulation for (aintaining order in t&e sc&ool ca(pus and to ensure t&at acade(ic activities s&all )e conducted effectively. ?encefort&, every student organi-ation intending to &old any sy(posiu(, convocation, rally or any asse()ly *it&in sc&ool property and involving at least 8F people (ust file, for t&e prior approval of t&e Dean of +tudents, an Application setting fort& t&e ti(e, place, e'pected si-e of t&e group, and t&e su).ect$(atter and purpose of t&e asse()ly. T&e >eague of "ationalist +tudents Buestions t&e validity of t&e ne* regulation. 5esolve. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e regulation is valid. As &eld 7n 5arnento us. Mal$a)anan, 189 +15A E99, if an asse()ly *ill )e &eld )y students in sc&ool pre(ises, per(it (ust )e soug&t fro( t&e sc&ool aut&orities, *&o are devoid of t&e po*er to deny suc& reBuest ar)itrarily or unreasona)ly. 7n granting suc& per(it, t&ere (ay )e conditions as to t&e ti(e and place of t&e asse()ly to avoid disruption of classes or stoppage of *or= of t&e nonTacade(ic personnel. 5ig&t to Asse()ly; Pu)lic Teac&ers (8FFF! "o :77 $ Pu)lic sc&ool teac&ers staged for days (ass actions at t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports to press for t&e i((ediate grant of t&eir de(and for additional pay. T&e D,1+ +ecretary issued to t&e( a notice of t&e illegality of t&eir unaut&ori-ed action, ordered t&e( to i((ediately return to *or=, and *arned t&e( of i(posa)le sanctions. T&ey ignored t&is and continued *it& t&eir (ass action. T&e D,1+ +ecretary issued orders for t&eir preventive suspension *it&out pay and c&arged t&e teac&ers *it& gross (isconduct and gross neglect of duty for unaut&ori-ed a)andon(ent of teac&ing posts and a)sences *it&out leave.

a! Are e(ployees in t&e pu)lic sector allo*ed to for( unionsC To stri=eC 4&yC (EH! )! T&e teac&ers clai( t&at t&eir rig&t to peacea)ly asse()le and petition t&e govern(ent for redress of grievances &as )een curtailed. Are t&ey correctC 4&yC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! +ection /, Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution allo*s e(ployees in t&e pu)lic sector to for( unions. ?o*ever, t&ey cannot go on stri=e. As e'plained in +ocial +ecurity +yste( ,(ployees Association v. 1ourt of Appeals. 109 +15A / J19/9K, t&e ter(s and conditions of t&eir e(ploy(ent are fi'ed )y la*. ,(ployees in t&e pu)lic sector cannot stri=e to secure concessions fro( t&eir e(ployer. ). T&e teac&ers cannot clai( t&at t&eir rig&t to peacea)ly asse()le and petition for t&e redress of grievances &as )een curtailed. According to Bangalisan v. 1ourt of Appeals. 80 +15A 19 (1990!, t&ey can e'ercise t&is rig&t *it&out stoppage of classes. 5ig&t to Asse()ly; Pu)lic Teac&ers (8FF8! "o : $ Ten pu)lic sc&ool teac&ers of 1aloocan 1ity left t&eir classroo(s to .oin a stri=e, *&ic& lasted for one (ont&, to as= for teac&ersA )enefits. T&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports c&arged t&e( ad(inistratively, for *&ic& reason t&ey *ere reBuired to ans*er and for(ally investigated )y a co((ittee co(posed of t&e Division +uperintendent of +c&ools as 1&air(an, t&e Division +upervisor as (e()er and a teac&er, as anot&er (e()er. @n t&e )asis of t&e evidence adduced at t&e for(al investigation *&ic& a(ply esta)lis&ed t&eir guilt, t&e Director rendered a decision (eting out to t&e( t&e penalty of re(oval fro( office. T&e decision *as affir(ed )y t&e D,1+ +ecretary and t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission. @n appeal, t&ey reiterated t&e argu(ents t&ey raised )efore t&e ad(inistrative )odies, na(ely6 (a! T&eir stri=e *as an e'ercise of t&eir constitutional rig&t to peaceful asse()ly and to petition t&e govern(ent for redress of grievances. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! According to De la 1ru- v. 1ourt of Appeals, EF9 +15A EFE (1999!, t&e argu(ent of t&e teac&ers t&at t&ey *ere (erely e'ercising t&eir constitutional rig&t to peaceful asse()ly and to petition t&e govern(ent for redress of grievance cannot )e sustained, )ecause suc& rig&ts (ust )e e'ercised *it&in reasona)le li(its. 4&en suc& rig&ts *ere e'ercised on regular sc&ool days instead of during t&e free ti(e of t&e teac&ers, t&e teac&ers co((itted acts pre.udicial to t&e )est interests of t&e service. >. ,(inent do(ain 1. 1oncept ,(inent Do(ain 3enerally (8FF9! Filipinas 1o(pute 1orporation (F11!, a local (anufacturer of co(puters and co(puter parts, o*ns a spra*ling plant in a 9,FFF sBuare (eter lot in Psig 1ity. To re(edy t&e cityGs acute &ousing s&ortage, co(pounded )y a )urgeoning population, t&e +angguniang Panglungsod aut&ori-ed t&e 1ity (ayor to negotiate for t&e purc&ase of t&e lot. T&e sanggunian intends to su)divide t&e property into s(all residential lots to )e distri)uted at cost to Bualified city residents. But F11 refused to sell t&e lot. ?ard pressed to find a suita)le property to &ouse its &o(eless residents, t&e 1ity filed a co(plaint for e(inent do(ain against F11. a. 7f F11 &ires you as la*yer, *&at defense or defences *ould you set upon order to resist t&e e'propriation of propertyC I + ## )" se the 'e%ense th"t the se#e0t on o% the #ot to 2e e?()o() "te' & o#"tes '!e ()o0ess/ 2e0"!se t s ")2 t)")1. S n0e t s 'e&ote' to 0o$$e)0 "# !se/ the 2ene% 0 ") es o% the e?()o() "t on + ## not sett#e the)e "n' + ## nste"' $e)e#1 #e"se o!t o) )ese## the #ot %o) " ()o% t 5M"noto@ &. N"t on"# Ho!s n, A!tho) t1/ 160 SCRA BE 81EBD9:. ). 7f t&e 1ourt grants t&e 1ityGs prayer for e'propriation, )ut t&e 1ity delays pay(ent for t&e a(ount deter(ined )y t&e court as .ust co(pensation, can F11 recover t&e property fro( Pasig 1ityC ,'plain. The $e)e 'e#"1 n the ("1$ent o% the F!st 0o$(ens"t on + ## not ent t#e the F # ( n"s Co$(!te) Co)(o)"t on to )e0o&e) the ()o(e)t1. Inste"'/ #e,"# nte)est on F!st 0o$(ens"t on sho!#' 2e (" ' 5N"t on"# Po+e) Co)(o)"t on & Henson 300 SCRA D61 81EEB9:. Ho+e&e)/ % the ("1$ent +"s not $"'e + th n % &e 1e")s %)o$

the % n"# t1 o% F!',e$ent n the e?()o() "t on 0"se/ F # ( n"s Co$(!te) Co)(o)"t on 0"n )e0o&e) the ()o(e)t1. To 2e F!st/ the 0o$(ens"t on $!st 2e (" ' + th n " )e"son"2#e t $e. c. +uppose t&e e'propriation succeeds, )ut t&e 1ity decides to a)andon its plan to su)divide t&e property for residential purposes &aving found a (uc& )igger lot, can F11 legally de(and t&at it )e allo*ed to repurc&ase t&e property for( t&e 1ity of PasigC I% the #ot +"s e?()o() "te' + th the 0on' t on th"t t 0"n 2e !se' on#1 %o) #o+>0ost ho!s n,/ t sho!#' 2e )et!)ne' to F # ( n"s Co$(!te) Co)(o)"t on !(on "2"n'on$ent o% the (!)(ose 5He )s o% T $oteo Mo)eno &. M"0t"n>Ce2! Inte)n"t on"# A )(o)t A!tho) t1/ A13 SCRA 602 820039:. 8. ,'pansive concept of Upu)lic useV ,(inent Do(ain; 7ndirect Pu)lic Benefit (199F! "o. 86 T&e 1ity of 1e)u passed an ordinance proclai(ing t&e e'propriation of a ten (1F! &ectare property of 1 1o(pany, *&ic& property is already a developed co((ercial center. T&e 1ity proposed to operate t&e co((ercial center in order to finance a &ousing pro.ect for city e(ployees in t&e vacant portion of t&e said property. T&e ordinance fi'ed t&e price of t&e land and t&e value of t&e i(prove(ents to )e paid 1 1o(pany on t&e )asis of t&e prevailing land value and cost of construction. (1! As counsel for 1 1o(pany, give t*o constitutional o).ections to t&e validity of t&e ordinance. (8! As t&e .udge, rule on t&e said o).ections. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! As counsel for 1 1o(pany, 7 *ill argue t&at t&e ta=ing of t&e property is not for a pu)lic use and t&at t&e ordinance cannot fi' t&e co(pensation to )e paid 1 1o(pany, )ecause t&is is a .udicial Buestion t&at is for t&e courts to decide. (8! As .udge, 7 *ill sustain t&e contention t&at t&e ta=ing of t&e property of 1 1o(pany to operate t&e co((ercial center esta)lis&ed *it&in it to finance a &ousing pro.ect for city e(ployees is not for a pu)lic use )ut for a private purpose. As t&e 1ourt indicated in a dictu( in Manoto=. v. "ational ?ousing Aut&ority, 19F +15A /9, t&at t&e e'propriation of a co((ercial center so t&at t&e profits derived fro( its operation can )e used for &ousing pro.ects is a ta=ing for a private purpose. 7 *ill also sustain t&e contention t&at t&e ordinance, even t&oug& it fi'es t&e co(pensation for t&e land on t&e )asis of t&e prevailing land value cannot really displace .udicial deter(ination of t&e price for t&e si(ple reason t&at (any factors, so(e of t&e( supervening, cannot possi)ly )e considered )y t&e legislature at t&e ti(e of enacting t&e ordinance. T&ere is greater reason for nullifying t&e use of t&e cost of construction in t&e ordinance as )asis for co(pensation for t&e i(prove(ents. T&e fair (ar=et value of t&e i(prove(ents (ay not )e eBual to t&e cost of construction. T&e original cost of construction (ay )e lo*er t&an t&e fair (ar=et value, since t&e cost of construction at t&e ti(e of e'propriation (ay &ave increased. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e ta=ing of t&e co((ercial center is .ustified )y t&e concept of indirect pu)lic )enefit since its operation is intended for t&e develop(ent of t&e vacant portion for sociali-ed &ousing, *&ic& is clearly a pu)lic purpose. ,(inent Do(ain; "on$o)servance of t&e policy of <all or none< (8FFF! "o ;777. Madlang)ayan is t&e o*ner of a 9FF sBuare (eter lot *&ic& *as t&e )irt&place of t&e founder of a religious sect *&o ad(ittedly played an i(portant role in P&ilippine &istory and culture. T&e "ational ?istorical 1o((ission ("?1! passed a resolution declaring it a national land(ar= and on its reco((endation t&e lot *as su).ected to e'propriation proceedings. T&is *as opposed )y Madlang)ayan on t&e follo*ing grounds6 a! t&at t&e lot is not a vast tract; )! t&at t&ose to )e )enefited )y t&e e'propriation *ould only )e t&e (e()ers of t&e religious sect of its founder, and c! t&at t&e "?1 &as not initiated t&e e'propriation of )irt&places of ot&er (ore deserving &istorical personalities. 5esolve t&e opposition raised )y Madlang)ayan. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e argu(ents of Madlang)ayan are not (eritorious. According to Manosca v. 1ourt of Appeals, 898 +15A #18 (199 !, t&e po*er of e(inent do(ain is not confined to e'propriation of vast tracts of t&e land. T&e e'propriation of t&e lot to preserve it as t&e )irt&place of t&e founder of t&e religious sect )ecause of &is role in P&ilippine &istory and culture is for a pu)lic purpose, )ecause pu)lic use is no longer restricted to t&e traditional concept. T&e fact t&at t&e e'propriation *ill )enefit t&e (e()ers of t&e religious sect is (erely incidental. T&e fact t&at ot&er )irt&places &ave

not )een e'propriated is li=e*ise not a valid )asis for opposing t&e e'propriation. As &eld in 2.M. Tuason and 1o(pany, 7nc. v. >and Tenure Ad(inistration, E1 +15A #1E (190F!, t&e e'propriating aut&ority is not reBuired to ad&ere to t&e policy of <all or none<. ,(inent Do(ain; +ociali-ed ?ousing (199 ! "o. # $ T&e 1ity of Pasig initiated e'propriation proceedings on a one$&ectare lot *&ic& is part of a ten$&ectare parcel of land devoted to t&e gro*ing of vegeta)les. T&e purpose of t&e is to use t&e land as a relocation site for 8FF fa(ilies sBuatting along t&e Pasig river. a! 1an t&e o*ner of t&e property oppose t&e e'propriation on t&e ground t&at only 8FF out of t&e (ore t&an 1F,FFF sBuatter fa(ilies in Pasig 1ity *ill )enefit fro( t&e e'propriationC ,'plain. )! 1an t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( reBuire t&e 1ity of Pasig to first secure aut&ority fro( said Depart(ent )efore converting t&e use of t&e land fro( agricultural to &ousingC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! "o, t&e o*ner of t&e property cannot oppose t&e e'propriation on t&e ground t&at only 8FF out of (ore t&an 1F,FFF sBuatter fa(ilies in Pasig 1ity *ill )enefit fro( t&e e'propriation. As &eld in P&ilippine 1olu()ian Association vs. Pants, 88/ +15A /, t&e acBuisition of private property for sociali-ed &ousing is for pu)lic use and t&e fact t&at only a fe* and not everyone *ill )enefit fro( t&e e'propriation does not detract fro( t&e nature of t&e pu)lic use. )! "o, t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( cannot reBuire Pasig 1ity to first secure aut&ority fro( it )efore converting t&e use of t&e land fro( agricultural to residential. According to Province of 1a(arines +ur vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 888 +15A 10E, t&ere is no provision in t&e 1o(pre&ensive Agrarian 5efor( >a* *&ic& su).ects t&e e'propriation of agricultural lands )y local govern(ent units to t&e control of t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( and to reBuire approval fro( t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( *ill (ean t&at it is not t&e local govern(ent unit )ut t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( *&o *ill deter(ine *&et&er or not t&e e'propriation is for a pu)lic use. E. 2ust co(pensation a! Deter(ination ,(inent Do(ain; 2ust 1o(pensation (19//! "o. /6 Mr. 5oland 5ivera is t&e o*ner of four lots soug&t to )e e'propriated )y t&e ,'port Processing Rone Aut&ority for t&e e'pansion of t&e e'port processing -one at Baguio 1ity. T&e sa(e parcels of land &ad )een valued )y t&e Assessor at P18F.FF per sBuare (eter, *&ile Mr. 5ivera &ad previously fi'ed t&e (ar=et value of t&e sa(e at P1FF per sBuare (eter. T&e 5egional Trial 1ourt decided for e'propriation and ordered t&e pay(ent to Mr. 5ivera at t&e rate of P1FF a sBuare (eter pursuant to Presidential Decree "o. 19EE, providing t&at in deter(ining .ust co(pensation for private property acBuired t&roug& e(inent do(ain proceedings, t&e co(pensation to )e paid s&all not e'ceed t&e value declared )y t&e o*ner or deter(ined )y t&e Assessor, pursuant to t&e 5eal Property Ta' 1ode, *&ic&ever value is lo*er, prior to t&e reco((endation or decision of t&e appropriate govern(ent office to acBuire t&e property. Mr. 5ivera appealed, insisting t&at .ust co(pensation for &is property s&ould )e deter(ined )y 1o((issioners *&o could evaluate all evidence on t&e real value of t&e property, at t&e ti(e of its ta=ing )y t&e govern(ent. ?e (aintains t&at t&e lo*er court erred in relying on Presidential Decree "o, 19EE, *&ic& &e clai(s is unconstitutional. ?o* *ould you decide t&e appealC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e decision of t&e lo*er court s&ould )e reversed. 7n ,PRA v, Dulay, 1#9 +15A EF9 (19/0! t&e +upre(e 1ourt declared PD "o. 19EE to )e an unconstitutional encroac&(ent on t&e prerogatives of t&e .udiciary. 7t *as e'plained t&at alt&oug& a court *ould tec&nically &ave t&e po*er to deter(ine t&e .ust co(pensation for property under t&e Decree, t&e courtAs tas= *ould )e relegated to si(ply stating t&e lo*er value of t&e property as declared eit&er )y t&e o*ner or )y t&e assessor. 2ust co(pensation (eans t&e value of t&e property at t&e ti(e of t&e ta=ing. 7t (eans a fair and full eBuivalent for t&e loss sustained. To deter(ine it reBuires consideration of t&e condition of t&e property and its surrounding, its i(prove(ents and capa)ilities. ,(inent Do(ain; 2ust 1o(pensation (19/9! "o, 6 A la* provides t&at in t&e event of e'propriation, t&e a(ount to )e paid to a lando*ner as co(pensation s&all )e eit&er t&e s*orn valuation (ade )y t&e o*ner or t&e official assess(ent t&ereof, *&ic&ever is lo*er. 1an t&e lando*ner successfully c&allenge t&e la* in courtC Discuss )riefly your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

Nes, t&e lando*ner can successfully c&allenge t&e la* in court. According to t&e decision in ,'port Processing Rone Aut&ority vs. Dulay, 1#9 +15A EF9, suc& a la* is unconstitutional. First of all, it violates due process, )ecause it denies to t&e lando*ner t&e opportunity to prove t&at t&e valuation in t&e ta' declaration is *rong. +econdly, t&e deter(ination of .ust co(pensation in e'propriation cases is a .udicial function. +ince under +ection 9, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution private property s&all not )e ta=en for pu)lic use *it&out .ust co(pensation, no la* can (andate t&at its deter(ination as to t&e .ust co(pensation s&all prevail over t&e findings of t&e court. ,(inent Do(ain; >egal 7nterest (199E! "o, 96 7n e'propriation proceedings6 1! 4&at legal interest s&ould )e used in t&e co(putation of interest on .ust co(pensationC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in "ational Po*er 1orporation vs. Angas. 8F/ +15A 9#8, in accordance *it& Article 88F9 of t&e 1ivil 1ode, t&e legal interest s&ould )e +7: per cent ( H! a year. 1entral Ban= 1ircular "o. #1 , *&ic& increased t&e legal interest to t*elve percent (18H! a year is not applica)le to t&e e'propriation of property and is li(ited to loans, since its issuance is )ased on Presidential Decree "o, 11 , *&ic& a(ended t&e %sury >a*. ,(inent Do(ain; Pu)lic %se (19/0! "o. :;76 7n 2anuary 19/#, Pasay 1ity filed e'propriation proceedings against several lando*ners for t&e construction of an aBueduct for flood control in a )arangay. 1learly, only t&e residents of t&at )arangay *ould )e )enefited )y t&e pro.ect. As co(pensation, t&e city offered to pay only t&e a(ount declared )y t&e o*ners in t&eir ta' declarations, *&ic& a(ount *as lo*er t&an t&e assessed value as deter(ined )y t&e assessor. T&e lando*ners oppose t&e e'propriation on t&e grounds t&at6 (a! t&e sa(e is not for pu)lic use; and ()! assu(ing it is for pu)lic use, t&e co(pensation (ust )e )ased on t&e evidence presented in court and not, as provided in presidential decrees prescri)ing pay(ent of t&e value stated in t&e o*nerAs ta' declarations or t&e value deter(ined )y t&e assessor, *&ic&ever is lo*er. 7f you *ere .udge, &o* *ould you rule on t&e issueC 4&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e contention t&at t&e ta=ing of private property for t&e purpose of constructing an aBueduct for flood control is not for pu)lic use< is untena)le$ T&e idea t&at <P%B>71 %+,< (eans e'clusively use )y t&e pu)lic &as )een discarded. As long as t&e purpose of t&e ta=ing is pu)lic, t&e e'ercise of po*er of e(inent do(ain is .ustifia)le. 4&atever (ay )e )eneficially e(ployed for t&e general *elfare satisfies t&e reBuire(ent of pu)lic use. (?eirs of 2uanc&o Ardona v. 5eyes, 18E +15 A 88F (19/E!! ()! But t&e contention t&at t&e Presidential Decrees providing t&at in deter(ining .ust co(pensation t&e value stated )y t&e o*ner in &is ta' declaration or t&at deter(ined )y t&e assessor, *&ic&ever is lo*er, in unconstitutional is correct. 7n ,PRA v. Dulay. 3.5. "o. 99 FE, April 89, 19/0, it *as &eld t&at t&is (et&od prescri)ed for ascertaining .ust co(pensation constitutes an i(per(issi)le encroac&(ent on t&e prerogatives of courts. 7t tends to render courts inutile in a (atter *&ic&, under t&e 1onstitution, is reserved to t&e( for final deter(ination. For alt&oug& under t&e decrees t&e courts still &ave t&e po*er to deter(ine .ust co(pensation, t&eir tas= is reduced to si(ply deter(ining t&e lo*er value of t&e property as declared eit&er )y t&e o*ner or )y t&e assessor. <2%+T 1@MP,"+AT7@"< (eans t&e value of t&e property at t&e ti(e of t&e ta=ing. 7ts deter(ination reBuires t&at all facts as to t&e condition of t&e property and its surroundings and its i(prove(ents and capa)ilities (ust )e considered, and t&is can only )e done in a .udicial proceeding. )! ,ffect of delay ,(inent Do(ain; 3arnis&(ent (199#! "o. 1#6 T&e Municipality of Antipolo, 5i-al, e'propriated t&e property of 2uan 5eyes for use as a pu)lic (ar=et. T&e Municipal 1ouncil appropriated Pl,FFF,FFF.FF for t&e purc&ase of t&e lot )ut t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt, on t&e )asis of t&e evidence, fi'ed t&e value at P8,FFF,FFF.FF. 1! 4&at legal action can 2uan 5eyes ta=e to collect t&e )alanceC 8! 1an 2uan 5eyes as= t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt to garnis& t&e MunicipalityAs account *it& t&e >and Ban=C

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! To collect t&e )alance of 2udg(ent, as stated in Tan Toco vs. Municipal 1ounsel of 7loilo, #9 P&il. 98, 2uan 5eyes (ay levy on patri(onial properties of t&e Municipality of Antipolo. 7f it &as no patri(onial properties, in accordance *it& t&e Municipality of Ma=ati vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 19F +15A 8F , t&e re(edy of 2uan 5eyes is to file a petition for (anda(us to co(pel t&e Municipality of Antipolo to appropriate t&e necessary funds to satisfy t&e .udg(ent. 8! Pursuant to t&e ruling in Pasay 1ity 3overn(ent vs. 1ourt of First 7nstance of Manila, 1E8 +15A 19 , since t&e Municipality of Antipolo &as appropriated P1,FFF,FFF to pay for t&e lot, its )an= account (ay )e garnis&ed )ut up to t&is a(ount only. ,(inent Do(ain; 4rit of Possession (199E! "o, 96 7n e'propriation proceedings6 1an t&e .udge validly *it&&old issuance of t&e *rit of possession until full pay(ent of t&e final value of t&e e'propriated propertyC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e .udge cannot validly *it&&old t&e issuance of t&e *rit of possession until full pay(ent of t&e final value of t&e e'propriated property. As &eld in "ational Po*er 1orporation vs. 2ocson, 8F +15A 98F. it is t&e rninisterial duty of t&e 2udge to issue t&e *rit of possession upon deposit of t&e provisional value of t&e e'propriated property *it& t&e "ational or Provincial Treasurer. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 (per Dondee! in 5epu)lic vs. 3ingoyon, 35 no. 1 #89, Dec. 19, 8FF9, t&e +1 &eld t&at 5A /90# no* reBuires full pay(ent )efore t&e +tate (ay e'ercise proprietary rig&ts in an e'propriation proceeding and (a=ing t&e previous ruling o)iter dictu(. #. A)andon(ent of intended use and rig&t of repurc&ase 9. Miscellaneous application ,(inent Do(ain; 3arnis&(ent (199/! "o ;7 $ 8, 7f t&e 1ity of 1e)u &as (oney in )an=, can it )e garnis&edC J8HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8. "o, t&e (oney of t&e 1ity of 1e)u in t&e )an= cannot )e garnis&ed if it ca(e fro( pu)lic funds. As &eld in Municipality of Ma=ati vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 19F +15A 8F , 818, pu)lic funds are e'e(pted fro( garnis&(ent. ,(inent Do(ain; 2ust 1o(pensation (199/! "o ;7. T&e 1ity of 1e)u e'propriated t&e property of 1arlos Topico for use as a (unicipal par=ing lot. T&e +angguniang Panlungsod appropriated P1F (illion for t&is purpose )ut t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt fi'ed t&e co(pensation for t&e ta=ing of t&e land at P19 (illion. 1. 4&at legal re(edy, if any, does 1arlos Topico &ave to recover t&e )alance of P9 (illion for t&e ta=ing of &is landC JEHK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e re(edy of 1arlos Toplco is to levy on t&e patri(onial properties of t&e 1ity of 1e)u. 7n Municipality of Paoay vs Manaois, / P&il 89. E8, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <Property, &o*ever, *&ic& is patri(onial and *&ic& is &eld )y a (unicipality in its proprietary capacity as treated )y t&e great *eig&t of aut&ority as t&e private asset of t&e to*n and (ay )e levied upon and sold under an ordinary e'ecution.< 7f t&e 1ity of 1e)u does not &ave patri(onial properties, t&e re(edy of 1arlos Topico is to file a petition for (anda(us to co(pel it to appropriate (oney to satisfy t&e 2udg(ent. 7n Municipality Ma=ati vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 19F +15A 8F , 81E. t&e +upre(e 1ourt said6 <4&ere a (unicipality falls or refuses, *it&out .ustifia)le reason, to effect pay(ent of a final (oney .udg(ent rendered against it, t&e clai(ant (ay avail of t&e re(edy of (anda(us in order to co(pel t&e enact(ent and approval of t&e necessary appropriation ordinance, and t&e corresponding dis)urse(ent of (unicipal funds t&erefor.<

A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 1. ?e can file t&e (oney clai( *it& t&e 1o((ission on Audit. M. 1ontract clause 1. 1onte(porary application of t&e contract clause ". >egal assistance and free access to courts @. 5ig&ts of suspects 1. Availa)ility 8. 5eBuisites E. 4aiver P. 5ig&ts of t&e accused 2urisdiction, 7nfor(ation, Bail (8FF9! 4illia(, a private A(erican 1iti-en, a university graduate and freBuent visitor to t&e P&ilippines, *as inside t&e %+ e()assy *&en &e got into a &eated argu(ent *it& a private Filipino citi-en. T&en in front of (any s&oc=ed *itnesses, &e =illed t&e person &e *as arguing *it&. T&e police ca(e, and )roug&t &i( to t&e nearest police station. %pon reac&ing t&e station, t&e police investigator in &alting ,nglis&, infor(ed 4illia( of &is Miranda rig&ts, and assigned &i( an independent counsel. 4illia( refused t&e services of t&e la*yer, and insisted t&at &e )e assisted )y a Filipino la*yer currently )ased in t&e %+. T&is reBuest *as denied and t&e counsel assigned )y t&e police stayed for t&e duration of t&e investigation. 4illia( protested &is arrest. a. ?e argued t&at since t&e incident too= place inside t&e %+ e()assy, P&ilippine courts &ave no .urisdiction )ecause t&e %+ e()assy grounds are not part of P&ilippine territory; t&us, tec&nically, no cri(e under P&ilippine la* *as co((itted. 7s 4illia( correctC W ## "$ s not 0o))e0t. The ()e$ ses o00!( e' 21 the Un te' St"tes E$2"ss1 'o not 0onst t!te te)) to)1 o% the Un te' St"tes 2!t o% the Ph # (( nes. C) $es 0o$$ tte' + th n the$ ")e s!2Fe0t to the te)) to) "# F!) s' 0t on o% the Ph # (( nes. S n0e W ## "$ h"s no ' (#o$"t 0 $$!n t1/ the Ph # (( nes 0"n ()ose0!te h $ % t "0<! )es 0!sto'1 o&e) h $ 5R"e,"n &. Co$$ ss one) o% Inte)n"# Re&en!e/ 30 SCRA E7B 81E7E9: ). ?e also clai(ed t&at &is Miranda rig&ts *ere violated )ecause &e *as not given t&e la*yer of &is c&oice; t&at )eing an A(erican, &e s&ould &ave )een infor(ed of &is rig&ts in proper ,nglis&; and t&at &e s&ould &ave )een infor(ed of &is rig&ts as soon as &e *as ta=en into custody, not *&en &e *as already at t&e police station. 4as 4illia( denied &is Miranda rig&tsC 4&y or *&y notC The %"0t th"t the (o# 0e o%% 0e) ,"&e h $ the M )"n'" +")n n, n h"#t n, En,# sh 'oes not 'et)"0t %)o$ ts &"# ' t1. It s s!%% 0 ent th"t the #"n,!",e !se' +"s @no+n to "n' !n'e)stoo' 21 h $. W ## "$ nee' not 2e , &en the M )"n'" +")n n, 2e%o)e the n&est ,"t on st")te'. W ## "$ +"s not 'en e' h s M )"n'" ) ,hts. It s not ()"0t 0"# to )e<! )e the (o# 0e o%% 0e) to ()o& 'e " #"+1e) o% h s o+n 0ho 0e %)o$ the Un te' St"tes 5G"$2o" &. C)!C/ 172 SCRA 7A2 81EBB9:. c. 7f 4illia( applies for )ail, clai(ing t&at &e is entitled t&ereto under t&e Uinternational standard of .usticeV and t&at &e co(es fro( a %+ +tate t&at &as outla*ed capital punis&(ent, s&ould 4illia( )e granted )ail as a (atter of rig&tC W ## "$ sho!#' not 2e ,)"nte' 2" # "s " $"tte) o% ) ,ht. He s s!2Fe0t to the Ph # (( ne 0) $ n"# F!) s' 0t on/ the)e%o)e/ h s ) ,ht to 2" # $!st 2e 'ete)$ ne' on the 2"s s o% Se0t on 13/ A)t 0#e III o% the Const t!t on. 1. 1ri(inal due process 1ustodial 7nvestigation; ,'tra.udicial 1onfession (8FF1! "o 7: $ 5afael, 1arlos and 2osep& *ere accused of (urder )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Manila. Accused 2osep& turned state *itness against &is co$accused 5afael and 1arlos, and *as accordingly disc&arged fro( t&e infor(ation. A(ong t&e evidence presented )y t&e prosecution *as an e'tra.udicial confession (ade )y 2osep& during t&e custodial 7nvestigation, i(plicating 5afael and 1arlos *&o, &e said, toget&er *it& &i( (2osep&!, co((itted t&e cri(e. T&e e'tra.udicial confession *as e'ecuted *it&out t&e assistance of counsel. Accused 5afael

and 1arlos ve&e(ently o).ected on t&e ground t&at said e'tra.udicial confession *as inad(issi)le in evidence against t&e(. 5ule on *&et&er t&e said e'tra.udicial confession is ad(issi)le in evidence or not. (9H! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 According to People vs. Balisteros, 8E0 +15A #99 (199#!, t&e confession is ad(issi)le. %nder +ection 18, Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e confession is inad(issi)le only against t&e one *&o confessed. @nly t&e one *&ose rig&ts *ere violated can raise t&e o).ection as &is rig&t is personal. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; According to People us. 2ara, 1## +15A 91 (19/ !, t&e confession is inad(issi)le. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; ,'tra.udicial 1onfession; Police >ine$%p (199#! "o. 1F6 An infor(ation for parricide *as filed against Danny. After t&e "B7 found an eye*itness to t&e co((ission of t&e cri(e. Danny *as placed in a police line$up *&ere &e *as identified as t&e one *&o s&ot t&e victi(. After t&e line$up, Danny (ade a confession to a ne*spaper reporter *&o intervie*ed &i(. 1! 1an Danny clai( t&at &is identification )y t&e eye*itness )e e'cluded on t&e ground t&at t&e line$up *as (ade *it&out )enefit of &is counselC 8! 1an Danny clai( t&at &is confession )e e'cluded on t&e ground t&at &e *as not afforded &is <Miranda< rig&tsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, t&e identification of Danny, a private person, )y an eye*itness during t&e line$up cannot )e e'cluded in evidence. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in People vs. ?atton, 81F +15A 1, t&e accused is not entitled to )e assisted )y counsel during a police line$up, )ecause it is not part of custodial investigation. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; Nes, in %nited +tates v. 4ade, EE/ %.+. 81/ (19 0! and 3il)ert v. 1alifornia, EE/ %.+. 8 E (19 0!. it *as &eld t&at on t&e )asis of t&e +i't&, rat&er t&an t&e Fift& A(end(ent (eBuivalent to Art. 777, +ec. 1# (8! rat&er t&an +ec. 18(1!!, t&e police line$up is suc& a critical stage t&at it carries <potential su)stantial pre.udice< for *&ic& reason t&e accused is entitled to t&e assistance of 1ounsel. 8! "o. Danny cannot as= t&at &is confession to a ne*spaper reporter s&ould )e e'cluded in evidence. As &eld in People vs. Bernardo, 88F +15A E1, suc& an ad(ission *as not (ade during a custodial interrogation )ut a voluntary state(ent (ade to t&e (edia. Due Process; A)sence of Denial (1999! "o ;777 $ B. @n April , 19 E, Police @fficer Mario 3atdula *as c&arged )y t&e Mayor *it& 3rave Misconduct and ;iolation of >a* )efore t&e Municipal Board. T&e Board investigated 3atdula )ut )efore t&e case could )e decided, t&e 1ity c&arter *as approved. T&e 1ity Fiscal, citing +ection EF of t&e city c&arter, asserted t&at &e *as aut&ori-ed t&ereunder to investigate city officers and e(ployees. T&e case against 3atdula *as t&en for*arded to &i(, and a re$investigation *as conducted. T&e office of t&e Fiscal su)seBuently reco((ended dis(issal. @n 2anuary 11, 19 , t&e 1ity Mayor returned t&e records of t&e case to t&e 1ity Fiscal for t&e su)(ission of an appropriate resolution )ut no resolution *as su)(itted. @n Marc& E, 19 /, t&e 1ity Fiscal trans(itted t&e records to t&e 1ity Mayor reco((ending t&at final action t&ereon )e (ade )y t&e 1ity Board of 7nvestigators (1B7!. Alt&oug& t&e 1B7 did not conduct an investigation, t&e records s&o* t&at )ot& t&e Municipal Board and t&e FiscalAs @ffice e'&austively &eard t&e case *it& )ot& parties afforded a(ple opportunity to adduce t&eir evidence and argue t&eir cause. T&e Police 1o((ission found 3atdula guilty on t&e )asis of t&e records for*arded )y t&e 1B7. 3atdula c&allenged t&e adverse decision of t&e Police 1o((ission t&eori-ing t&at &e *as deprived of due process. Iuestions6 7s t&e Police 1o((ission )ound )y t&e findings of t&e 1ity FiscalC 7s 3atdulaAs protestation of lac= or non$o)servance of due process *ell$groundedC ,'plain your ans*ers. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e Police 1o((ission is not )ound )y t&e findings of t&e 1ity Fiscal. 7n Mangu)at v. de 1astro, 1 E +15A F/, it *as &eld t&at t&e Police 1o((ission is not pro&i)ited fro( (a=ing its o*n findings on t&e )asis of its o*n evaluation of t&e records. >i=e*ise, t&e protestation of lac= of due process is not *ell$grounded, since t&e &earings )efore t&e Municipal Board and t&e 1ity Fiscal offered 3atdula t&e c&ance to )e &eard. T&ere is no denial of due process if t&e decision *as rendered on t&e )asis of evidence contained in t&e record and disclosed to t&e parties affected.

 Due Process; Media 1overage during ?earing (199 ! "o 86 At t&e trial of a rape case *&ere t&e victi($co(plainant *as a *ell =no*n personality *&ile t&e accused *as a popular (ovie star, a T; station *as allo*ed )y t&e trial .udge to televise t&e entire proceedings li=e t&e @.2. +i(pson trial. T&e accused o).ected to t&e T; coverage and petitioned t&e +upre(e 1ourt to pro&i)it t&e said coverage. As t&e +upre(e 1ourt, &o* *ould you rule on t&e petitionC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e +upre(e 1ourt s&ould grant t&e petition. 7n its 5esolution dated @cto)er 88, 1991, t&e +upre(e 1ourt pro&i)ited live radio and television coverage of court proceedings to protect t&e rig&t of t&e parties to due process, to prevent t&e distraction of t&e participants in t&e proceedings, and in t&e last analysis to avoid a (iscarriage of .ustice. 8. Bail 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 5ig&t to Bail (199E! "o. 96 2o&ann learned t&at t&e police *ere loo=ing for &i( in connection *it& t&e rape of an 1/$year old girl, a neig&)or. ?e *ent to t&e police station a *ee= later and presented &i(self to t&e des= sergeant. 1oincidentally. t&e rape victi( *as in t&e pre(ises e'ecuting an e'tra.udicial state(ent. 2o&ann, along *it& si' ( ! ot&er suspects, *ere placed in a police lineTup and t&e girl pointed to &i( as t&e rapist. 2o&ann *as arrested and loc=ed up in a cell. 2o&ann *as c&arged *it& rape in court )ut prior to arraign(ent invo=ed &is rig&t to preli(inary investigation. T&is *as denied )y t&e .udge, and t&us, trial proceeded. After t&e prosecution presented several *itnesses, 2o&ann t&roug& counsel, invo=ed t&e rig&t to )all and filed a (otion t&erefor, *&ic& *as denied outrig&t )y t&e 2udge. 2o&ann no* files a petition for certiorari )efore t&e 1ourt of Appeals arguing t&at6 E! ?e is entitled to )ail as a (atter of rig&t, t&us t&e 2udge s&ould not &ave denied &is (otion to fi' )all outrig&t. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E! 7n accordance *it& Art. 777. sec. 1E of t&e 1onstitution, 2o&ann (ay )e denied )ail if t&e evidence of &is guilt is strong considering t&at t&e cri(e *it& *&ic& &e is c&arged is punis&a)le )y reclusion perpetua. 7t is t&us not a (atter of rig&t for &i( to )e released on )ail in suc& case. T&e court (ust first (a=e a deter(ination of t&e strengt& of t&e evidence on t&e )asis of evidence already presented )y t&e prosecution, unless it desires to present so(e (ore, and give t&e accused t&e opportunity to present countervailing evidence. 7f &aving done t&is t&e court finds t&e evidence not to )e strong, t&en it )eco(es t&e rig&t of 2o&ann to )e ad(itted to )ail. T&e error of t&e trial court lies in outrig&tly denying t&e (otion for )ail of 2o&ann. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 5ig&t to Bail; 1apital @ffense (I#$8FF ! +tate *&et&er or not t&e la* is constitutional. ,'plain )riefly. A la* denying persons c&arged *it& cri(es punis&a)le )y reclusion perpetua or deat& t&e rig&t to )ail. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* is invalid as it contravenes +ection 1E, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution *&ic& provides t&at <all persons, e'cept t&ose c&arged *it& offenses punis&a)le )y reclusion perpetua *&en evidence of guilt is strong, s&all, )efore conviction, )e )aila)le )y sufficient sureties, or )e released on recogni-ance as (ay )e provided )y la*.< T&e accused (ay not )e deprived of &is constitutional rig&t to )ail even if c&arged *it& a capital offense *&ere t&e evidence of guilt is not strong. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 5ig&t to Bail; Deportation 1ase (19/9! "o. 196 May an alien invo=e t&e constitutional rig&t to )ail during t&e pendency of deportation proceedingsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o. An alien (ay not invo=e t&e constitutional rig&t to )ail during t&e pendency of deportation proceedings. 7n ?arvey vs +antiago, 1 8 +15A /#F, it *as &eld t&at t&e constitutional guarantee to )ail (ay not )e invo=ed in deportation proceedings, )ecause t&ey do not parta=e of t&e nature of a cri(inal action. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 5ig&t to Bail; Matter of 5ig&t or a Matter of Discretion (I0$8FF9!

a! +tate *it& reason(s! *&et&er )ail is a (atter of rig&t or a (atter of discretion in t&e follo*ing cases6 (#H! a! T&e i(posa)le penalty for t&e cri(e c&arged is reclusion perpetua and t&e accused is a (inor; +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f t&e accused is a (inor *&ere t&e i(posa)le penalty for t&e cri(e c&arged is reclusion perpetua, )ail *ould )e a (atter of rig&t. %nder Article / of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode, *&en t&e offender is a (inor under eig&teen years of age, &e is entitled to a penalty, depending on &is age, lo*er )y one or t*o degrees t&an t&at prescri)ed )y la* for t&e cri(e co((itted. T&e 1onstitution *it&&olds t&e guaranty of )ail fro( one *&o is accused of a capital offense *&ere t&e evidence of guilt is strong. T&e o)vious reason is t&at one *&o faces a pro)a)le deat& sentence &as a particularly strong te(ptation to flee. T&is reason does not &old *&ere t&e accused &as )een esta)lis&ed *it&out o).ection to )e a (inor *&o )y la* cannot )e sentenced to deat&. (Bravo v. Bor.a, 3.5. "o. >$ 988/, Fe)ruary 1/, 19/9! )! T&e i(posa)le penalty for t&e cri(e c&arged is life i(prison(ent and t&e accused is a (inor; A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7f t&e accused is a (inor and t&e i(posa)le penalty for t&e cri(e c&arged is life i(prison(ent, )ail *ould not )e a (atter of rig&t. 7n t&e instant case, assu(ing t&at evidence of guilt strong, )ail s&all )e denied as t&e privileged (itigating circu(stance of (inority is not availa)le for violation of special la*s penali-ed )y life i(prison(ent. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Alt&oug& t&e 1onstitution (entions only reclusion perpetua, 5ule 11# of t&e 5ules of 1ourt adds life i(prison(ent, and t&erefore, applying t&e P5@ 5,@ D@1T57",, )ail *ould still )e a (atter of rig&t, since it is favora)le to t&e accused. c! T&e accused &as )een convicted of &o(icide on a c&arge of (urder and sentenced to suffer an indeter(inate penalty of fro( eig&t (/! years and one (1! day of prision (ayor, as (ini(u(, to t*elve (18! years and four (#! (ont&s of reclusion te(poral, as (a'i(u(. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f t&e accused &as )een convicted of &o(icide on a c&arge of (urder and sentenced to suffer i(prison(ent of fro( / to 18 years, )ail is a (atter of discretion. %nder 5ule 11#, +ec. 9, par. 1 of t&e 5ules of 1ourt, if t&e decision of t&e trial court convicting t&e accused c&anged t&e nature of t&e offense fro( non$)aila)le to )aila)le, t&e application for )ail (ay )e filed and acted upon )y t&e appellate court. Ad(ission to )ail is discretionary. E. Presu(ption of innocence 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; Presu(ption of 7nnocence vs. Presu(ption of T&eft (8FF#! (9$)! @R lost five &ead of cattle *&ic& &e reported to t&e police as stolen fro( &is )arn. ?e reBuested several neig&)ors, including 55, for &elp in loo=ing for t&e (issing ani(als. After an e'tensive searc&, t&e police found t*o &ead in 55As far(. 55 could not e'plain to t&e police &o* t&ey got &idden in a re(ote area of &is far(. 7nsisting on &is innocence, 55 consulted a la*yer *&o told &i( &e &as a rig&t to )e presu(ed innocent under t&e Bill of 5ig&ts. But t&ere is anot&er presu(ption of t&eft arising fro( &is une'plained possession of stolen cattleS under t&e penal la*. Are t&e t*o presu(ptions capa)le of reconciliation 7n t&is caseC 7f so, &o* can t&ey )e reconciledC 7f not, *&ic& s&ould prevailC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e t*o presu(ptions can )e reconciled. T&e presu(ption of innocence stands until t&e contrary is proved. 7t (ay )e overco(e )y a contrary presu(ption founded upon &u(an e'perience. T&e presu(ption t&at 55 is t&e one *&o stole t&e cattle of @R is logical, since &e *as found in possession of t&e stolen cattle. 55 can prove &is innocence )y presenting evidence to re)ut t&e presu(ption. T&e )urden of evidence is s&ifted to 55, )ecause &o* &e ca(e into possession of t&e cattle is peculiarly *it&in &is =no*ledge. (Di-on$Pa(intuan v. People, 8E# +15A E (199#!!. #. 5ig&t to )e &eard Due Process; Meeting vs. ?earing (1999! "o ;777 $ 1. @n "ove()er 0, 199F, nine la*yers of t&e >egal Depart(ent of N Ban= *&o *ere all under Fred Torre, sent a co(plaint to (anage(ent accusing Torre of a)usive conduct and (is(anage(ent. Furnis&ed *it& a

copy of t&e co(plaint, Torre denied t&e c&arges. T*o days later, t&e la*yers and Torre *ere called to a conference in t&e office of t&e Board 1&air(an to give t&eir respective sides of t&e controversy. ?o*ever, no agree(ent *as reac&ed t&ereat. Ban= Director 5o(ulo Moret *as tas=ed to loo= furt&er into t&e (atter. ?e (et *it& t&e la*yers toget&er *it& Torre several ti(es )ut to no avail. Moret t&en su)(itted a report sustaining t&e c&arges of t&e la*yers. T&e Board 1&air(an *rote Torre to infor( &i( t&at t&e )an= &ad c&osen t&e co(passionate option of <*aiting< for TorreAs resignation. Torre *as as=ed, *it&out )eing dis(issed, to turn over t&e docu(ents of all cases &andled )y &i( to anot&er official of t&e )an= )ut Torre refused to resign and reBuested for a <full &earing<. Days later, &e reiterated &is reBuest for a <full &earing<, clai(ing t&at &e &ad )een <constructively dis(issed<. Moret assured Torre t&at &e is <free to re(ain in t&e e(ploy of t&e )an=< even if &e &as no particular *or= assign(ent. After anot&er reBuest for a <full &earing< *as ignored, Torre filed a co(plaint *it& t&e ar)itration )ranc& of ">51 for illegal dis(issal. 5eacting t&ereto, t&e )an= ter(inated t&e services of Torre. Iuestions6 (a! 4as Torre <constructively dis(issed< )efore &e filed &is co(plaintC ()! 3iven t&e (ultiple (eetings &eld a(ong t&e )an= officials, t&e la*yers and Torre, is it correct for &i( to say t&at &e *as not given an opportunity to )e &eardC ,'plain your ans*ers. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! Torre *as constructively dis(issed, as &eld in ,Buita)le Ban=ing 1orporation v. "ational >a)or 5elations 1o((ission, 80E +15A E98. Allo*ing an e(ployee to report for *or= *it&out )eing assigned any *or= constitutes constructive dis(issal. )! Torre is correct in saying t&at &e *as not given t&e c&ance to )e &eard. T&e (eetings in t&e nature of consultations and conferences cannot )e considered as valid su)stitutes for t&e proper o)servance of notice and &earing. 9. Assistance of counsel 1ustodial 7nvestigation; Police >ine$%p (1990! "o. 1F6 A, *&ile on )oard a passenger .eep one nig&t, *as &eld up )y a group of t&ree teenagers *&o forci)ly divested &er of &er *atc&, nec=lace and *allet containing P1FF.FF. T&at done, t&e trio .u(ped off t&e passenger .eep and fled. B, t&e .eep driver, and A co(plained to t&e police to *&o( t&ey gave description of t&e culprits. According to t&e .eep driver, &e *ould )e a)le to identify t&e culprits if presented to &i(. "e't (orning A and B *ere su((oned to t&e police station *&ere five persons *ere lined up )efore t&e( for identification. A and B positively identified 1 and D as t&e culprits. After preli(inary investigation. 1 and D and one 2o&n Doe *ere c&arged *it& ro))ery in an infor(ation filed against t&e( in court. 1 and D set up, in defense, t&e illegality of t&eir appre&ension, arrest and confine(ent )ased on t&e identification (ade of t&e( )y A and B at a police line$up at *&ic& t&ey *ere not assisted )y counsel. ?o* *ould you resolve t&e issues raised )y 1 and DC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e argu(ents of t&e accused are untena)le. As &eld in People vs. Acot, 8E8 +15A #F , t&e *arrantless arrest of accused ro))ers 7((ediately after t&eir co((ission of t&e cri(e )y police officers sent to loo= for t&e( on t&e )asis of t&e infor(ation related )y t&e victi(s is valid under +ection 9()!.5ule 11E of t&e 5ules on 1ri(inal Procedure. According to People vs. >a(sing, 8#/ +15A #01, t&e rig&t to counsel does not e'tend to police line$ups, )ecause t&ey are not part of custodial investigations. ?o*ever, according to People vs. Macan 8E/ +15A EF , after t&e start of custodial investigation, if t&e accused *as not assisted )y counsel, any identification of t&e accused in a police line$up is inad(issi)le. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&t to 1ounsel (19//! "o. 196 Ar(ando +ala(anca, a notorious police c&aracter, ca(e under custodial investigation for a ro))ery in 1aloocan 1ity. Fro( t&e outset, t&e police officers infor(ed &i( of &is rig&t to re(ain silent, and also &is rig&t to &ave a counsel of &is c&oice, if &e could afford one or if not, t&e govern(ent *ould provide &i( *it& suc& counsel. ?e t&an=ed t&e police investigators, and declared t&at &e fully understands t&e rig&ts enu(erated to &i(, )ut t&at, &e is voluntarily *aiving t&e(. 1lai(ing t&at &e sincerely desires to atone for &is (isdeeds, &e gave a *ritten state(ent on &is participation in t&e cri(e under investigation. 7n t&e course of t&e trial of t&e cri(inal case for t&e sa(e ro))ery, t&e *ritten ad(ission of +ala(anca *&ic& &e gave during t&e custodial investigation, *as presented as t&e only evidence of &is guilt. 7f you *ere &is counsel, *&at *ould you doC ,'plain your ans*er.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 *ould o).ect to it on t&e ground t&at t&e *aiver of t&e rig&ts to silence and to counsel is void, &aving )een (ade *it&out t&e presence of counsel. (Art. 777, sec. 18(1!; People v. 3alit, 1E9 +15A # 9 (19/F!. T&e *aiver (ust also )e in *riting, alt&oug& t&is reBuire(ent (ig&t possi)ly &ave )een co(plied *it& in t&is case )y e()odying t&e *aiver in t&e *ritten confession. 7t s&ould also )e noted t&at under 5ule 1E#, sec. E, even if t&e e'tra.udicial confession is valid, it is not a sufficient ground for conviction if it is not corro)orated )y evidence of corpus delicti. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&t to 1ounsel (199E! "o. 10; 7n &is e'tra.udicial confession e'ecuted )efore t&e police aut&orities, 2ose 4alangta=ot ad(itted =illing &is girlfriend in a fit of .ealousy. T&is ad(ission *as (ade after t&e follo*ing ans*er and Buestion to *it6 T $7=a* ay (ay =arapatan pa rin =u(u&a ng ser)isyo ng isang a)ogado para (a=atulong (o sa i()estigasyong ito at =ung *ala =ang (a=u&a, i=a* ay a(ing )i)igyan ng li)reng a)ogado, ano ngayon ang iyong (asasa)iC< <+ $ "andiyan na(an po si Fiscal (point to Assistant Fiscal Aniceto Malaputo! =aya &indi =o na =ina=ailanganang a)ogado.< During t&e trial. 2ose 4alangta=ot repudiated &is confession contending t&at it *as (ade *it&out t&e assistance of counsel and t&erefore 7nad(issi)le in evidence. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e confession of 2ose 4alangta=ot is inad(issi)le in evidence. T&e *arning given to &i( is insufficient in accordance *it& t&e ruling in People v. Duero, 1F# +15A E09, &e s&ould &ave )een *arned also t&at &e &as t&e rig&t to re(ain silent and t&at any state(ent &e (a=es (ay )e used as evidence against &i(. Besides, under Art. 777, +ec. 18(1! of t&e 1onstitution, t&e counsel assisting a person )eing investigated (ust )e independent. Assistant Fiscal Aniceto Malaputo could not assist 2ose 4alangta=ot. As &eld in People v. ;iduya, 1/9 +15A #FE, &is function is to prosecute cri(inal cases. To allo* &i( to act as defense counsel during custodial investigations *ould render nugatory t&e constitutional rig&ts of t&e accused during custodial investigation. 4&at t&e 1onstitution reBuires is a counsel *&o *ill effectively underta=e t&e defense of &is client *it&out any conflict of interest. T&e ans*er of 2ose 4alangta=ot indicates t&at &e did not fully understand &is rig&ts. ?ence, it cannot )e said t&at &e =no*ingly and intelligently *aived t&ose rig&ts. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&t to 1ounsel (8FFF! "o :7. @n @cto)er 1, 19/9, 5a(os *as arrested )y a security guard )ecause &e appeared to )e <suspicious< and )roug&t to a police precinct *&ere in t&e course of t&e investigation &e ad(itted &e *as t&e =iller in an unsolved &o(icide co((itted a *ee= earlier. T&e proceedings of &is investigation *ere put in *riting and dated @cto)er 1, 19/9, and t&e only participation of counsel assigned to &i( *as &is (ere presence and signature on t&e state(ent. T&e ad(issi)ility of t&e state(ent of 5a(os *as placed in issue )ut t&e prosecution clai(s t&at t&e confession *as ta=en on @cto)er 1, 19/9 and t&e 19/0 1onstitution providing for t&e rig&t to counsel of c&oice and opportunity to retain, too= effect only on Fe)ruary 8, 19/0 and cannot )e given retroactive effect. 5ule on t&is. (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e confession of 5a(os is not ad(issi)le, since t&e counsel assigned to &i( did not advise &i( of &is rig&ts. T&e fact t&at &is confession *as ta=en )efore t&e effectivity of t&e 19/0 1onstitution is of no (o(ent. ,ven prior to t&e effectivity of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e +upre(e 1ourt already laid do*n strict rules on *aiver of t&e rig&ts during investigation in t&e case of People v. 3alit, 1E9 +15A # 9 (19/9!. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&t to 1ounsel; 5eceipt of Property +ei-ed (8FF8! "o ;777. @ne day a passenger )us conductor found a (anAs &and)ag left in t&e )us. 4&en t&e conductor opened t&e )ag, &e found inside a calling card *it& t&e o*nerAs na(e (Dante 3alang! and address, a fe* &undred peso )ills, and a s(all plastic )ag containing a *&ite po*dery su)stance. ?e )roug&t t&e po*dery su)stance to t&e "ational Bureau of 7nvestigation for la)oratory e'a(ination and it *as deter(ined to )e (et&a(p&eta(ine &ydroc&loride or s&a)u, a pro&i)ited drug. Dante 3alang *as su)seBuently traced and found and )roug&t to t&e "B7 @ffice *&ere &e ad(itted o*ners&ip of t&e &and)ag and its contents. 7n t&e course of t&e interrogation )y "B7 agents, and *it&out t&e presence and assistance of counsel, 3alang *as (ade to sign a receipt for t&e plastic )ag and its s&a)u contents. 3alang *as c&arged *it& illegal possession of pro&i)ited drugs and *as convicted. @n appeal &e contends t&at $ a. T&e plastic )ag and its contents are inad(issi)le in evidence )eing t&e product of an illegal searc& and sei-ure; (EH! and

). T&e receipt &e signed is also inad(issi)le as &is rig&ts under custodial investigation *ere not o)served. (8H! Decide t&e case *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a. 7t is ad(issi)le... ). T&e receipt *&ic& 3alang signed *it&out t&e assistance of counsel is not ad(issi)le in evidence. As &eld in People v. 1astro, 80# +15A 119 O1990!, since t&e receipt is a docu(ent ad(itting t&e offense c&arged, 3alang s&ould &ave )een assisted )y counsel as reBuired )y Article 777, +ection 11 of t&e 1onstitution. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; Police >ine$up (199E! "o. 96 2o&ann learned t&at t&e police *ere loo=ing for &i( in connection *it& t&e rape of an 1/$year old girl, a neig&)or. ?e *ent to t&e police station a *ee= later and presented &i(self to t&e des= sergeant. 1oincidentally, t&e rape victi( *as in t&e pre(ises e'ecuting an e'tra.udicial state(ent. 2o&ann, along *it& si' ( ! ot&er suspects, *ere placed in a police lineTup and t&e girl pointed to &i( as t&e rapist. 2o&ann *as arrested and loc=ed up in a cell. 2o&ann *as c&arged *it& rape in court )ut prior to arraign(ent invo=ed &is rig&t to preli(inary investigation. T&is *as denied )y t&e .udge, and t&us, trial proceeded. After t&e prosecution presented several *itnesses, 2o&ann t&roug& counsel, invo=ed t&e rig&t to )ail and filed a (otion t&erefore, *&ic& *as denied outrig&t )y t&e 2udge. 2o&ann no* files a petition for certiorari )efore t&e 1ourt of Appeals arguing t&at6 8! ?e s&ould &ave )een infor(ed of &is rig&t to )e represented )y counsel prior to &is identification via t&e police line up. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8P Pursuant to t&e decision in People us. 1ast(illo. 81E. +15A 000, 2o&ann need not )e infor(ed of &is rig&t to counsel prior to &is identification during t&e police line$up. T&e police line$up is not part of custodial investigation, since 2o&ann *as not )eing Buestioned )ut *as (erely )eing as=ed to e'&i)it &is )ody for identification )y a *itness. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5 7t (ay )e argued t&at in %nited +tates vs. 4ade. E// %.+. 81/ (19 0! and 3il)ert vs. 1alifornia. E// %.+. 8 E (19 0! 7t *as &eld t&at on t&e )asis of t&e +i't&, rat&er t&an t&e Fift& A(end(ent (eBuivalent to Art. 777. sec. 1# (8! rat&er t&an sec. 18 (1!!, t&e police lineup is suc& a <critical stage< t&at it carries <potential su)stantial pre.udice< for *&ic& reason t&e accused is entitled to t&e assistance of counsel. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&ts (199F! "o. 9; +o(e police operatives, acting under a la*fully issued *arrant for t&e purpose of searc&ing for firear(s in t&e ?ouse of : located at "o. 1F +&a* Boulevard, Pasig, Metro Manila, found, instead of firear(s, ten =ilogra(s of cocaine. (1! May t&e said police operatives la*fully sei-e t&e cocaineC ,'plain your ans*er. (8! May : successfully c&allenge t&e legality of t&e searc& on t&e ground t&at t&e peace officers did not infor( &i( a)out &is rig&t to re(ain silent and &is rig&t to counselC ,'plain your ans*er. (E! +uppose t&e peace officers *ere a)le to find unlicensed firear(s in t&e &ouse in an ad.acent lot, t&at is. "o, 18 +&a* Boulevard, *&ic& is also o*ned )y :. May t&ey la*fully sei-e t&e said unlicensed firear(sC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! Nes, t&e police operatives (ay la*fully sei-e t&e cocaine, (8! "o, : cannot successfully c&allenge t&e legality of t&e searc& si(ply )ecause t&e peace officers did not infor( &i( a)out &is rig&t to re(ain silent and &is rig&t to counsel. +ection 18(1!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <Any person under investigation for t&e co((ission of an offense s&all &ave t&e rig&t to )e infor(ed of &is rig&t to re(ain silent and to &ave co(petent and independent counsel prefera)ly of &is o*n c&oice.< As &eld in People v. Dy, 19/ +15A 111. for t&is provision to apply, a suspect (ust )e under investigation. T&ere *as no investigation involved in t&is case. (E! T&e unlicensed firear(s stored at 18 +&a* Boulevard (ay la*fully )e sei-ed. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&ts (199E!

"o. #6 >arry *as an overnig&t guest in a (otel. After &e c&ec=ed out t&e follo*ing day, t&e c&a()er(aid found an attac&e case *&ic& s&e sur(ised *as left )e&ind )y >arry. +&e turned it over to t&e (anager *&o, to deter(ine t&e na(e and address of t&e o*ner, opened t&e attac&e case and sa* pac=ages *&ic& &ad a peculiar s(ell and upon sBuee-ing felt li=e dried leaves. ?is curiosity aroused, t&e (anager (ade an opening on one of t&e pac=ages and too= several gra(s of t&e contents t&ereof. ?e too= t&e pac=ages to t&e "B7, and in t&e presence of agents, opened t&e pac=ages, t&e contents of *&ic& upon la)oratory e'a(ination, turned out to )e (ari.uana flo*ering tops, >arry *as su)seBuently found, )roug&t to t&e "B7 @ffice *&ere &e ad(itted o*ners&ip of t&e attac&e case and t&e pac=ages. ?e *as (ade to sign a receipt for t&e pac=ages. >arry *as c&arged in court for possession of pro&i)ited drugs. ?e *as convicted. @n appeal, &e no* poses t&e follo*ing issues6 1! T&e pac=ages are inad(issi)le in evidence )eing t&e product of an illegal searc& and sei-ure; 8! "eit&er is t&e receipt &e signed ad(issi)le, &is rig&ts under custodial investigation not &aving )een o)served. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 @n t&e assu(ption t&at t&e issues *ere ti(ely raised t&e ans*ers are as follo*s6 1! T&e pac=ages are ad(issi)le in evidence. 8! T&e receipt is not ad(issi)le in evidence. According to t&e ruling in People vs. Mirantes, 8F9 +15A 109, suc& receipt is in effect an e'tra.udicial confession of t&e co((ission of an offense. ?ence, if it *as signed *it&out t&e assistance of counsel, in accordance *it& +ection 18(E!, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, it is inad(issi)le in evidence. JPeople v. Du&an, 1#8 +15A 1FF (19/ !K. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&ts (199 ! "o. E6 1! A, *&o *as arrested as a suspect in a (urder case *as not represented )y counsel during t&e <Buestion and ans*er< stage. ?o*ever, )efore &e *as as=ed to sign &is state(ents to t&e police investigator, t&e latter provided A *it& a counsel, *&o &appened to )e at t&e police station. After conferring *it& A, t&e counsel told t&e police investigator t&at A *as ready to sign t&e state(ents. 1an t&e state(ents of A )e presented in court as &is confessionC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, t&e state(ents of A cannot )e presented in court as &is confession. ?e *as not assisted )y counsel during t&e actual Buestioning. T&ere is no s&o*ing t&at t&e la*yer *&o )elatedly conferred *it& &i( fully e'plained to &i( t&e nature and conseBuences of &is confession. 7n People vs. 1o(pil 8## +15A 1E9, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at t&e accused (ust )e assisted )y counsel during t&e actual Buestioning and t&e )elated assistance of counsel )efore &e signed t&e confession does not cure t&e defect. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Nes, t&e state(ents of A can )e presented in court as &is confession. As &eld in People vs. 5ous, 8#8 +15A 0E8, even if t&e accused *as not assisted )y counsel during t&e Buestioning, &is confession is ad(issi)le if &e *as a)le to consult a la*yer )efore &e signed. 1ustodial 7nvestigation; 5ig&ts (19/9! "o. 06 Pursuing reports t&at great Buantities of pro&i)ited drugs are )eing s(uggled at nig&tti(e t&roug& t&e s&ores of 1avite, t&e +out&ern >u-on 1o((and set up c&ec=points at t&e end of t&e 1avite coastal road to searc& passing (otor ve&icles. A 19$year old )oy, *&o finis&ed fift& grade, *&ile driving, *as stopped )y t&e aut&orities at t&e c&ec=point. 4it&out any o).ection fro( &i(, &is car *as inspected, and t&e searc& yielded (ari.uana leaves &idden in t&e trun= co(part(ent of t&e car. T&e pro&i)ited drug *as pro(ptly sei-ed, and t&e )oy *as )roug&t to t&e police station for Buestioning. (1! 4as t&e searc& *it&out *arrant legalC (8! Before interrogation, t&e police(an on duty infor(ed t&e )oy in ,nglis& t&at &e does <&ave a rig&t to re(ain silent and t&e rig&t to counsel.< ?o*ever, t&ere *as no counsel availa)le as it *as (idnig&t. ?e declared orally t&at &e did not need any la*yer as &e *as innocent, since &e *as only )ringing t&e (ari.uana leaves to &is e(ployer in Iue-on 1ity and *as not a drug user. ?e *as c&arged *it& illegal possession of pro&i)ited drugs. 7s &is *aiver of t&e rig&t to counsel validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

(1! "o, t&e searc& *as not valid, )ecause t&ere *as no pro)a)le cause. (8! "o, t&e *aiver of t&e rig&t to counsel is not valid, since it *as not reduced in *riting and (ade in t&e presence of counsel. %nder +ection 18(1!, Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution to )e valid, t&e *aiver (ust )e (ade in *riting and in t&e presence of counsel. Due Process; 5epresented )y a "on$>a*yer (19//! "o. 96 "or)erto Malas(as *as accused of estafa )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Manila. After t&e trial, &e *as found guilty. @n appeal, &is conviction *as affir(ed )y t&e 1ourt of Appeals. After t&e records of &is case &ad )een re(anded to t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt for e'ecution, and after t&e latter 1ourt &ad set t&e date for t&e pro(ulgation of .udg(ent, t&e accused filed a (otion *it& t&e 1ourt of Appeals to set aside t&e entry of .udg(ent, and to re(and t&e case to t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt for ne* trial on t&e ground t&at &e &ad .ust discovered t&at <Atty. >eonilo Mapor(a< *&o( &e &ad c&osen and *&o &ad acted as &is counsel )efore t&e trial court and t&e 1ourt of Appeals, is not a la*yer. 5esolved t&e (otion of t&e accused *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e (otion s&ould )e granted and t&e entry of .udg(ent s&ould )e set aside. An accused is entitled to )e &eard )y &i(self or counsel. (Art. 777, sec. 1#(8!!. %nless &e is represented )y an attorney, t&ere is a great danger t&at any defense presented in &is )e&alf *ill )e inadeBuate considering t&e legal reBuisite and s=ill needed in court proceedings. T&ere *ould certainly )e a denial of due process. (Delgado v. 1ourt of Appeals, 1#9 +15A E90 (19/ !!. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 1ounsel of &is 1&oice (I/$8FF9! (1! Mariano *as arrested )y t&e "B7 as a suspect in t&e s&opping (all )o()ings. Advised of &is rig&ts, Mariano as=ed for t&e assistance of &is relative, Atty. +antos. T&e "B7 noticed t&at Atty. +antos *as ine'perienced, inco(petent and inattentive. Dee(ing &i( unsuited to protect t&e rig&ts of Mariano, t&e "B7 dis(issed Atty. +antos. Appointed in &is place *as Atty. Barroso, a )ar topnotc&er *&o *as in t&e pre(ises visiting a relative. Atty. Barroso a)ly assisted Mariano *&en t&e latter gave a state(ent. ?o*ever, Mariano assailed t&e investigation clai(ing t&at &e *as deprived of counsel of &is c&oice. 4as t&e "B7 correct in dis(issing Atty. +antos and appointing Atty. Barroso in &is steadC 7s MarianoAs state(ent, (ade *it& t&e assistance of Atty. Barroso, ad(issi)le in evidenceC (9H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e "B7 *as not correct in dis(issing Atty. +antos and appointing Atty. Barroso in &is stead. Article 777, +ection 18(1! of t&e 19/0 1onstitution reBuires t&at a person under investigation for t&e co((ission of an offense s&all &ave no less t&an <co(petent and independent counsel prefera)ly of &is o*n c&oice < T&is is (eant to stress t&e pri(acy accorded to t&e voluntariness of t&e c&oice under t&e uniBuely stressful conditions of a custodial investigationA T&us, t&e la*yer called to )e present during suc& investigation s&ould )e as far as reasona)ly possi)le, t&e c&oice of t&e individual undergoing Buestioning. T&e appoint(ent of Atty. Barroso is Buestiona)le )ecause &e *as visiting a relative *or=ing in t&e "B7 and t&us &is independence is dou)tful. >a*yers engaged )y t&e police, *&atever testi(onials are given as proof of t&eir pro)ity and supposed independence, are generally suspect, as in (any areas, t&e relations&ip )et*een la*yers and la* enforce(ent aut&orities can )e sy()iotic. 1onsidering t&at Mariano *as deprived of counsel of &is o*n c&oice, t&e state(ent is inad(issi)le in evidence. (People v. 2anuario, 3.5. "o. 9/898, Fe)ruary 0, 1990! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e "B7 *as correct in dis(issing Atty. +antos as &e *as inco(petent. T&e 19/0 1onstitution reBuires counsel to )e co(petent and independent. Atty. Barroso, )eing a )ar topnotc&er a)ly assisted Mariano and t&ere is no s&o*ing t&at &is &aving a relative in t&e "B7 affected &is independence. Moreover, t&e accused &as t&e final c&oice of counsel as &e (ay re.ect t&e one c&osen for &i( and as= for anot&er. A la*yer provided )y t&e investigators is dee(ed engaged )y t&e accused *&ere &e raises no o).ection against t&e la*yer during t&e course of t&e investigation, and t&e accused t&ereafter su)scri)es to t&e trut& of &is state(ent )efore t&e s*earing officer. T&us, once t&e prosecution s&o*s t&ere *as co(pliance *it& t&e constitutional reBuire(ent on pre$interrogation advisories, a confession is presu(ed to )e voluntary and t&e declarant )ears t&e )urden of proving t&at &is confession is involuntary and untrue. A confession is ad(issi)le until t&e accused successfully proves t&at it *as given as a result of violence, inti(idation, t&reat or pro(ise of re*ard or leniency *&ic& are not present in t&is case. Accordingly, t&e state(ent is ad(issi)le. (People v. 2ere-, 3.5. "o. 11#E/9, 2anuary 89, 199/!

. 5ig&t to )e infor(ed Due Process; "otice )y Pu)lication (19//! "o. 96 Maca)e)e, Pa(panga &as several )arrios along t&e Pa(panga river. To service t&e needs of t&eir residentst t&e (unicipality &as )een operating a ferry service at t&e sa(e river, for a nu()er of years already. +o(eti(e in 19/0, t&e (unicipality *as served a copy of an order fro( t&e >and Tansportation Franc&ising and 5egulatory Board (>TF5B!, granting a certificate of pu)lic convenience to Mr. 5icardo Macapinlac, a resident of Maca)e)e, to operate ferry service across t&e sa(e river and )et*een t&e sa(e )arrios )eing serviced presently )y t&e (unicipalityAs ferry )oats. A c&ec= of t&e records of t&e application of Macapinlac s&o*s t&at t&e application *as filed so(e (ont&s )efore, set for &earing, and notices of suc& &earing *ere pu)lis&ed in t*o ne*spapers of general circulation in t&e to*n of Maca)e)e, and in t&e province of Pa(panga. T&e (unicipality &ad never )een directly served a copy of t&at notice of &earing nor &ad t&e +angguniang Bayan )een reBuested )y Macapinlac for any operate. T&e (unicipality i((ediately filed a (otion for reconsideration *it& t&e >TF5B *&ic& *as denied. 7t *ent to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on a petition for certiorari to nullify t&e order granting a certificate of pu)lic convenience to Macapinlac on t*o grounds6 1 Denial of due process to t&e (unicipality; 8 For failure of Macapinlac to secure approval of t&e +angguniang Bayan for &i( to operate a ferry service in Maca)e)e,; 5esolve t&e t*o points in t&e petition *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition for certiorari s&ould )e granted, 1. As a party directly affected )y t&e operation of t&e ferry service, t&e Municipality of Maca)e)e, Pa(panga *as entitled to )e directly notified )y t&e >TF5B of its proceedings relative to MacapinlacAs application, even if t&e Municipality &ad not notified t&e >TF5B of t&e e'istence of t&e (unicipal ferry service. "otice )y pu)lication *as not enoug&. (Municipality of ,c&ague v. A)ellera, 1# +15A 1/F (19/ !!. 8. 4&ere a ferry operation lies entirely *it&in t&e (unicipality, t&e prior approval of t&e Municipal govern(ent is necessary. 0. 5ig&t to speedy, i(partial and pu)lic trial 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; 5ig&t to +peedy Trial (8FFF! "o :;. 1&arged )y Francisco *it& li)el, Pa)lo *as arraigned on 2anuary E, 8FFF, Pre$trial *as dispensed *it& and continuous trial *as set for Marc& 0, / and 9, 8FFF. @n t&e first setting, t&e prosecution (oved for its postpone(ent and cancellation of t&e ot&er settings )ecause its principal and pro)a)ly only *itness, t&e private co(plainant Francisco, suddenly &ad to go a)road to fulfill a professional co((it(ent. T&e .udge instead dis(issed t&e case for failure to prosecute. a! 4ould t&e grant of t&e (otion for postpone(ent &ave violated t&e accusedAs rig&t to speedy trialC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e grant of t&e (otion for postpone(ent *ould not &ave violated t&e rig&t of t&e accused to speedy trial. As &eld 7n People v. >eviste, 899 +15A 8E/ (199 !. since t&e (otion for postpone(ent *as t&e first one reBuested, t&e need for t&e offended party to attend to a professional co((it(ent is a valid reason, no su)stantial rig&t of t&e accused *ould )e pre.udiced, and t&e prosecution s&ould )e afforded a fair opportunity to prosecute its case, t&e (otion s&ould )e granted. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +ince continuous trial of cases is reBuired and since t&e date of t&e initial &earing *as set upon agree(ent of all parties, including t&e private co(plainant, t&e .udge properly dis(issed t&e case for failure to prosecute. /. 5ig&t of confrontation 9. 1o(pulsory process 1F. Trials in a)sentia I. 4rit of &a)eas corpus

 +uspension of 4rit of ?a)eas 1orpus (1990! (a! 4&en (ay t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus )e suspendedC ()! 7f validly declared, *&at *ould )e t&e full conseBuences of suc& suspensionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! %nder +ection 1 , Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus (ay )e suspended *&en t&ere is an invasion or re)ellion and pu)lic safety reBuires it. ()! According to +ection 1/, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e suspension of t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus s&all apply only to persons .udicially c&arged *it& re)ellion or offenses 7n&erent to or directly connected *it& invasion. Any person arrested or detained s&ould )e .udicially c&arged *it&in t&ree days. @t&er*ise, &e s&ould )e released. Moreover, under +ection 1E. Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e rig&t to )ail s&all not )e i(paired even *&en t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus is suspended. 5. 4rit of a(paro 2udicial Depart(ent; 4rit of A(paro (1991! "o 16 4&at is a 1onstitutional *rit of A(paro and *&at is t&e )asis for suc& a re(edy under t&e 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e *rit of A(paro in Me'ican la* is an e'traordinary re(edy *&ere)y an interested party (ay see= t&e invalidation of any e'ecutive, legislative or .udicial act dee(ed in violation of a funda(ental rig&t. T&e adoption of suc& a re(edy in t&e P&ilippines (ay )e )ased on Article ;777, +ec. 9(9! of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& e(po*ers t&e +upre(e 1ourt to pro(ulgate rules concerning t&e protection and enforce(ent of constitutional rig&ts. 4rit of A(paro (8F1F! A, t&e *ife of an alleged victi( of enforced disappearance applied for t&e issuance of a 4rit of A(paro )efore a 5egional Trial 1ourt in Tarlac. %pon (otion of A, t&e court issued inspection and production orders addressed to t&e AFP 1&ief of +taff to allo* entry at 1o(p ABuino and per(it t&e copying of relevant docu(ents, including t&e list of detainees, if any. Acco(panied )y court$designated 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts (1?5! la*yers, A too= p&otograp&s of a suspected isolation cell *&ere &er &us)and *as allegedly seen )eing &eld for t&ree days and tortured )efore &e finally disappeared. T&e 1?5 la*yers reBuested on >t. ;alde- for a p&otocopy of t&e (aster plan of 1a(p ABuino and to confir( in *riting t&at &e &ad custody of t&e (aster plan. >t. ;alde- o).ected on t&e ground t&at it (ay violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. Decide *it& reasons. The o2Fe0t on o% Lt. ;"#'eC s not &"# '. The ) ,ht "," nst se#%> n0) $ n"t on )e%e)s to test $on "# e& 'en0e "n' 'oes not "((#1 to the ()o'!0t on o% " (hoto0o(1 o% the $"ste) (#"n o% C"$( A<! no/ 2e0"!se t s " (!2# 0 )e0o)'. He 0"nnot o2Fe0t to the )e<!est %o) h $ to 0on% )$ h s 0!sto'1 o% the $"ste) (#"n 2e0"!se he s the (!2# 0 o%% 0e) +ho h"s 0!sto'1 o% t. 5A#$onte &. ;"s<!eC 2AA SRA 2B7 81EE69: +. +elf$incri(ination clause 1. +cope and coverage 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; +elf$7ncri(ination (19//! "o. E6 Dr. 2uan +to. To(as is a practicing dentist in Mari=ina, Metro Manila. ?e *as c&arged *it& i((orality )efore t&e Board of Dentistry )y a lady patient, *&o clai(s t&at Dr. +to. To(as too= li)erties *it& &er person and =issed &er *&ile s&e *as under t&e treat(ent at t&e latterAs clinic. At t&e initial &earing of t&e ad(inistrative co(plaint, t&e co(plainantAs counsel called t&e respondent as &is first *itness. T&e respondent t&roug& counsel, o).ected vigorously, clai(ing &is constitutional rig&t to )e e'e(pt fro( )eing a *itness against &i(self. T&e Board noted t&e o).ection, )ut ruled t&at in t&e ne't sc&eduled &earing, a (ont& and a &alf later, t&e respondent *ould )e called to testify as a *itness, as t&e rig&t &e clai(s is not availa)le in ad(inistrative investigations, )ut only in cri(inal prosecutions. Dr. +to. To(as is decided not to testify. As &is la*yer, *&at *ould you doC 4&yC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 *ill file a petition for pro&i)ition *it& prayer for preli(inary in.unction *it& t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt. T&e privilege against self incri(ination is availa)le not only in .udicial proceedings )ut also in ad(inistrative investigations. 7n Pascual v. Board of Medical ,'a(iners, 8/ +15A E## (19 9!, it *as &eld t&at t&e revocation of a license as a (edical practitioner can )e an even greater deprivation t&an (ere forfeiture of property. 7n so(e aspects it is si(ilar to cri(inal proceedings and, t&erefore, t&e respondent can not )e (ade to testify as a *itness for t&e co(plainant. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; +elf$7ncri(ination (199F! "o. #6 T&e privilege of self$incri(ination (ust )e ti(ely invo=ed, ot&er*ise it is dee(ed *aived. 1. 7n a 17;7> 1A+,, t&e plaintiff called t&e defendant a &ostile *itness and announced t&at t&e defendant *ould )e as=ed incri(inating Buestions in t&e direct e'a(ination. 4&en s&ould t&e defendant invo=e t&e privilege against self$incri(inationC 8. 7n a 157M7"A> 1A+,, t&e prosecution called t&e accused to t&e *itness stand as t&e first *itness in vie* of certain facts ad(itted )y t&e accused at t&e pre$trial. 4&en s&ould t&e accused invo=e t&e privilege against self$ incri(inationC E. 7n an ad(inistrative case for (alpractice and t&e cancellation of license to practice (edicine filed against 1, t&e co(plainant called 1 to t&e *itness stand. 4&en s&ould 1 invo=e t&e privilege against self$incri(inationC ,'plain your ans*ers to t&e t&ree Buestions. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! As &eld in Bagadiong v, De 3u-(an, 9# +15A 9F , t&e defendant s&ould ta=e t&e *itness stand and o).ect *&en a Buestion calling for an incri(inating Buestion is propounded. %nli=e in proceedings *&ic& are cri(inal in c&aracter in *&ic& t&e accused can refuse to testify, t&e defendant (ust *ait until a Buestion calling for an incri(inatory ans*er is actually as=ed. (+uare- v. Tongco, 8 +15A 01! (8! As &eld in 1&ave- v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8# +15A E, in a cri(inal case t&e accused (ay altoget&er refuse to ta=e t&e *itness and refuse to ans*er any Buestion, )ecause t&e purpose of calling &i( as a *itness for t&e prosecution &as no ot&er purpose )ut to incri(inate &i(. (E! As in a cri(inal case, 1 can refuse to ta=e t&e *itness stand and refuse to ans*er any Buestion. 7n Pascual v. Board of Medical ,'a(iners, 8/ +15A E##, it *as &eld t&at an ad(inistrative case for (alpractice and cancellation of t&e license to practice (edicine is penal in c&aracter, )ecause an unfavora)le decision *ould result in t&e revocation of t&e license of t&e respondent to practice (edicine. 1onseBuently, &e can refuse to ta=e t&e *itness stand. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; +elf$7ncri(ination (8FFF! "o :7. )! A (an *as s&ot and =illed and &is =iller fled. Mo(ents after t&e s&ooting, an eye*itness descri)ed to t&e police t&at t&e slayer *ore *&ite pants, a s&irt *it& floral design, &ad )oots and *as a)out 0F =ilos and 1. 9 (eters. Bor.a, *&o fit t&e description given, *as seen near)y. ?e *as ta=en into custody and )roug&t to t&e police precinct *&ere &is pants, s&irt and )oots *ere forci)ly ta=en and &e *as *eig&ed, (easured, p&otograp&ed, fingerprinted and su).ected to paraffin testing. At &is trial, Bor.a o).ected to t&e ad(ission in evidence of t&e apparel, &is &eig&t and *eig&t, &is p&otograp&s, fingerprints co(parison and t&e results of t&e paraffin test, asserting t&at t&ese *ere ta=en in violation of &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. 5ule on t&e o).ection. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 )! T&e o).ection of Bor.a is not tena)le. As &eld in People v. Paynor, 8 1 +15A 19 (199 !, t&e rig&ts guaranteed )y +ection 18, Article in of t&e 1onstitution applies only against testi(onial evidence. An accused (ay )e co(pelled to )e p&otograp&ed or (easured, &is gar(ents (ay )e re(oved, and &is )ody (ay )e e'a(ined. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; +elf$7ncri(ination (I0$8FF ! +elect t&e )est ans*er and e'plain. 1. An accusedAs rig&t against self$incri(ination is violated in t&e follo*ing cases6 (9H! a! 4&en &e is ordered )y t&e trial court to undergo a paraffin test to prove &e is guilty of (urder; )! 4&en &e is co(pelled to produce &is )an=)oo=s to )e used as evidence against &is fat&er c&arged *it& plunder; c! 4&en &e is ordered to produce a sa(ple of &is &and*riting to )e used as evidence t&at &e is t&e aut&or of a letter *&erein &e agreed to =ill t&e victi(;

d! 4&en t&e president of a corporation is su)Tpoenaed to produce certain docu(ents as proofs &e is guilty of illegal recruit(ent. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e )est ans*er is c! *&en &e is ordered to produce a sa(ple of &is &and*riting to )e used as evidence t&at &e is t&e aut&or of a letter *&erein &e agreed to =ill t&e victi(. %nder Article ?7, +ection 10 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, <no person s&all )e co(pelled to )e a *itness against &i(self.< +ince t&e provision pro&i)its co(pulsory testi(onial incri(ination, it does not (atter *&et&er t&e testi(ony is ta=en )y oral or *ritten (eans as eit&er *ay it involves t&e %+, @F 7"T,>>,1T%A> FA1%>T7,+. T&e purpose of t&e privilege is to avoid and pro&i)it t&ere)y t&e repetition and recurrence of co(pelling a person, in a cri(inal or any ot&er case, to furnis& t&e (issing evidence necessary for &is conviction (Ber(ude- v. 1astillo, Per 5ec. "o. 01#$A, 2uly 8 , 19E0; Beltran v. +a(son, 3.5. "o. E8F89, +epte()er 8E,1989!. a! Foreign la*s 8. Application Due Process; +uspension of DriverAs >icense (1998! "o, E; 1ongress is considering a la* against drun=en driving. %nder t&e legislation, police aut&orities (ay as= any driver to ta=e a <)reat&aly-er test<, *&erein t&e driver e'&ales several ti(es into a device *&ic& can deter(ine *&et&er &e &as )een driving under t&e influence of alco&ol. T&e results of t&e test can )e used, in any legal proceeding against &i(. Furt&er(ore, declaring t&at t&e issuance of a driverAs license gives rise only to a privilege to drive (otor ve&icles on pu)lic roads, t&e la* provides t&at a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e test s&all )e auto(atically su).ect to a 9F$day suspension of &is driverAs license, 1ite t*o J8K possi)le constitutional o).ections to t&is la*. 5esolve t&e o).ections and e'plain *&et&er any suc& infir(ities can )e cured. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Possi)le o).ections to t&e la* are t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test *ill violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, t&at providing for t&e suspension of &is driverAs license *it&out any &earing violates due process, and t&at t&e proposed la* *ill violate t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures, )ecause it allo*s police aut&orities to reBuire a drive to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even if t&ere is no pro)a)le cause. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5eBuiring a driver to ta=e a )reat&aly-er test does not violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, )ecause &e is not )eing co(pelled to give testi(onial evidence. ?e is (erely )eing as=ed to su)(it to a p&ysical test. T&is is not covered )y t&e constitutional guarantee against self$incri(ination. T&us, in +out& Da=ota vs. "eville, #99 %.+. 99E, it *as &eld for t&is reason t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e a )lood$alco&ol test is valid. As &eld in Mac=ey vs. Afontrya ##E %.+. 1, )ecause of co(pelling govern(ent interest in safety along t&e streets, t&e license of a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test (ay )e suspended i((ediately pending a post$suspension &earing, )ut t&ere (ust )e a provision for a post$suspension &earing. T&us, to save t&e proposed la* fro( unconstitutionally on t&e ground of denial of due process, it s&ould provide for an i((ediate &earing upon suspension of t&e driverAs license. T&e proposed la* violates t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures. 7t *ill aut&ori-e police aut&orities to stop any driver and as= &i( to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even in t&e a)sence of a pro)a)le cause. 5ig&ts of t&e Accused; +elf$7ncri(ination (1998! "o, E; 1ongress is considering a la* against drun=en driving. %nder t&e legislation, police aut&orities (ay as= any driver to ta=e a <)reat&aly-er test<, *&erein t&e driver e'&ales several ti(es into a device *&ic& can deter(ine *&et&er &e &as )een driving under t&e influence of alco&ol. T&e results of t&e test can )e used, in any legal proceeding against &i(. Furt&er(ore, declaring t&at t&e issuance of a driverAs license gives rise only to a privilege to drive (otor ve&icles on pu)lic roads, t&e la* provides t&at a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e test s&all )e auto(atically su).ect to a 9F$day suspension of &is driverAs license, J8K possi)le constitutional o).ections to t&is la*. 5esolve t&e o).ections and e'plain *&et&er any suc& infir(ities can )e cured. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

Possi)le o).ections to t&e la* are t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test *ill violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, t&at providing for t&e suspension of &is driverAs license *it&out any &earing violates due process, and t&at t&e proposed la* *ill violate t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures, )ecause it allo*s police aut&orities to reBuire a drive to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even if t&ere is no pro)a)le cause. 5eBuiring a driver to ta=e a B5,AT?A>NR,5 T,+T does not violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, )ecause &e is not )eing co(pelled to give testi(onial evidence. ?e is (erely )eing as=ed to su)(it to a p&ysical test. T&is is not covered )y t&e constitutional guarantee against self$incri(ination. T&us, in +out& Da=ota vs. "eville, #99 %.+. 99E, it *as &eld for t&is reason t&at reBuiring a driver to ta=e a )lood$alco&ol test is valid. As &eld in Mac=ey vs. Afontrya ##E %.+. 1, )ecause of co(pelling govern(ent interest in safety along t&e streets, t&e license of a driver *&o refuses to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test (ay )e suspended i((ediately pending a post$suspension &earing, )ut t&ere (ust )e a provision for a post$suspension &earing. T&us, to save t&e proposed la* fro( unconstitutionally on t&e ground of denial of due process, it s&ould provide for an i((ediate &earing upon suspension of t&e driverAs license. T&e proposed la* violates t&e rig&t against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures. 7t *ill aut&ori-e police aut&orities to stop any driver and as= &i( to ta=e t&e )reat&aly-er test even in t&e a)sence of a pro)a)le cause. E. 7((unity statutes T. 7nvoluntary servitude and political prisoners 7nvoluntary +ervitude (199E! "o. 1 ; $ 2oy, an 5T1 stenograp&er, retired at t&e age of 9. +&e left unfinis&ed t&e transcription of &er notes in a cri(inal case *&ic& *as on appeal. T&e 1ourt of Appeals ordered 2oy to transcri)e &er notes. +&e refused to co(ply *it& t&e order reasoning t&at s&e *as no longer in t&e govern(ent service. T&e 1A declared 2oy in conte(pt of court and s&e *as incarcerated. 2oy filed a petition for &a)eas corpus arguing t&at &er incarceration is tanta(ount to illegal detention and to reBuire &er to *or= sans co(pensation *ould )e involuntary servitude. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 2oy can )e incarcerated for conte(pt of court for refusing to transcri)e &er stenograp&ic notes. As &eld 7n Adoracion v. 3at(aitan, # +15A 1E8, &er incarceration does not constitute illegal detention. 7t is la*ful, )ecause it is t&e conseBuence of &er diso)edience of t&e court order. "eit&er can s&e clai( t&at to reBuire &er to *or= *it&out co(pensation is tanta(ount to involuntary servitude. +ince courts &ave t&e 7n&erent po*er to 7ssue suc& orders as are necessary for t&e ad(inistration of 2ustice, t&e 1ourt of Appeals (ay order &er to transcri)e &er stenograp&ic notes even if s&e is no longer 7n t&e govern(ent service. %. ,'cessive fines and cruel and in&u(an punis&(ents ;. "on$i(prison(ent for de)ts "on$7(prison(ent for "on$Pay(ent of De)t (199E! "o 186 +ec. 1E of PD 119 (Trust 5eceipts >a*! provides t&at *&en t&e entrustee in a trust receipt agree(ent fails to deliver t&e proceeds of t&e sale or to return t&e goods if not sold to t&e entrustee$)an=, t&e entrustee is lia)le for estafa under t&e 5P1. Does t&is provision not violate t&e constitutional rig&t against i(prison(ent for non$pay(ent of a de)tC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, +ection 1E of Presidential Decree "o. 119 does not violate t&e constitutional rig&t against i(prison(ent for non$pay(ent of a de)t. As &eld in >ee vs. 5odil, 109 +15A 1FF, t&e cri(inal lia)ility arises fro( t&e violation of t&e trust receipt, *&ic& is separate and distinct fro( t&e loan secured )y it. Penali-ing suc& an act is a valid e'ercise of police po*er. (+ee also People vs. "itafan, 8F0 +15A 0EF! 4. Dou)le .eopardy 1. 5eBuisites Dou)le 2eopardy (199E! "o. 1E6 A Pa.ero driven )y 2oe sides*iped a (otorcycle driven )y "elson resulting in da(age to t&e (otorcycle and in.uries to "elson. 2oe sped on *it&out giving assistance to "elson. T&e Fiscal filed t*o infor(ations against 2oe, to

*it6 (1! rec=less i(prudence resulting in da(age to property *it& p&ysical in.uries under Art. E 9, 5P1, )efore t&e 5T1; and (8! a)andon(ent of oneAs victi( under par. 8 Art 809, )efore t&e MT1. 2oe *as arraigned, tried and convicted for a)andon(ent of oneAs victi( in t&e MT1. ?e appealed to t&e 5T1. 7t *as only a year later t&at &e *as arraigned in t&e rec=less i(prudence c&arge )efore t&e 5T1. ?e pleaded not guilty. +u)seBuently, t&e 5T1 affir(ed t&e decision of t&e MT1 relative to t&e a)andon(ent of oneAs victi( c&arge. 2oe filed a petition for revie* )efore t&e 1ourt of Appeals, invo=ing &is rig&t to dou)le 2eopardy, contending t&at t&e prosecution for a)andon(ent under Art. 809 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode is a )ar to t&e prosecution for negligence under Article E 9 of t&e sa(e 1ode. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 2oe cannot clai( t&at &is conviction for a)andoning &is victi( in violation of Article 809 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode is a )ar to &is prosecution for negligence under Article E 9 of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode. As &eld in >a(era v. 1ourt of Appeals, 19/ +15A 1/ , t&ere is no dou)le .eopardy, )ecause t&ese t*o offenses are not identical. 5ec=less i(prudence is a cri(e falling under t&e c&apter on cri(inal negligence, *&ile a)andon(ent of oneAs victi( is a cri(e falling under t&e c&apter on cri(es against security. T&e for(er is co((itted )y (eans of culpa, *&ile t&e latter is co((itted )y (eans of dolo. Failure to &elp oneAs victi( is not an offense )y itself nor an ele(ent of rec=less i(prudence. 7t (erely 7ncreases t&e penalty )y one degree. Dou)le 2eopardy (1990! "o. 86 T&e +angguniang Panlungsod of Manila approved an ordinance ("o. 1FFF! pro&i)iting t&e operation in t&e streets *it&in t&e city li(its of ta'ica) units over eig&t years old (fro( year of (anufacture!. T&e i(posa)le penalty for violation t&ereof is a fine of P#,FFF.FF or i(prison(ent for one year upon t&e erring operator. T&ereafter and *&ile t&e city ordinance *as already in effect, 1ongress enacted a la* (5epu)lic Act "o. 9FF! pro&i)iting t&e operation in t&e streets of cities t&roug&out t&e country of ta'ica) units )eyond ten years old. T&e i(posa)le penalty for violation t&ereof is t&e sa(e as in @rdinance "o. 1FFF. A, an o*nerDoperator of a ta'ica) unit operating in t&e 1ity of Manila, *as c&arged *it& violation of t&e city ordinance. %pon arraign(ent, &e pleaded not guilty; *&ereupon, trial *as set five days t&ereafter. For failure of t&e *itnesses to appear at t&e trial, t&e 1ity 1ourt dis(issed t&e case against A. T&e 1ity Prosecutor of Manila fort&*it& filed anot&er infor(ation in t&e sa(e court c&arging A *it& violation of 5epu)lic Act "o. 9FF for operating t&e ta'ica) unit su).ect of t&e infor(ation in t&e first case. T&e accused (oved to dis(iss t&e second case against &i( invo=ing dou)le 2eopardy. ?o* *ould you rule on AAs (otion if you *ere t&e 2udgeC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f 7 *ere t&e .udge, 7 *ould grant t&e (otion. T&e dis(issal of t&e first case for failure of t&e *itnesses to appear ter(inated t&e first .eopardy. As &eld in 1aes vs. 7nter(ediate Appellate 1ourt, 109 +15A 9#, t&e dis(issal of a case for failure of t&e *itnesses for t&e prosecution to appear constitutes an acBuittal. T&e acBuittal of A for violation of @rdinance "o. 1FFF )ars &is prosecution for violation of 5epu)lic Act "o. 9FF. %nder +ection 81, Article in of t&e 1onstitution, if an act is punis&ed )y a la* and an ordinance, conviction or acBuittal under eit&er )ars anot&er prosecution for t&e sa(e act. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7f 7 *ere t&e .udge, 7 *ould deny t&e (otion. T&e dis(issal of t&e first case is void and does not give rise to dou)le .eopardy. T&e dis(issal of t&e first case is ar)itrary and denied t&e prosecution due process of la*. T&e trial *as set five days after t&e arraign(ent. T&ere *as no sufficient ti(e to su)poena t&e *itnesses and t&is *as t&e first ti(e t&e *itnesses failed to appear. As &eld in People vs. Declaro 10F +15A 1#8, t&e dis(issal of a case for failure of t&e *itnesses to appear at t&e initial &earing is ar)itrary and void and does not give rise to dou)le .eopardy. Dou)le 2eopardy (1999! A. Discuss t&e rig&t of every accused against dou)le .eopardyC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Melo v. People, /9 P&il. 0 , t&e rule of dou)le .eopardy (eans t&at *&en a person *as c&arged *it& an offense and t&e case *as ter(inated )y acBuittal or conviction or in any ot&er (anner *it&out &is consent, &e cannot again )e c&arged *it& t&e sa(e or identical offense. Dou)le 2eopardy (1999!

1. @n @cto)er 81, 19/ , 10 year old ;irginia +agrado )roug&t a co(plaint against Martin 3eralde for consented a)duction. 4it& t&e accused pleading not guilty upon arraign(ent, trial ensued. After trial, a .udg(ent of conviction *as rendered against 3eralde. 4&en t&e case *as appealed to it, t&e 1ourt of Appeals reversed t&e .udg(ent of t&e Trial 1ourt, ratiocinating and ruling as follo*s6 <T&is is not to say t&at t&e appellant did not&ing *rong...s&e *as seduced )y t&e appellant *it& pro(ises (of (arriage! .ust to acco(plis& &is le*d designs.< Nears later, ;irginia )roug&t anot&er co(plaint for Iualified +eduction. 3eralde presented a Motion to Iuas& on t&e ground of dou)le .eopardy, *&ic& (otion and &is su)seBuent (otion for reconsideration *ere denied6 Iuestion6 May 3eralde validly invo=e dou)le .eopardy in Buestioning t&e institution of t&e case for Iualified +eductionC ?e placed reliance principally on t&e <sa(e evidence< test to support &is stance. ?e asserted t&at t&e offenses *it& *&ic& &e *as c&arged arose fro( t&e sa(e set of facts. Furt&er(ore, &e averted t&at t&e co(plaint for Iualified +eduction is )arred )y *aiver and estoppel on t&e part of t&e co(plainant, s&e &aving opted to consider t&e case as consented a)duction. Finally, &e argued t&at &er delay of (ore t&an eig&t (/! years )efore filing t&e second case against &i( constituted pardon on t&e part of t&e offended party. ?o* *ould you resolve 3eraldAs contentionsC ,'plain. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 3eralde cannot invo=e dou)le .eopardy. According to Pere- v. 1ourt of Appeals, 1 / +15A 8E , t&ere is no identity )et*een consented a)duction and Bualified seduction. 1@"+,"T,D ABD%1T7@" reBuires t&at t&e ta=ing a*ay of t&e offended party (ust )e *it& &er consent, after solicitation or ca.olery fro( t&e offender, and t&e ta=ing a*ay of t&e offended party (ust )e *it& le*d designs. @n t&e ot&er &and, I%A>7F7,D +,D%1T7@" reBuires t&at t&e cri(e )e co((itted )y a)use of aut&ority, confidence or relations&ip and t&e offender &ad se'ual intercourse *it& t&e *o(an. T&e delay in filing t&e second case does not constitute pardon, according to Article E## of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode, to )e valid t&e pardon of t&e offender )y t&e offended party (ust )e e'pressly given. Dou)le 2eopardy (8FFF! "o :;. 1&arged )y Francisco *it& li)el, Pa)lo *as arraigned on 2anuary E, 8FFF, Pre$trial *as dispensed *it& and continuous trial *as set for Marc& 0, / and 9, 8FFF. @n t&e first setting, t&e prosecution (oved for its postpone(ent and cancellation of t&e ot&er settings )ecause its principal and pro)a)ly only *itness, t&e private co(plainant Francisco, suddenly &ad to go a)road to fulfill a professional co((it(ent. T&e .udge instead dis(issed t&e case for failure to prosecute. )! 4ould t&e reversal of t&e trial courtAs assailed dis(issal of t&e case place t&e accused in dou)le .eopardyC (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 )! +ince t&e postpone(ent of t&e case *ould not violate t&e rig&t of t&e accused to speedy trial, t&e precipitate dis(issal of t&e case is void. T&e reversal of t&e dis(issal *ill not place t&e accused in dou)le 2eopardy. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 )! +ince t&e dis(issal of t&e case is valid, its reversal *ill place t&e accused in dou)le .eopardy. Dou)le 2eopardy (8FF8! "o 7:. A Ta(ara* F: driven )y Asiong 1ascasero, *&o *as drun=, sides*iped a pedestrian along ,D+A in Ma=ati 1ity, resulting in p&ysical in.uries to t&e latter. T&e pu)lic prosecutor filed t*o separate infor(ations against 1ascasero, t&e first for rec=less i(prudence resulting in p&ysical in.uries under t&e 5evised Penal 1ode, and t&e second for violation of an ordinance of Ma=ati 1ity pro&i)iting and penali-ing driving under t&e influence of liBuor. 1ascasero *as arraigned, tried and convicted for rec=less i(prudence resulting in p&ysical in.uries under t&e 5evised Penal 1ode. 4it& regard to t&e second case (i.e., violation of t&e city ordinance!, upon )eing arraigned, &e filed a (otion to Buas& t&e infor(ation invo=ing &is rig&t against dou)le .eopardy. ?e contended t&at, under Art. 777, +ection 81 of t&e 1onstitution, if an act is punis&ed )y a la* and an ordinance, conviction or acBuittal under eit&er s&all constitute a )ar to anot&er prosecution for t&e sa(e act ?e argued t&at t&e t*o cri(inal c&arges against &i( ste((ed fro( t&e sa(e act of driving allegedly under t&e influence of liBuor *&ic& caused t&e accident. 4as t&ere dou)le .eopardyC ,'plain your ans*er (9H! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Nes, t&ere is dou)le .eopardy. %nder t&e second sentence of Article 777, +ection 81 of t&e 1onstitution, if an act is punis&ed )y a la* and an ordinance, conviction or acBuittal under eit&er s&all constitute a )ar to anot&er prosecution

for t&e sa(e act. 7n t&is case, t&e sa(e act is involved in t&e t*o cases. T&e rec=less i(prudence *&ic& resulted in p&ysical in.uries arose fro( t&e sa(e act of driving under t&e influence of liBuor. 7n Nap v. >utero, 3.5. "o. >$ 18 9, April EF, 1999, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at an accused *&o *as acBuitted of driving rec=lessly in violation of an ordinance could not )e prosecuted for da(age to property t&roug& rec=less i(prudence )ecause t&e t*o c&arges *ere )ased on t&e sa(e act. 7n People v, 5elova, 1#/ +15A 898 (19/0!, it *as &eld t&at *&en t&ere is identity in t&e act punis&ed )y a la* and an ordinance, conviction or acBuittal under eit&er s&all )ar prosecution under t&e ot&er. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&ere is no dou)le .eopardy )ecause t&e act penali-ed under t&e 5evised Penal 1ode is different fro( t&e act penali-ed )y t&e ordinance of Ma=ati 1ity. T&e 5evised Penal 1ode penali-es rec=less i(prudence resulting in p&ysical in.uries, *&ile t&e ordinance of Ma=ati 1ity penali-es driving under t&e influence of liBuor. Dou)le 2eopardy; 5eBuisites (1999! B. 4&at are t&e reBuisites of dou)le .eopardyC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in 1uison v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8/9 +15A 199, for a clai( of dou)le .eopardy to prosper, t&e follo*ing reBuisites (ust concur6 (1! a first .eopardy &as attac&ed; (8! t&e first .eopardy *as validly ter(inated; and (E! t&e second is for t&e sa(e offense. A first .eopardy attac&es6 1. upon a valid co(plaint or infor(ation; 8. )efore a co(petent court; E. after arraign(ent; #. a valid entry of plea; and 9. t&e dis(issal or ter(ination of t&e case *it&out t&e e'press consent of t&e accused. 8. Motions for reconsideration and appeals Dou)le 2eopardy (19//! "o. 816 T&e Filipino sea(en detained at Mota Mina)alu, allegedly fis&ing in Malaysian territorial *aters, &ad )een acBuitted, after trial, )y t&e sessions court in t&e sa(e city. T&ey could not )e released and returned to t&e P&ilippines, )ecause t&e prosecution &ad appealed t&e .udg(ent of acBuittal to t&e +upre(e 1ourt of Malaysia. Assu(e t&e situations &ad )een reversed and a Malaysian &ad )een appre&ended in +&asi, +ulu, for an alleged offense, c&arged )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt and after trial acBuitted. May t&e Provincial Fiscal of +ulu appeal suc& .udg(ent of acBuittal to t&e +upre(e 1ourt, li=e *&at t&e Malaysians did in t&e case of t&e Filipino fis&er(en at Mota Mina)aluC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, )ecause it *ould place t&e accused in dou)le .eopardy, contrary to Art. 777, sec. 81 of our 1onstitution. PD "o. 1999 pro&i)its any person not a citi-en to e'plore or e'ploit any of t&e resources of t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one and (a=es violation of t&e pro&i)ition a cri(e punis&a)le )y a fine of P8,FFF.FF to P1FF,FFF.FF andDor i(prison(ent of not less t&an (ont&s nor (ore t&an 1F years. 7f aliens are arrested for fis&ing *it&in t&is -one )ut for so(e reason are acBuitted, t&e decision against t&e( cannot )e appealed to t&e 1ourt of Appeals )ecause t&at *ould place t&e( in dou)le .eopardy. T&is is so *ell esta)lis&ed t&at t&e +upre(e 1ourt turned do*n (any pleas for re$e'a(ination of t&e doctrine first announced in Mepner v. %nited +tates. 11 P&il. 9 (19F#!. T&e doctrine is said to )e part and parcel not only of settled .urisprudence )ut also of constitutional la*. "or does it (atter t&at t&e accused are aliens. T&is guarantee &as )een applied even to aliens *it&out t&oug&t of t&eir citi-ens&ip. (+ee e.g., People v. Ang 1&io Mio, 99 P&il. #09 (199#! (1&inese previously convicted of (urder!; People v. Po(eroy, 90 P&il 980 (1999! (A(erican previously convicted of re)ellion *it& (urder, arson and ro))ery!. Dou)le 2eopardy (8FF1! "o : $ For t&e deat& of 2oey, ,rning *as c&arged *it& t&e cri(e of &o(icide )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of ;alen-uela. ?e *as arraigned. Due to nu(erous postpone(ents of t&e sc&eduled &earings at t&e instance of t&e prosecution, particularly )ased on t&e ground of unavaila)ility of prosecution *itnesses *&o could not )e found or

located, t&e cri(inal case *as pending trial for a period of seven years. %pon (otion of accused ,rning *&o invo=ed &is rig&t to speedy trial, t&e court dis(issed t&e case. ,ventually, t&e prosecution *itnesses surfaced, and a cri(inal case for &o(icide, involving t&e sa(e incident *as filed ane* against ,rning. Accused ,rning (oved for dis(issal of t&e case on t&e ground of dou)le .eopardy. T&e prosecution o).ected, su)(itting t&e reason t&at it *as not a)le to present t&e said *itnesses earlier )ecause t&e latter *ent into &iding out of fear. 5esolve t&e (otion. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e (otion s&ould )e granted. As &eld in 1aes us. 7nter(ediate Appellate 1ourt, 109 +15A 9# (19/9!, t&e dis(issal of a cri(inal case predicated on t&e rig&t of t&e accused to a speedy trial a(ounts to an acBuittal for failure of t&e prosecution to prove &is guilt and )ars &is su)seBuent prosecution for t&e sa(e offense. E. Dis(issal *it& consent of accused :. ,' post facto la*s and )ills of attainder Bill of Attainder (19/0! "o. :76 1ongress passed a la* relating to officials and e(ployees *&o &ad served in t&e 3overn(ent for t&e period fro( +epte()er 81, 1908 up to Fe)ruary 89, 19/ . (a! @ne provision of t&e la* declared all officials fro( t&e ran= of assistant &ead of a depart(ent, )ureau, office or agency <%nfit< for continued service in t&e govern(ent and declared t&eir respective positions vacant. ()! Anot&er provision reBuired all t&e ot&er officials and e(ployees to ta=e an oat& of loyalty to t&e flag and govern(ent as a condition for t&eir continued e(ploy(ent. Are t&e t*o provisions validC 4&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e la* is a )ill of attainder )y *&ic& 1ongress, )y assu(ing .udicial (agistracy, in effect declares all officials and e(ployees during (artial la* (+epte()er 81, 1908TFe)ruary 89, 19/ ! as disloyal and, on t&is )asis, re(oves so(e *&ile su).ecting ot&ers to a loyalty test. 4it& respect to t&e provision declaring positions vacant, even t&e po*er to reorgani-e can not )e invo=ed )ecause under t&e Freedo( 1onstitution suc& po*er can )e e'ercised only )y t&e President and only up to Fe)ruary 89, 19/0. +ince t&e la* under Buestion *as presu(a)ly passed after Fe)ruary 89, 19/0 and )y 1ongress, it is unconstitutional. ()! 4it& respect to t&e provision reBuiring t&e loyalty test, loyalty as a general rule is a relevant consideration in assessing e(ployeesA fitness. ?o*ever, t&e reBuire(ent in t&is case is not a general reBuire(ent )ut singles out <(artial la*< e(ployees and t&erefore is ad(inistered in a discri(inatory (anner. >oyalty, t&erefore, *&ile a relevant consideration in ot&er circu(stances, is )eing e(ployed in t&is case for an unconstitutional purpose. Bill of Attainder (199F! "o. 1; ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1 and 8 issued )y President 1ora-on 1. ABuino created t&e Presidential 1o((ission on 3ood 3overn(ent (P133! and e(po*ered it to seBuester any property s&o*n pri(a facie to )e ill$gotten *ealt& of t&e late President Marcos, &is relatives and cronies. ,'ecutive @rder "o. 1# vests on t&e +andigan)ayan .urisdiction to try &idden *ealt& cases. @n April 1#, 19/ , after an investigation, t&e P133 seBuestered t&e assets of : 1orporation, 7nc. (1! : 1orporation, 7nc. clai(ed t&at President ABuino, as President, could not la*fully issue ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1#, *&ic& &ave t&e force of la*, on t&e ground t&at legislation is a function of 1ongress. Decide. (8! +aid corporation also Buestioned t&e validity of t&e t&ree e'ecutive orders on t&e ground t&at t&ey are )ills of attainder and, t&erefore, unconstitutional. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1# *ere issued in 19/ . At t&at ti(e President 1ora-on ABuino e'ercised legislative po*er . (8! ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1# are not )ills of attainder. A )ill of attainder is a legislative act *&ic& inflicts punis&(ent *it&out .udicial trial. Accordingly, it *as &eld in Bataan +&ipyards and ,ngineering co(pany. 7nc. v. Presidential 1o((ission on 3ood 3overn(ent, t&at ,'ecutive @rders "os. 1, 8 and 1# are not )ills of attainder, )ecause t&ey do not inflict any punis&(ent. @n t&e contrary, t&ey e'pressly provide t&at any .udg(ent t&at t&e property seBuestered is ill$gotten *ealt& is to )e (ade )y a court (t&e +andigan)ayan! only after trial.

;777. 1iti-ens&ip A. 4&o are Filipino 1iti-ensC ,lected @fficial (1998! "o. 1 6 ,d*in "icasio, )orn in t&e P&ilippines of Filipino parents and raised in t&e province of "ueva ,ci.a, ran for 3overnor of &is &o(e province. ?e *on and &e *as s*orn into office. 7t *as recently revealed, &o*ever, t&at "icasio is a naturali-ed A(erican citi-en. a! Does &e still possess P&ilippine citi-ens&ipC )! 7f t&e second$placer in t&e gu)ernatorial elections files a Buo *arranto suit against "icasio and &e is found to )e disBualified fro( office, can t&e second$placer )e s*orn into office as governorC c! 7f, instead, "icasio &ad )een )orn (of t&e sa(e set of parents! in t&e %nited +tates and &e t&ere)y acBuired A(erican citi-ens&ip )y )irt&, *ould your ans*er )e differentC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! "o, "icasio no longer possesses P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. As &eld in Frivaldo vs. 1@M,>,1, 10# +15A 8#9, )y )eco(ing a naturali-ed A(erican citi-en, "icasio lost &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. %nder +ection 1(1! of 1o((on*ealt& Act "o. E, P&ilippine citi-ens&ip is lost )y naturali-ation in a foreign country, )! 8nd placer canGt )e s*orn to office... c! 7f "icasio *as )orn in t&e %nited +tates, &e *ould still )e a citi-en of t&e P&ilippines, since &is parents are Filipinos. %nder +ection 1(8!, t&ose *&ose fat&ers or (ot&ers are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines. "icasio *ould possess dual citi-ens&ip, since under A(erican >a* persons )orn in t&e %nited +tates are A(erican citi-ens. As &eld in A-nor vs. 1@M,>,1. 1/9 +15A 0FE, a person *&o possesses )ot& P&ilippine and A(erican citi-ens&ip is still a Filipino and does not lose &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip unless &e renounces it. ,lecting P&ilippine 1iti-ens&ip; 4&en Proper (I/$8FF ! 8. Atty. 5ic&ard 1&ua *as )orn in 19 #. ?e is a legiti(ate son of a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er. ?is fat&er )eca(e a naturali-ed Filipino citi-en *&en Atty. 1&ua *as still a (inor. ,ventually, &e studied la* and *as allo*ed )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt to ta=e t&e )ar e'a(inations, su).ect to &is su)(ission to t&e +upre(e 1ourt proof of &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. Alt&oug& &e never co(plied *it& suc& reBuire(ent, Atty. 1&ua practiced la* for (any years until one "oel ,ugenio filed *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt a co(plaint for dis)ar(ent against &i( on t&e ground t&at &e is not a Filipino citi-en. ?e t&en filed *it& t&e Bureau of 7((igration an affidavit electing P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. "oel contested it clai(ing it *as filed (any years after Atty. 1&ua reac&ed t&e age of (a.ority. 4ill Atty. 1&ua )e dis)arredC ,'plain. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, Atty. 1&ua *ill not )e dis)arred. Atty. 1&ua is already a Filipino citi-en and t&ere *as no need for &i( to file t&e affidavit electing Filipino citi-ens&ip. An election of P&ilippine citi-ens&ip presupposes t&at t&e person electing is an alien. ?is fat&er, &o*ever, already )eca(e a Filipino citi-en *&en Atty. 1&ua *as still a (inor and t&us, &e *as already a Filipino )eTfore t&e age of (a.ority (1o v. ?5,T, 3.5. "os. 98191$98, 2uly EF,1991!. "atural Born Filipino (19/9! "o, 86 (8! A c&ild *as )orn to a 2apanese fat&er and a Filipina (ot&er. 4ould &e )e eligi)le to run for t&e position of Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives upon reac&ing t*enty$five years of ageC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e c&ild can run for t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives provided upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority &e elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. %nder +ection , Article ;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, to Bualify to )e a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, one (ust )e a natural$)orn P&ilippine citi-en. According to +ection 1 (E!, Article 7; of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, c&ildren )orn )efore 2anuary 10, 190E of Filipino (ot&ers, *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority are P&ilippine citi-ens. +ection 8, Article 7; of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <T&ose *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in accordance *it& paragrap& (E!, +ection 1 &ereof s&all )e dee(ed natural$)orn citi-ens.< @n t&e ot&er &and, if t&e c&ild *as )orn after 2anuary 10, 190E, &e *ould )e considered a natural )orn citi-en *it&out need of election pursuant to Art. 7;, +ec. 1(8!.

 "atural Born Filipino (199/! "o 7; $ Andres Ang *as )orn of a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er in +orsogon, +orsogon. @n 2anuary 8F, 190E, in 19//, &is fat&er *as naturali-ed as a Filipino citi-en. @n May 11, 199/, Andres Ang *as elected 5epresentative of t&e First District of +orsogon. 2uan Bonto *&o received t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes, filed a petition for Iuo 4arranto against Ang. T&e petition *as filed *it& t&e ?ouse of 5epresentative ,lectoral Tri)unal (?5,T!. Bonto contends t&at Ang is not a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines and t&erefore is disBualified to )e a (e()er of t&e ?ouse. T&e ?5,T ruled in favor of Ang. Bonto filed a petition for certiorari in t&e +upre(e 1ourt. T&e follo*ing issues are raised6 (1! 4&et&er t&e case is .usticia)le considering t&at Article ;7. +ection 10 of t&e 1onstitution declares t&e ?5,T to )e t&e <sole 2udge< of all contests relating to t&e election returns and disBualifications of (e()ers of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. J9HK (8! 4&et&er Ang is a natural )o( citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. X9HK ?o* s&ould t&is case )e decidedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e case is .usticia)le. (grave a)use of discretion!. 8. Andres Ang s&ould )e considered a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. ?e *as )orn of a Filipino (ot&er on 2anuary 8F, 190E. T&is *as after t&e effectivity of t&e 190E 1onstitution on 2anuary 10, 190E. %nder +ection (1!, Article 777 of t&e 190E 1onstitution, t&ose *&ose fat&ers or (ot&ers are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines. Andres Ang re(ained a citi-en of t&e P&ilippines after t&e effectivity of t&e 19/0 1onstitution. +ection 1, Article 7; of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <T&e follo*ing are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines6 <(l! T&ose *&o are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines at t&e ti(e of t&e adoption of t&is 1onstitution;< "atural$Born Filipino(199E! "o. 16 7n 19 #, 5uffa, a Filipina do(estic &elper *or=ing in ?ong=ong, *ent to Taipei for a vacation, *&ere s&e (et 1&eng +io Pao, *&o( s&e (arried. %nder 1&inese >a*, 5uffa auto(atically )eca(e a 1&inese citi-en. T&e couple resided in ?ong=ong, *&ere on May 9, 19 9, 5uffa gave )irt& to a )oy na(ed ,rnest. %pon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority, ,rnest elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. After t&e ,D+A 5evolution, ,rnest decided to live per(anently in t&e P&ilippines, *&ere &e prospered as a )usiness(an. During t&e May 11, 199E election, ,rnest ran and *on as a congress(an. ?is opponent, noting ,rnestAs 1&inese ancestry, filed a petition to disBualify t&e latter on t&e follo*ing grounds; (1! ,rnest 1&eng is not a natural )orn Filipino; and (8! &e is under$aged. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! ,rnest cannot )e disBualified. +ection 1, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e follo*ing are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines; ::: ::: ::: <(E! T&ose )orn )efore 2anuary 10, 190E, of Filipino (ot&ers, *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority;< ,rnest could elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip since &e *as )orn )efore 2anuary 10, 190E and &is (ot&er is a Filipino. As stated in t&e cases of Torres vs. Tan 1&i(, 9 P&il. 91/ and 1u vs. 5epu)lic, /E P&il. #0E, for t&is provision to apply, t&e (ot&er need not )e a Filipino citi-en at t&e ti(e s&e gave )irt& to t&e c&ild in Buestion. 7t is sufficient t&at s&e *as a Filipino citi-en at t&e ti(e of &er (arriage. @t&er*ise, t&e nu()er of persons *&o *ould )e )enefited )y t&e foregoing provision *ould )e li(ited. ?aving elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, ,rnest is a natural$)orn Filipino citi-en in accordance *it& +ection 8, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& reads6 T&ose *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in accordance *it& paragrap& (E!, +ection 1 &ereof s&all )e dee(ed natural )orn citi-ens.< 8! ,rnest is not under$aged. ((ini(u( 89 yrs old!. +tatus; >egiti(ate 1&ild (8FFE! "o 7; $ Miguel +in *as )orn a year ago in 1&ina to a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er ?is parents (et in +&ang&ai *&ere t&ey *ere la*fully (arried .ust t*o years ago. 7s Miguel +in a Filipino citi-enC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Miguel +in is a Filipino citi-en )ecause &e is t&e legiti(ate c&ild of a Filipino (ot&er. %nder Article 7;, +ection # of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, &is (ot&er retained &er P&ilippine citi-ens&ip despite &er (arriage to an alien &us)and, and according to Article 7;, +ection 1(8! of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, c&ildren )orn of a Filipino (ot&er are Filipino citi-ens.

B. Modes of acBuiring citi-ens&ip ,ffect of Marriage; Filipino (19/9! "o, 86 (1! >ily Te& arrived in Manila on one of &er regular tours to t&e P&ilippines fro( Taipe&. +&e (et Peter 3o, a naturali-ed Filipino citi-en. After a *&irl*ind courts&ip, >ily and Peter *ere (arried at t&e +an Agustin 1&urc&. A *ee= after t&e *edding, >ily Te& petitioned in ad(inistrative proceedings )efore i((igration aut&orities to declare &er a Filipino citi-en stating t&at s&e &ad none of t&e disBualifications provided in t&e 5evised "aturali-ation >a*. T&e .ilted Filipino girlfriend of Peter 3o opposed t&e petition clai(ing t&at >ily Te& *as still a (inor *&o &ad not even cele)rated &er 81st )irt&day, *&o never resided in t&e P&ilippines e'cept during &er one$*ee= visit as tourist fro( Taipe& during t&e 1&inese "e* Near, *&o spo=e only 1&inese, and *&o &ad radical ideas li=ed advocating unification of Tai*an *it& (ainland 1&ina. >ily Te&, &o*ever, s*ore t&at s&e *as renouncing &er 1&inese allegiance and *&ile s&e =ne* no Filipino custo(s and traditions as yet, s&e evinced a sincere desire to learn and e()race t&e(. 4ould >ily Te& succeed in )eco(ing a Filipino citi-en t&roug& &er (arriage to Peter 3oC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, >ily Te& ipso facto )eca(e a P&ilippine citi-en upon &er (arriage to Peter 3o, *&o is a P&ilippine citi-en, provided s&e possesses none of t&e disBualifications laid do*n in +ection # of t&e 5evised "aturali-ation >a*. According to to t&e ruling in Moy Na >i( Nao vs. 1o((issioner of 7((igration, #1 +15A 898, an alien *o(an *&o (arries a Filipino &us)and ipso facto )eco(es a Filipino citi-en *it&out &aving to possess any of t&e Bualifications prescri)ed in +ection 8 of t&e 5evised "aturali-ation >a* provided s&e possesses none of t&e disBualifications set fort& in +ection # of t&e sa(e la*. All of t&e grounds invo=ed )y t&e for(er girlfriend of Peter 3o for opposing t&e petition of >ily Te&, e'cept for t&e last one, are Bualifications, *&ic& >ily Te& need not possess. T&e fact t&at >ily Te& is advocating t&e unification of Tai*an *it& (ainland 1&ina is not a ground for disBualification under +ection # of t&e 5evised "aturali-ation >a*. ,ffects of Marriages (1999! "o 777$ 4&at are t&e effects of (arriages of6 1. a citi-en to an alien; (1H! 8. an alien to a citi-en; on t&eir spouses and c&ildrenC Discuss. (1H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. According to +ection #, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, Filipino citi-ens *&o (arry aliens retain t&eir citi-ens&ip, unless )y t&eir act or o(ission t&ey are dee(ed, under t&e la*, to &ave renounced it. 8. According to Mo Na >i( Nao v. 1o((issioner of 7((igration, #1 +15A 898, under +ection 19 of t&e 5evised "aturali-ation >a*, a foreign *o(an *&o (arries a Filipino citi-en )eco(es a Filipino citi-en provided s&e possesses none of t&e disBualifications for naturali-ation. A foreign (an *&o (arries a Filipino citi-en does not acBuire P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. ?o*ever, under +ection E of t&e 5evised "aturali-ation Act, in suc& a case t&e residence reBuire(ent for naturali-ation *ill )e reduced fro( ten (1F! to five (9! years. %nder +ection 1(8!, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, t&e c&ildren of an alien and a Filipino citi-en are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines. ,lecting P&ilippine 1iti-ens&ip (I/$8FF ! 1. Atty. ,(ily 3o, a legiti(ate daug&ter of a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er, *as )orn in 19#9. At 81, s&e elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip and studied la*. +&e passed t&e )ar e'a(inations and engaged in private practice for (any years. T&e 2udicial and Bar 1ouncil no(inated &er as a candidate for t&e position of Associate 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt. But &er no(ination is )eing contested )y Atty. 2uris 1astillo, also an aspirant to t&e position. +&e clai(s t&at Atty. ,(ily 3o is not a natural$)orn citi-en, &ence, not Bualified to )e appointed to t&e +upre(e 1ourt. 7s t&is contention correctC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention is not correct. %nder Article 7;, +ection 1(E! of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, it is provided t&at t&ose )orn )efore 2anuary 10, 190E of Filipino (ot&ers, *&o elect P&ilippine 1iti-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority are Filipino citi-ens. Atty. ,(ily 3o *as )orn of a Filipino (ot&er in 19#9 and elected citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of 81. +&e is a natural )orn Filipino citi-en as provided )y Article 7;, +ection 8 of t&e 1onstitution S <' ' ' t&ose *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in accordance *it& paragrap& (E!, +ection 1 &ereof s&all )e dee(ed natural$ )orn citi-ens.< ?ence s&e is Bualified to )e appointed to t&e +upre(e 1ourt.

1. "aturali-ation and denaturali-ation A5T71>, 7; 1iti-ens&ipAction for 1ancellation; Prescription L ,ffect of Deat& (199#! "o. 06 $ ,n-o, a 1&inese national, *as granted P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in a decision rendered )y t&e 1ourt of First 7nstance of Pa(panga on 2anuary 1F, 199 . ?e too= &is oat& of office on 2une 9, 1999. 7n 190F, t&e +olicitor 3eneral filed a petition to cancel &is citi-ens&ip on t&e ground t&at in 2uly 19 9 t&e 1ourt of Ta' Appeals found t&at ,n-o &ad c&eated t&e govern(ent of inco(e ta'es for t&e years 199 to 1999. +aid decision of t&e Ta' 1ourt *as affir(ed )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt in 19 9. Bet*een 19 F and 190F, ,n-o &ad acBuired su)stantial real property 7n t&e P&ilippines, (1! ?as t&e action for cancellation of ,n-oAs citi-ens&ip prescri)edC (8! 1an ,n-o as= for t&e denial of t&e petition on t&e ground t&at &e &ad availed of t&e Ta' A(nesty for &is ta' lia)ilitiesC (E! 4&at is t&e effect on t&e petition for cancellation of ,n-oAs citi-ens&ip if ,n-o died during t&e pendency of t&e &earing on said petitionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, t&e action &as not prescri)ed. As &eld in 5epu)lic vs. >i Nao, 81# +15A 0#/, a certificate of naturali-alion (ay )e cancelled at any ti(e if it *as fraudulently o)tained )y (isleading t&e court regarding t&e (oral c&aracter of t&e petitioner. 8! "o, ,n-o cannot as= for t&e denial of t&e petition for t&e cancellation of &is certificate of naturali-ation on t&e ground t&at &e &ad availed of t&e ta' a(nesty. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in 5epu)lic vs. >i Nao, 88# +15A 0#/, t&e ta' a(nesty (erely re(oved all t&e civil, cri(inal and ad(inistrative lia)ilities of ,n-o. 7t did not o)literate &is lac= of good (oral c&aracter and irreproac&a)le conduct. E! @n t&e assu(ption t&at &e left a fa(ily, t&e deat& of ,n-o does not render t&e petition for t&e cancellation of &is certificate of naturali-ation (oot. As &eld in 5epu)lic vs. >i Nao, 88# +15A 0#/, t&e outco(e of t&e case *ill affect &is *ife and c&ildren. "aturali-ation; 1ancellation of 1iti-ens&ip (199/! "o :. $ >i( Tong Biao, a 1&inese citi-en applied for and *as granted P&ilippine citi-ens&ip )y t&e court. ?e too= &is oat& as citi-en of t&e P&ilippines to 2uly 19 E, in 1909, t&e @ffice of t&e +olicitor 3eneral filed a petition to cancel &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip for t&e reason t&at in August 19 E, t&e 1ourt of Ta' Appeals found &i( guilty of ta' evasion for deli)erately understating &is inco(e ta'es for t&e years 1999$19 1. (1! 1ould >i( Tong Biao raise t&e defense of prescription of t&e action for cancellation of &is Filipino citi-ens&ipC JEHK (8! +upposing >i( Tong Biao &ad availed of t&e Ta' A(nesty of t&e govern(ent for &is ta' lia)ilities, *ould t&is constitute a valid defense to t&e cancellation of &is Filipino citi-ens&ipC J8HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. "o, >i( Tong Biao cannot raise t&e defense of prescription. As &eld in 5epu)lic us. 3o Bon >ee, 1 +15A 11 , 110F, a decision granting citi-ens&ip is not res .udicata and t&e rig&t of t&e govern(ent to as= for t&e cancellation of a certificate cancellation is not )arred )y t&e lapse of ti(e. 8. T&e fact t&at >i( Tong Biao availed of t&e ta' a(nesty is not a valid defense to t&e cancellation of &is Filipino citi-ens&ip. 7n 5epu)lic vs. >i Nao, 81# +15A 0#/, 09#, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <7n ot&er *ords, t&e ta' a(nesty does not &ave t&e effect of o)literating &is lac= of good (oral c&aracter and irreproac&a)le conduct *&ic& are grounds for denaturali-ation,< D. Dual citi-ens&ip and dual allegiance Dual Allegiance vs. Dual 1iti-ens&ip (19/0! "o. ;7776 <A< *as )orn in 1991 in t&e %nited +tates of a 1&inese fat&er and a Filipina (ot&er. %nder 1&inese la*s, <AAs< (ot&er auto(atically )eca(e a 1&inese national )y &er (arriage. 7n 190E, upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority, <A< elected to acBuire P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. ?o*ever, <A< continued to reside in 1alifornia and to carry an A(erican passport. ?e also paid allegiance to t&e Taipei govern(ent. 7n t&e 19/0 P&ilippine "ational elections, &e *as elected +enator. ?is opponent (oved to disBualify &i( on t&e grounds6 a! T&at &e *as not a natural )orn citi-en; and )! T&at &e &ad <dual allegiance< not only to t&e %nited +tates )ut also to t&e 5epu)lic of 1&ina. Decide.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e electoral contest (ust )e dis(issed. (a! <A< is a natural )orn citi-en. Art. 7;, +ec. 8 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at <t&ose *&o elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in accordance *it& paragrap& (E!, +ec. 1 &ereof s&all )e dee(ed natural )orn citi-ens.< T&e purpose of t&is provision is to eBuali-e t&e status of t&ose *&o elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip )efore and t&ose *&o did so after 2anuary 10, 190E *&en t&e previous 1onstitution too= effect. ()! T&e <D%A> A>>,37A"1,< declared ini(ical to national interest in Art. 7;, +ec. 9 refers to t&e dual allegiance of so(e suc& as naturali-ed Filipino citi-ens ((ostly 1&inese! *&o (aintain allegiance to "ationalist 1&ina as s&o*n in so(e cases )y t&eir (e()ers&ip in t&e legislative Nuan after t&eir naturali-ation as citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines. T&e pro&i)ition does not apply in situations )roug&t a)out )y dual citi-ens&ip, suc& as t&e one involved in t&e pro)le(. 7ndeed, a Filipino *o(an can &ave dual allegiance resulting fro( &er (arriage to a foreigner under +ec. #, so long as s&e does not do or o(it to do an act a(ounting to renunciation under 1o((on*ealt& Act. "o. E, +ec. 1(8!. %nder t&is la*, e'press renunciation is different fro( an act of allegiance to a foreign po*er as a ground for loss of P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. Moreover, *&at constitutes <dual allegiance< ini(ical to national interest is and *&at t&e sanctions for suc& dual allegiance *ill )e, *ill still &ave to )e defined )y la* pending adoption of suc& legislation, o).ection )ased on dual allegiance *ill )e pre(ature. Dual Allegiance vs. Dual 1iti-ens&ip (19//! "o. 1E6 5o)ert Bro*n *as )orn in ?a*aii on May 19, 19 8, of an A(erican fat&er and a Filipina (ot&er. @n May 1 , 19/E *&ile &olding an A(erican passport, &e registered as a Filipino *it& t&e P&ilippine 1onsulate at ?onolulu, ?a*aii. 7n +epte()er, 19/E &e returned to t&e P&ilippines, and too= up residence at Boac, MarinduBue, &o(eto*n of &is (ot&er. ?e registered as a voter, voted, and even participated as a leader of one of t&e candidates in t&at district in t&e 19/# Batasan elections. 7n t&e elections of 19/0, &e ran for 1ongress(an, and *on. ?is sole opponent is no* Buestioning &is Bualifications and is trying to oust &i( on t*o )asic clai(s6 (1! ?e is not a natural )orn Filipino citi-en, )ut is in fact, an A(erican, )orn in ?a*aii, an integral portion of t&e %.+.A., *&o &olds an A(erican passport; (8! ?e did not (eet t&e age reBuire(ent; and (E! ?e &as a <green card< fro( t&e %.+. 3overn(ent. Assu(e t&at you are a (e()er of t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal *&ere t&e petition for Bro*nAs ouster is pending. ?o* *ould you decide t&e t&ree issues raised against &i(C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e first and t&ird grounds &ave no (erit. But t&e second is *ell ta=en and, t&erefore, Bro*n s&ould )e disBualified. 1. 5o)ert Bro*n is a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines. A person )orn of a Filipino (ot&er and an alien fat&er )efore 2anuary 10, 190E, *&o t&ereafter upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, is a citi-en of t&e P&ilippines (Art. 7;, sec. 1(E!!. %nder Art. 7;, sec, 8 &e is also dee(ed a natural$)orn citi-en. 8. T&e 1onstitution reBuires, a(ong ot&er t&ings, t&at a candidate for (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives (ust )e at least 89 years of age <on t&e day of t&e election.< (Art. ;7, sec. !. As Bro*n *as )orn on May 19, 19 8, &e did not )eco(e 89 years old until May 19, 19/0. ?ence on May 11, 19/0, *&en t&e election *as &eld, &e *as # days s&ort of t&e reBuired age. E. T&e 1onstitution provides t&at t&ose *&o see= eit&er to c&ange t&eir citi-ens&ip or to acBuire t&e status of an i((igrant of anot&er country <during t&eir tenure< s&all )e dealt *it& )y la* (Art. :7, sec. 10!. T&e provision cannot apply to Bro*n for t&e follo*ing reasons6 First, Bro*n is in addition an A(erican citi-en and t&us &as a dual citi-ens&ip *&ic& is allo*ed )y t&e 1onstitution. (1f. Art. 7;, sec. #!, +econd, Bro*n did not see= to acBuire t&e status of an i((igrant, )ut is an A(erican )y )irt& under t&e principle of .us soli o)taining in t&e %nited +tates. T&ird, &e did not see= to c&ange &is status during &is tenure as a pu)lic officer. Fourt&, t&e provision of Art. :7, sec. 10 is not self$e'ecuting )ut reBuires an i(ple(enting la*. Fift&, )ut a)ove all, t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal &as no .urisdiction to decide t&is Buestion since it does not concern t&e Bualification of a (e()er$elect. Dual 1iti-ens&ip (199#! "o. /6 7n 19/9, Reny 5eyes (arried Ben Tulog, a national of t&e +tate of Mongo. %nder t&e la*s of Mongo, an alien *o(an (arrying a Mongo national auto(atically acBuires Mongo citi-ens&ip. After &er (arriage, Reny resided in Mongo and acBuired a Mongo passport. 7n 1991, Reny returned to t&e P&ilippines to run for 3overnor of +orsogon. (1! 4as Reny Bualified to run for 3overnorC (8! +uppose instead of entering politics. Reny .ust got &erself elected as vice$president of t&e P&ilippine Bulletin, a local ne*spaper. 4as s&e Bualified to &old t&at positionC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! %nder +ection #, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution. Reny retained &er Filipino citi-ens&ip. +ince s&e also )eca(e a citi-en of Mongo, s&e possesses dual citi-ens&ip. Pursuant to +ection #F (d! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, s&e is disBualified to run for governor. 7n addition, if Reny returned to t&e P&ilippines, less t&an a year i((ediately )efore t&e day of t&e election, Reny is not Bualified to run for 3overnor of +orsogon. %nder +ection E9(a! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, a candidate for governor (ust )e a resident in t&e province *&ere &e intends to run at least one (1! year i((ediately preceding t&e day of t&e election. By residing in Mongo upon &er (arriage in 19/9, Reny a)andoned &er residence in t&e P&ilippines. T&is is in accordance *it& t&e decision in 1aasi vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 191 +15A 889. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o. Reny *as not Bualified to run for 3overnor. %nder t&e 1onstitution, <citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines *&o (arry aliens s&all retain t&eir citi-ens&ip, unless )y t&eir act or o(ission t&ey are dee(ed, under t&e la* to &ave renounced it.< (+ec. #, Art. 7;, 1onstitution!. ?er residing in Mongo and acBuiring a Mongo passport are indicative of &er renunciation of P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, *&ic& is a ground for loss of &er citi-ens&ip *&ic& s&e *as supposed to &ave retained. 4&en s&e ran for 3overnor of +orsogon, Reny *as no longer a P&ilippine citi-en and, &ence, *as disBualified for said position. 8! Alt&oug& under +ection 11(1!, Article :;7 of t&e 1onstitution, (ass (edia (ust )e *&olly o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens and under +ection 8 of t&e Anti$Du((y >a* aliens (ay not intervene in t&e (anage(ent of any nationali-ed )usiness activity. Reny (ay )e elected vice president of t&e P&ilippine Bulletin, )ecause s&e &as re(ained a Filipino citi-en. %nder +ection #, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, Filipino citi-ens *&o (arry aliens retains t&eir citi-ens&ip unless )y t&eir act or o(ission t&ey are dee(ed, under t&e la*, to &ave renounced it. T&e acts or o(ission *&ic& *ill result in loss of citi-ens&ip are enu(erated in 1o((on*ealt& Act "o, E. Reny is not guilty of any of t&e(. As &eld in Ma*a=ita vs. %nited +tates, E#E %.+. 010, a person *&o possesses dual citi-ens&ip li=e Reny (ay e'ercise rig&ts of citi-ens&ip in )ot& countries and t&e use of a passport pertaining to one country does not result in loss of citi-ens&ip in t&e ot&er country. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "eit&er, *as Reny Bualified to &old t&e position of vice$president of P&ilippine Bulletin. %nder t&e 1onstitution, <t&e o*ners&ip and (anage(ent of (ass (edia s&all )e li(ited to citi-ens, of t&e P&ilippines, or to corporation, cooperatives or associations *&olly o*ned and (anaged )y suc& citi-ens< (+ection :7 J1K, Art. :;7!, Being a non$ P&ilippine citi-en, Reny cannot Bualify to participate in t&e (anage(ent of t&e Bulletin as ;ice$President t&ereof. +tatus; 7llegiti(ate 1&ild; Dual 1iti-ens&ip (199 ! "o. /6 8! : *as )orn in t&e %nited +tates of a Filipino fat&er and a Me'ican (ot&er. ?e returned to t&e P&ilippines *&en &e *as t*enty$si' years of age, carrying an A(erican passport and &e *as registered as an alien *it& t&e Bureau of 7((igration. 4as : Bualified to run for (e()ers&ip in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives in t&e 1999 electionsC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 4&et&er or not : *as Bualified to run for (e()ers&ip in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives in t&e 1999 election depends on t&e circu(stances. 7f : *as an 7llegiti(ate c&ild, &e is not Bualified to run for t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. According to t&e case of in re Mallare, 99 +15A #9, an illegiti(ate c&ild follo*s t&e citi-ens&ip of t&e (ot&er. +ince t&e (ot&er of : is a Me'ican, &e *ill )e a Me'ican citi-en if &e is an illegiti(ate c&ild, even if &is fat&er is a Filipino. 7f : is a legiti(ate c&ild, &e is a Filipino citi-en. %nder +ection 8(8!, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, t&ose *&ose fat&ers are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines are Filipino citi-ens. +ince : *as )orn in t&e %nited +tates, *&ic& follo*s .us soli, : is also an A(erican citi-en. 7n accordance *it& A-nar vs. 1o((ission, on ,lections, 1/9 +15A 0FE, t&e (ere fact a person *it& dual citi-ens&ip registered as an alien *it& t&e 1o((ission on 7((igration and Deportation does not necessarily (ean t&at &e is renouncing &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. >i=e*ise, t&e (ere fact t&at : used an A(erican passport did not result in t&e loss of &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. As &eld in Ma*a=ita vs. %ntied +tates, E#E %.+. 010, since a person *it& dual citi-ens&ip &as t&e rig&ts of citi-ens&ip in )ot& countries, t&e use of a passport issued )y one country is not inconsistent *it& &is citi-ens&ip in t&e ot&er country. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56

7f : &as ta=en an oat& of allegiance to t&e %.+. &e *ill )e dee(ed to &ave renounced &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. 1onseBuently, &e is disBualified to run for t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. ,. >oss and re$acBuisition of P&ilippine citi-ens&ip ,ffect of 5epatriation (1999! "o 777 $ B. 2ulio ?ortal *as )orn of Filipino parents. %pon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority, &e )eca(e a naturali-ed citi-en in anot&er country. >ater, &e reacBuired P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. 1ould ?ortal regain &is status as natural )orn Filipino citi-enC 4ould your ans*er )e t&e sa(e *&et&er &e reacBuires &is Filipino$citi-ens&ip )y repatriation or )y act of 1ongressC ,'plain. (EH! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 2ulian Mortal can regain &is status as a natural )orn citi-en )y repatriating. +ince repatriation involves restoration of a person to citi-ens&ip previously lost )y e'patriation and 2ulian Mortal *as previously a natural )orn citi-en, in case &e repatriates &e *ill )e restored to &is status as a natural )orn citi-en. 7f &e reacBuired &is citi-ens&ip )y an act of 1ongress, 2ulian ?ortal *ill not )e a natural )orn citi-en, since &e reacBuired &is citi-ens&ip )y legislative naturali-ation. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 2ulian ?ortal cannot regain &is status as a natural )orn citi-en )y repatriating. ?e &ad to perfor( an act to acBuire &is citi-ens&ip, i.e., repatriation. %nder +ection 8, Article 7; of t&e 1onstitution, natural )orn citi-ens are t&ose *&o are citi-ens fro( )irt& *it&out &aving to perfor( an act to acBuire or perfect t&eir citi-ens&ip. 7f &e reacBuired &is citi-ens&ip )y an act of 1ongress, 2ulian ?ortal *ill not )e a natural )orn citi-en since &e reacBuired &is citi-ens&ip )y legislative naturali-ation. 4ays of 5eacBuiring 1iti-ens&ip (8FFF! "o :;777. $ 1ru-, a Filipino )y )irt&, )eca(e an A(erican citi-en. 7n &is old age &e &as returned to t&e country and *ants to )eco(e a Filipino again. As &is la*yer, enu(erate t&e *ays )y *&ic& citi-ens&ip (ay )e reacBuired. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1ru- (ay reacBuire P&ilippine citi-ens&ip in t&e follo*ing *ays6 1. By naturali-ation; 8. By repatriation pursuant to 5epu)lic Act "o. /101; and E. By direct act of 1ongress (+ection 8 of 1o((on*ealt& Act "o. E!. ,ffects of re$acBuisition of Filipino citi-ens&ip (8FF9! "o. 9. 4arlito, a natural$)orn Filipino, too= up per(anent residence in t&e %nited +tates, and eventually acBuired A(erican citi-ens&ip. ?e t&en (arried +&irley, an A(erican, and sired t&ree c&ildren. 7n August, 8FF9, 4arlito decided to visit t&e P&ilippines *it& &is *ife and c&ildren6 2o&nny. 8E years of age; 4arlito, 2r. 8F; and >uisa 10. 4&ile in t&e P&ilippines, a friend infor(ed &i( t&at &e could reacBuire P&ilippine citi-ens&ip *it&out necessarily losing %+ nationality t&us, &e too= t&e oat& of allegiance reBuired under 5A9889. c. ?aving reacBuired P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, is 4arlito a natural )orn or a naturali-ed Filipino citi-en todayC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 W")# to s " n"t!)"#>2o)n F # ( no 0 t Cen. Re("t) "t on o% F # ( nos )es!#ts n the )e0o&e)1 o% the o) , n"# n"t on"# t1. S n0e W")# to +"s " n"t!)"#>2o)n F # ( no 0 t Cen 2e%o)e he #ost h s Ph # (( ne 0 t Censh (/ he h"s )esto)e' to h s %o)$e) st"t!s "s " n"t!)"#>2o)n F # ( no 0 t Cen 5Ben,son &. Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es E#e0to)"# T) 2!n"#/ 36D SCRA 6A6 8200194 RA 2730:. d. 4it& 4arlito &aving regained P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, *ill +&irley also )eco(e a Filipino citi-enC 7f so, *&yC 7 not, *&at *ould )e t&e (ost speedy procedure for +&irely to acBuire P&ilippine citi-ens&ipC

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56

Sh )#e1 + ## not 2e0o$e " F # ( no 0 t Cen/ 2e0"!se !n'e) RA E226/ W")# to*s )e"0<! s t on o% Ph # (( ne C t Censh ( ' ' not e?ten' ts 2ene% ts to Sh )#e1. She sho!#' nste"' % #e + th the B!)e"! o% I$$ ,)"t on " (et t on %o) the 0"n0e##"t on o% he) "# en 0e)t % 0"te o% )e, st)"t on on the ,)o!n' th"t n "00o)'"n0e + th Se0t on 16 o% the N"t!)"# C"t on #"+/ 2e0"!se o% he) $")) ",e to W")# to/ +hose sho!#' 2e 'ee$e' to h"&e 2e0o$e " F # ( no 0 t Cen. She $!st "##e,e "n' ()o&e th"t she (ossess none o% the ' s<!"# % 0"t ons to 2e0o$e " n"t!)"# Ce' F # ( no C t Cen 5B!)0" & Re(!2# 0 61 SCRA 2AB 81ED39: Do t&e c&ildrenS2o&nny, 4arlito 2r. and >uisaS)eco(e Filipino citi-ens *it& t&eir fat&erGs reacBuisition of P&ilippine 1iti-ens&ipC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Un'e) Se0t on 1B o% RAE226/ on#1 the !n$")) e' 0h #')en +ho ")e 2e#o+ e ,hteen 1e")s o% ",e o% those +ho )e"0<! )e Ph # (( ne 0 t Censh ( sh"## 2e 'ee$e' F # ( no 0 t Cens. Th!s/ on#1 L! s" / +ho s se&enteen 1e")s o#'/ 2e0"$e " F # ( no C t Cen. F. "atural$)orn citi-ens and pu)lic office ,ffect of @at& of Allegiance (8FF#! (#$a! T1A, a Filipina (edical tec&nologist, left in 1909 to *or= in R@R +tate. 7n 19// s&e (arried @D?, a citi-en of R@R. Pursuant to R@RAs la*, )y ta=ing an oat& of allegiance, s&e acBuired &er &us)andAs citi-ens&ip. @D? died in 8FF1, leaving &er financially secured. +&e returned &o(e in 8FF8, and soug&t elective office in 8FF# )y running for Mayor of APP, &er &o(eto*n. ?er opponent soug&t to &ave &er disBualified )ecause of &er R@R citi-ens&ip. +&e replied t&at alt&oug& s&e acBuired R@RAs citi-ens&ip )ecause of (arriage, s&e did not lose &er Filipino citi-ens&ip. Bot& &er parents, s&e said, are Filipino citi-ens. 7s T1A Bualified to run for MayorC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 @n t&e assu(ption t&at T1A too= an oat& of allegiance to R@R to acBuire t&e citi-ens&ip of &er &us)and, s&e is not Bualified to run for (ayor. +&e did not )eco(e a citi-en of R@R (erely )y virtue of &er (arriage, s&e also too= an oat& of allegiance to R@R. By t&is act, s&e lost &er P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. (+ection 1 JEK, 1o((on*ealt& Act "o. E.! 1iti-ens&ip; ,lected @fficial (199E! "o. 06 Ferdie i((igrated to t&e %nited +tates in t&e 19/Fs. T&ereafter, &e visited &is &o(eto*n, Ma=a&oy, every ot&er year during to*n fiestas. 7n 2anuary 199E. Ferdie ca(e &o(e and filed &is certificate of candidacy for Mayor of Ma=a&oy. ?e *on in t&e elections. 2oe, t&e defeated candidate, learned t&at Ferdie is a greencard &older *&ic& on its face identifies Ferdie as a <resident alien< and on t&e )ac= t&ereof is clearly printed6 <Person identified )y t&is card is entitled to reside per(anently and *or= in t&e %nited +tates.< 2oe filed a case to disBualify Ferdie fro( assu(ing t&e (ayors&ip of Ma=a$&oy. Iuestions6 (1! 4&et&er or not a green card is proof t&at t&e &older is a per(anent resident of t&e %nited +tates. 8! 4&et&er or not FerdieAs act of filing &is certificate of candidacy constitutes *aiver of &is status as a per(anent resident of t&e %nited +tates. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! According to t&e ruling in 1oast vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 191 +15A 889, a green card is proof t&at t&e &older is a per(anent resident of t&e %nited +tates, for it identifies t&e &older as a resident of t&e %nited +tates and states t&at t&e &older is entitled to reside per(anently and *or= in t&e %nited +tates. 8! T&e filing of a certificate of candidacy does not constitute a *aiver of t&e status of t&e &older of a green card as a per(anent resident of t&e %nited +tates. As &eld in 1oast vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 191 +15A889, t&e *aiver s&ould )e (anifested )y an act independent of and prior to t&e filing of &is certificate of candidacy. ,ffect of 5epatriation (8FF8! "o 7 $ A *as )orn in t&e P&ilippines of Filipino parents. 4&en (artial la* *as declared in t&e P&ilippines on +epte()er 81, 1908, &e *ent to t&e %nited +tates and *as naturali-ed as an A(erican citi-en. After t&e ,D+A 5evolution, &e ca(e &o(e to t&e P&ilippines and later on reacBuired P&ilippine citi-ens&ip )y repatriation. +uppose in t&e May 8FF# elections &e is elected Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and a case is filed see=ing &is e.

disBualification on t&e ground t&at &e is not a natural$)orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines, &o* s&ould t&e case against &i( )e decidedC ,'plain your ans*er. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e case s&ould )e decided in favor of A. As &eld 7n Bengson v. ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal, E90 +15A 9#9 (8FF1!, repatriation results in t&e recovery of t&e original nationality. +ince A *as a natural$)orn Filipino citi-en )efore &e )eca(e a naturali-ed A(erican citi-en, &e *as restored to &is for(er status as a natural$)orn Filipino *&en &e repatriated. ,ffect of 5epatriation (8FFE! "o 7; $ 2uan 1ru- *as )orn of Filipino parents in 19 F in Pa(panga. 7n 19/9, &e enlisted in t&e %.+. Marine 1orps and too= an oat& of allegiance to t&e %nited +tates of A(erica. 7n 199F, &e *as naturali-ed as an A(erican citi-en. 7n 199#, &e *as repatriated under 5epu)lic Act "o. 8#EF. During t&e 199/ "ational ,lections, &e ran for and *as elected representative of t&e First District of Pa(panga *&ere &e resided since &is repatriation. 4as &e Bualified to run for t&e positionC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1ru- *as Bualified to run as representative of t&e First District of Pa(panga. +ince &is parents *ere Filipino citi-ens, &e *as a natural$)orn citi-en. Alt&oug& &e )eca(e a naturali-ed A(erican citi-en, under t&e ruling in Bengson v. ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal. E90 +15A 9#9 J8FF1K, )y virtue of &is repatriation, 1ru*as restored to &is original status as a natural$)orn Filipino citi-en. ,ffects of P&ilippine Bill of 19F8 (8FF1! "o 7 $ Fro( (ainland 1&ina *&ere &e *as )orn of 1&inese parents, Mr "ya Tsa 1&an (igrated to t&e P&ilippines in 1/9#. As of April 11, 1/99, &e *as already a per(anent resident of t&e P&ilippine 7slands and continued to reside in t&is country until &is deat&. During &is lifeti(e and *&en &e *as already in t&e P&ilippines, Mr. "ya Tsa 1&an (arried 1&aring, a Filipina, *it& *&o( &e )egot one son, ?ap 1&an, *&o *as )orn on @cto)er 1/. 1/90. ?ap 1&an got (arried also to "i(fa, a Filipina, and one of t&eir c&ildren *as >acBui 1&an *&o *as )orn on +epte()er 80, 19E . >acBui 1&an finis&ed t&e course Bac&elor of +cience in 1o((erce and eventually engaged in )usiness. 7n t&e May 19/9 election, >acBui 1&an ran for and *as elected 5epresentative (1ongress(an!. ?is rival candidate, 5a(on Deloria, filed a Buo *arranto or disBualification case against &i( on t&e ground t&at &e *as not a Filipino citi-en. 7t *as pointed out in particular, t&at >acBui 1&an did not elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of 81. Decide *&et&er Mr. >acBui 1&an suffers fro( a disBualification or not. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 >acBui 1&an is a Filipino citi-en and need not elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. ?is fat&er, ?ap 1&an, *as a +panis& su).ect, *as residing in t&e P&ilippines on April 11, 1/99, and continued to reside in t&e P&ilippines. 7n accordance *it& +ection # of t&e P&ilippine Bill of 19F8, &e *as a Filipino citi-en. ?ence, in accordance *it& +ection 1(EP of t&e 19E9 1onstitution, >acBui 1&an is a natural )orn Filipino citi-en, since &is fat&er *as a Filipino citi-en. +tatus; 7llegiti(ate 1&ild (199F! "o. E6 N *as elected +enator in t&e May 19/0 national elections. ?e *as )orn out of *edloc= in 19#9 of an A(erican fat&er and a naturali-ed Filipina (ot&er. N never elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority. (1! Before *&at )ody s&ould T, t&e losing candidate, Buestion t&e election of NC +tate t&e reasons for your ans*er. (8! 7s N a Filipino citi-enC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! T, t&e losing candidate, s&ould Buestion t&e election of N )efore t&e +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal, .... (8! Nes, N is a Filipino citi-en. More t&an t&at &e is a natural )orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines Bualified to )eco(e a +enator. +ince N is an illegiti(ate c&ild of a Filipino (ot&er, &e follo*s t&e citi-ens&ip of &is (ot&er. ?e need not elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of (a.ority as &eld 7n re Mallare. 99 +15A #9. 7n @sias v. Antonino, ,lectoral 1ase "o. 11, August , 1901, t&e +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal &eld t&at t&e illegiti(ate c&ild of an alien fat&er and a Filipino (ot&er is a Filipino citi-en and is Bualified to )e a +enator.

7:. >a* on Pu)lic @fficers A. 3eneral principles 5etire(ent Benefits (199 ! "o. 96 8! A, an e(ployee of t&e "ational Treasurer, retired on 2anuary 1F, 199 . Before s&e could collect &er retire(ent )enefits, t&e "ational Treasurer discovered t&at A &ad )een negligent in t&e encas&(ent of falsified treasury *arrants. 7t appears, &o*ever, t&at A &ad received all (oney and property clearances fro( t&e "ational Treasurer )efore &er retire(ent. 1an t&e "ational Treasurer *it&&old t&e retire(ent of A pending deter(ination of &er negligence in t&e encas&(ent of t&e falsified treasury *arrantsC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! 7n accordance *it& Tantuico vs. Do(ingo, 8EF +15A E91 and 1ru- us. Tantuico, 1 +15A 0F, t&e "ational Treasurer cannot *it&&old t&e pay(ent of t&e retire(ent )enefits of A pending deter(ination of &er lia)ility for negligence in t&e encas&(ent of t&e falsified treasury *arrants, )ecause &er retire(ent )enefits are e'e(pt fro( e'ecution. 3eneral Principles (8F1F! True or False a. A person *&o occupies an office t&at is defectively created is a de facto officer. The st"te$ent th"t " (e)son +ho o00!( es "n o%% 0e th"t s 'e%e0t &e#1 0)e"te' s " 'e %"0to o%% 0e) s %"#se. Fo) h $ to 2e " 'e %"0to o%% 0e)/ the o%% 0e $!st 2e &"# '#1 0)e"te'. 55T!"n'" & S"n' ,"n2"1"n/ 2AE SCRA 3A2 81EE69: Alternative answer: The st"te$ent th"t " (e)son +ho o00!( es "n o%% 0e th"t s 'e%e0t &e#1 0)e"te' s " 'e %"0to o%% 0e) s t)!e. The (e)son "((o nte' o) e#e0te' (!)s!"nt to "n !n0onst t!t on"# #"+ s " 'e %"0to o%% 0e)/ 2e%o)e the #"+ s 'e0#")e' to 2e s!0h. 5St"te &. C")o##/ 3B Conn. 81BD19: ). T&e rule on nepotis( does not apply to designations (ade in favour of a relative of t&e aut&ority (a=ing a designation. The st"te$ent th"t the )!#e on ne(ot s$ 'oes not "((#1 to 'es ,n"t ons $"'e n %"&o!) o% " )e#"t &e o% the "!tho) t1 $"@ n, " 'es ,n"t on s %"#se. Des ,n"t on "00o$(# shes the s"$e (!)(ose "s "((o nt$ent 5L"!)e# & C & # Se)& 0e Co$$ ss on/ 2203 SCRA 1E6 81EE19: c. A discretionary duty of a pu)lic officer is never delega)le. The st"te$ent th"t " ' s0)et on")1 '!t1 o% " (!2# 0 o%% 0e) s ne&e) 'e#e,"2#e s %"#se. It 0"n 2e 'e#e,"te' % the 'e#e,"t on s "!tho) Ce' 5Me0he$/ A t)e"t ese on the L"+ o% P!2# 0 O%% 0es "n' O%% 0e)s/ (. 37B.: d. AcBuisition of civil service eligi)ility during tenure of a te(porary appointee does not auto(atically translate to a per(anent appoint(ent. The st"te$ent th"t "0<! s t on o% 0 & # se)& 0e e# , 2 # t1 '!) n, ten!)e o% " te$(o)")1 "((o ntee 'oes not "!to$"t 0"##1 t)"ns#"te to " (e)$"nent "((o nt$ent s t)!e. A ne+ "((o nt$ent +h 0h s (e)$"nent s ne0ess")1. 5P)o& n0e o% C"$") nes S!) &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s/ 2A7 SCRA 2B1 81EE69:. B. Modes of acBuiring title to pu)lic office 1. Modes and =inds of appoint(ent Appointing Po*er; Acting vs. Per(anent Appoint(ent (8FFE! "o ; $ 4&at is t&e nature of an <acting appoint(ent< to a govern(ent officeC Does suc& an appoint(ent give t&e appointee t&e rig&t to clai( t&at t&e appoint(ent *ill, in ti(e, ripen into a per(anent oneC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

According to +evilla v. 1ourt of Appeals. 8F9 +15A E0 J1998K, an acting appoint(ent is (erely te(porary. As &eld in Maro&o()sar v. Alonto, 19# +15A E9F J1991K, a te(porary appoint(ent cannot )eco(e a per(anent appoint(ent, unless a ne* appoint(ent *&ic& is per(anent is (ade. T&is &olds true unless t&e acting appoint(ent *as (ade )ecause of a te(porary vacancy. 7n suc& a case, t&e te(porary appointee &olds office until t&e assu(ption of office )y t&e per(anent appointee. Appointing Po*er; Minds of Appoint(ents (199#! 4&en is an appoint(ent in t&e civil service per(anentC Distinguis& )et*een an <appoint(ent in an acting capacity< e'tended )y a Depart(ent +ecretary fro( an ad interi( appoint(ent e'tended )y t&e President. Distinguis& )et*een a provisional and a te(porary appoint(ent. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! %nder +ection 89(a! of t&e 1ivil +ervice Decree, an appoint(ent in t&e civil service is P,5MA","T *&en issued to a person *&o (eets all t&e reBuire(ents for t&e position to *&ic& &e is )eing appointed, including t&e appropriate eligi)ility prescri)ed, in accordance *it& t&e provisions of la*, rules and standards pro(ulgated in pursuance t&ereof. 8! An appoint(ent in an A1T7"3 1APA17TN e'tended )y a Depart(ent +ecretary is not per(anent )ut te(porary. ?ence, t&e Depart(ent +ecretary (ay ter(inate t&e services of t&e appointee at any ti(e. @n t&e ot&er &and, an AD 7"T,57M APP@7"TM,"T e'tended )y t&e President is an appoint(ent *&ic& is su).ect to confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents and *as (ade during t&e recess of 1ongress. As &eld in +u((ers vs. I-aeta, /1 P&il. 09#, an ad interi( appoint(ent is per(anent. E! 7n +ection 8# (d! of t&e 1ivil +ervice Act of 1999, a T,MP@5A5N APP@7"TM,"T is one issued to a person to a position needed only for a li(ited period not e'ceeding si' (ont&s. %nder +ection 89()! of t&e 1ivil +ervice Decree, a te(porary appoint(ent is one issued to a person *&o (eets all t&e reBuire(ents for t&e position to *&ic& &e is )eing appointed e'cept t&e appropriate civil service eligi)ility )ecause of t&e a)sence of appropriate eligi)les and it is necessary in t&e pu)lic 7nterest to fill t&e vacancy. @n t&e ot&er &and. +ection 8#(e! of t&e 1ivil +ervice Act of 1999 defined a P5@;7+7@"A> APP@7"TM,"T as one 7ssued upon t&e prior aut&ori-ation of t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission in accordance *it& its provisions and t&e rules and standards pro(ulgated in pursuance t&ereto to a person *&o &as not Bualified in an appropriate e'a(ination )ut *&o ot&er*ise (eets t&e reBuire(ents for appoint(ent to a regular position in t&e co(petitive service, *&enever a vacancy occurs and t&e filling t&ereof is necessary in t&e interest of t&e service and t&ere is no appropriate register of eligi)les at t&e ti(e of appoint(ent. Provisional appoint(ents in general &ave already )een a)olis&ed )y 5epu)lic Act F#F. ?o*ever, it still applies *it& regard to teac&ers under t&e Magna 1arta for Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e case of 5egis vs. @s(ena, 190 +15A EF/, laid do*n t&e distinction )et*een a provisional and a te(porary appoint(ent. A P5@;7+7@"A> APP@7"TM,"T is e'tended to a person *&o &as not Bualified in an appropriate e'a(ination )ut *&o ot&er*ise (eets t&e reBuire(ents for appoint(ent to a regular position in t&e co(petitive service *&enever a vacancy occurs and t&e filling t&ereof is necessary in t&e interest of t&e service and t&ere is no appropriate register of eligi)le at t&e ti(e of t&e appoint(ent. @n t&e ot&er &and, a T,MP@5A5N APP@7"TM,"T given to a non$civil service eligi)le is *it&out a definite tenure and is dependent on t&e pleasure of t&e appointing po*er. A provisional appoint(ent is good only until replace(ent )y a civil service eligi)le and in no case )eyond EF days fro( date of receipt )y t&e appointing officer of t&e certificate of eligi)ility. (+ec. 8# JcX. 5epu)lic Act 88 F!. A provisional appoint(ent conte(plates a different situation fro( t&at of a te(porary appoint(ent. 4&ereas a te(porary appoint(ent is designed to fill a position needed only for a li(ited period not e'ceeding si' ( ! (ont&s, a provisional appoint(ent, on t&e ot&er &and, is intended for t&e contingency t&at <a vacancy occurs and t&e filling t&ereof is necessary in t&e interest of t&e service and t&ere is no appropriate register of eligi)les at t&e ti(e of t&e appoint(ent.< 7n ot&er *ords, t&e reason for e'tending a provisional appoint(ent is not )ecause t&ere is an occasional *or= to )e done and is e'pected to )e finis&ed in not (ore t&an si' (ont&s )ut )ecause t&e interest of t&e service reBuires t&at certain *or= )e done )y a regular e(ployee, only t&at no one *it& appropriate eligi)ility can )e appointed to it. ?ence, any ot&er eligi)le (ay )e appointed to do suc& *or= in t&e (eanti(e t&at a suita)le eligi)le does not Bualify for t&e position.

To )e (ore precise, a provisional appoint(ent (ay )e e'tended only to a person *&o &as not Bualified in an appropriate e'a(ination )ut *&o ot&er*ise (eets t&e reBuire(ents for appoint(ent to a regular position in t&e co(petitive service, (eaning one *&o (ust any *ay )e a civil service eligi)le. 7n t&e case of a te(porary appoint(ent, all t&at t&e la* en.oins is t&at <preference in filling suc& position )e given to persons on appropriate eligi)le lists.< Merely giving preference presupposes t&at even a non$eligi)le (ay )e appointed. %nder t&e la*, even if t&e appointee &as t&e reBuired civil service eligi)ility, &is appoint(ent is still te(porary si(ply )ecause suc& is t&e nature of t&e *or= to )e done. "@T,6 +ince provisional appoint(ents &ave already )een a)olis&ed e'a(inees s&ould )e given full credit for *&atever ans*er t&ey (ay or (ay not give. Appointing Po*ers; Ad 7nteri( Appoint(ents (I#$8FF9! (1! 7n Marc& 8FF1, *&ile 1ongress *as ad.ourned, t&e President appointed +antos as 1&air(an of t&e 1@M,>,1. +antos i((ediately too= &is oat& and assu(ed office. 4&ile &is appoint(ent *as pro(ptly su)(itted to t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents for confir(ation, it *as not acted upon and 1ongress again ad.ourned. 7n 2une 8FF1, t&e President e'tended a second ad interi( appoint(ent to +antos for t&e sa(e position *it& t&e sa(e ter(, and t&is appoint(ent *as again su)(itted to t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents for confir(ation. +antos too= &is oat& ane* and perfor(ed t&e functions of &is office. 5eyes, a political rival, filed a suit assailing certain orders issued )y +antos. ?e also Buestioned t&e validity of +antosA appoint(ent. 5esolve t&e follo*ing issues6 (9H! (a! Does +antosA assu(ption of office on t&e )asis of t&e ad interi( appoint(ents issued )y t&e President a(ount to a te(porary appoint(ent *&ic& is pro&i)ited )y +ection 1(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitutionC A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o, +antosA appoint(ent does not a(ount to a te(porary appoint(ent. An ad interi( appoint(ent is a per(anent appoint(ent )ecause it ta=es effect i((ediately and can no longer )e *it&dra*n )y t&e President once t&e appointee &as Bualified into office. T&e fact t&at it is su).ect to confir(ation )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents does not alter its per(anent c&aracter. T&e 1onstitution itself (a=es an ad interi( appoint(ent per(anent in c&aracter )y (a=ing it effective until disapproved )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents or until t&e ne't ad.ourn(ent of 1ongress. A te(porary or acting appointee does not en.oy any security of tenure, no (atter &o* )riefly. (Mati)ag v. Benipayo, 3.5. "o. 1#9FE , April 8, 8FF8! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 An ad interi( appoint(ent is a per(anent appoint(ent and does not violate +ection 1(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution. (Pa(antasan ng >ungsod ng Maynila v. 7A1, 3.5. "o. >T 9#E9, "ove()er 1E,19/9! ()! Assu(ing t&e legality of t&e first ad interi( appoint(ent and assu(ption of office )y +antos, *ere &is second ad interi( appoint(ent and su)seBuent assu(ption of office to t&e sa(e position violations of t&e pro&i)ition on reappoint(ent under +ection 1(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e second ad interi( appoint(ent and su)seBuent assu(ption of office does not violate t&e 1onstitution. T&e pro&i)ition on reappoint(ent in +ection 1(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution does not apply to )y$passed ad interi( appoint(ents. 7t can )e revived )y a ne* ad interi( appoint(ent )ecause t&ere is no final disapproval under +ection 1 , Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, and suc& ne* appoint(ent *ill not result in t&e appointee serving )eyond t&e fi'ed ter( of seven years. T&e p&rase <*it&out reappoint(ent< applies only to one *&o &as )een appointed )y t&e President and confir(ed )y t&e 1o((ission on Appoint(ents, *&et&er or not suc& person co(pletes &is ter( of office. To &old ot&er*ise *ill lead to a)surdities and negate t&e PresidentAs po*er to (a=e ad interi( appoint(ents. (Mati)ag v. Benipayo, 3.5. "o. 1#9FE , April 8, 8FF8! D. ,ligi)ility and Bualification reBuire(ents 5esidency 5eBuire(ents; ,lective @fficial (I9$8FF9! (1! 7n t&e May /,1999 elections for local officials *&ose ter(s *ere to co((ence on 2une EF, 1999, 5ic=y filed on Marc& 8F, 1999 &is certificate of candidacy for t&e @ffice of 3overnor of >aguna. ?e *on, )ut &is Bualifications as an elected official *as Buestioned. 7t is ad(itted t&at &e is a repatriated Filipino citi-en and a resident of t&e Province of >aguna. To )e Bualified for t&e office to *&ic& a local official &as )een elected, *&en at t&e latest s&ould &e )e6 (9H!

(a! A Filipino 1iti-enC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e citi-ens&ip reBuire(ent is to )e possessed )y an elective official at t&e latest as of t&e ti(e &e is proclai(ed and at t&e start of t&e ter( of office to *&ic& &e &as )een elected. +ection E9 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, *&ic& enu(erates t&e Bualifications of elective local govern(ent officials, does not specify any particular date or ti(e *&en t&e candidate (ust possess citi-ens&ip. (Frivaldo v. 1@M,>,1, 3.5. "o. 18F899, 2une 8/,199 ! ()! A resident of t&e localityC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection E9 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, an individual (ust possess t&e residency reBuire(ent in t&e locality *&ere &e intends to run at least one year i((ediately preceding t&e day of election. ,. Disa)ilities and in&i)itions of pu)lic officers Pro&i)ition Against Multiple Positions L Additional 1o(pensation (8FF8! "o ;7. M is t&e +ecretary of t&e Depart(ent of Finance. ?e is also an e'$officio (e()er of t&e Monetary Board of t&e Bang=o +entral ng Pilipinas fro( *&ic& &e receives an additional co(pensation for every Board (eeting attended. ", a ta'payer, filed a suit in court to declare +ecretary MAs (e()ers&ip in t&e Monetary Board and &is receipt of additional co(pensation illegal and in violation of t&e 1onstitution. " invo=ed Article ;77, +ection 1E of t&e 1onstitution *&ic& provides t&at t&e President, ;ice$President, t&e Me()ers of t&e 1a)inet, and t&eir deputies or assistants s&all not, unless ot&er*ise provided in t&e 1onstitution, &old any ot&er office or e(ploy(ent during t&eir tenure. " also cited Article 7:$B, +ection / of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& provides t&at no elective or appointive pu)lic officer or e(ployee s&all receive additional, dou)le, or indirect co(pensation, unless specifically aut&ori-ed )y la*. 7f you *ere t&e .udge, &o* *ould you decide t&e follo*ing6 a! t&e issue regarding t&e &olding of (ultiple positionsC (EH! )! t&e issue on t&e pay(ent of additional or dou)le co(pensationC(8H! ,'plain your ans*ers fully. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! 7f 7 *ere t&e .udge, 7 *ould up&old t&e validity of t&e designation of +ecretary M as e' officio (e()er of t&e Monetary Board, As stated in 1ivil >i)erties %nion v. ,'ecutive +ecretary, 19# +15A E10 (1991!, t&e pro&i)ition against t&e &olding of (ultiple positions )y 1a)inet Me()ers in Article ;77, +ection 1E of t&e 1onstitution does not apply to positions occupied in an e' officio capacity as provided )y la* and as reBuired )y t&e pri(ary functions of t&eir office. ()! 7f 7 *ere t&e 2udge, 7 *ould rule t&at +ecretary M cannot receive any additional co(pensation. As stated in 1ivil >i)erties %nion v. ,'ecutive +ecretary, 19# +15A E10 (1991!, a 1a)inet Me()er &olding an e'$officio position &as no rig&t to receive additional co(pensation, for &is services in t&at position are already paid for )y t&e co(pensation attac&ed to &is principal office. Pro&i)ition against Multiple Positions )y 3ovGt @fficials (19/0! "o. 76 Assu(e t&at a la* &as )een passed creating t&e ,'port 1ontrol Board co(posed of6 T&e +ecretary of Trade and 7ndustry as 1&air(an and as Me()ers6 T&e 1&air(an of t&e +enate 1o((ittee on Trade and 7ndustry An Associate 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt designated )y t&e 1&ief 2ustice T&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s, and T&e President of t&e P&ilippine 1&a()er of 1o((erce and 7ndustry, T&e "ational 1onstitutional Association of t&e P&ilippines &as filed suit to c&allenge t&e constitutionality of t&e la*. Deter(ine *&et&er t&e (e()ers&ip of eac& of t&e a)ove in t&e Board can )e up&eld. 1ite relevant constitutional provisions. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a. T&e c&air(ans&ip of t&e +ecretary of Trade and 7ndustry in t&e Board can )e up&eld on t&e )asis of Art. 7:, B, +ec. 0, *&ic& allo*s appointive officials to &old ot&er offices if allo*ed )y la* (suc& as t&e la* in t&is case creating t&e ,'port 1ontrol Board! or .ustified )y t&e pri(ary functions of t&eir offices. T&e functions of t&e Board is related

to &is functions as +ecretary of Trade and 7ndustry. T&e provision of Art, ;77, +ec, 1E, pro&i)iting 1a)inet (e()ers fro( &olding any ot&er office or e(ploy(ent, is su).ect to t&e e'ceptions in Art. 7:, B, +ec. 0. ). Dean +inco )elieves t&at (e()ers of 1ongress cannot )e (e()ers of t&e Board of 5egents of t&e %niversity of t&e P&ilippines under t&e 7nco(pati)ility 1lause of t&e 19E9 1onstitution *&ic& is si(ilar to t&e provision of Art. ;7, +ec. 1E of t&e present 1onstitution. %nder t&is vie*, t&e (e()ers&ip of t&e 1&air(an of t&e +enate 1o((ittee on Trade and 7ndustry in t&e ,'port 1ontrol Board cannot )e sustained. (+inco, P&ilippine Political >a* 1E (llt& ,d. 19 8!. Moreover, since t&e apparent .ustification for t&e (e()ers&ip of t&e 1&air(an of t&e +enate 1o((ittee is to aid &i( in &is legislative functions, t&is purpose can easily )e ac&ieved t&roug& legislative investigations under Art. ;7, +ec.81. @n t&e ot&er &and, Dean 1ortes appears to suggest a contrary vie*, noting t&at after t&e decision in 3overn(ent of t&e P&ilippine 7slands v. +pringer 9F P&il. 899 (1980!, in validating t&e la* designating t&e +enate President and +pea=er as (e()ers of t&e Board of 1ontrol of govern(ent corporations, no ot&er decision &as )een rendered. @n t&e contrary, la*s &ave )een enacted, (a=ing (e()ers of 1ongress (e()ers of various )oards. 7ndeed, t&e (e()ers&ip of t&e 1&air(an of t&e +enate 1o((ittee on Trade and 7ndustry (ay )e up&eld as )eing in aid of &is legislative functions since *&at is pro&i)ited )y Art. ;7, +ec. 1E is t&e acceptance of an inco(pati)le office or e(ploy(ent in t&e govern(ent. (1ortes, P&ilippine Presidency, pp. 111T118(19 !! c. T&e designation of an Associate 2ustice of t&e +upre(e 1ourt cannot )e sustained )eing t&e i(position on t&e (e()ers of t&e 1ourt, of non$.udicial duties, contrary to t&e principle of separation of po*ers. 7t is .udicial po*er and .udicial po*er only *&ic& t&e +upre(e 1ourt and its (e()ers (ay e'ercise. (Art ;777. +ec. 1; Manila ,lectric 1o. v. Pasay Trans. 1o., 90 P&il. FF (19E8!! d. T&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s (ay )e (ade (e()er of t&e Board for t&e sa(e reason in t&e case of t&e +ecretary of Trade and 7ndustry, under Art. 7:, B, +ec. 0. e. T&e (e()ers&ip of t&e President of t&e P&ilippine 1&a()er of 1o((erce (ay also )e up&eld on t&e ground t&at 1ongress &as t&e po*er to prescri)e Bualifications for t&e office. F. Po*ers and duties of pu)lic officers >ocal ,lective @fficials; >i(itations @n Additional Duties (1999! "o. 1F6 A 1ity Mayor in Metro Manila *as designated as Me()er of t&e >ocal A(nesty Board (>AB! as allo*ed under t&e 5ules and 5egulations 7(ple(enting A(nesty Procla(ation "os. E#0 and E#/. as a(ended )y Procla(ation "o. E00. T&e >AB is entrusted *it& t&e functions of receiving and processing applications for a(nesty and reco((ending to t&e "ational A(nesty 1o((ission approval or denial of t&e applications. T&e ter( of t&e 1o((ission and, necessarily, t&e >ocal A(nesty Boards under it e'pires upon t&e co(pletion of its assigned tas=s as (ay )e deter(ined )y t&e President. May t&e 1ity Mayor accept &is designation *it&out forfeiting &is elective position in t&e lig&t of t&e provision of +ec. 0, 1st par. Art. 7:$B of t&e 19/0 1onstitution *&ic& pertinently states t&at <J"Ko elective official s&all )e eligi)le for appoint(ent or designation in any capacity to any pu)lic office or position during &is tenureC< Discuss fully, +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e 1ity Mayor (ay not accept &is designation *it&out forfeiting &is elective positions. As stated in Flores vs. Drilon 88E +15A 9 /, it is t&e intention of +ection 0, Article :$B of t&e 19/0 1onstitution t&at local elective officials s&ould devote t&eir full ti(e to t&eir constituents. 4&ile second paragrap& of +ection 0, Article 7:$B of t&e 19/0 1onstitution allo*s appointive officials to &old ot&er offices *&en allo*ed )y la* or )y t&e pri(ary functions of t&eir positions, no suc& e'ception is (ade in t&e first paragrap&, *&ic& deals *it& elective officials. 7t is t&e 7ntention of t&e 19/0 1onstitution to )e (ore stringent *it& elective local officials. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Nes, &e (ay accept suc& designation *it&out forfeiting &is (ayors&ip. T&e 1onstitutional provision )eing cited conte(plates a <pu)lic office or position<. 7t is )elieved t&at t&e >ocal A(nesty Board is not suc& an office since it is (erely an ad &oc )ody. Besides, it is )elieved t&at its functions are not <sovereign< in c&aracter *&ic& is one of t&e ele(ents of a pu)lic office. 3. 5ig&ts of pu)lic officers ?. >ia)ilities of pu)lic officers

1. Preventive suspension and )ac= salaries Discipline; Preventive +uspension L Appeal; entitle(ent to salary pendente (8FF1! "o :; $ Alfonso Beit, a supply officer in t&e Depart(ent of +cience and Tec&nology (D@+T!, *as c&arged ad(inistratively. Pending investigation, &e *as preventively suspended for 9F days. T&e D@+T +ecretary found &i( guilty and (eted &i( t&e penalty of re(oval fro( office. ?e appealed to t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission (1+1!. 7n t&e (eanti(e, t&e decision *as e'ecuted pending appeal. T&e 1+1 rendered a decision *&ic& (odified t&e appealed decision )y i(posing only a penalty of repri(and, and *&ic& decision )eca(e final. a! 1an Alfonso Belt clai( salary for t&e period t&at &is case *as pending investigationC 4&yC (EH! )! 1an &e clai( salary for t&e period t&at &is case *as pending appealC 4&yC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; a! Alfonso Beit cannot clai( any salary for t&e period of &is preventive suspension during t&e pendency of t&e investigation. As &eld in 3loria vs. 1ourt of Appeals, EF +15A 8/0 (1990!, under +ection 98 of t&e 1ivil +ervice >a*, t&e provision for pay(ent of salaries during t&e period of preventive suspension during t&e pendency of t&e investigation &as )een deleted. T&e preventive suspension *as not a penalty. 7ts i(position *as la*ful, since it *as aut&ori-ed )y la*. )! 7f t&e penalty *as (odified )ecause Alfonso Beit *as e'onerated of t&e c&arge t&at *as t&e )asis for t&e decision ordering &is dis(issal, &e is entitled to )ac= *ages, ot&er*ise, t&is *ould )e tanta(ount to punis&ing &i( after e'oneration fro( t&e c&arge *&ic& caused &is dis(issal. J3loria vs. 1ourt of Appeals, E@ +15A 8/0 (1990!K. 7f &e *as repri(anded for t&e sa(e c&arge *&ic& *as t&e )asis of t&e decision ordering &is dis(issal, Alfonso Belt is not entitled to )ac= *ages, )ecause &e *as found guilty, and t&e penalty *as (erely co((uted. (Dela 1ru- vs. 1ourt of Appeals, EF9 +15A EFE (199/!K. Discipline; Preventive +uspension (199F! "o. 6 7n 19/ , F, t&en t&e officer$in$c&arge of Botolan, Ra()ales, *as accused of &aving violated t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act )efore t&e +andigan)ayan. Before &e could )e arrainged, &e *as elected 3overnor of Ra()ales, After &is arraign(ent, &e *as put under preventive suspension )y t&e +andigan)ayan <for t&e duration of t&e trial<. (1! 1an F successfully c&allenge t&e legality of &is preventive suspension on t&e ground t&at t&e cri(inal case against &i( involved acts co((itted during &is ter( as officer$in$c&arge and not during &is ter( as 3overnorC (8! 1an F validly o).ect to t&e aforestated duration of &is suspensionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, F cannot successfully c&allenge t&e legality of &is preventive suspension on t&e ground t&at t&e cri(inal case against &i( involve acts co((itted during &is ter( as @71 and not during &is ter( as governor )ecause suspension fro( office under 5epu)lic Act EF19 refers to any office t&at t&e respondent is presently &olding and not necessarily to t&e one *&ic& &e &old *&en &e co((itted t&e cri(e *it& *&ic& &e is c&arged. T&is *as t&e ruling in Deloso v. +andigan)ayan 10E +15A #F9. (8! Nes, F can validly o).ect to t&e duration of t&e suspension. 7n Deloso u. +andigan)ayan, 10E +15A #F9, it *as &eld t&at t&e i(position of preventive suspension for an indefinite period of ti(e is unreasona)le and violates t&e rig&t of t&e accused to due process. T&e people *&o elected t&e governor to office *ould )e deprived of &is services for an indefinite period, and &is rig&t to &old office *ould )e nullified. Moreover, since under +ection #8 of t&e 1ivil +ervice Decree t&e duration of preventive suspension s&ould )e li(ited to ninety (9F! days, eBual protection de(ands t&at t&e duration of preventive suspension under t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act &e also li(ited to ninety (9F! days. Discipline; Preventive +uspension (8FF8! "o 77. +i(eon ;alera *as for(erly a Provincial 3overnor *&o ran and *on as a Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives for t&e +econd 1ongressional District of lloilo. For violation of +ection E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act (5.A. "o.EF19!, as a(ended, allegedly co((itted *&en &e *as still a Provincial 3overnor, a cri(inal co(plaint *as filed against &i( )efore t&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an for *&ic&, upon a finding of pro)a)le cause, a cri(inal case *as filed *it& t&e +andigan)ayan. During t&e course of trial, t&e +andigan)ayan issued an order of preventive suspension for 9F days against &i(.

5epresentative ;alera Buestioned t&e validity of t&e +andigan)ayan order on t&e ground t&at, under Article ;7 , +ection 1 (E! of t&e 1onstitution, &e can )e suspended only )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and t&at t&e cri(inal case against &i( did not arise fro( &is actuations as a (e()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. 7s 5epresentative ;aleraAs contention correctC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention of 5epresentative ;alera is not correct As &eld in +antiago v. +andigan)ayan, E9 +15A E , t&e suspension conte(plated in Article ;7, +ection 1 (E! of t&e 1onstitution is a punis&(ent t&at is i(posed )y t&e +enate or ?ouse of 5epresentatives upon an erring (e()er, it is distinct fro( t&e suspension under +ection 1E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act, *&ic& is not a penalty )ut a preventive (easure. +ince +ection 1E of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orruption Practices Act does not state t&at t&e pu)lic officer (ust )e suspended only in t&e office *&ere &e is alleged to &ave co((itted t&e acts *&ic& &e &as )een c&arged, it applies to any office *&ic& &e (ay )e &olding. ,lective and Appointive @fficials6 disciplinary aut&ority (8FF#! (E$)! 1TD, a 1o((issioner of t&e "ational >a)or 5elations 1o((ission (">51!, sports a "o. 1F car plate. A disgruntled litigant filed a co(plaint against &i( for violation of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act )efore t&e @()uds(an. 1TD no* see=s to en.oin t&e @()uds(an in a petition for pro&i)ition, alleging t&at &e could )e investigated only )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt under its po*er of supervision granted in t&e 1onstitution. ?e contends t&at under t&e la* creating t&e ">51, &e &as t&e ran= of a 2ustice of t&e 1ourt of Appeals, and entitled to t&e corresponding privileges. ?ence, t&e @MB &as no .urisdiction over t&e co(plaint against &i(. +&ould 1TDAs petition )e granted or dis(issedC 5eason )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition of 1TD s&ould )e dis(issed. +ection 81 of t&e @()uds(an Act vests t&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an *it& disciplinary aut&ority over all elective and appointive officials of t&e govern(ent, e'cept officials *&o (ay )e re(oved only )y i(peac&(ent, Me()ers of 1ongress, and t&e 2udiciary. 4&ile 1TD &as t&e ran= of a 2ustice of t&e 1ourt of Appeals, &e does not )elong to t&e 2udiciary )ut to t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent. T&is si(ply (eans t&at &e &as t&e sa(e co(pensation and privileges as a 2ustice of t&e 1ourt of Appeals. 7f t&e +upre(e 1ourt *ere to investigate 1TD, it *ould )e perfor(ing a non$.udicial function. T&is *ill violate t&e principle of separation of po*ers. ("o)le.as v. Tee&an=ee, 8E +15A #F9 J19 /K! 8. 7llegal dis(issal, reinstate(ent and )ac= salaries 7. 7((unity of pu)lic officers >ia)ility For Da(ages in Perfor(ance of @fficial Functions (199F! "o. 1F6 T&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s, after an investigation, ordered t&e de(olition of t&e fis&pond of : as a nuisance per se on t&e ground t&at it encroac&ed on naviga)le rivers and i(peded t&e use of t&e rivers. T&e +ecretary su)(itted to t&e President of t&e P&ilippines a report of said investigation, *&ic& report contained clearly li)elous (atters adversely affecting t&e reputation of :, a *ell$=no*n civic and religious leader in t&e co((unity. T&e +upre(e 1ourt later found t&at t&e rivers *ere (an$(ade and *ere constructed on private property o*ned )y :. (1! May : recover da(ages fro( t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s for t&e cost involved in re)uilding t&e fis&ponds and for lost profitsC +tate your reason. (8! +uppose : files a li)el suit against t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s. 4ill t&e said li)el suit prosperC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, : cannot recover da(ages fro( t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s. T&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s ordered t&e de(olition of t&e fis&pond in t&e perfor(ance of &is official duties. ?e did not act in )ad fait& or *it& gross negligence. ?e issued t&e order only after due investigation. 7n Ma)utol v. Pascual, 18# +15A /0 , it *as &eld t&at t&e (e()ers of t&e Ad ?oc 1o((ittee created to i(ple(ent Presidential Decree "o. 89 and >etter of 7nstruction "o, 19, *&ic& ordered t&e de(olition of structures o)structing pu)lic *ater*ays, couldA not )e sued for da(ages alt&oug& t&ey ordered t&e de(olition of a )uilding t&at encroac&ed upon a cree=, )ecause t&e pu)lic officers concerned did not act in )ad fait&.

(8! "o, t&e li)el suit *ill not prosper. T&e report su)(itted )y t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s to t&e President constitutes privileged co((unication, as it *as sent in t&e perfor(ance of official duty. Article E9# of t&e 5evised Penal 1ode provides; <,very defa(atory i(putation is presu(ed to )e (alicious, even if it )e true, if no good intention and .ustifia)le (otive for (a=ing it is s&o*n, e'cept in t&e follo*ing cases6 1. A private co((unication (ade )y any person to anot&er in t&e perfor(ance of any legal, (oral or social duty;< 7n Deano v. 3odine-, 18 +15A #/E, it *as &eld t&at a report sent )y a pu)lic official to &is superior is privileged co((unication, )ecause its su)(ission is pursuant to t&e perfor(ance of a legal duty. Besides, in sending &is report, t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s acted in t&e disc&arge of &is official duties. ?ence, &e *as acting in )e&alf of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines and *it&in t&e scope of &is aut&ority According to t&e ruling in +anders v. ;eridiano, 1 8 +15A //, a suit )roug&t against a pu)lic official for *riting a letter *&ic& is alleged to )e li)elous )ut *&ic& *as *ritten *&ile &e *as acting as agent of t&e govern(ent and *it&in t&e scope of &is aut&ority is actually a suit against t&e +tate *it&out its consent. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e Buestion does not specify &o* t&e li)el *as co((itted. 7f t&e li)elous state(ent *as not relevant to t&e report on t&e alleged illegal encroac&(ent of t&e river, t&e fact t&at it *as (ade in t&e course of an official report does not i((uni-e t&e +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s fro( lia)ility for li)el. Pu)lic @ffice; Pu)lic Trust (199/! "o ;. $ +uppose 1ongress passed a la* to 7(ple(ent t&e 1onstitutional principle t&at a pu)lic office is a pu)lic trust, )y providing as follo*s6 <"o e(ployee of t&e 1ivil +ervice s&all )e e'cused fro( attending and testifying or fro( producing )oo=s, records, correspondence, docu(ents or ot&er evidence in any ad(inistrative investigation concerning t&e office in *&ic& &e is e(ployed on t&e ground t&at &is testi(ony or t&e evidence reBuired of &i( (ay tend to incri(inate &i( or su).ect &i( to a penalty or forfeiture; )ut &is testi(ony or any evidence produced )y &i( s&all not )e used against &i( in cri(inal prosecution )ased on t&e transaction, (atter or t&ing concerning *&ic& is co(pelled, after invo=ing &is privilege against self$incri(ination, to testify or produce evidence. Provided, &o*ever, t&at suc& individual so testifying s&all not )e e'e(pt fro( prosecution and punis&(ent for per.ury co((itted in so testifying nor s&all &e )e e'e(pt fro( de(otion or re(oval fro( office. Any e(ployee *&o refuses to testify or produce any docu(ents under t&is Act s&all )e dis(issed fro( t&e service,< +uppose furt&er, t&at @ng, a (e()er of t&e Professional 5egulatory Board, is reBuired to ans*er Buestions in an investigation regarding a >,AMA3, in a (edical e'a(ination. 1. 1an @ng refuse to ans*er Buestions on t&e ground t&at &e *ould incri(inate &i(selfC J#HK 8. +uppose &e refuses to ans*er, and for t&at reason, is dis(issed fro( t&e service, can &e pausi)ly argue t&at t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission &as inferred &is guilt fro( &is refusal to ans*er in violation of t&e 1onstitutionC XEHK E. +uppose, on t&e ot&er &and, &e ans*ers t&e Buestion and on t&e )asis of &is ans*ers, &e is found guilty and is dis(issed. 1an &e plausi)ly assert t&at &is dis(issal is )ased on coerced confessionC 7EHK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. "o, @ng cannot refuse to ans*er t&e Buestion on t&e ground t&at &e *ould incri(inate &i(self, since t&e la* grants &i( i((unity and pro&i)its t&e use against &i( in a cri(inal prosecution of t&e testi(ony or evidence produced )y &i(. As stated )y t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt in Bro*n vs. 4al=er. 1 1 %.+. 991, 990, *&at t&e constitutional pro&i)ition against self$incri(ination see=s to prevent is t&e conviction of t&e *itness on t&e )asis of testi(ony elicited fro( &i(. T&e rule is satisfied *&en &e is granted i((unity. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 1. 7n accordance *it& ,vangelista vs. 2arencio, / +15A 99, 1F0$1F/, 7f @ng is )eing cited (erely as a *itness, &e (ay not refuse to ans*er. ?o*ever, if t&e Buestion tends to violate &is rig&t against self$incri(ination, &e (ay o).ect to it. @n t&e ot&er &and, under t&e ruling in 1&ave- vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 8# +15A E, /F, 7f &e is a respondent, @ng (ay refuse to ans*er any Buestion )ecause of &is rig&t against self$incri(ination. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8. "o @ng cannot argue t&at t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission inferred &is guilt fro( &is refusal to ans*er. ?e *as not dis(issed )ecause of &is involve(ent in t&e lea=age in t&e (edical e'a(ination )ut for &is refusal to ans*er. T&is is

a violation of t&e la*. ?e could )e co(pelled to ans*er t&e Buestion on pain of )eing dis(issed in case of &is refusal, )ecause &e *as granted 7((unity. 7n >ef=o*it- vs. Turley. #1# %.+. 0F, /#, t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <Furt&er(ore, t&e acco(odation )et*een t&e interest of t&e +tate and t&e Fift& A(end(ent reBuires t&at t&e +tate &ave (eans at its disposal to secure testi(ony if i((unity is supplied and testi(ony is still refused. T&is is recogni-ed )y t&e po*er of courts to co(pel testi(ony, after a grant of i((unity, )y use of civil conte(pt and coerced i(prison(ent. +&ilitani v. %nited +tates, E/# %+ E #. 1 > ,d 8d 88. / 9 1t 19E1 (19 !. Also, given adeBuate i((unity t&e +tate (ay plainly insist t&at e(ployees eit&er ans*er Buestions under oat& a)out t&e perfor(ance of t&eir .o) or suffer t&e loss of e(ploy(ent.< +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E. 2es @ng can argue t&at &is dis(issal *as )ased on coerced confession. 7n 3arrity vs. "e* 2ersey, E/9 %.+. #9E, 9FF, t&e %nited +tates +upre(e 1ourt &eld6 <4e no* &old t&e protection of t&e individual under t&e Fourteent& A(end(ent against coerced state(ents pro&i)its use in su)seBuent cri(inal proceedings of state(ents o)tained under t&reat of re(oval fro( office, and t&at it e'tends to all, *&et&er t&ey are police(en or ot&er (e()ers of t&e )ody politic.< 2. De facto officers ,lected @fficial; De Facto @fficer (8FF#! (1F$)! A;, ran for 1ongress(an of I% province. ?o*ever, &is opponent, BA5T, *as t&e one proclai(ed and seated as t&e *inner of t&e election )y t&e 1@M,>,1. A;, filed seasona)ly a protest )efore ?5,T (?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal!. After t*o years, ?5,T reversed t&e 1@M,>,1As decision and A;, *as proclai(ed finally as t&e duly elected 1ongress(an. T&us, &e &ad only one year to serve in 1ongress. 1an A;, collect salaries and allo*ances fro( t&e govern(ent for t&e first t*o years of &is ter( as 1ongress(anC +&ould BA5T refund to t&e govern(ent t&e salaries and allo*ances &e &ad received as 1ongress(anC 4&at *ill &appen to t&e )ills t&at BA5T alone aut&ored and *ere approved )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives *&ile &e *as seated as 1ongress(anC 5eason and e'plain )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A;, cannot collect salaries and allo*ances fro( t&e govern(ent for t&e first t*o years of &is ter(, )ecause in t&e (ean*&ile BA5T collected t&e salaries and allo*ances. BA5T *as a de facto officer *&ile &e *as in possession of t&e office. To allo* A;, to collect t&e salaries and allo*ances *ill result in (a=ing t&e govern(ent pay a second ti(e. (Mec&e(, A Treatise on t&e >a* of Pu)lic @ffices and Pu)lic @fficers, J1/9FK pp. 888$88E.! BA5T is not reBuired to refund to t&e govern(ent t&e salaries and allo*ances &e received. As a de facto officer, &e is entitled to t&e salaries and allo*ances )ecause &e rendered services during &is incu()ency. (5odrigue- v. Tan, 91 P&il. 08# J1998K! T&e )ills *&ic& BA5T alone aut&ored and *ere approved )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives are valid )ecause &e *as a de facto officer during &is incu()ency. T&e acts of a de facto officer are valid insofar as t&e pu)lic is concerned. (People v. 3arcia, E1E +15A 809 J1999K!. ,lective Pu)lic @fficer; De Facto @fficer (8FFF! "o :;7. 7n t&e elections of May 1998, 1ru- and +antos *ere t&e candidates for t&e office of Municipal Mayor, t&e ter( of *&ic& *as to e'pire on 2une EF, 1999. Finding t&at &e *on )y a (argin of 8F votes, t&e Municipal Board of 1anvassers proclai(ed 1ru- as t&e duly elected Mayor. +antos filed an election protest )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt (5T1! *&ic& decided t&at it *as +antos *&o &ad t&e plurality of EF votes and proclai(ed &i( t&e *inner. @n (otion (ade, t&e 5T1 granted e'ecution pending t&e appeal of 1ru- to t&e 1@M,>,1 (1o(elec! and on t&is )asis. +antos assu(ed office and served as Municipal Mayor. 7n ti(e, t&e 1o(elec reversed t&e ruling of t&e 5T1 and instead ruled t&at 1ru- *on )y a (argin of #F votes and proclai(ed &i( t&e duly elected Municipal Mayor. a! 7t is no* )eyond 2une EF, 1999. 1an 1ru- still &old office for t&e portion of t&e ter( &e &as failed to serveC 4&yC (EH! )! 4as +antos a usurper and s&ould &e pay )ac= *&at &e &as received *&ile &olding t&e office as Municipal MayorC 4&yC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; a! 1ru- can no longer &old office for t&e portion of t&e ter( &e failed to serve since &is ter( &as e'pired.

)! +antos *as not a usurper. ?e *as a de facto officer, since &e &ad a color of election to t&e office of Municipal Mayor )y virtue of t&e decision in t&e election protest. ?ence, &e is entitled to t&e e(olu(ents of t&e office. ,lective Pu)lic @fficers; De Facto @fficer; effects (8FF#! :$B. A;, ran for 1ongress(an of I% province. ?o*ever, &is opponent, BA5T, *as t&e one proclai(ed and seated as t&e *inner of t&e election )y t&e 1@M,>,1. A;, filed seasona)ly a protest )efore ?5,T (?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal!. After t*o years, ?5,T reversed t&e 1@M,>,1Gs decision and A;, *as proclai(ed finally as t&e duly elected 1ongress(an. T&us, &e &ad only one year to serve in 1ongress. 1an A;, collect salaries and allo*ances fro( t&e govern(ent for t&e first t*o years of &is ter( as 1ongress(anC +&ould BA5T refund to t&e govern(ent t&e salaries and allo*ances &e &ad received as 1ongress(anC 4&at *ill &appen to t&e )ills t&at BA5T alone aut&ored and *ere approved )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives *&ile &e *as seated as 1ongress(anC 5eason and e'plain )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 B. A;, cannot collect salaries and allo*ances fro( t&e govern(ent for t&e first t*o years of &is ter(, )ecause in t&e (ean*&ile BA5T collected t&e salaries and allo*ances. BA5T *as a de facto officer *&ile &e *as in possession of t&e office. To allo* A;, to collect t&e salaries and allo*ances *ill result in (a=ing t&e govern(ent pay a second ti(e. (Mec&e(, A Treatise on t&e >a* of Pu)lic @ffices and Pu)lic @fficers, J1/9FK pp. 888$88E.! BA5T is not reBuired to refund to t&e govern(ent t&e salaries and allo*ances &e received. As a de facto officer, &e is entitled to t&e salaries and allo*ances )ecause &e rendered services during &is incu()ency. (5odrigue- v. Tan, 91 P&il. 08# 11998F. T&e )ills *&ic& BA5T alone aut&ored and *ere approved )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives are valid )ecause &e *as a de facto officer during &is incu()ency. T&e acts of a de facto officer are valid insofar as t&e pu)lic is concerned. (People v. 3arcia, E1E +15A 809 J1999FK!. M. Ter(ination of official relation Modes of 5e(oval fro( @ffice (199E! "o. 116 ?o* (ay t&e follo*ing )e re(oved fro( office6 1! +enators L 1ongress(en 8! 2udges of lo*er courts E! @fficers and e(ployees in t&e 1ivil +ervice +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! +enators, 1ong., Art. 777, section 1 (E!, of t&e 1onstitution, ... 8! 2udges, Art. ;777, sec. 11 of t&e 1onstitution, E! %nder Art. 7:$B. +ec. 8(E! of t&e 1onstitution, officers and e(ployees in t&e 1ivil +ervice (ay only )e re(oved for cause as provided )y la* and after o)servance of due process. T&eir re(oval (ust )e effected )y t&e appropriate disciplinary aut&ority in accordance *it& 1&. 0 secs. #0$#/ of Boo= ; of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0 and t&e 1ivil +ervice 5ules and 5egulations. A)andon(ent of @ffice (8FFF! "o ;77. Alcantara *as elected )arangay c&air(an and later president of t&e Association of Barangay 1ouncils in &is (unicipality. 7n t&at capacity, &e *as appointed )y t&e President as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan of &is (unicipality. >ater, t&e +ecretary of 7nterior and >ocal 3overn(ents appointed Alcantara as (e()er of t&e +anggunlang Panlala*igan of t&eir province to (eet a reorgani-ational contingency, and Mendo-a too= &is place in t&e +angguniang Bayan. Alcantara t&en *rote a letter of resignation fro( t&e +angguniang Bayan addressed to t&e Mayor of t&e (unicipality, ceased functioning as (e()er t&ereof and assu(ed office and perfor(ed &is functions as (e()er of t&e +anggunlang Panlala*igan. >ater, t&e reorgani-ation of t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan and t&e appoint(ent of Mendo-a *ere voided. 1an Alcantara reassu(e office as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan or &as &e lost it )ecause of resignationC a)andon(entC ,'plain. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Alcantara cannot reassu(e office as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan. As &eld in +angguniang Bayan of +an Andres v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8/# +15A 80 (199/!, Alcantara s&ould )e dee(ed to &ave a)andoned &is position as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan. ?is intention to a)andon &is position is s&o*n )y &is failure to perfor( &is function as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan, &is failure to collect t&e salary for t&e position, &is failure to o).ect

to t&e appoint(ent of &is replace(ent, and &is failure to initiate any act to reassu(e &is post after t&e reorgani-ation of t&e +angguniang Bayan *as voided. Alcantara effected &is intention )y &is letter of resignation, &is assu(ption of office as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan, &is disc&arge of &is duties as its (e()er, and &is receipt of t&e salary for suc& post. Alcantara cannot )e dee(ed to &ave lost &is office as (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan )y resignation. %nder +ection /8 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e resignation s&ould )e su)(itted to t&e +angguniang Bayan. ?e su)(itted it to t&e Mayor instead, and t&e resignation *as not accepted. Pro&i)ition @n ,lective @fficer to ?old Pu)lic @ffice (8FF8! "o ;77. : *as elected provincial governor for a ter( of t&ree years. ?e *as su)seBuently appointed )y t&e President of t&e P&ilippines serving at &er pleasure, as concurrent Presidential Assistant for Political Affairs in t&e @ffice of t&e President, *it&out additional co(pensation. 7s :As appoint(ent validC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e appoint(ent of : is not valid, )ecause t&e position of Presidential Assistant for Political Affairs is a pu)lic office. Article 7:$B +ection 0 of t&e 1onstitution provides t&at no elective official s&all )e eligi)le for appoint(ent or designation in any capacity to any pu)lic office or position during &is tenure. As &eld in Flores v. Drilon, 88E +15A 9 / (199E!, since an elective official is ineligi)le for an appointive position, &is appoint(ent is not valid. >. T&e civil service 1. +cope 1areer +ervice; 1&aracteristics (1999! "o 7: $ 4&at c&aracteri-es t&e career service and *&at are included in t&e career serviceC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to +ection 0, 1&apter 8, Title 7, Boo= ; of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0, t&e career service is c&aracteri-ed )y (1! ,ntrance )ased on (erit and fitness to )e deter(ined as far as practica)le )y co(petitive e'a(ination or )ased on &ig&ly tec&nical Bualifications; (8! opportunity for advance(ent to &ig&er career positions; and (E! security of tenure. T&e career service includes6 (1! @P," 1A5,,5 P@+7T7@"+ for appoint(ent to *&ic& prior Bualifications in an appropriate e'a(ination is reBuired; (8! 1>@+,D 1A5,,5 P@+7T7@"+ *&ic& are scientific or &ig&ly tec&nical in nature; (E! Positions in t&e 1A5,,5 ,:,1%T7;, +,5;71,; (#! 1areer officers ot&er t&an t&ose in t&e career e'ecutive service, *&o are appointed )y t&e President; (9! 1o((issioned officers and enlisted (en of t&e Ar(ed Forces; ( ! Personnel of govern(ent $o*ned or controlled corporations, *&et&er perfor(ing govern(ental or proprietary functions, *&o do not fall under t&e non$career service; and (0! Per(anent la)orers, *&et&er s=illed, se(is=illed, or uns=illed. Function of 1+1 (199#! "o. 19 $ 8! 1an t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission revo=e an appoint(ent )y t&e appointing po*er and direct t&e appoint(ent of an individual of its c&oiceC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to t&e ruling in Medalla vs. +to. To(as, 8F/ +15A E91, t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission cannot dictate to t&e appointing po*er *&o( to appoint. 7ts function is li(ited to deter(ining *&et&er or not t&e appointee (eets t&e (ini(u( Bualification reBuire(ents prescri)ed for t&e position. @t&er*ise, it *ould )e encroac&ing upon t&e discretion of t&e appointing po*er. 8. Appoint(ents to t&e civil service

 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission vs. 1@A (8FF#! (9$a! For(er 3overnor PP of AD+ Province &ad dis(issed several e(ployees to scale do*n t&e operations of &is @ffice. T&e e(ployees co(plained to t&e Merit +yste(s Protection Board, *&ic& ruled t&at t&e 1ivil +ervice rules *ere violated *&en t&e e(ployees *ere dis(issed. T&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission (1+1! affir(ed t&e M+PB decision, and ordered AD+ to reinstate t&e e(ployees *it& full )ac=*ages. AD+ did not appeal and t&e order )eca(e final. 7nstead of co(plying i((ediately, B@P, t&e incu()ent 3overnor of AD+, referred t&e (atter to t&e 1o((ission on Audit (1@A!, *&ic& ruled t&at t&e a(ounts due are t&e personal lia)ilities of t&e for(er 3overnor *&o dis(issed t&e e(ployees in )ad fait&. T&us, AD+ refused to pay. T&e final 1+1 decision, &o*ever, did not find t&e for(er 3overnor in )ad fait&. T&e for(er 3overnor *as li=e*ise not &eard on t&e Buestion of &is lia)ility. 7s AD+A refusal .ustifiedC 1an 1@A disallo* t&e pay(ent of )ac=*ages )y AD+ to t&e dis(issed e(ployees due under a final 1+1 decisionC Decide and reason )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e refusal of AD+ is not .ustified, and t&e 1o((ission on Audit cannot disallo* t&e pay(ent of )ac=*ages )y AD+ to t&e dis(issed e(ployee. T&e 1o((ission on Audit cannot (a=e a ruling t&at it is t&e for(er governor *&o s&ould )e personally lia)le, since t&e for(er governor *as not given t&e opportunity to )e &eard. 7n addition, t&e 1o((ission on Audit cannot set aside a final decision of t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission. T&e pay(ent of )ac=*ages to illegally dis(issed govern(ent e(ployee is not an irregular, unnecessary, e'cessive, e'travagant or unconsciona)le e'penditure. (%y v. 1o((ission on Audit, E8/ +15A F0 J8FFFK!. >a* of Pu)lic @fficers; "e't$in$5an= 5ule (199#! "o. 19 Pedro 1ru-, t&e 1ity ,ngineer of Baguio, retired. To fill t&e vacant position, t&e 1ity Mayor appointed 2ose 5eyes, a civil engineer *&o for(erly *or=ed under 1ru- )ut &ad )een assigned to t&e @ffice of t&e Mayor for t&e past five years. ;icente ,strada, t&e Assistant 1ity ,ngineer filed a protest *it& t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission clai(ing t&at )eing t&e officer ne't in ran= &e s&ould &ave )een appointed as 1ity ,ngineer. 1! 4&o &as a )etter rig&t to )e appointed to t&e contested positionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! @n t&e assu(ption t&at 2ose 5eyes possesses t&e (ini(u( Bualification reBuire(ents prescri)ed )y la* for t&e position, t&e appoint(ent e'tended to &i( is valid. 1onseBuently, &e &as a )etter rig&t t&an ;icente ,strada. T&e clai( of ,strada t&at )eing t&e officer ne't in ran= &e s&ould &ave )een appointed as 1ity ,ngineer is not (eritorious. 7t is a settled rule t&at t&e appointing aut&ority is not li(ited to pro(otion in filling up vacancies )ut (ay c&oose to fill t&e( )y t&e appoint(ent of persons *it& civil service eligi)ility appropriate to t&e position. ,ven if a vacancy *ere to )e filled )y pro(otion, t&e concept of <ne't in ran=< does not i(port any (andatory reBuire(ent t&at t&e person ne't in ran= (ust )e appointed to t&e vacancy. 4&at t&e civil service la* provides is t&at if a vacancy is filled )y pro(otion, t&e person &olding t&e position ne't in ran= t&ereto <s&all )e considered for pro(otion.< ,spanol v. 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission 8F +15A 019, A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; "eit&er 2ose 5eyes nor ;icente ,strada &as a )etter rig&t to )e appointed 1ity ,ngineer. As &eld in Barro-o vs. 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, 19/ +15A #/0, t&e appointing aut&ority is not reBuired to appoint t&e one ne't$in$ran= to fill a vacancy. ?e is allo*ed to fill it also )y t&e transfer of an e(ployee *&o possesses civil service eligi)ility E. Personnel actions M. Accounta)ility of pu)lic officers Ad(inistrative >ia)ility (8FF9! Ma'i(ino, an e(ployee of t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, is ad(inistratively c&arged *it& dis&onesty and gross (isconduct. During t&e for(al investigation of t&e c&arges, t&e +ecretary of ,ducation preventively suspended &i( for a period of F days. @n t&e Ft& day of t&e preventive suspension, t&e +ecretary rendered a verdict finding Ma'i(ino guilty, and ordered &is i((ediate dis(issal fro( t&e service.

Ma'i(ino appealed to t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission (1+1! , *&ic& affir(ed t&e +ecretaryGs decision. Ma'i(ino t&en elevated t&e (atter to t&e 1ourt of Appeals (1A! . T&e 1A reversed t&e 1+1 decision, e'onerating Ma'i(ino. T&e +ecretary of ,ducation t&e petitions t&e +upre(e 1ourt (+1! for t&e revie* of t&e 1A decision. a. 7s t&e +ecretary of ,ducation a proper party to see= t&e revie* of t&e 1A e'cision e'onerating Ma'i(inoC The Se0)et")1 o% E'!0"t on s not the ()o(e) (")t1 to see@ " )e& e+ o% the 'e0 s on o% the Co!)t o% A((e"#s 2e0"!se he s the one +ho he")' the 0"se "n' $(ose' the (en"#t1. Be n, the ' s0 (# n")1 "!tho) t1/ the Se0)et")1 o% e'!0"t on sho!#' 2e $(")t "# "n' sho!#' not "0t &e#1 (")t 0 ("te n ()ose0!t n, M"? $ no 5N"t on"# A((e##"te Bo")' o% the N"t on"# Po# 0e Co$$ ss on &. M"$"!",. A77 SCRA 72A 820069: ). 7f t&e +1 affir(s t&e 1A decision, is Ma'i(ino entitled to recover )ac= salaries corresponding to t&e entire period e& *as out of t&e serviceC M"? $ no 0"nnot )e0o&e) 2"0@ s"#") es '!) n, h s ()e&ent &e s!s(ens on. The #"+ 'oes not ()o& 'e %o) t. P)e&ent &e s!s(ens on s not " (en"#t1. D!) n, the ()e&ent &e s!s(ens on/ he +"s not 1et o!t o% se)& 0e. Ho+e&e)/ he s ent t#e' to 2"0@ +",es %)o$ the t $e o% h s ' s$ ss"# to h s )e nst"te$ent. The en%o)0e$ent o% the ' s$ ss"# (en' n, "((e"# +"s (!n t &e "n' he +"s e?one)"te' 5G#o) " &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s/ 307 SSCRA 2BD 81EEE9: 1. 7(peac&(ent 7(peac&(ent; 1ronyis( (8FFF! "o 77. 7s cronyis( a legal ground for t&e i(peac&(ent of t&e PresidentC ,'plain. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, cronyis( is a legal ground for t&e i(peac&(ent of t&e President. %nder +ection 8, Article :7 of t&e 1onstitution, )etrayal of pu)lic trust is one of t&e grounds for 7(peac&(ent. T&is refers to violation of t&e oat& of office and includes cronyis( *&ic& involves unduly favoring a crony to t&e pre.udice of pu)lic interest, (5ecord of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission, ;ol. 77, p. 808! 7(peac&(ent; 3rounds (1999! "o :; $4&at are t&e grounds for i(peac&(ent. ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection 8, Article :7 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e grounds for i(peac&(ent are 1 1ulpa)le violation of t&e 1onstitution $(eans intentional violation of t&e 1onstitution and not violations co((itted in good fait&. 8 Treason $ t&e sa(e (eaning as in t&e 5evised Penal 1ode E Bri)ery $ t&e sa(e (eaning as in t&e 5evised Penal 1ode # 3raft and 1orruption $refers to pro&i)ited acts enu(erated in t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act. 9 ot&er ?ig& 1ri(es $ refer to offenses t&at stri=e at t&e very life or orderly *or=ing of t&e govern(ent. and Betrayal of Pu)lic Trust $ refers to any violation of t&e oat& of office. (1ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 199/ ed., pp. EE $EE0; Bernas, T&e 19/0 1onstitution of t&e P&ilippines6 A 1o((entary, 199 ed., pp. 991$998! 7(peac&(ent; "ature; 3rounds; PD 1 F (19//! "o. 1#6 1. 4&at is i(peac&(ent, *&at are t&e grounds t&erefor, and *&o are t&e &ig& officials re(ova)le t&ere)yC 8. Presidential Decree "o. 1 F provides t&at 2ustices of t&e +andigan)ayan (ay )e re(oved only )y i(peac&(ent. 7s t&is Presidential Decree still validC 4&yC A"+4,56 1. 7(peac&(ent is a (et&od )y *&ic& persons &olding govern(ent positions of &ig& aut&ority, prestige, and dignity and *it& definite tenure (ay )e re(oved fro( office for causes closely related to t&eir conduct as pu)lic officials, (;.3. +7"1@, P?7>7PP7", P@>7T71A> >A4 E0E (llt& ed. 19 8!!. T&e grounds for i(peac&(ent are culpa)le violation of t&e 1onstitution, treason, )ri)ery, graft and corruption, ot&er &ig& cri(es and )etrayal of pu)lic trust. (Art. :7, sec. 8!. T&e officials re(ova)le )y i(peac&(ent are t&e President, ;ice President, t&e Me()ers of t&e +upre(e 1ourt, Me()ers of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issions and t&e @()uds(an. (7d.!

8. PD "o. 1 F , sec. 1, in so far as it provides for t&e re(oval of t&e (e()ers of t&e +andigan)ayan only )y i(peac&(ent (ust )e dee(ed to &ave )een rendered inoperative )y t&e ne* 1onstitution *&ic& provides t&at *it& t&e e'ception of t&e officials t&ere (entioned, <All ot&er pu)lic officers and e(ployees (ay )e re(oved fro( office as provided )y la*, )ut not )y i(peac&(ent.< Moreover, under Art. ;777, sec, 11, t&e po*er to re(ove lo*er court .udges is vested in t&e +upre(e 1ourt en )anc *&ic&, )y t&e vote of a (a.ority of t&e (e()ers *&o actually ta=e part in t&e deli)eration on t&e issues in t&e case and vote t&ereon, can dis(iss lo*er court .udges. 8. @()uds(an a! Functions @()uds(an6 Po*er to +uspend; Preventive +uspension (8FF#! ( ! Director 4@4 failed t&e lifestyle c&ec= conducted )y t&e @()uds(anAs @ffice )ecause 4@4s assets *ere grossly disproportionate to &is salary and allo*ances. Moreover, so(e assets *ere not included in &is +tate(ent of Assets and >ia)ilities. ?e *as c&arged of graft and corrupt practices and pending t&e co(pletion of investigations, &e *as suspended fro( office for si' (ont&s. A. Aggrieved, 4@4 petitioned t&e 1ourt of Appeals to annul t&e preventive suspension order on t&e ground t&at t&e @()uds(an could only reco((end )ut not i(pose t&e suspension. Moreover, according to 4@4, t&e suspension *as i(posed *it&out any notice or &earing, in violation of due process. 7s t&e petitionerAs contention (eritoriousC Discuss )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e contention of Director 4@4 is not (eritorious. T&e suspension (eted out to &i( is preventive and not punitive. +ection 8# of 5epu)lic Act "o. 00F grants t&e @()uds(an t&e po*er to i(pose preventive suspension up to si' (ont&s. Preventive suspension (ay)e i(posed *it&out any notice or &earing. 7t is (erely a preli(inary step in an ad(inistrative investigation and is not t&e final deter(ination of t&e guilt of t&e officer concerned. (3arcia v. Mo.ica, E1# +15A 8F0 J1999K!. B. For &is part, t&e @()uds(an (oved to dis(iss 4@4s petition. According to t&e @()uds(an t&e evidence of guilt of 4@4 is strong, and petitioner failed to e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies. 4@4 ad(itted &e filed no (otion for reconsideration, )ut only )ecause t&e order suspending &i( *as i((ediately e'ecutory. +&ould t&e (otion to dis(iss )e granted or notC Discuss )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 B. T&e (otion to dis(iss s&ould )e denied. +ince t&e suspension of Director 4@4 *as i((ediately e'ecutory, &e *ould &ave suffered irrepara)le in.ury &ad &e tried to e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies )efore filing a petition in court (%niversity of t&e P&ilippines Board of 5egents v. 5asul, 8FF +15A /9 J1991FTBesides, t&e Buestion involved is purely legal. (A-arcon v. Bunagan, E99 +15A E 9 J8FFEK!. @()uds(an; Po*er to 7nvestigate (8FFE! "o 77 A group of losing litigants in a case decided )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt filed a co(plaint )efore t&e @()uds(an c&arging t&e 2ustices *it& =no*ingly and deli)erately rendering an un.ust decision in utter violation of t&e penal la*s of t&e land. 1an t&e @()uds(an validly ta=e cogni-ance of t&e caseC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e @()uds(an cannot entertain t&e co(plaint. As stated in t&e case of 7n re6 >aureta. 1#/ +15A E/8 J19/0K, pursuant to t&e principle of separation of po*ers, t&e correctness of t&e decisions of t&e +upre(e 1ourt as final ar)iter of all .usticia)le disputes is conclusive upon all ot&er depart(ents of t&e govern(ent; t&e @()uds(an &as no po*er to revie* t&e decisions of t&e +upre(e 1ourt )y entertaining a co(plaint against t&e 2ustices of t&e +upre(e 1ourt for =no*ingly rendering an un.ust decision. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 Article :7, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at pu)lic officers (ust at all ti(es )e accounta)le to t&e people. +ection 88 of t&e @()uds(an Act provides t&at t&e @ffice of t&e @()uds(an &as t&e po*er to investigate any serious (isconduct allegedly co((itted )y officials re(ova)le )y i(peac&(ent for t&e purpose of filing a verified co(plaint for i(peac&(ent if *arranted. T&e @()uds(an can entertain t&e co(plaint for t&is purpose. @()uds(an; Po*er to +uspend; Preventive +uspension (199 !

"o. 1F6 8! An ad(inistrative co(plaint for violation of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act against : *as filed *it& t&e @()uds(an. 7((ediately after ta=ing cogni-ance of t&e case and t&e affidavits su)(itted to &i(, t&e @()uds(an ordered t&e preventive suspension of : pending preli(inary investigation. : Buestioned t&e suspension order, contending t&at t&e @()uds(an can only suspend preventively su)ordinate e(ployees in &is o*n office. 7s : correctC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, : is not correct. As &eld in Buenaseda vs. Flavier, 88 +15A #9. under +ection 8# of 5epu)lic Act "o. 00F, t&e @()uds(an can place under preventive suspension any officer under &is disciplinary aut&ority pending an investigation. T&e (o(ent a co(plaint is filed *it& t&e @()uds(an, t&e respondent is under &is aut&ority. 1ongress intended to e(po*er t&e @()uds(an to suspend all officers, even if t&ey are e(ployed in ot&er offices in t&e 3overn(ent. T&e *ords <su)ordinate< and <in &is )ureau< do not appear in t&e grant of suc& po*er to t&e @()uds(an. )! 2udicial revie* in ad(inistrative proceedings Ad(in >a*; 2udicial 5evie* of Ad(inistrative Action (8FF1! "o :7; 3ive t&e t*o (8! reBuisites for t&e .udicial revie* of ad(inistrative decisionDactions, t&at is, *&en is an ad(inistrative action ripe for 2udicial revie*C (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e conditions for ripeness for .udicial revie* of an ad(inistrative action6 1. T&e ad(inistrative action &as already )een fully co(pleted and, t&erefore, is a final agency action; and 8. All ad(inistrative re(edies &ave )een e'&austed. J3on-ales, Ad(inistrative >a*, 5e' Boo=store6 Manila, p. 1E (1909!K. Ad(in >a*; 2udicial 5evie* of Ad(inistrative Decisions (19//! "o. 106 Ape' >ogging 1o. and Bati)ot >ogging 1o. are ad.acent ti()er concession &olders in 7sa)ela. Because of )oundary conflicts, and (utual c&arges of incursions into t&eir respective concession areas, t&e Bureau of Forestry ordered a survey to esta)lis& on t&e ground t&eir co((on )oundary. T&e Bureau of ForestryAs decision in effect favored Bati)ot. Ape' appealed to t&e Depart(ent of "atural 5esources and ,nviron(ent and t&is depart(ent reversed t&e decision of t&e Bureau of Forestry and sustained Ape'. 7t *as t&e turn of Bati)ot to appeal to t&e @ffice of t&e President. T&e @ffice of t&e President t&roug& an Asst. ,'ecutive +ecretary sustained t&e Depart(ent of "atural 5esources arid ,nviron(ent. @n a (otion for reconsideration )y Bati)ot, &o*ever, an Asst. ,'ecutive +ecretary ot&er t&an t&e one *&o signed t&e decision affir(ing t&e decision of t&e Depart(ent of "atural 5esources and ,nviron(ent decided for Bati)ot, Dissatisfied *it& t&e Ad(inistrative action on t&e controversy. Ape' filed an action *it& t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt against Bati)ot, t&e Director of Forestry, and t&e Asst. ,'ecutive +ecretaries insisting t&at a .udicial revie* of suc& divergent ad(inistrative decisions is necessary to deter(ine t&e correct )oundary line of t&e licensed areas in Buestion. Bati)ot (oved to dis(iss t&e action, )ut t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt denied t&e sa(e and even en.oined enforce(ent of t&e decision of Bati)ot t&en filed a petition for certiorari and pro&i)ition to revie* and annul t&e orders of t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt. Do you )elieve t&e petition for certiorari and pro&i)ition is (eritoriousC 4&y or *&y notC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition for certiorari and pro&i)ition is (eritorious; t&e order of t&e trial court (ust accordingly )e set aside. As &eld in a si(ilar case, >ianga Bay >ogging 1o. v. ,nage, 198 +15A /F (19/0!, decisions of ad(inistrative officers s&ould not )e distur)ed )y t&e courts e'cept *&en t&e for(er &ave acted *it&out or in e'cess of t&eir .urisdiction or *it& grave a)use of discretion. T&e (ere suspicion of Ape' t&at t&ere *ere ano(alies in t&e nonrelease of t&e first <decision< and its su)stitution of a ne* one )y anot&er Assistant ,'ecutive +ecretary does not .ustify .udicial revie*. Mere )eliefs, suspicions and con.ectures cannot overco(e t&e presu(ption of regularity of official action. c! 2udicial revie* in penal proceedings E. +andigan)ayan #. 7ll$gotten *ealt&

 5eceiving of 7ndirect 1o(pensation (1990! "o. 1/; A, *&ile an incu()ent 3overnor of &is province, *as invited )y t&e 3overn(ent of 1a()odia as its official guest. 4&ile t&ere, t&e sovereign =ing a*arded 3overnor A *it& a decoration of &onor and gifted &i( *it& a gold ring of insignificant (onetary value, )ot& of *&ic& &e accepted. 4as 3overnor AAs acceptance of t&e decoration and gift violative of t&e 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, it violated +ection /, Article 7:$B of t&e 1onstitution. For &is acceptance of t&e decoration of &onor and t&e gold ring fro( t&e 3overn(ent of 1a()odia to )e valid, 3overnor A s&ould first o)tain t&e consent of 1ongress. 3raft and 1orruption; Prescription of 1ri(e (8FF8! "o :77. +uppose a pu)lic officer &as co((itted a violation of +ection E ()! and (c! of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act O5A "o, EF19!, as a(ended, )y receiving (onetary and ot&er (aterial considerations for contracts entered into )y &i( in )e&alf of t&e govern(ent and in connection *it& ot&er transactions, as a result of *&ic& &e &as a(assed illegally acBuired *ealt&. (a! Does t&e cri(inal offense co((itted prescri)eC (8H! ()! Does t&e rig&t of t&e govern(ent to recover t&e illegally acBuired *ealt& prescri)eC (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! A violation of +ection E()! and (c! of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act prescri)es. As &eld in Presidential Ad$?oc Fact$Finding 1o((ittee on Be&est >oans v. Desierto, E10 +15A 808 (1999!, Article :7, +ection 19 of t&e 1onstitution does not apply to cri(inal cases for violation of t&e Anti$3raft and 1orrupt Practices Act ()! Article :7, +ection 19 of t&e 1onstitution provides t&at t&e rig&t of t&e +tate to recover properties unla*fully acBuired )y pu)lic officials or e(ployees, or fro( t&e( or fro( t&eir no(inees or transferees, s&all not )e )arred )y prescription. ". Ter( li(its +ecurity of Tenure (19//! "o. 1F6 ,'ercising po*er &e clai(s &ad )een granted &i( )y t&e ,'ecutive @rder on t&e reorgani-ation of t&e govern(ent, t&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s su((arily dis(issed t*o &undred si'ty$five officials and e(ployees of t&e Bureau of 1usto(s. Most of t&e ousted e(ployees appealed to t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission clai(ing t&eir ouster illegal. T&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, after &earing, later ordered t&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s to reinstate (ost of t&ose dis(issed. 7nstead of follo*ing t&e order of t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, 1o((issioner Mison intends to )ring for revie* )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt, t&e sa(e decision of t&e 1o((ission. 1. 7f you *ere t&e counsel for t&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s, &o* *ould you .ustify &is dis(issal of custo(s officials and e(ployeesC 8. 7f on t&e ot&er &and, you *ere a counsel for t&e dis(issed officials and e(ployees, &o* *ould you sustain t&e order of t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission reinstating (ost of t&e(C +tate your reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. 7 *ould invo=e t&e resolution in 2ose v. Arroyo, 3.5. "o. 0/#E9, Aug. 11, 19/0, in *&ic& t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at under Art. :;777, sec, 1 of t&e 1onstitution, career service e(ployees (ay )e re(oved <not for cause )ut as a result of t&e reorgani-ation pursuant to Procla(ation "o. E dated Marc& 89, 19/ and t&e reorgani-ation follo*ing t&e ratification of t&is 1onstitution.< By virtue of t&is provision, it *as &eld t&at t&e reorgani-ation of t&e Bureau of 1usto(s under ,'ecutive @rder "o, 180 (ay continue even after t&e ratification of t&e 1onstitution, and career service e(ployees (ay )e separated fro( t&e service *it&out cause as a result of suc& reorgani-ation. 8. 7 *ould argue t&at art. :;777, sec. 1 does not really aut&ori-e t&e re(oval of career service e(ployees )ut si(ply provides for t&e pay(ent of separation, retire(ent, and ot&er )enefits accruing to t&e( under t&e applica)le la*s. T&e reference to career service e(ployees separated <as a result of t&e reorgani-ation follo*ing t&e ratification of t&is 1onstitution< is only to t&ose separated as a result of reorgani-ation of t&e structure and functions of govern(ent (e.g., as a result of a)olition of offices! as distinguis&ed fro( t&e reorgani-ation of personnel *&ic& is *&at is referred to t&erein as <t&e reorgani-ation pursuant to Procla(ation "o. E dated Marc& 89, 19/ .< For t&e po*er of t&e govern(ent to ter(inate t&e e(ploy(ent of elective and appointive officials pursuant to Art. 777, sec. 8 of Procla(ation "o. E (ot&er*ise =no*n as t&e Provisional 1onstitution!, t&roug& t&e appoint(ent or designation of t&eir successors &as )een repeatedly &eld to &ave ended on Fe)ruary 8, 19/0, *&en t&e ne* 1onstitution too= effect.

(De >eon v. ,sguerra, 19E +15A F8 (19/0!; 5eyes v. Ferrer 3.5. "o. 00/F1, Dec. 11, 19/0; @sias v. Ferrer, 3.5, "o. 00F#9, Marc& 8/, 19//!, Moreover, suc& replace(ent of incu()ents can only )e for cause as prescri)ed )y ,'ecutive @rder "o. 10, dated May 8/, 19/ . +ince t&e su((ary dis(issals in Buestion are not for cause, t&e re(oval of t&e Bureau of 1usto(s officials violates art. 7:, B, sec, 8(E! of t&e 1onstitution. +ecurity of Tenure (I9$8FF9! (E! 5icardo *as elected Dean of t&e 1ollege of ,ducation in a +tate %niversity for a ter( of five (9! years unless sooner ter(inated. Many *ere not pleased *it& &is perfor(ance. To appease t&ose critical of &i(, t&e President created a ne* position, t&at of +pecial Assistant to t&e President *it& t&e ran= of Dean, *it&out reduction in salary, and appointed 5icardo to said position in t&e interest of t&e service. 1onte(poraneously, t&e %niversity President appointed +antos as Acting Dean in place of 5icardo. (9H! (a! Does t&e p&rase <unless sooner ter(inated< (ean t&at t&e position of 5icardo is ter(ina)le at *illC A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o, t&e ter( <unless sooner ter(inated< could not (ean t&at &is position is ter(ina)le at *ill. +ecurity of tenure (eans t&at dis(issal s&ould only )e for cause, as provided )y la* and not ot&er*ise. (Pal(era v. 1+1, 3.5. "o. 11F1 /, August #, 199#! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o, &is position is not ter(ina)le at *ill. 5icardoAs contract of e(ploy(ent &as a fi'ed ter( of five years. 7t is not an appoint(ent in an acting capacity or as officer$in$c&arge. A college dean appointed *it& a ter( cannot )e separated *it&out cause. 5icardo, *it& a definite ter( of e(ploy(ent, (ay not t&us )e ()! 4as 5icardo re(oved fro( &is position as Dean of t&e 1ollege of ,ducation or (erely transferred to t&e position of +pecial Assistant to t&e PresidentC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 5icardo *as re(oved fro( &is position as dean. ?aving an appoint(ent *it& a fi'ed ter(, &e cannot, *it&out &is consent, )e transferred )efore t&e end of &is ter(. ?e cannot )e as=ed to give up &is post nor appointed as dean of anot&er college, (uc& less transferred to anot&er position even if it )e dignified *it& a deanAs ran=. More t&an t&is, t&e transfer *as a de(otion )ecause deans&ip in a university, )eing an acade(ic position *&ic& reBuires learning, a)ility and sc&olars&ip, is (ore e'alted t&an t&at of a special assistant *&o (erely assists t&e President, as t&e title indicates. T&e special assistant does not (a=e aut&oritative decisions unli=e t&e dean *&o does so in &is o*n na(e and responsi)ility. T&e position of dean is created )y la*, *&ile t&e special assistant is not so provided )y la*; it *as a creation of t&e university president. (+ta. Maria v. >ope-, 3.5. "o. >$EF00E, Fe)ruary 1/, 190F! +ecurity of Tenure; Meaning (1999! "o 7: $ $4&at is t&e (eaning and guarantee of security of tenureC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Pal(era v. 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, 8E9 +15A /0, +,1%57TN @F T,"%5, (eans t&at no officer or e(ployee in t&e 1ivil +ervice s&all )e suspended or dis(issed e'cept for cause as provided )y la* and after due process. ,'piration of ter( )ars service t&ereof (8FFF! "o :;7. 7n t&e elections of May 1998, 1ru- and +antos *ere t&e candidates for t&e office of Municipal Mayor, t&e ter( of *&ic& *as to e'pire on 2une EF, 1999. Finding t&at &e *on )y a (argin of 8F votes, t&e Municipal Board of 1anvassers proclai(ed 1ru- as t&e duly elected Mayor. +antos filed an election protest )efore t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt (5T1! *&ic& decided t&at it *as +antos *&o &ad t&e plurality of EF votes and proclai(ed &i( t&e *inner. @n (otion (ade, t&e 5T1 granted e'ecution pending t&e appeal of 1ru- to t&e 1@M,>,1 (1o(elec! and on t&is )asis. +antos assu(ed office and served as Municipal Mayor. 7n ti(e, t&e 1o(elec reversed t&e ruling of t&e 5T1 and instead ruled t&at 1ru- *on )y a (argin of #F votes and proclai(ed &i( t&e duly elected Municipal Mayor. a! 7t is no* )eyond 2une EF, 1999. 1an 1ru- still &old office for t&e portion of t&e ter( &e &as failed to serveC 4&yC (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; a! As &eld in Malaluan v. 1@M,>,1, 89# +15A E90 (199 !. 1ru- can no longer &old office for t&e portion of t&e ter( &e failed to serve since &is ter( &as e'pired

:. Ad(inistrative >a* A. 3eneral principles B. Ad(inistrative agencies 1. Definition Ad(in >a*; Meaning of U3overn(ent of t&e P&ilippinesV (1990! "o. E6 Are govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations *it&in t&e scope and (eaning of t&e <3overn(ent of t&e P&ilippines<C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 +ection 8 of t&e 7ntroductory Provision of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0 defines t&e govern(ent of t&e P&ilippines as t&e corporate govern(ental entity t&roug& *&ic& t&e functions of govern(ent are e'ercised t&roug&out t&e P&ilippines, including, sa(e as t&e contrary appears fro( t&e conte't, t&e various ar(s t&roug& *&ic& political aut&ority is (ade effective in t&e P&ilippines, *&et&er pertaining to t&e autono(ous regions, t&e provincial, city, (unicipal or )arangay su)divisions or ot&er for(s of local govern(ent. 3overn(ent o*ned or controlled corporation are *it&in t&e scope and (eaning of t&e 3overn(ent of t&e P&ilippines if t&ey are perfor(ing govern(ental or political functions. 8. Manner of creation E. Minds 3overn(ent Agency vs. 3overn(ent 7nstru(entality (I0$8FF9! (E! +tate *it& reason(s! *&ic& of t&e follo*ing is a govern(ent agency or a govern(ent instru(entality6 Depart(ent of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays; Bang=o +entral ng Pilipinas; P&ilippine Ports Aut&ority; >and Transportation @ffice; >and Ban= of t&e P&ilippines. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 An 7"+T5%M,"TA>7TN refers to any agency of t&e national govern(ent not integrated *it&in t&e depart(ental fra(e*or=, vested *it& special functions or .urisdiction )y la*, *it& so(e if not all corporate po*ers, ad(inistering special funds, and en.oying operational autono(y, usually t&roug& a c&arter. (7ron and +teel Aut&ority v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 1F890 , @cto)er 89, 1999! A3,"1N under t&e ad(inistrative code is any depart(ent, )ureau, office, co((ission, aut&ority or officer of t&e national govern(ent, aut&ori-ed )y la* or e'ecutive order to (a=e rules, issue licenses, grant rig&ts or privileges, and ad.udicate cases; researc& institutions *it& respect to licensing functions; govern(ent corporations *it& respect to functions regulating private rig&ts, privileges, occupation or )usiness, and officials in t&e e'ercise of t&e disciplinary po*ers as provided )y la*. T&ere is "@ P5A1T71A> D7+T7"1T7@" )et*een an instru(entality and agency, for all intents and purposes. A distinction, &o*ever, (ay )e (ade *it& respect to t&ose entities possessing a separate c&arter created )y statute. DP4? is an agency. 7t does not possess a separate c&arter. B+P is an instru(entality )ecause it *as incorporated under t&e ne* 1entral Ban= >a* (5.A. "o. 0 9E! PPA can )e defined as )ot& an instru(entality and an agency )ecause it *as incorporated )y special la* and it &as its o*n c&arter, yet it is integrated *it& t&e D@T1. >T@ is an agency. 7t is an office of t&e D@T1. >BP is an instru(entality &aving a c&arter under a special la* and is a govern(ent financial institution (3F7! independent of any depart(ent of govern(ent. 1. Po*ers of ad(inistrative agencies 1. Iuasi$legislative (rule (a=ing! po*er

a! Minds of ad(inistrative rules and regulations )! 5eBuisites for validity 8. Iuasi$.udicial (ad.udicatory! po*er Iuasi$2udicial Body or Agency (I9$8FF ! E. 4&at is a Buasi$.udicial )ody or agencyC (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A Buasi$.udicial )ody or agency is an ad(inistrative )ody *it& t&e po*er to &ear, deter(ine or ascertain facts and decide rig&ts, duties and o)ligations of t&e parties )y t&e application of rules to t&e ascertained facts. By t&is po*er, Buasi$.udicial agencies are ena)led to interpret and apply i(ple(enting rules and regulations pro(ulgated )y t&e( and la*s entrusted to t&eir ad(inistration. a! Ad(inistrative due process Due Process; Deportation (199#! "o. 96 A co(plaint *as filed )y 7ntelligence agents of t&e Bureau of 7((igration and Deportation (B7D! against +tevie, a 3er(an national, for &is deportation as an undesira)le alien. T&e 7((igration 1o((issioner directed t&e +pecial Board of 7nBuiry to conduct an 7nvestigation. At t&e said 7nvestigation, a la*yer fro( t&e >egal Depart(ent of t&e B7D presented as *itnesses t&e t&ree 7ntelligence agents *&o filed t&e co(plaint. @n t&e )asis of t&e findings, report and reco((endation of t&e Board of +pecial 7nBuiry, t&e B7D 1o((issioners unani(ously voted for +tevieAs deportation. +tevieAs la*yer Buestioned t&e deportation order 1! @n t&e ground t&at +tevie *as denied due process )ecause t&e B7D 1o((issioners *&o rendered t&e decision *ere not t&e ones *&o received t&e evidence, in violation of t&e <?e *&o decides (ust &ear< rule. 7s &e correctC 8! @n t&e ground t&at t&ere *as a violation of due process )ecause t&e co(plainants, t&e prosecutor and t&e &earing officers *ere all su)ordinates of t&e B7D 1o((issioners *&o rendered t&e deportation decision. 7s &e correctC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, +tevie is not correct. As &eld in Ada(son A Ada(son, 7nc. vs. A(ores, 198 +15A 8E0, ad(inistrative due process does not reBuire t&at t&e actual ta=ing of testi(ony or t&e presentation of evidence )efore t&e sa(e officer *&o *ill decide t&e case. 7n A(erican To)acco 1o. v. Director of Patents, 0 +15A 8/0, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &as ruled t&at so long as t&e actual decision on t&e (erits of t&e cases is (ade )y t&e officer aut&ori-ed )y la* to decide, t&e po*er to &old a &earing on t&e )asis of *&ic& &is decision *ill )e (ade can )e delegated and is not offensive to due process. T&e 1ourt noted t&at6 <As long as a party is not deprived of &is rig&t to present &is o*n case and su)(it evidence in support t&ereof, and t&e decision is supported )y t&e evidence in t&e record, t&ere is no Buestion t&at t&e reBuire(ents of due process and fair trial are fully (et. 7n s&ort, t&ere is no a)rogation of responsi)ility on t&e part of t&e officer concerned as t&e actual decision re(ains *it& and is (ade )y said officer. 7t is, &o*ever, reBuired t&at to give t&e su)stance of a &earing, *&ic& is for t&e purpose of (a=ing deter(inations upon evidence t&e officer *&o (a=es t&e deter(inations (ust consider and appraise t&e evidence *&ic& .ustifies t&e(. 8! "o, +tevie *as not denied due process si(ply )ecause t&e co(plainants, t&e prosecutor, and t&e &earing officers *ere all su)ordinates of t&e 1o((issioner of t&e Bureau of 7((igration and Deportation. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in ,rianger L 3alinger, 7nc. vs. 1ourt of 7ndustrial 5elations, 11F P&il. #0F, t&e findings of t&e su)ordinates are not conclusive upon t&e 1o((issioners, *&o &ave t&e discretion to accept or re.ect t&e(. 4&at is i(portant is t&at +tevie *as not deprived of &is rig&t to present &is o*n case and su)(it evidence in support t&ereof, t&e decision is supported )y su)stantial evidence, and t&e co((issioners acted on t&eir o*n independent consideration of t&e la* and facts of t&e case, and did not si(ply accept t&e vie*s of t&eir su)ordinates in arriving at a decision. Due Process; Forfeiture Proceedings (199E! "o. 1#6 T&e +D+ <Masoy< of Pana(anian registry, *&ile (oored at t&e +out& ?ar)or, *as found to &ave contra)and goods on )oard. T&e 1usto(s Tea( found out t&at t&e vessel did not &ave t&e reBuired s&ipAs per(it and s&ipping docu(ents. T&e vessel and its cargo *ere &eld and a *arrant of +ei-ure and Detention *as issued after due investigation. 7n t&e course of t&e forfeiture proceedings, t&e s&ip captain and t&e s&ipAs resident agent e'ecuted s*orn state(ents )efore t&e 1usto( legal officer ad(itting t&at contra)and cargo *ere found a)oard t&e vessel. T&e s&ipping lines o).ect to t&e ad(ission of t&e state(ents as evidence contending t&at during t&eir e'ecution, t&e captain and t&e s&ipping agent *ere not assisted )y counsel, in violation of due process. Decide.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ad(ission of t&e state(ents of t&e captain and t&e s&ipping agent as evidence did not violate due process even if t&ey *ere not assisted )y counsel. 7n Feeder 7nternational >ine, Pts. >td. v. 1ourt of Appeals, 190 +15A /#8, 7t *as &eld t&at t&e assistance of counsel is not indispensa)le to due process in forfeiture proceedings since suc& proceedings are not cri(inal in nature. Moreover, t&e strict rules of evidence and procedure *ill not apply in ad(inistrative proceedings li=e sei-ure and forfeiture proceedings. 4&at is i(portant is t&at t&e parties are afforded t&e opportunity to )e &eard and t&e decision of t&e ad(inistrative aut&ority is )ased on su)stantial evidence. Ad(in >a*; 5ules and 5egulations; Due Process (8FFF! "o 777. $T&e Mariti(e 7ndustry Aut&ority (MA57"A! issued ne* rules and regulations governing pilotage services and fees, and t&e conduct of pilots in P&ilippine ports. T&is it did *it&out notice, &earing nor consultation *it& &ar)or pilots or t&eir associations *&ose rig&ts and activities are to )e su)stantially affected. T&e &ar)or pilots t&en filed suit to &ave t&e ne* MA57"A rules and regulations declared unconstitutional for &aving )een issued *it&out due process. Decide t&e case. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e issuance of t&e ne* rules and regulations violated due process. %nder +ection 9, 1&apter 77, Boo= ;77 of t&e Ad(inistrative 1ode of 19/0, as far as practica)le, )efore adopting proposed rules, an ad(inistrative agency s&ould pu)lis& or circulate notices of t&e proposed rules and afford interested parties t&e opportunity to su)(it t&eir vie*s; and in t&e fi'ing of rates, no rule s&all )e valid unless t&e proposed rates s&all &ave )een pu)lis&ed in a ne*spaper of general circulation at least t*o *ee=s )efore t&e first &earing on t&e(. 7n accordance *it& t&is provision, in 1o((issioner of 7nternal 5evenue v 1A, 8 1 +15A 8E (199 !, it *as &eld t&at *&en an ad(inistrative rule su)stantially increases t&e )urden of t&ose directly affected, t&ey s&ould )e accorded t&e c&ance to )e &eard )efore its issuance. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +u)(ission of t&e rule to t&e %niversity of t&e P&ilippines >a* 1enter for pu)lication is (andatory. %nless t&is reBuire(ent is co(plied *it&, t&e rule cannot )e enforced. )! Ad(inistrative appeal and revie* c! Ad(inistrative res .udicata E. Fact$finding, investigative, licensing and rate$fi'ing po*ers Due Process; %rgent Pu)lic "eed (19/0! "o. 776 T&e Manila Transportation 1o(pany applied for up*ard ad.ust(ent of its rates )efore t&e Transportation 5egulatory Board. Pending t&e petition, t&e T5B, *it&out previous &earing, granted a general nation*ide provisional increase of rates. 7n anot&er @rder, T5B reBuired t&e co(pany to pay t&e unpaid supervisory fees collecti)le under t&e Pu)lic +ervice >a*. After due notice and &earing, on t&e )asis of t&e evidence presented )y Manila Transportation 1o(pany and t&e @ppositors, T5B issued an @rder reducing t&e rates applied for )y one$ fourt&. 1&aracteri-e t&e po*ers e'ercised )y t&e T5B in t&is case and deter(ine *&et&er under t&e present constitutional syste( t&e Transportation 5egulatory Board can )e validly conferred t&e po*ers e'ercised )y it in issuing t&e @rders given a)ove. ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e orders in t&is case involve t&e e'ercise of .udicial function )y an ad(inistrative agency, and t&erefore, as a general rule, t&e cardinal pri(ary rig&ts enu(erated in Ang Ti)ay v. 175, 9 P&il. E9 (19#F! (ust )e o)served. 7n ;igart ,lectric >ig&t 1o, v. P+1, 1F +15A # (19 #! it *as &eld t&at a rate order, *&ic& applies e'clusively to a particular party and is predicated on a finding of fact, parta=es of t&e nature of a Buasi .udicial, rat&er t&an legislative, function. T&e first order, granting a provisional rate increase *it&out &earing, is valid if .ustified )y %53,"T P%B>71 ",,D, suc& as increase in t&e cost of fuel. T&e po*er of t&e Pu)lic +ervice 1o((ission to grant suc& increase *as up&eld in several cases. (+ilva v. @ca(po, 9F P&il. 000 (1998!; ?alili v. P+1, 98 P&il. 1FE (199E!!

T&e second order reBuiring t&e co(pany to pay unpaid supervisory fees under t&e Pu)lic +ervice Act cannot )e sustained. T&e co(pany &as a rig&t to )e &eard, )efore it (ay )e ordered to pay. (Ang Ti)ay v. 175, 9 P&il. E9 (19#F!! T&e t&ird order can )e .ustified. T&e fact t&at t&e T5B &as allo*ed a provisional rate increase does not )ind it to (a=e t&e order per(anent if t&e evidence later su)(itted does not .ustify increase )ut, on t&e contrary, *arrants t&e reduction of rates. D. 2udicial recourse and revie* 1. Doctrine of pri(ary ad(inistrative .urisdiction 8. Doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies ADM7"7+T5AT7;, >A4 Ad(in >a*; ,'&austion of Ad(inistrative 5e(edies (1991! "o. 96 B, For )eing notoriously undesira)le and a recidivist, 2ose Tapulan, an e(ployee in t&e first level of t&e career service in t&e @ffice of t&e Provincial 3overnor of Mas)ate, *as dis(issed )y t&e 3overnor *it&out for(al investigation pursuant to +ection #F of t&e 1ivil +ervice Decree (P.D. "o. /F0P *&ic& aut&ori-es su((ary proceedings in suc& cases. As a la*yer of 2ose *&at steps, if any, *ould you ta=e to protect &is rig&tsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; B. +ection #F of t&e 1ivil +ervice Decree &as )een repealed )y 5epu)lic Act "o. 9#. As la*yer of 2ose Tapulan, 7 *ill file a petition for (anda(us to co(pel &is reinstate(ent. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in Mangu)at us. @s(ena, 3.5 "o. >$18/E0, April EF, 1999, 1F9 P&il. 1EF/, t&ere is no need to e'&aust all ad(inistrative re(edies )y appealing to t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission, since t&e act of t&e governor is patently 7llegal. Ad(in >a*; ,'&austion of Ad(inistrative 5e(edies (8FFF! a! ,'plain t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies. (8H! )! 3ive at least t&ree (E! e'ceptions to its application. (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A.! T&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies (eans t&at *&en an adeBuate re(edy is availa)le *it&in t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent, a litigant (ust first e'&aust t&is re(edy )efore &e can resort to t&e courts. T&e purpose of t&e doctrine is to ena)le t&e ad(inistrative agencies to correct t&e(selves if t&ey &ave co((itted an error. (5osales v. 1ourt of Appeals, 1 9 +15A E## J19//1! B.! T&e follo*ing are t&e e'ceptions to t&e application of t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies6 1. T&e Buestion involved is purely legal; 8. T&e ad(inistrative )ody is in estoppel; E. T&e act co(plained of is patently illegal; #. T&ere is an urgent need for 2udicial intervention; 9. T&e clai( involved is s(all; . 3rave and irrepara)le in.ury *ill )e suffered; 0. T&ere is no ot&er plain, speedy and adeBuate re(edy; /. +trong pu)lic interest is involved; 9. T&e su).ect of t&e controversy is private la*; 1F. T&e case involves a Buo *arranto proceeding (+unville Ti()er Products, 7nc. v. A)ad. 8F +15A #/8 O1998!; 11. T&e party *as denied due process (+a(a&ang Mag)u)u=id ng Mapdula, 7nc. v. 1ourt of Appeals, EF9 +15A 1#0 J1999K!; 18. T&e decision is t&at of a Depart(ent +ecretary. ("a-areno v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 1E1 #1, Fe)ruary 8E. 8FFF!; 1E. 5esort to ad(inistrative re(edies *ould )e futile (%niversity of t&e P&ilippines Board of 5egents v. 5asul 8FF +15A /9 J1991K!; 1#. T&ere is unreasona)le delay (5epu)lic v, +andigan)ayan, EF1 +15A 8E0 J1999K!; 19. <T&e action involves recovery of p&ysical possession of pu)lic land (3a)rito u. 1ourt of Appeals, 1 0 +15A 001 O19//K!; 1 . T&e party is poor (+a)ello v. Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports, 1/F +15A 8E J19/9K!; and 10. T&e la* provides for i((ediate resort to t&e court (5ulian v ;alde-, 18 +15A 9F1 J19 #K!. O"ote6 T&e e'a(inee s&ould )e given full credit if &e gives t&ree of t&e a)ove$(entioned e'ceptions.P

 Ad(in >a*; ,'&austion of Ad(inistrative 5e(edies vs Doctrine of Pri(ary 2urisdiction (199 ! "o. 116 1! Distinguis& t&e doctrine of pri(ary .urisdiction fro( t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies. 8! Does t&e failure to e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies )efore filing a case in court oust said court of .urisdiction to &ear t&e caseC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; 1! T&e doctrine of pri(ary .urisdiction and t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies )ot& deal *it& t&e proper relations&ips )et*een t&e courts and ad(inistrative agencies. T&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies applies *&ere a clai( is cogni-a)le in t&e first instance )y an ad(inistrative agency alone. 2udicial interference is *it&&eld until t&e ad(inistrative process &as )een co(pleted. As stated in 7ndustrial ,nterprises, 7nc. vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 1/# +15A #8 . T&e doctrine of pri(ary .urisdiction applies *&ere a case is *it&in t&e concurrent .urisdiction of t&e court and an ad(inistrative agency )ut t&e deter(ination of t&e case reBuires t&e tec&nical e'pertise of t&e ad(inistrative agency. 7n suc& a case, alt&oug& t&e (atter is *it&in t&e .urisdiction of t&e court, it (ust yield to t&e .urisdiction of t&e ad(inistrative case. 8! "o, t&e failure to e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies )efore filing a case in court does not oust t&e court of .urisdiction to &ear t&e case. As &eld in 5osario vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 811 +15A E/#, t&e failure to e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies does not affect t&e .urisdiction of t&e court )ut results in t&e lac= of a cause of action, )ecause a condition precedent t&at (ust )e satisfied )efore action can )e filed *as not fulfilled. Ad(in >a*; ,'&austion of Ad(inistrative 5e(edies; ,'ceptions (1991! "o. /6 @n t&e )asis of a verified report and confidential infor(ation t&at various electronic eBuip(ent, *&ic& *ere illegally i(ported into t&e P&ilippines, *ere found in t&e )odega of t&e Ti=asan 1orporation located at 1FF8 Bina=ayan +t., 1e)u 1ity, t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s of 1e)u issued, in t&e (orning of 8 2anuary 19//, a 4arrant of +ei-ure and Detention against t&e corporation for t&e sei-ure of t&e electronic eBuip(ent. T&e *arrant particularly descri)es t&e electronic eBuip(ent and specifies t&e provisions of t&e Tariff and 1usto(s 1ode *&ic& *ere violated )y t&e i(portation. T&e *arrant *as served and i(ple(ented in t&e afternoon of 8 2anuary 19// )y 1usto(s police(en *&o t&en sei-ed t&e descri)ed eBuip(ent. T&e inventory of t&e sei-ed articles *as signed )y t&e +ecretary of t&e Ti=asan 1orporation. T&e follo*ing day, a &earing officer in t&e @ffice of t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s conducted a &earing on t&e confiscation of t&e eBuip(ent. T*o days t&ereafter, t&e corporation filed *it& t&e +upre(e 1ourt a petition for certiorari, pro&i)ition and (anda(us to set aside t&e *arrant, en.oin t&e 1ollector and &is agents fro( furt&er proceeding *it& t&e forfeiture &earing and to secure t&e return of t&e confiscated eBuip(ent, alleging t&erein t&at t&e *arrant issued is null and void for t&e reason t&at, pursuant to +ection 8 of Article 777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, only a .udge (ay issue a searc& *arrant. 7n &is co((ent to t&e petition, t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s, t&roug& t&e @ffice of t&e +olicitor 3eneral, contends t&at &e is aut&ori-ed under t&e Tariff and 1usto( 1ode to order t&e sei-ure of t&e eBuip(ent *&ose duties and ta'es *ere not paid and t&at t&e corporation did not e'&aust ad(inistrative re(edies. (a! +&ould t&e petition )e grantedC Decide. ()! 7f t&e 1ourt *ould sustain t&e contention of t&e 1ollector of 1usto(s on t&e (atter of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies, *&at is t&e ad(inistrative re(edy availa)le to t&e corporationC (c! 4&at are t&e e'ceptions to t&e rule on e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(ediesC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! "o. "o searc& *arrant fro( court needed. ()! As pointed out in 1&ia us. Acting 1ollector of 1usto(s, 100 +15A 09E, t&e ad(inistrative re(edy availa)le under +ection 8E1E of t&e Tariff and 1usto(s 1ode is to appeal to t&e 1o((issioner of 1usto(s, fro( *&ose decision an appeal to t&e 1ourt of Ta' Appeals lies. (c! T&e follo*ing are t&e e'ceptions to t&e doctrine of e'&austion of ad(inistrative re(edies6 1. T&e case deals *it& private land; 8. T&e Buestion involved is purely legal; E. T&e case involves a Buo *arranto proceeding; #. T&ere is denial of due process; 9. T&e decision is patently illegal; . T&e aggrieved party *ill suffer irrepara)le in.ury; 0. T&ere is estoppel;

/. 5esort to ad(inistrative re(edies *ould )e futile; 9. T&e decision is t&at of a depart(ent &ead; 1F. T&e la* e'pressly provides for i((ediate .udicial revie*; 11. Pu)lic interest is involved; 18. T&ere *as unreasona)le delay in t&e ad(inistrative proceedings; and 1E. T&e aggrieved party is poor. E. Doctrine of finality of ad(inistrative action :7. ,lection >a* A. +uffrage B. Iualification and disBualification of voters Process; 7lliterate ;oters (19/0! "o. :776 <A<, *&ile of legal age and of sound (ind, is illiterate. ?e &as as=ed your advice on &o* &e can vote in t&e co(ing election for &is )rot&er, *&o is running for (ayor. T&is *ill )e t&e first ti(e <A< *ill vote and &e &as never registered as a voter )efore. 4&at advice *ill you give &i( on t&e procedure &e needs to follo* in order to )e a)le to voteC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e 1onstitution provides t&at until 1ongress s&all &ave provided ot&er*ise, illiterate and disa)led voters s&all )e allo*ed to vote under e'isting la*s and regulations (Art, ;, +ec. 8!. 7t is necessary for any Bualified voter to register in order to vote. (@(ni)us ,lection 1ode, +ec. 119! 7n t&e case of illiterate and disa)led voters, t&eir voterAs affidavit (ay )e prepared )y any relative *it&in t&e fourt& civil degree of consanguinity or affinity or )y any (e()er of t&e )oard of election inspectors *&o s&all prepare t&e affidavit in accordance *it& t&e data supplied )y t&e applicant. (7d., sec. 180! 1. 5egistration of voters D. 7nclusion and e'clusion proceedings ,. Political parties 1. 2urisdiction of t&e 1o(elec over political parties 8. 5egistration F. 1andidacy 1. Iualifications of candidates DisBualification; 3rounds (1991! "o. 11 $ 7n connection *it& t&e May 19/0 1ongressional elections, >uis Millanes *as prosecuted for and convicted of an election offense and *as sentenced to suffer i(prison(ent for si' years. T&e court did not i(pose t&e additional penalty of disBualification to &old pu)lic office and of deprivation of t&e rig&t of suffrage as provided for in +ection 1 # of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode of t&e P&ilippines (B.P. Blg. //1!. 7n April 1991, t&e President granted &i( a)solute pardon on t&e )asis of a strong reco((endation of t&e Board of Pardons and Parole. T&en for t&e election in May 1998, >uis Millanes files &is certificate of candidacy for t&e office of Mayor in &is (unicipality. (c! 7s a petition to disBualify Millanes via)leC (d! 4&at are t&e effects of a petition to disBualifyC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (c! 7n accordance *it& +ec. / of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, >uis Millanes (ay )e disBualified fro( running for (ayor as &e *as convicted of an election offense. (d! %nder +ec. of t&e ,lectoral 5efor(s >a*, any candidate *&o &as )een declared )y final .udg(ent to )e disBualified s&all not )e voted for, and votes cast for &i( s&all not )e counted.

7f )efore t&e election &e is not declared )y final .udg(ent to )e disBualified and &e is voted for and &e receives t&e *inning nu()er of votes, t&e &earing on t&e Buestion of disBualification s&ould continue. %pon (otion of t&e co(plainant or any intervenor, t&e court or t&e 1@M,>,1 (ay order t&e suspension of t&e procla(ation of t&e *inning candidate if t&e evidence of &is guilt is strong. Disualifications (1999! "o ; $ A.8. %nder t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, na(e four persons *&o are disBualified fro( running for any elective position. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A8.! %nder +ection #F of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e follo*ing are disBualified fro( running for any local elective position6 1! T&ose sentenced )y final .udg(ent for an offense involving (oral turpitude or for an offense punis&a)le )y one (1! year or (ore of i(prison(ent, *it&in t*o (8! years after serving sentence; 8! T&ose re(oved fro( office as a result of an ad(inistrative case; E! T&ose convicted )y final .udg(ent for violating t&e oat& of allegiance to t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines; #! T&ose *it& dual citi-ens&ip; 9! Fugitives fro( .ustice in cri(inal or nonTpolitical cases &ere or a)road; ! Per(anent residents in a foreign country or t&ose *&o &ave acBuired t&e rig&t to reside a)road and continue to avail of t&e sa(e rig&t after t&e effectivity of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode; and 0! T&e insane or fee)le$(inded. ,ffects of ,'ecutive 1le(ency (8F1F! During &is ca(paign sortie in Barangay +ala(anca, Mayor 3alicia *as arrested at a P"P c&ec=point for carrying &ig&$po*ered firear(s in &is car. ?e *as c&arged and convicted for violation of t&e 1@M,>,1 gun )an. ?e did not appeal &is conviction and instead applied for e'ecutive cle(ency. Acting on t&e favoura)le reco((endation of t&e Board of Pardons and Parole, t&e President granted &i( pardon. 7s &e eligi)le to run again for an elective positionC ,'plain )riefly. M"1o) G"# 0 " 0"n )!n "," n %o) "n e#e0t &e o%% 0e 2!t not $$e' "te#1. Un'e) Se0t on A0 o% the Lo0"# Go&e)n$ent Co'e/ he 0"nnot )!n %o) "n e#e0t &e #o0"# o%% 0e + th n t+o 1e")s "%te) se)& n, senten0e. Un'e) Se0t on 12 o% the O$n 2!s E#e0t on Co'e/ he 0"n )!n %o) "n e#e0t &e n"t on"# o%% 0e "%te) the e?( )"t on o% % &e 1e")s %)o$ h s se)& 0e o% senten0e. The (")'on ,)"nte' to h $ s not &"# '. The o%%ense n&o#&e' " & o#"t on o% the O$n 2!s E#e0t on Co'e "n' the (")'on +"s ,)"nte' + tho!t the %"&o!)"2#e )e0o$$en'"t on o% the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons 5Se0t on 6/ A)t 0#e IX>C o% the Const t!t on.: Iualifications for 1andidacy (8FF9! Despite lingering Buestions a)out &is Filipino citi-ens&ip and &is one$year residence in t&e district, 3a)riel filed &is certificate of candidacy for congress(an )efore t&e deadline set )y la*. ?is opponent, ;ito, &ires you as la*yer to contest 3a)rielGs candidacy. o Before election day, *&at action or actions *ill you institute against 3a)riel, and )efore *&ic& court, co((ission or tri)unal *ill you file suc& actionDsC I + ## % #e " (et t on to 0"n0e# the 0e)t % 0"te o% 0"n' '"01 o% G"2) e# n the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons 2e0"!se o% the %"#se $"te) "# )e()esent"t on th"t he s <!"# % e' to )!n %o) 0on,)ess$"n 5Se0t on DB o% the O$n 2!s E#e0t on Co'e4 Fe)$ n &. Co$$ ss on on e#e0t ons 6DA SCRA DBD 8200B9: The <!est on o% the ' s<!"# % 0"t on o% G"2) e# 0"nnot 2e )" se' 2e%o)e the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es E#e0to)"# T) 2!n"#/ 2e0"!se he s not 1et " $e$2e) o% the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es 8A<! no &. Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons/ 2AB SCRA 600 81EE69: o 7f, during t&e pendency of suc& action )ut )efore election day, 3a)riel *it&dra*s &is certificate of candidacy, can &e )e su)stituted as a candidateC 7f so, )y *&o( and *&yC 7f not, *&y notC I% G"2) e# + th')"+s/ he $"1 2e s!2st t!te' 21 " 0"n' '"te no$ n"te' 21 h s (o# t 0"# (")t1. Se0t on DD o% the O$n 2!s E#e0t on Co'e st"tes- HI% "%te) the #"st '"1 %o) the % # n, o% 0e)t % 0"tes o% 0"n' '"01/ "n' o%% 0 "# 0"n' '"te o% " )e, ste)e' o) "00)e' te' (o# t 0"# (")t1 ' es/ + th')"+s o) s ' s<!"# % e' %o) "n1 0"!se/ on#1 " (e)son 2e#on, n, to/ "n' 0e)t % e' 21/ the s"$e (o# t 0"# (")t1 $"1 % #e " 0e)t % 0"te o% 0"n' '"01 to )e(#"0e the 0"n' '"te +ho ' e/ + th')e+ o) +"s ' s<!"# % e'.

7f t&e action instituted s&ould )e dis(issed *it& finality )efore t&e election, and 3a)riel assu(es office after )eing proclai(ed t&e *inner in t&e election, can t&e issue of &is candidacy andDor citi-ens&ip and residence still )e BuestionedC 7f so, *&at action or actions (ay )e filed and *&ereC 7f not, *&y notC The <!est on o% the 0 t Censh ( "n' )es 'en0e o% G"2) e# 0"n 2e <!est one' n the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es E#e0to)"# T) 2!n"# 21 % # n, " <!o +"))"nto 0"se. S n0e t s + th n ts F!) s' 0t on to 'e0 'e the <!est on o% the <!"# % 0"t on o% G"2) e#/ the 'e0 s on o% the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons 'oes not 0onst t!te )es F!' 0"t" 5J"#"n'on &. C)es(o/ HRET C"se No. 01>020/ M")0h 7/ 2003: On0e " 0"n' '"te %o) $e$2e) o% the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es h"s 2een ()o0#" $e'/ the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t &es E#e0to)"# T) 2!n"# "0<! )es F!) s' 0t on o&e) e#e0t on 0ontests )e#"t n, to h s <!"# % 0"t ons 5G!e))e)o &. Co$$ ss on on E#"t ons/ 3337 SCRA A3B 820009:

8. Filing of certificates of candidacy a! ,ffect of filing ,ffect of Filing of 1ertificate of 1andidacy; Appointive @fficer vs ,lective @fficer (8FF8! "o :777. A, a 1ity >egal @fficer, and B, a 1ity ;ice$Mayor, filed certificates of candidacy for t&e position of 1ity Mayor in t&e May 1#, 8FF1 elections. a! 4as A ipso facto considered resigned and, if so, effective on *&at dateC (8H! )! 4as B ipso facto considered resigned and, if so, effective on *&at dateC (EH! 7n )ot& cases, state t&e reason or reasons for your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A! A *as considered ipso facto resigned upon t&e filing of &is certificate of candidacy, )ecause )eing a 1ity >egal @fficer, &e is an appointive official. +ection of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode provides t&at any person &olding a pu)lic appointive office s&all )e considered ipso facto resigned upon t&e filing of &is certificate of candidacy. B! B is not considered ipso facto resigned. +ection 0 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode considers any elective official ipso facto resigned fro( office upon &is filing of a certificate of candidacy for any office ot&er t&an t&e one &e is &olding e'cept for President and ;ice$President, *as repealed )y t&e Fair ,lection Act ,ffect of Filing of 1ertificate of 1andidacy; Fair ,lection Act (8FFE! "o : $ (a! Pedro 5eyes is an incu()ent ;ice$Mayor of Iue-on 1ity. ?e intends to run in t&e regular elections for t&e position of 1ity Mayor of Iue-on 1ity *&ose incu()ent (ayor *ould &ave fully served t&ree consecutive ter(s )y 8FF#. 4ould Pedro 5eyes &ave to give up &is position as ;ice$Mayor$ (1! @nce &e files &is certificate of candidacy; or (8! 4&en t&e ca(paign period starts; or (E! @nce and if &e is proclai(ed *inner in t&e election; or (#! %pon &is assu(ption to t&e elective office; or (9! "one of t&e a)ove. 1&oose t&e correct ans*er ()! 7f Pedro 5eyes *ere, instead, an incu()ent 1ongress(an of Iue-on 1ity, *&o intends to see= t&e (ayoralty post in Iue-on 1ity, *ould your c&oice of ans*er in no.(1! a)ove )e t&e sa(eC 7f not, *&ic& *ould )e your c&oiceC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! T&e correct ans*er is (9!. +ection 1# of t&e Fair ,lection Act repealed +ection 0 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, *&ic& provided t&at any elected official, *&et&er national or local, *&o runs for any office ot&er t&an t&e one &e is &olding in a per(anent capacity, e'cept for President and ;ice President, s&all )e considered ipso facto resigned fro( &is office upon t&e filing of &is certificate of candidacy. +ection 1# of t&e Fair ,lection Act li=e*ise rendered ineffective t&e first proviso in t&e t&ird paragrap& of +ection 11 of 5epu)lic Act "o. /#E . 1onseBuently, Pedro 5eyes can run for Mayor *it&out giving up &is position as ;ice$Mayor. ?e *ill &ave to give up &is position as ;ice$Mayor upon e'piration of &is ter( as ;ice$Mayor on 2une EF, 8FF#. ("ote6 T&e Buestion did not as= t&e e'a(inee to e'plain t&e reason for &is c&oice and t&e general instructions reBuires suc& discussion only to a <yes< or <no< ans*er.! ()! T&e ans*er is t&e sa(e if Pedro 5eyes is a 1ongress(an of Iue-on 1ity, )ecause t&e repeal of +ection 0 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode covers )ot& elective national and local officials. )! +u)stitution of candidates

c! Ministerial duty of 1@M,>,1 to receive certificate d! "uisance candidates e! Petition to deny or cancel certificates of candidacy f! ,ffect of disBualification g! 4it&dra*al of candidates 3. 1a(paign 1. Pre(ature ca(paigning 8. Pro&i)ited contri)utions E. >a*ful and pro&i)ited election propaganda Fair ,lection; ,Bual +pace L Ti(e in Media (19/9! "o. 1 6 A 1@M,>,1 (1@M,>,1! resolution provides t&at political parties supporting a co((on set of candidates s&all )e allo*ed to purc&ase .ointly air ti(e and t&e aggregate a(ount of advertising space purc&ased for ca(paign purposes s&all not e'ceed t&at allotted to ot&er political parties or groups t&at no(inated only one set of candidates. T&e resolution is c&allenged as a violation of t&e freedo( of speec& and of t&e press. 7s t&e resolution constitutionally defensi)leC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e resolution is constitutionally defensi)le. %nder +ection #, Article 7:$1 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, during t&e election period t&e 1@M,>,1 (ay supervise or regulate t&e (edia of co((unication or infor(ation to ensure eBual opportunity, ti(e, and space a(ong candidates *it& t&e o).ective of &olding free, orderly, &onest, peaceful, and credi)le elections. To allo* candidates *&ic& are supported )y (ore t&an one political party to purc&ase (ore air ti(e and advertising space t&an candidates supported )y one political party only *ill deprive t&e latter of eBual ti(e and space in t&e (edia. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 "o. Alt&oug& t&e e'penditure li(itation applies only to t&e purc&ase of air ti(e, t&us leaving political parties free to spend for ot&er for(s of ca(paign, t&e li(itation nonet&eless results in a direct and su)stantial reduction of t&e Buantity of political speec& )y restricting t&e nu()er of issues t&at can )e discussed, t&e dept& of t&eir discussion and t&e si-e of t&e audience t&at can )e reac&ed, t&roug& t&e )roadcast (edia. +ince t&e purpose of t&e Free +peec& 1lause is to pro(ote t&e *idest possi)le disse(ination of infor(ation, and t&e reality is t&at to do t&is reBuires t&e e'penditure of (oney, a li(itation on e'penditure for t&is purpose cannot )e .ustified, not even for t&e purpose of eBuali-ing t&e opportunity of political candidates. T&is is t&e ruling in Buc=ley vs. ;aleo, #8# %.+. 1 (190 !, *&ic& invalidated a la* li(iting t&e e'penditures of candidates for ca(paigning in t&e %nited +tates. 7n t&e P&ilippines, a provision of t&e TaWada$+ingson >a*, li(iting t&e period for ca(paigning, *as nearly invalidated on t&is sa(e principle, e'cept t&at t&e (a.ority of court lac=ed one (ore vote to (a=e t&eir decision effective. (+ee 3on-ale- vs. 1o(elec, 80 +15A /E9 (19 9!. #. >i(itations on e'penses 9. +tate(ent of contri)utions and e'penses ?. Board of ,lection 7nspectors and Board of 1anvassers 1. 1o(position 8. Po*ers Appreciation of Ballots (199#! "o. E; 7f a candidate for to*n (ayor is an engineer )y profession, s&ould votes for &i( *it& t&e prefi' <,ngineer< )e invalidated as <(ar=ed )allots<C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E! "o, a )allot in *&ic& t&e na(e of a candidate for to*n (ayor *&o is an engineer *&ic& is prefi'ed *it& <engineer< s&ould not )e invalidated as a (ar=ed )allot. %nder 5ule "o. 18 of t&e rules for t&e appreciation of )allots, )allots *&ic& contain suc& prefi'es are valid. Process; Principle of 7de( +onans (199#!

"o. E; 1! 4&at is your understanding of t&e principle of ide( sonans as applied in t&e ,lection >a*C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! %nder 5ule "o. 0 of t&e rules for t&e appreciation of )allots in +ection 811 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, t&e ide( sonans rule (eans t&at a na(e or surna(e incorrectly *ritten *&ic&, *&en read, &as a sound si(ilar to t&e na(e or surna(e of a candidate *&en correctly *ritten s&all )e counted in &is favor. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5+6 a! 7de( sonans literally (eans t&e sa(e or si(ilar sound. T&is principle is (ade (anifest in one of t&e rules for t&e appreciation of )allots e()odied in t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode (+ec. 811, BP //1! stating t&at <A na(e or surna(e incorrectly *ritten *&ic& *&en read, &as a sound si(ilar to t&e na(e or surna(e of a candidate *&en correctly *ritten s&all )e counted in &is favor. T&us, if t&e na(e as spelled in t&e )allot, t&oug& different fro( t&e correct spelling t&ereof, conveys to t&e ears *&en pronounced according to t&e co((only accepted (et&ods, a sound practically 7dentical *it& t&e sound of t&e correct na(e as co((only pronounced, t&e na(e t&us given is a sufficient designation of t&e person referred to. T&e Buestion *&et&er one na(e is ide( sonans *it& anot&er is not a Buestion of spelling )ut of pronunciation. (Mandac v. +a(onte, #9 P&il. 8/#!. 7ts application is ai(ed at reali-ing t&e o).ective of every election *&ic& is to o)tain t&e e'pression of t&e voters *ill. )! T&e ter( (eans sounding t&e sa(e or nearly ali=e. T&e rule is )ased on t&e 7dea t&at t&e (isspelling of a na(e or lac= of s=ill in *riting s&ould not )e ta=en as a ground for re.ecting t&e votes apparently intended for a candidate, so long as t&e intention of t&e voter appears to )e clear. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as ruled t&at t&e principle of ide( sonans is li)erally construed. 1orpu- v. 7)ay, /# P&il. 1/# (19#9!. Process; +tray Ballot (199#! "o. E; 8! 4&at is a <stray )allot<C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! %nder 5ule "o. 19 of t&e rules for t&e appreciation of )allots in +ection 811 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, stray )allot is one cast in favor of a person *&o &as not filed a certificate of candidacy or in favor of a candidate for an office for *&ic& &e did not present &i(self. Alt&oug& t&e 1ode does not provide for stray )allot, it is presu(ed t&at stray )allot refers to stray vote. 7. 5e(edies and .urisdiction in election la* 1. Petition not to give due course to certificate of candidacy 8. Petition for disBualification E. Petition to declare failure of elections Petition to Declare Failure of ,lections; 5eBuisites L ,ffects (1999! "o. 6 Due to violence and terroris( attending t&e casting of votes in a (unicipality in >anao del +ur during t&e last / May 1999 elections, it )eca(e i(possi)le to &old t&erein free, orderly and &onest elections. +everal candidates for (unicipal positions *it&dre* fro( t&e race. @ne candidate for Mayor petitioned t&e 1@M,>,1 for t&e postpone(ent of t&e elections and t&e &olding of special elections after t&e causes of suc& postpone(ent or failure of elections s&all &ave ceased. 1. ?o* (any votes of t&e 1@M,>,1 1o((issioners (ay )e cast to grant t&e petitionC ,'plain. 8. A person *&o *as not a candidate at t&e ti(e of t&e postpone(ent of t&e elections decided to run for an elective position and filed a certificate of candidacy prior to t&e special elections. May &is certificate of candidacy )e acceptedC ,'plain. E. +uppose &e ran as a su)stitute for a candidate *&o previously *it&dre* &is candidacy, *ill your ans*er )e t&e sa(eC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. According to +ection 0, Article 7:$A of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e 1@M,>,1 s&all decide )y a MA2@57TN ;@T, of all its (e()ers any case or (atter )roug&t )efore it 7n 1ua vs. 1@M,>,1, 19 +15A9/8, t&e +upre(e 1ourt stated t&at a t*o$to$one decision rendered )y a Division of t&e 1@M,>,1 and a t&ree$to$t*o decision rendered )y t&e 1@M,>,1 en )anc *as valid *&ere only five (e()ers too= part in deciding t&e case. 8. "o, &is certificate of candidacy cannot )e accepted. %nder +ection 09 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, as a rule in cases of postpone(ent or failure of election no additional certificate of candidacy s&all )e accepted.

E. "o, t&e ans*er *ill )e different. %nder +ection 09 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, an additional certificate of candidacy (ay )e accepted in cases of postpone(ent or failure of election if t&ere *as a su)stitution of candidates; )ut t&e su)stitute (ust )elong to and (ust )e endorsed )y t&e sa(e party. #. Pre$procla(ation controversy Pre$Procla(ation 1ontest (19/0! "o. ;776 <A< and <B< *ere candidates for representatives in t&e 19/0 "ational ,lections, <B< filed a pre$ procla(ation contest *it& t&e 1@M,>,1 on t&e ground t&at ra(pant vote )uying and terroris( acco(panied t&e elections. Particulars *ere supplied of <BAs< follo*ers )oug&t$off and ot&er follo*ers fro( casting t&eir votes. T&e 1@M,>,1 dis(issed t&e pre$procla(ation contest on t&e ground t&at all t&e returns appear co(plete and unta(pered. Deter(ine if t&e 1@M,>,1 decided correctly and if <B< &as any recourse for contesting <AAs< election. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e 1@M,>,1 correctly dis(issed <BAs< P5,$P5@1>AMAT7@" 1@"T,+T. +uc& a contest is li(ited to clai(s t&at t&e election returns are inco(plete or t&at t&ey contain (aterial defects or t&at t&ey &ave )een ta(pered *it&, falsified or prepared under duress or t&at t&ey contain discrepancies in t&e votes credited to t&e candidates, t&e difference of *&ic& affects t&e result of t&e election. (@(ni)us ,lection 1ode, sees. 8#E, 8E#$8E ! @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e Buestion *&et&er or not t&ere *as terroris(, vote )uying and ot&er irregularities in t&e elections cannot )e t&e su).ect of a pre$procla(ation contest )ut (ust )e raised in a regular election protest. (+anc&e- v. 1@M,>,1, 35. "o. 0/# 1; Ponce ,nrile v. 1@M,>,1, 3.5. "os. 091# L 09818, Aug. 18, 19/0; A)es v. 1@M,>,1, 81 +15A 1898 (19 0! ! +ince t&e )asis of <BAs< petition is t&at &is follo*ers &ad )een )oug&t *&ile ot&ers &ad )een prevented fro( casting t&eir )allots, &is re(edy is to file an election contest and t&is s&ould )e )roug&t in t&e ?ouse or +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal *&ic&, under Art. ;7, +ec. 10, is t&e sole .udge of t&e election, returns and Bualifications of (e()ers of eac& ?ouse of 1ongress. Pre$Procla(ation 1ontest (19//! "o. 1/6 7n election la*, *&at is a pre$procla(ation controversyC 4&ere (ay it )e litigated *it& finalityC After t&e ulti(ate *inner &as )een duly proclai(ed, does t&e loser still &ave any re(edy to t&e end t&an &e (ay finally o)tain t&e position &e aspired for in t&e electionC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A P5,$P5@1>AMAT7@" 1@"T5@;,5+N refers to any Buestion pertaining to or affecting t&e proceedings of t&e )oard of canvassers *&ic& (ay )e raised )y any candidate or )y any registered political party or coalition of political parties )efore t&e )oard or directly *it& t&e 1@M,>,1, or any (atter raised under secs. 8EE$8E of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode in relation to t&e preparation, trans(ission, receipt, custody or appreciation of t&e election returns. (@(ni)us ,lection 1ode, sec, 8#1!. T&e 1@M,>,1 &as e'clusive .urisdiction of all pre$procla(ation controversies. (7d., sec. 8#1! 7ts decisions )eco(e e'ecutory after t&e lapse of 9 days fro( receipt )y t&e losing party of t&e decision, unless restrained )y t&e +upre(e 1ourt. (7d., sec. 8# ! A loser (ay still )ring an election contest concerning t&e election, returns, and Bualifications of t&e candidate proclai(ed. 7n t&e case of elective )arangay officials, t&e contest (ay )e filed *it& t&e (unicipal trial courts; in t&e case of elective (unicipal officials, in t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt; in t&e case of elective provincial and city officials, in t&e 1@M,>,1 (Art. 7:, 1, sec. 8(8!!; in t&e case of +enators or 1ongress(en, in t&e +enate or ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unals (Art. ;7, sec. 10!; and in t&e case of t&e President and ;ice President, in t&e Presidential ,lectoral Tri)unal. (Art. ;77, sec. #!. Pre$Procla(ation 1ontest vs. ,lection 1ontests (1990! "o, 106 +tate &o* (a! pre$procla(ation controversies, on t&e one &and, and ()! election protests, on t&e ot&er, are initiated, &eard and finally resolved. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (A! P5,$P5@1>AMAT7@" 1@"T5@;,5+7,+ a! Iuestions affecting t&e co(position or proceedings of t&e )oard of canvassers (ay )e initiated in t&e )oard of canvassers or directly *it& t&e 1@M,>,1.

)! Iuestions involving t&e election returns and t&e certificates of canvass s&all )e )roug&t in t&e first instance )efore t&e )oard of canvassers only, (+ection 10, 5epu)lic Act "o, 81 .! c! T&e )oard of canvassers s&ould rule on t&e o).ections su((arily. (+ection 8F, 5epu)lic Act "o. 01 .! d! Any party adversely affected (ay appeal to t&e 1@M,>,1. (+ection 8F. 5epu)lic Act "o. 01 .! e! T&e decision of t&e 1o((ission on ,lection (ay )e )roug&t to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on certiorari )y t&e aggrieved party, (+ection 0, Article 7:$A of t&e 1onstitution.! All pre$procla(ation controversies pending )efore t&e 1@M,>,1 s&all )e dee(ed ter(inated at t&e )eginning of t&e ter( of t&e office involved and t&e rulings of t&e )oard of canvassers s&all )e dee(ed affir(ed, *it&out pre.udice to t&e filing of an election protest. ?o*ever, t&e proceedings (ay continue *&en on t&e )asis of t&e evidence presented so far, t&e 1@M,>,1 or t&e +upre(e 1ourt deter(ines t&at t&e petition appears to )e (eritorious. (+ection 1 , 5epu)lic Act "o. 01 ! (B! ,>,1T7@" 1@"T,+T+ An election protest is initiated )y filing a protest containing t&e follo*ing allegations6 1. T&e protestant is a candidate *&o duly filed a certificate of candidacy and *as voted for in t&e election6 8. T&e protestee &as )een proclai(ed; and E. T&e date of t&e procla(ation, (Miro vs. 1@M,>,1, 181 +15A # ! T&e follo*ing &ave .urisdiction over election contests6 a! Barangay officials $ 7nferior 1ourt; )! Municipal officials $5egional Trial 1ourt; c! 5egional, provincial, and city officials T 1@M,>,1 (+ection 8(8!, Art. 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution!; d! 1ongress(an $?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal. e! +enators $ +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal. (+ection 1. Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution!; f! President and ;ice President $+upre(e 1ourt (+ection #, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution!. T&e decision of t&e inferior court in election contests involving )arangay officials and of t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt in election contests involving (unicipal officials are appeala)le to t&e 1@M,>,1. (+ection 8(8!. Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution.! T&e decision of t&e 1@M,>,1 (ay )e )roug&t to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on certiorari on Buestions of la*. (5ivera vs. 1@M,>,1, 199 +15A 10/! T&e decision of t&e 1@M,>,1 in election contests involving regional, provincial and city officials (ay )e )roug&t to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on certiorari (+ection 0, Article 7:$A and +ection 8(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution.! T&e decisions of t&e +enate ,lectoral Tri)unal and of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal (ay )e elevated to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on certiorari if t&ere *as grave a)use of discretion. (>a-atin vs 1@M,>,1 1 / +15A E91! Pre$Procla(ation 1ontest; Proper 7ssues (199 ! "o, 1#6 8! 3ive t&ree issues t&at can )e properly raised and )roug&t in a pre$procla(ation contest. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! According to +ection 8#E of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, t&e follo*ing issues can )e properly raised. 1. T&e co(position or proceedings of t&e )oard of canvassers are illegal; 8. T&e canvassed election returns are inco(plete, contain (aterial defects, approved to )e ta(pered *it&, or contain discrepancy in t&e sa(e returns or in ot&er aut&enticated copies; E. T&e election returns *ere prepared under duress, t&reats, coercion, or inti(idation, or t&ey are o)viously (anufactured or not aut&entic; and #. +u)stitute or fraudulent returns in controverted polling places *ere canvassed, t&e results of *&ic& (aterially affected t&e standing of t&e aggrieved candidate or candidates. ?o*ever, according to +ection 19 of t&e +ync&roni-ed ,lection >a* no pre$procla(ation cases s&all )e allo*ed on (atters relating to t&e preparation, trans(ission, receipt, custody and appreciation of t&e election returns or t&e certificates of canvass *it& respect to t&e positions of President, ;ice$President, +enator and Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. "o pre$procla(ation case are allo*ed in t&e case of )arangay elections. 9. ,lection protest ,lection Protest (199F! "o. 06 A filed a protest *it& t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal Buestioning t&e election of B as Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives in t&e 19/0 national elections on t&e ground t&at B is not a resident of t&e district t&e latter is

representing. 4&ile t&e case *as pending. B accepted an ad$interi( appoint(ent as +ecretary of t&e Depart(ent of 2ustice. (1! May A continue *it& &is election protest in order to deter(ine t&e real *inner in t&e said electionsC +tate your reason. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, A (ay not continue *it& &is protest. T&ere is no dispute as to *&o *as t&e *inner in t&e election, as it is not disputed t&at it *as B *&o o)tained t&e (a.ority. T&e purpose of t&e protest is si(ply to see= t&e re(oval of B fro( office on t&e ground t&at &e is ineligi)le. ?o*ever, B forfeited &is clai( to t&e position of congress(an )y accepting an ad interi( appoint(ent as +ecretary of 2ustice, t&e protest against &i( &as )eco(e (oot. "ot&ing *ill )e gained )y resolving it. 7n t&e case of Purisi(a v. +olis, #E +15A 18E, it *as &eld t&at *&ere a protestant in an election case accepted &is appoint(ent as .udge, &e a)andoned &is clai( to t&e pu)lic office involved in t&e protest. ?ence, t&e protest (ust )e dis(issed for &aving )eco(e (oot. +i(ilarly, in Pere- v Provincial Board of "ueva ,ci.a, 11E +15A 1/0, it *as &eld t&at t&e clai( of a petitioner to an appointive office &ad )eco(e (oot, )ecause t&e petitioner &ad forfeited &is clai( to t&e office )y filing a certificate of candidacy for (ayor. ,lection Protest vs. Iuo 4arranto (8FF1! "o :;77 $ %nder t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode (B.P. //1, as a(ended!, )riefly differentiate an election protest fro( a Buo *arranto case, as to *&o can file t&e case and t&e respective grounds t&erefor. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; An ,>,1T7@" P5@T,+T (ay)e filed )y a losing candidate for t&e sa(e office for *&ic& t&e *inner filed &is certificate of candidacy. A I%@ 4A55A"T@ 1A+, (ay )e filed )y any voter *&o is a registered voter in t&e constituency *&ere t&e *inning candidate soug&t to )e disBualified ran for office. 7n an election contest, t&e issues are6 (a! *&o received t&e (a.ority or plurality of t&e votes *&ic& *ere legally cast and ()! *&et&er t&ere *ere irregularities in t&e conduct of t&e election *&ic& affected its results. 7n a Buo *arranto case, t&e issue is *&et&er t&e candidate *&o *as proclai(ed elected s&ould )e disBualified )ecause of ineligi)ility or disloyalty to t&e P&ilippines. ,lection Protest vs. Iuo 4arranto (I9$8FF ! Differentiate an election protest fro( an action for Buo *arranto. (8.9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 An ,>,1T7@" P5@T,+T is a proceeding *&ere)y a losing candidate for a particular position contests t&e results of t&e election on grounds of fraud, terroris(, irregularities or illegal acts co((itted )efore, during or after t&e casting and counting of votes. @n t&e ot&er &and, a P,T7T7@" F@5 I%@ 4A55A"T@ is filed )y any registered voter to contest t&e election of any candidate on grounds of ineligi)ility or disloyalty to t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines. ,lection Protest; 2urisdiction (199 ! "o, 1#6 1! As counsel for t&e protestant, *&ere *ill you file an election protest involving a contested elective position in6 a! t&e )arangayC )! t&e (unicipalityC c! t&e provinceC d! t&e cityC e! t&e ?ouse of 5epresentativesC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! 7n accordance *it& +ection 8(8!, Article 7:$1 of t&e 1onstitution an election protest involving t&e elective position enu(erated )elo* s&ould )e filed in t&e follo*ing courts or tri)unals6 a! Barangay $ Metropolitan Trial 1ourt, Municipal 1ircuit Trial 1ourt, or Municipal Trial 1ourt )! Municipality $ 5egional Trial 1ourt c! Province $ 1@M,>,1 d! 1ity $ 1@M,>,1

e! %nder +ection 10. Article ;7 of t&e 1onstitution, an election protest involving t&e position of Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives s&all )e filed in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ,lectoral Tri)unal. . Iuo *arranto ,lection >a*s 8nd Placer 5ule (8FFE! "o ;777 $ 7n t&e (unicipal (ayoralty elections in 19/F, t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes *as su)seBuently declared to )e disBualified as a candidate and so ineligi)le for t&e office to *&ic& &e *as elected. 4ould t&is fact entitle a co(peting candidate *&o o)tained t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes to as= and to )e proclai(ed t&e *inner of t&e elective officeC 5easons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Trinidad v. 1@M,>,1. E19 +15A 109 J1999K, if t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes is disBualified, t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes cannot )e proclai(ed t&e *inner. +ince &e *as not t&e c&oice of t&e people, &e cannot clai( any rig&t to t&e office. 8nd Placer 5ule (199F! "o. 06 A filed a protest *it& t&e ?ouse ,lectoral Tri)unal Buestioning t&e election of B as Me()er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives in t&e 19/0 national elections on t&e ground t&at B is not a resident of t&e district t&e latter is representing. 4&ile t&e case *as pending. B accepted an ad$interi( appoint(ent as +ecretary of t&e Depart(ent of 2ustice. (1! May A continue *it& &is election protest in order to deter(ine t&e real *inner in t&e said electionsC +tate your reason. (8! 1an A, *&o got t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes in t&e elections, as= t&at &e )e proclai(ed elected in place of BC ,'plain your ans*er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, A (ay not continue *it& &is protest. .... (8! "o, A cannot as= t&at &e )e proclai(ed elected in place of B. T&e votes cast for B *ere not invalid votes. ?ence, A garnered only t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes. @nly t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e (a.ority or plurality of t&e votes is entitled to )e proclai(ed elected. @n t&is ground, it *as &eld in >a)o v. 1@M,>,1, 10 +15A 1, t&at t&e fact t&at t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes is not eligi)le does not entitle t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes to )e proclai(ed t&e *inner. 8nd Placer 5ule; in Iuo 4arranto 1ases (1998! "o. 1 6 ,d*in "icasio, )orn in t&e P&ilippines of Filipino parents and raised in t&e province of "ueva ,ci.a, ran for 3overnor of &is &o(e province. ?e *on and &e *as s*orn into office. 7t *as recently revealed, &o*ever, t&at "icasio is a naturali-ed A(erican citi-en. a! Does &e still possess P&ilippine citi-ens&ipC )! 7f t&e second$placer in t&e gu)e(atorial elections files a Buo *arranto suit against "icasio and &e is found to )e disBualified fro( office, can t&e second$placer )e s*orn into office as governorC c! 7f, instead, "icasio &ad )een )orn (of t&e sa(e set of parents! in t&e %nited +tates and &e t&ere)y acBuired A(erican citi-ens&ip )y )irt&, *ould your ans*er )e differentC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! "o, "icasio no longer possesses P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. ... )! 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in A)ella us. 1@M,>,1, 8F1 +15A 89E, t&e second placer cannot )e s*orn to office, )ecause &e lost t&e election. To )e entitled to t&e office, &e (ust &ave garnered t&e (a.ority or plurality of t&e votes. c! Nes )ecause &e *ill )e a dual citi-en ... 8nd Placer 5ule; 5ule of +uccession (199 ! "o. 1E6 1! A and B *ere t&e only candidates for (ayor of Bigaa, Bulacan in t&e May 1999 local elections. A o)tained 1F,FFF votes as against E,FFF votes for B. 7n t&e sa(e elections, : got t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes a(ong

t&e candidates for t&e +angguniang Bayan of t&e sa(e to*n. A died t&e day )efore &is procla(ation. a! 4&o s&ould t&e Board of 1anvassers proclai( as elected (ayor, A, B or :C ,'plain, )! 4&o is entitled to disc&arge t&e functions of t&e office of t&e (ayor, B or :C ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n accordance *it& Benito vs. 1@M,>,1, 8E9 +15A #E , it is A *&o s&ould )e proclai(ed as *inner, )ecause &e *as t&e one *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes for t&e position of (ayor, )ut a notation s&ould )e (ade t&at &e died for t&e purpose of applying t&e rule on succession to office. B cannot )e proclai(ed, )ecause t&e deat& of t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes does not entitle t&e candidate *&o o)tained t&e ne't &ig&est nu()er of votes to )e proclai(ed t&e *inner, since &e *as not t&e c&oice of t&e electorate. : is not entitled to )e proclai(ed elected as (ayor, )ecause &e ran for t&e +angguniang Bayan. "eit&er B nor : is entitled to disc&arge t&e functions of t&e office of (ayor. B is not entitled to disc&arge t&e office of (ayor, since &e *as defeated in t&e election. : is not entitled to disc&arge t&e office of (ayor. %nder +ection ## of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, it is t&e vice (ayor *&o s&ould succeed in case of per(anent vacancy in t&e office of t&e (ayor. 7t is only *&en t&e position of t&e vice (ayor is also vacant t&at t&e (e()er of t&e +angguniang Bayan *&o o)tained t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes *ill succeed to t&e office of (ayor. 2. Prosecution of election offenses 3rant of Pardon in ,lection @ffenses (1991! "o. 11 $ 7n connection *it& t&e May 19/0 1ongressional elections, >uis Millanes *as prosecuted for and convicted of an election offense and *as sentenced to suffer i(prison(ent for si' years. T&e court did not i(pose t&e additional penalty of disBualification to &old pu)lic office and of deprivation of t&e rig&t of suffrage as provided for in +ection 1 # of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode of t&e P&ilippines (B.P. Blg. //1!. 7n April 1991, t&e President granted &i( a)solute pardon on t&e )asis of a strong reco((endation of t&e Board of Pardons and Parole. T&en for t&e election in May 1998, >uis Millanes files &is certificate of candidacy for t&e office of Mayor in &is (unicipality. (a! 4&at is t&e effect of t&e failure of t&e court to i(pose t&e additional penaltyC ()! 7s t&e pardon validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! "o need to e'pressly i(pose [ t&ey are accessory penalties. ()! T&e pardon is void, since >uis Millanes *as convicted for t&e co((ission of an election offense and &is pardon *as not (ade upon t&e reco((endation of t&e 1@M,>,1. %nder Article 7:, 1, +ec. 9 of t&e 1onstitution, no pardon for violation of an election la* (ay )e granted *it&out t&e favora)le reco((endation of t&e 1@M,>,1. ,lection @ffenses; 1onspiracy to Bri)e ;oters (1991! "o. 186 Discuss t&e disputa)le presu(ptions (a! of conspiracy to )ri)e voters and ()! of t&e involve(ent of a candidate and of &is principal ca(paign (anagers in suc& conspiracy. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! %nder +ec, 8/ of t&e ,lectoral 5efor(s >a* proof t&at at least one voter in different precincts representing at least t*enty per cent of t&e total precincts in any (unicipality, city or province *as offered, pro(ised or given (oney, valua)le consideration or ot&er e'penditure )y t&e relatives, leader or sy(pat&i-er of a candidate for t&e purpose of pro(oting t&e candidacy of suc& candidate, gives rise to a disputa)le presu(ption of conspiracy to )ri)e voters. ()! %nder +ec. 8/ if t&e proof affects at least 8FH of t&e precincts of t&e (unicipality, city or province to *&ic& t&e pu)lic office aspired for )y t&e favored candidate relates, t&is s&all constitute a disputa)le presu(ption of t&e involve(ent of t&e candidate and of &is principal ca(paign (anagers in eac& of t&e (unicipalities concerned, in t&e conspiracy. :77. >ocal 3overn(ents

A. Pu)lic corporations 1. 1oncept 2urisdiction over t&e 3@11s (1999! "o 7: $ >u-vi(inda Marfel, .oined )y eleven ot&er retrenc&ed e(ployees, filed a co(plaint *it& t&e Depart(ent of >a)or and ,(ploy(ent (D@>,! for unpaid retrenc&(ent or separation pay, underpay(ent of *ages and non$ pay(ent of e(ergency cost of living allo*ance. T&e co(plaint *as filed against Food Ter(inal, 7nc. Food Ter(inal 7nc. (oved to dis(iss on t&e ground of lac= of .urisdiction, t&eori-ing t&at it is a govern(ent$o*ned and controlled corporation and its e(ployees are governed )y t&e 1ivil +ervice >a* and not )y t&e >a)or 1ode. Marfel opposed t&e (otion to dis(iss, contending t&at alt&oug& Food Ter(inal, 7nc. is a corporation o*ned and controlled )y t&e govern(ent earlier created and organi-ed under t&e general corporation la* as <T&e 3reater Manila Food Ter(inal, 7nc.<, it &as still t&e (ar=s of a private corporation6 it directly &ires its e(ployees *it&out see=ing approval fro( t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission and its personnel are covered )y t&e +ocial +ecurity +yste( and not t&e 3overn(ent +ervice 7nsurance +yste(, T&e Buestion posed in t&e petition for certiorari at )ar is *&et&er or not a la)or la* clai( against a govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporation li=e t&e Food Ter(inal, 7nc. falls *it&in t&e .urisdiction of t&e Depart(ent of >a)or and ,(ploy(ent or t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((issionC Decide and ratiocinate. (#H! (e(orandu($order, directs t&e corporation to co(ply *it& 1ivil +ervice 5ules in t&e appoint(ent of all of its officers and e(ployees. T&e (e(orandu($order of t&e 1+1 is assailed )y t&e corporation, as *ell as )y its officers and e(ployees, )efore t&e court. ?o* s&ould t&e case )e resolvedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e (e(orandu($order of t&e 1ivil +ervice 1o((ission s&ould )e declared void. As &eld in 3a(oga(o v. P"@1 +&ipping and Transit 1orporation. E/1 +15A 0#8 (8FF8!. under Article 7:$B, +ection 8(1! of t&e 19/0 1onstitution govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations organi-ed under t&e 1orporation 1ode are not covered )y t&e 1ivil +ervice >a* )ut )y t&e >a)or 1ode, )ecause only govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations *it& original c&arters are covered )y t&e 1ivil +ervice. Devolution of Po*er (1999! Define devolution *it& respect to local govern(ent units. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 +ection 10(e! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode defines devolution as t&e act )y *&ic& t&e "ational 3overn(ent confers po*er and aut&ority upon t&e various local govern(ent units to perfor( specific functions and responsi)ilities. a! Distinguis&ed fro( govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations 3@11s 4it&out @riginal 1&arter vs. 3@11s 4it& @riginal 1&arter (199/! "o 77.$$ T&e 1onstitution distinguis&es )et*een t*o types of o*ned andDor controlled corporations6 t&ose *it& original c&arters and t&ose *&ic& are su)sidiaries of suc& corporations. 7n *&ic& of t&e follo*ing ruleDrules is suc& a distinction (adeC 1onsider eac& of t&e follo*ing ite(s and e'plain )riefly your ans*er, citing pertinent provisions of t&e 1onstitution. 1. T&e rule pro&i)iting t&e appoint(ent to certain govern(ent positions, of t&e spouse and relatives of t&e President *it&in t&e fourt& degree of consanguinity or affinity. J8HK 8. T&e rule (a=ing it inco(pati)le for (e()ers of 1ongress to &old offices or e(ploy(ent in t&e govern(ent. J8HK E. T&e rule pro&i)iting (e()ers of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issions, during t&eir tenure, to )e financially interested in any contract *it& or any franc&ise or privilege granted )y t&e govern(ent, J8HK #. T&e rule providing for post audit )y t&e 1@A of certain govern(ent agencies. J8HK 9. T&e rule reBuiring 1ongress to provide for t&e standardi-ation of co(pensation of govern(ent officials and e(ployees. J8HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

1. 8. E.

#. 9.

+ection 1E. Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& pro&i)its t&e President fro( appointing &is spouse and relatives *it&in t&e fourt& degree of consanguinity or affinity does not distinguis& )et*een govern(ent corporations *it& original c&arters and t&eir su)sidiaries, )ecause t&e pro&i)ition applies to )ot&. +ection 1E, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& pro&i)its Me()ers of 1ongress fro( &olding any ot&er office during t&eir ter( *it&out forfeiting t&eir seat, does not distinguis& )et*een govern(ent corporations *it& original c&arters and t&eir su)sidiaries, )ecause t&e pro&i)ition applies to )ot&. +ection 8, Article 7:$A of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& pro&i)its Me()ers of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((issions fro( )eing financially interested in any contract *it& or any franc&ise or privilege granted )y t&e 3overn(ent, does not distinguis& )et*een govern(ent corporations *it& original c&arters and t&eir su)sidiaries, )ecause t&e pro&i)ition applies to )ot&. +ection 8(1!, Article 7:$D of t&e 1onstitution *&ic& provides for post audit )y t&e 1o((ission on audit of govern(ent corporations, does not distinguis& )et*een govern(ent corporations *it& original c&arters and t&eir su)sidiaries, )ecause t&e provision applies to )ot&. +ection 9, Article 7:$B of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& provides for t&e standardi-ation of t&e co(pensation of govern(ent officials and e(ployees, distinguis&es )et*een govern(ent corporations and t&eir su)sidiaries, for t&e provision applies only to govern(ent corporations *it& original c&arters.

8. 1lassifications a! Iuasi$corporations )! Municipal corporations B. Municipal corporations 1. ,le(ents 8. "ature and functions Franc&ise; prior approval of >3% necessary (19//! "o. 96 Maca)e)e, Pa(panga &as several )arrios along t&e Pa(panga river. To service t&e needs of t&eir residents t&e (unicipality &as )een operating a ferry service at t&e sa(e river, for a nu()er of years already. +o(eti(e in 19/0, t&e (unicipality *as served a copy of an order fro( t&e >and Tansportation Franc&ising and 5egulatory Board (>TF5B!, granting a certificate of pu)lic convenience to Mr. 5icardo Macapinlac, a resident of Maca)e)e, to operate ferry service across t&e sa(e river and )et*een t&e sa(e )arrios )eing serviced presently )y t&e (unicipalityAs ferry )oats. A c&ec= of t&e records of t&e application of Macapinlac s&o*s t&at t&e application *as filed so(e (ont&s )efore, set for &earing, and notices of suc& &earing *ere pu)lis&ed in t*o ne*spapers of general circulation in t&e to*n of Maca)e)e, and in t&e province of Pa(panga. T&e (unicipality &ad never )een directly served a copy of t&at notice of &earing nor &ad t&e +angguniang Bayan )een reBuested )y Macapinlac for any operate. T&e (unicipality i((ediately filed a (otion for reconsideration *it& t&e >TF5B *&ic& *as denied. 7t t&e *ent to t&e +upre(e 1ourt on a petition for certiorari to nullify t&e order granting a certificate of pu)lic convenience to Macapinlac on t*o grounds6 (1! Denial of due process to t&e (unicipality; and (8! For failure of Macapinlac to secure approval of t&e +angguniang Bayan for &i( to operate a ferry service in Maca)e)e, 5esolve t&e t*o points in t&e petition *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e petition for certiorari s&ould )e granted, 1. As a party directly affected )y t&e operation of t&e ferry service, t&e Municipality of Maca)e)e, Pa(panga *as entitled to )e directly notified )y t&e >TF5B .... 8. 7t &as )een &eld t&at *&ere a ferry operation lies entirely *it&in t&e (unicipality, t&e prior approval of t&e Municipal govern(ent is necessary. @nce approved, t&e operator (ust t&en apply *it& t&e >TF5B for a certificate of pu)lic convenience and s&all )e su).ect to >TF5B supervision, (Municipality of ,c&ague v. A)ellera, supra!. E. 5eBuisites for creation, conversion, division, (erger or dissolution 1reation of "e* >ocal 3overn(ent %nits; Ple)iscite 5eBuire(ent (8FF#!

"@. ;77 $ MADAM@ is a (unicipality co(posed of /F )arangays, EF *est of Mada=o 5iver and 9F east t&ereof. T&e EF *estern )arangays, feeling left out of econo(ic initiatives, *is& to constitute t&e(selves into a ne* and separate to*n to )e called Masigla. A. 3ranting t&at MasiglaGs proponents succeed to secure a la* in t&eir favor, *ould a ple)iscite )e necessary or notC 7f it is necessary, *&o s&ould vote or participate in t&e ple)isciteC Discuss )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A ple)iscite is necessary, )ecause t&is is reBuired for t&e creation of a ne* (unicipality. (+ection 1F, Article : of t&e 19/0 1onstitution.! T&e voters of )ot& Mada=o and Masigla s&ould participate in t&e ple)iscite, )ecause )ot& are directly affected )y t&e creation of Masigla. T&e territory of Mada=o *ill )e reduced. (Tan v. 1@M,>,1, 1#8 +15A 080 J19/ !. De Facto Pu)lic 1orporations; ,ffect (8FF#! "@. ;77 $ MADAM@ is a (unicipality co(posed of /F )arangays, EF *est of Mada=o 5iver and 9F east t&ereof. T&e EF *estern )arangays, feeling left out of econo(ic initiatives, *is& to constitute t&e(selves into a ne* and separate to*n to )e called Masigla. A la* is passed creating Masigla and a ple)iscite is (ade in favor of t&e la*. B. +uppose t&at one year after Masigla *as constituted as a (unicipality, t&e la* creating it is voided )ecause of defects. 4ould t&at invalidate t&e acts of t&e (unicipality andDor its (unicipal officersC ,'plain )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Alt&oug& t&e (unicipality cannot )e considered as a de facto corporation, )ecause t&ere is no valid la* under *&ic& it *as created, t&e acts of t&e (unicipality and of its officers *ill not )e invalidated, )ecause t&e e'istence of t&e la* creating it is an operative fact )efore it *as declared unconstitutional. ?ence, t&e previous acts of t&e (unicipality and its officers s&ould )e given effect as a (atter of fairness and .ustice. (Municipality ofMala)ang v. Benito, 80 +15A 9EE J19 9K B. Principles of local autono(y

1. Po*ers of local govern(ent units (>3%s! Po*ers of +angguniang Bayan (8FF9! T&e Municipality of Bulala=a*, >eyte, passed @rdinance "o. 18E#, aut&ori-ing t&e e'propriation of t*o parcels of land situated in t&e po)lacion as t&e site of a freedo( par=, and appropriating t&e funds needed t&erefor. %pon revie*, t&e +angguniang Panalala*igan of >eyte disapproved t&e ordinance )ecause t&e (unicipality &as an e'isting freedo( par= *&ic&, t&oug& s(aller in si-e, is still suita)le for t&e purpose, and to pursue e'propriation *ould )e needless e'penditure of t&e peopleGs (oney. 7s t&e disapproval of t&e ordinance correctC The ' s"(()o&"# o% the o)' n"n0e s not 0o))e0t. Un'e) Se0t on 6750: 5Lo0"# Go&e)n$ent Co'e:/ the S"n,,!n "n, P"n#"#"+ ,"n o% Le1te 0"n 'e0#")e the o)' n"n0e n&"# ' on#1 % t s 2e1on' the (o+e) o% the S"n,,!n "n, B"1"n o% B!#"#"@"+. In the nst"nt 0"se/ the o)' n"n0e s +e## + th n the (o+e) o% the S"n,,!n "n, B"1"n. The ' s"(()o&"# o% the o)' n"n0e 21 the S"n,,!n "n, P"n#"#"+ ,"n o% Le1te +"s o!ts 'e o% ts "!tho) t1 h"& n, 2een 'one on " $"tte) (e)t" n n, to the + s'o$ o% the o)' n"n0e +h 0h (e)t" ns to the S"n,,!n "n, B"1"n 5Mo'"1 &. Co!)t o% A((e"#s/ 27B SCRA 6B7 81EED9:

1. Police po*er (general *elfare clause! @rdinance; ;alidity; Preventing 7((orality (19/0! (c! An ordinance pro&i)iting )ar)ers&op operators fro( rendering (assage service to t&eir custo(ers in a separate roo(. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

(c! T&e ordinance is valid. 7n ;elasco v, ;illegas, 18F +15A 9/ (19/E! suc& ordinance *as up&eld on t&e ground t&at it is a (eans of ena)ling t&e 1ity of Manila to collect a fee for operating (assage clinics and of preventing i((orality *&ic& (ig&t )e co((itted )y allo*ing t&e construction of separate roo(s in )ar)er s&ops. @rdinance; ;alidity; %tili-ation L Develop(ent; "ational 4ealt& (1991! "o. 9; T&e province of Pala*an passes an ordinance reBuiring all o*nersDoperators of fis&ing vessels t&at fis& in *aters surrounding t&e province to invest ten percent (1FH! of t&eir net profits fro( operations t&erein in any enterprise located in Pala*an. "A51@ Fis&ing 1orp., a Filipino corporation *it& &ead office in "avotas, Metro Manila, c&allenges t&e ordinance as unconstitutional. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ordinance is invalid. T&e ordinance *as apparently enacted pursuant to Article :, +ec. 0 of t&e 1onstitution, *&ic& entitles local govern(ents to an eBuita)le s&are in t&e proceeds of t&e utili-ation and develop(ent of t&e national *ealt& *it&in t&eir respective areas. ?o*ever, t&is s&ould )e (ade pursuant to la*. A la* is needed to i(ple(ent t&is provision and a local govern(ent cannot constitute itself unto a la*. 7n t&e a)sence of a la* t&e ordinance in Buestion is invalid. @rdinances; ;alidity; 3a()ling Pro&i)ition (1999! "o. #6 8. PA31@5 decided to operate a casino in Taclo)an 1ity under aut&ority of P.D. "o. 1/ 9. 7t leased a portion of a )uilding )elonging to ,llen Mc3uire renovated and eBuipped it in preparation for its inauguration. T&e +angguniang Panlungsod of Taclo)an 1ity enacted an ordinance pro&i)iting t&e operation of casinos in t&e 1ity and providing penalty for its violation. ,llen Mc3uire and PA31@5 assailed t&e validity of t&e ordinance in court. ?o* *ould you resolve t&e issueC Discuss fully. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ordinance s&ould )e declared invalid. As &eld in Magta.as vs. Pryce Properties 1orporation. 7nc., 8E# +15A 899. suc& an ordinance contravenes Presidential Decree "o. 1/ 9, *&ic& aut&ori-es t&e P&ilippine A(use(ent and 3a(ing 1orporation to operate casinos *it&in t&e territorial 2urisdiction of t&e P&ilippines, )ecause it prevents t&e said corporation fro( e'ercising t&e po*er conferred on it to operate a casino in Taclo)an 1ity. T&e po*er of Taclo)an 1ity to suppress ga()ling and pro&i)ited ga(es of c&ance e'cludes of c&ance per(itted )y la*. 7(plied repeals are not favored. (Basco v. PA31@5! @rdinances; ;alidity; >i(itation of Penalties (1991! "o. 1F6 T&e (unicipality of Alcoy, 1e)u, passed @rdinance "o. 1F, series of 1991, reBuiring o*ners, ad(inistrators, or tenants of )uildings and pre(ises to =eep and (aintain t&e( in sanitary condition, and s&ould t&ey fail to do so, cause t&e( to )e cleared and =ept in sanitary condition and t&e cost t&ereof to )e assessed against t&e o*ner, ad(inistrator or tenant, as t&e case (ay )e, *&ic& cost s&all constitute a lien against t&e property. 7t furt&er penali-es violation t&ereof *it& a fine not e'ceeding @ne T&ousand Pesos (P1,FFF.FF! or i(prison(ent for one (1! year at t&e discretion of t&e court. 7s t&e ordinance validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ordinance is valid insofar as it reBuires o*ners, ad(inistrators, or tenants of )uildings and pre(ises to =eep and (aintain t&e( in sanitary condition and provides t&at s&ould t&ey fail to do so, t&e (unicipality s&all cause t&e( to )e cleaned and t&e cost s&all )e assessed against t&e o*ner, ad(inistrator, or tenant and s&all )e a lien against t&e property. T&is is e'pressly aut&ori-ed )y +ec. 1#9(==! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode. ?o*ever, t&e penalty for t&e violation of t&e ordinance is invalid, )ecause it is e'cessive. T&e penalty in t&is case is a fine not e'ceeding P1,FFF or i(prison(ent for one year, in t&e discretion of t&e court. %nder +ec. 1#9 (c! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, &o*ever, t&e penalty for t&e violation of a (unicipal ordinance can not e'ceed a fine of P1,FFF.FF or 7(prison(ent for si' (ont&s, or )ot& at t&e discretion of t&e court. Police Po*er; >>DA (1999! "o. 96 T&e Municipality of Binangonan, 5i-al, passed a resolution aut&ori-ing t&e operation of an open gar)age du(psite in a 9$ &ectare land in t&e 5eyes ,state *it&in t&e MunicipalityAs territorial li(its. +o(e concerned residents of Binangonan filed a co(plaint *it& t&e >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority (>>DA! to stop t&e

operation of t&e du(psite due to its &ar(ful effects on t&e &ealt& of t&e residents. T&e >>DA conducted an on$site investigation, (onitoring, testing and *ater sa(pling and found t&at t&e du(psite *ould conta(inate >aguna de Bay and t&e surrounding areas of t&e Municipality. T&e >>DA also discovered t&at no environ(ental clearance *as secured )y t&e Municipality fro( t&e Depart(ent of ,nviron(ent and "atural 5esources (D,"5! and t&e >>DA as reBuired )y la*. T&e >>DA t&erefore issued to t&e Binangonan (unicipal govern(ent a cease and desist order to stop t&e operation of t&e du(psite. T&e Municipality of Binangonan filed a case to annul t&e order issued )y t&e >>DA. (1! 1an t&e Municipality of Binangonan invo=e police po*er to prevent its residents and t&e >>DA fro( interfering *it& t&e operation of t&e du(psite )y t&e MunicipalityC ,'plain. (8! 1an t&e >>DA .ustify its order )y asserting t&at t&e &ealt& of t&e residents *ill )e adversely affected. ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. "o, t&e Municipality of Binangonan cannot invo=e its police po*er. According to >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 8E1 +15A 898, under 5epu)lic Act "o, #/9F, t&e >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority is (andated to pro(ote t&e develop(ent of t&e >aguna >a=e area, including t&e surrounding Province of 5i-al, *it& due regard to t&e prevention of pollution. T&e >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority is (andated to pass upon and approve or disapprove all pro.ects proposed )y local govern(ent offices *it&in t&e region. 8. Nes, t&e >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority can .ustify its order. +ince it &as )een aut&ori-ed )y ,'ecutive @rder "o. 980 to (a=e orders reBuiring t&e discontinuance of pollution, its po*er to issue t&e order can )e inferred fro( t&is. @t&er*ise, it *ill )e a toot&less agency. Moreover, t&e >aguna >a=e Develop(ent Aut&ority is specifically aut&ori-ed under its 1&arter to issue cease and desist orders. 8. ,(inent do(ain ,(inent Do(ain; Po*er to ,'ercise (8FF9! (1F$8! T&e +angguniang Bayan of t&e Municipality of +anta, 7locos +ur passed 5esolution "o. 1 aut&ori-ing its Mayor to initiate a petition for t&e e'propriation of a lot o*ned )y 1&ristina as site for its (unicipal sports center. T&is *as approved )y t&e Mayor. ?o*ever, t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan of 7locos +ur disapproved t&e 5esolution as t&ere (ig&t still )e ot&er availa)le lots in +anta for a sports center. "onet&eless, t&e Municipality of +anta, t&roug& its Mayor, filed a co(plaint for e(inent do(ain. 1&ristina opposed t&is on t&e follo*ing grounds6 1. t&e Municipality of +anta &as no po*er to e'propriate; 8. 5esolution "o. 1 &as )een voided since t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan disapproved it for )eing ar)itrary; and E. t&e Municipality of +anta &as ot&er and )etter lots for t&at purpose. 5esolve t&e case *it& reasons. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5+6 a! %nder +ection 19 of 5.A. "o. 01 F, t&e po*er of e(inent do(ain is e'plicitly granted to t&e (unicipality, )ut (ust )e e'ercised t&roug& an ordinance rat&er t&an t&roug& a resolution. (Municipality of ParanaBue v. ;.M. 5ealty 1orp., 3.5. "o. 180/8F, 2uly 8F, 199/! )! T&e +angguniang Panlala*igan of 7locos +ur *as *it&out t&e aut&ority to disapprove 5esolution "o. 1 as t&e (unicipality clearly &as t&e po*er to e'ercise t&e rig&t of e(inent do(ain and its +angguniang Bayan t&e capacity to pro(ulgate said resolution. T&e only ground upon *&ic& a provincial )oard (ay declare any (unicipal resolution, ordinance or order invalid is *&en suc& resolution, ordinance or order is )eyond t&e po*ers conferred upon t&e council or president (a=ing t&e sa(e. +uc& is not t&e situation in t&is case. (Moday v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 1F091 , Fe)ruary 8F, 1990! c! T&e Buestion of *&et&er t&ere is genuine necessity for t&e e'propriation of 1&ristinaAs lot or *&et&er t&e (unicipality &as ot&er and )etter lots for t&e purpose is a (atter t&at *ill &ave to )e resolved )y t&e 1ourt upon presentation of evidence )y t&e parties to t&e case. Po*er; ,(inent Do(ain; >3%; 5ig&t to ,'ercise (I1F$8FF9! T&e +angguniang Bayan of t&e Municipality of +anta, 7locos +ur passed 5esolution "o. 1 aut&ori-ing its Mayor to initiate a petition for t&e e'propriation of a lot o*ned )y 1&ristina as site for its (unicipal sports center. T&is *as approved )y t&e Mayor. ?o*ever, t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan of 7locos +ur disapproved t&e 5esolution as t&ere (ig&t still )e ot&er availa)le lots in +anta for a sports center.

"onet&eless, t&e Municipality of +anta, t&roug& its Mayor, filed a co(plaint for e(inent do(ain. 1&ristina opposed t&is on t&e follo*ing grounds6 (a! t&e Municipality of +anta &as no po*er to e'propriate; ()! 5esolution "o. 1 &as )een voided since t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan disapproved it for )eing ar)itrary; and (c! t&e Municipality of +anta &as ot&er and )etter lots for t&at purpose. 5esolve t&e case *it& reasons. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder +ection 19 of 5.A. "o. 01 F, t&e po*er of e(inent do(ain is e'plicitly granted to t&e (unicipality, )ut (ust )e e'ercised t&roug& an ordinance rat&er t&an t&roug& a resolution. (Municipality ofParanaBue v. ;.M. 5ealty 1orp., 3.5. "o. 180/8F, 2uly 8F, 199/! T&e +angguniang Panlala*igan of 7locos +ur *as *it&out t&e aut&ority to disapprove 5esolution "o. 1 as t&e (unicipality clearly &as t&e po*er to e'ercise t&e rig&t of e(inent do(ain and its +angguniang Bayan t&e capacity to pro(ulgate said resolution. T&e only ground upon *&ic& a provincial )oard (ay declare any (unicipal resolution, ordinance or order invalid is *&en suc& resolution, ordinance or order is )eyond t&e po*ers conferred upon t&e council or president (a=ing t&e sa(e. +uc& is not t&e situation in t&is case. (Moday v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 1F091 , Fe)ruary 8F, 1990! T&e Buestion of *&et&er t&ere is genuine necessity for t&e e'propriation of 1&ristinaAs lot or *&et&er t&e (unicipality &as ot&er and )etter lots for t&e purpose is a (atter t&at *ill &ave to )e resolved )y t&e 1ourt upon presentation of evidence )y t&e parties to t&e case. Po*ers of Barangay Asse()ly (8FFE! 1an a Barangay Asse()ly e'ercise any police po*erC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e Barangay Asse()ly cannot e'ercise any police po*er. %nder +ection E9/ of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, it can only reco((end to t&e +angguniang Barangay t&e adoption of (easures for t&e *elfare of t&e )arangay and decide on t&e adoption of an initiative. 4it&dra*al of Pu)lic Property fro( Pu)lic %se (199F! "o. /6 :NR, a corporation organi-ed under t&e la*s of ?ong=ong, *it& 1FFH foreign eBuity, o)tained fro( t&e +ecurities and ,'c&ange 1o((ission a license to operate a pra*n &atc&ery pro.ect on a piece of land leased fro( t&e 1ity of Dagupan. T&e land *as for(erly a par= and pla-a )elonging to t&e 1ity and *as converted )y t&e 1ity to derive (uc& needed funds. (1! May t&e 1ity of Dagupan la*fully convert t&e par= to pra*n ponds and lease t&e sa(eC ,'plain your ans*er. (8! May t&e 1ity of Dagupan and :NR corporation validly enter into t&e lease contract for t&e pra*n pondsC Ans*er *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! Nes, t&e 1ity of Dagupan (ay la*fully convert t&e par= into pra*n ponds and lease t&e(. A city (ay close a par= and pla-a and once t&e property &as )een *it&dra*n fro( pu)lic use, it falls *it&in t&e co((erce of (an and (ay )e leased. +ection 1F of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode provides6 <A local govern(ent unit (ay li=e*ise, t&roug& its &ead acting pursuant to a resolution of its sanggunian and in accordance *it& e'isting la* and t&e provisions of t&is 1ode, close any )arangay, (unicipal, city or provincial road, street, alley par= or sBuare. "o suc& *ay or place or any part t&ereof s&all )e closed *it&out inde(nifying any person pre.udiced t&ere)y. A property t&us *it&dra*n fro( pu)lic use (ay )e used or conveyed for any purpose for *&ic& ot&er real property )elonging to t&e local unit concerned (ig&t )e la*fully used or conveyed.< 7n Favis v. 1ity Baguio, 80 +15A 1F F, it *as &eld t&at t&e 1ity of Baguio could close a street and lease it since it &ad )eco(e patri(onial property. >i=e*ise, in 1e)u @'ygen and Acetylene 1o(pany, 7nc. a Berceles, +15A #/1, it *as &eld t&at t&e 1ity of 1e)u could close a street and sell it t&ereafter. (8! +ince t&e 1ity of Dagupan &as t&e po*er to convert t&e par= into pra*n ponds it can also lease it to :NR even t&oug& :NR is a 1FFHTforeign corporation. T&e operation of a pra*n &atc&ery does not involve e'ploitation of natural resources *it&in t&e (eaning of +ections 8 and E, Article :77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution. (+ecretary of 2ustice, @p. "o. E, s. 19//! +ince t&e portion of t&e par= &ad )een *it&dra*n fro( pu)lic use, it could )e disposed for any la*ful purpose including leasing it to a foreign corporation. E. Ta'ing po*er

 @rdinance; ;alidity; >ocal Ta'ation vs. +pecial Assess(ent (19/0! 19/0 "o. ;6 +tate *&et&er or not t&e follo*ing city ordinances are valid and give reasons in support of your ans*ers6 ()! An ordinance on )usiness esta)lis&(ents to raise funds for t&e construction and (aintenance of roads in private su)divisions, *&ic& roads are open for use )y seg(ents of t&e pu)lic *&o (ay &ave )usiness inside t&e su)division. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 ()! T&e ordinance is valid. T&e c&arge on t&e )usiness esta)lis&(ents is not a ta' )ut a +P,17A> A++,++M,"T. ?ence, t&e &olding in Pascual v. +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s, 11F P&il. EE1 (19 F!, t&at pu)lic funds cannot )e appropriated for t&e construction of roads in a private su)division, does not apply. As &eld in Apostolic Prefect v. 1ity Treasurer of Baguio, 01 P&il. 9#0 (19#1!, special assess(ents (ay )e c&arged to property o*ners )enefited )y pu)lic *or=s, )ecause t&e essential difference )et*een a ta' and suc& assess(ent is precisely t&at t&e latter is )ased *&olly on )enefits received. ?o*ever, if t&e ordinance levies a ta' on all )usiness esta)lis&(ents located outside t&e private su)division, t&en it is o).ectiona)le on t&e ground t&at it appropriate private funds for a pu)lic purpose. (Pascual v. +ecretary of Pu)lic 4or=s, supra! Ta'ation; +ources of 5evenue (1999! "o ; $%nder t&e 1onstitution, *&at are t&e t&ree (ain sources of revenues of local govern(ent unitsC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e (ain sources of revenues of local govern(ent units under t&e 1onstitution6 1 Ta'es, fees, and c&arges. (+ection 9, Article :! 8 +&are in t&e national ta'es. (+ection , Article :! E +&are in t&e proceeds of t&e utili-ations and develop(ent of t&e national *ealt& *it&in t&eir areas. (+ection 0, Article :P #. 1losure and opening of road 9. >egislative po*er Po*ers; >iga ng (ga Barangay (8FFE! 1an t&e >iga ng (ga Barangay e'ercise legislative po*ersC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e >iga ng Mga Barangay cannot e'ercise legislative po*ers. As stated in Bito$@non v. Fernande-. E9F +15A 0E8 J8FF1K, it is not a local govern(ent unit and its pri(ary purpose is to deter(ine representation of t&e (ga in t&e sanggunians; to ventilate, articulate, and crystalli-e issues affecting )arangay govern(ent ad(inistration; and to secure solutions for t&e( t&roug& proper and legal (eans. a! 5eBuisites for valid ordinance %se L >ease of Properties; Pu)lic %se (1990! "o. 96 Due to over$cro*ding in t&e pu)lic (ar=et in Paco, Manila, t&e 1ity 1ouncil passed an ordinance allo*ing t&e lease to vendors of parts of t&e streets *&ere t&e pu)lic (ar=et is located, provided t&at t&e lessees pay to t&e city govern(ent a fee of P9F per sBuare (eter of t&e area occupied )y t&e lessees. T&e residents in t&e area co(plained to t&e Mayor t&at t&e lease of t&e pu)lic streets *ould cause serious traffic pro)le(s to t&e(. T&e Mayor cancelled t&e lease and ordered t&e re(oval of t&e stalls constructed on t&e streets. 4as t&e act of t&e Mayor legalC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e cancellation of t&e lease and t&e re(oval of t&e stalls are valid. As &eld in Macasiano vs. Dio=no, 818 +15A # #, t&e lease of pu)lic streets is void, since t&ey are reserved for pu)lic use and are outside t&e co((erce of (an. @rdinance; ;alidity; 1losure or >ease of Properties for Pu)lic %se (8FFE! "o :7 $ An aggrieved resident of t&e 1ity of Manila filed (anda(us proceedings against t&e city (ayor and t&e city engineer to co(pel t&ese officials to re(ove t&e (ar=et stalls fro( certain city streets *&ic& t&ey &ad designated as

flea (ar=ets. Portions of t&e said city streets *ere leased or licensed )y t&e respondent officials to (ar=et stall&olders )y virtue of a city ordinance. Decide t&e dispute. F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e petition s&ould )e granted. 7n accordance *it& Macasiano v. Dio=no. 818 +15A # # J1998K, since pu)lic streets are properties for pu)lic use and are outside t&e co((erce of (an, t&e 1ity Mayor and t&e 1ity ,ngineer cannot lease or license portions of t&e city streets to (ar=et stall&olders. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e petition s&ould )e denied. %nder +ection 81(d!of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, a city (ay )y ordinance te(porarily close a street so t&at a flea (ar=et (ay )e esta)lis&ed. @rdinance; ;alidity; 1o(pensation; Tortuous Act of an ,(ployee (199#! "o. ; 2o&nny *as e(ployed as a driver )y t&e Municipality of 1alu(pit, Bulacan. 4&ile driving rec=lessly a (unicipal du(p truc= *it& its load of sand for t&e repair of (unicipal streets, 2o&nny &it a .eepney. T*o passengers of t&e .eepney *ere =illed. T&e +angguniang Bayan passed an ordinance appropriating PEFF,FFF as co(pensation for t&e &eirs of t&e victi(s. 1! 7s t&e (unicipality lia)le for t&e negligence of 2o&nnyC 8! 7s t&e (unicipal ordinance validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! T&e ordinance appropriating PEFF,FFF.FF for t&e &eirs of t&e victi(s of 2o&nny is void. T&is a(ounts to appropriating pu)lic funds for a private purpose. %nder +ection EE9 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, no pu)lic (oney s&all )e appropriated for private purposes. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; %pon t&e foregoing considerations, t&e (unicipal ordinance is null and void for )eing ultra vires. T&e (unicipality not )eing lia)le to pay co(pensation to t&e &eirs of t&e victi(s, t&e ordinance is utterly devoid of legal )asis. 7t *ould in fact constitute an illegal use or e'penditure of pu)lic funds *&ic& is a cri(inal offense. 4&at is (ore, t&e ordinance does not (eet one of t&e reBuisites for validity of (unicipal ordinances, ie., t&at it (ust )e in consonance *it& certain *ell$esta)lis&ed and )asic principles of a su)stantive nature, to *it6 it does not contravene t&e 1onstitution or t&e la*, it is not unfair or oppressive. 7t is not partial or discri(inatory. 7t is consistent *it& pu)lic policy, and it is not unreasona)le. Po*er to 7ssue +u)poena L 1ite For 1onte(pt (199E! "o 6 Mayor Alfredo >i( closed t&e fun&ouses in t&e ,r(ita district suspected of )eing fronts for prostitution. To deter(ine t&e feasi)ility of putting up a legali-ed red lig&t district, t&e city council conducted an inBuiry and invited operators of t&e closed fun&ouses to get t&eir vie*s. "o one &onored t&e 7nvitation. T&e city council issued su)poenas to co(pel t&e attendance of t&e operators )ut *&ic& *ere co(pletely disregarded. T&e council declared t&e operators guilty of conte(pt and issued *arrants for t&eir arrest. T&e operators co(e to you for legal advice, as=ing t&e follo*ing Buestions6 (1! 7s t&e council e(po*ered to issue su)poenas to co(pel t&eir attendanceC (8! Does t&e council &ave t&e po*er to cite for conte(ptC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! T&e city council is not e(po*ered to issue su)poenas to co(pel t&e attendance of t&e operators of t&e fun$ &ouses 7n t&e ,r(ita district. T&ere is no provision in t&e 1onstitution, t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, or any la* e'pressly granting local legislative )odies t&e po*er to su)poena *itnesses. As &eld in "egros @riental 77 ,lectric 1ooperative, 7nc. vs. +angguniang Panlungsod of Du(aguete, 199 +15A #81, suc& po*er cannot )e i(plied fro( t&e grant of delegated legislated po*er. +uc& po*er is 2udicial. To allo* local legislative )odies to e'ercise suc& po*er *it&out e'press statutory )asis *ould violate t&e doctrine of separation of po*ers. (8! T&e city council does not &ave t&e po*er to cite for conte(pt. T&ere is li=e*ise no provision in t&e 1onstitution, t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, or any ot&er la*s granting local legislative )odies t&e po*er to cite for conte(pt. +uc& po*er cannot )e dee(ed i(plied in t&e delegation of legislative po*er to local legislative )odies, for t&e e'istence of suc& po*er poses a potential derogation of individual rig&ts. Po*er to 7ssue +u)poena; validity of delegation (19/9!

"o. 106 Assu(e t&at under t&e c&arter of t&e 1ity of Manila, t&e 1ity Mayor &as t&e po*er to investigate city officials and e(ployees appointed )y &i( and in connection t&ere*it&, ad(inister oat&, ta=e testi(ony and issue su)poenas. T&e (ayor issued an e'ecutive order creating a co((ittee, c&aired )y <:<, to investigate ano(alies involving licensed inspectors of t&e >icense 7nspection Division of t&e @ffice of t&e 1ity Treasurer, 7n t&e course of its investigation, <:< su)poenaed <N<, a private citi-en *or=ing as )oo==eeper of Asia ?ard*are. <N< refused to appear contending t&at t&e 1o((ittee of <:< &as no po*er to issue su)poenas. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e co((ittee &as no po*er to issue su)poenas according to 1ar(elo vs, 5a(os, +15A /E . 7n creating t&e co((ittee, t&e (ayor did not grant it t&e po*er to issue su)poenas. Besides, t&e (ayor cannot delegate &is po*er to issue su)poenas. )! >ocal initiative and referendu( P&il 1on /0; People Po*er (8FFE! "o 7 $7s<peoplepo*er<recogni-ed )y t&e 19/0 1onstitutionC ,'plain fully. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 <People po*er< is recogni-ed in t&e 1onstitution. Article 777, +ection # of t&e 19/0 1onstitution guarantees t&e rig&t of t&e people peacea)le to asse()le and petition t&e govern(ent for redress of grievances. Article ;7, +ection E8 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution reBuires 1ongress to pass a la* allo*ing t&e people to directly propose and enact la*s t&roug& initiative and to approve or re.ect any act or la* or part of it passed )y 1ongress or a local legislative )ody. Article :777, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at t&e rig&t of t&e people and t&eir organi-ations to participate at all levels of social, political, and econo(ic decision$(a=ing s&all not )e a)ridged and t&at t&e +tate s&all, )y la*, facilitate t&e esta)lis&(ent of adeBuate consultation (ec&anis(s. Article :;77, +ection 8 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides t&at su).ect to t&e enact(ent of an i(ple(enting la*, t&e people (ay directly propose a(end(ents to t&e 1onstitution t&roug& initiative. @rdinances; ;alidity; A(ending "atGl >a*s (19//! "o. #6 2ose N. +a)ater is a real estate developer. ?e acBuires ra* lands and converts t&e( into su)divisions. After acBuiring a lot of around 19 &ectares in 1a)anatuan 1ity, &e caused t&e preparation of a su)division plan for t&e property. Before &e *as a)le to su)(it t&e su)division plan to t&e Bureau of >ands andDor >and 5egistration 1o((ission for verification andDor approval, &e *as infor(ed t&at &e (ust first present t&e plan to t&e 1ity ,ngineer *&o *ould deter(ine *&et&er t&e -oning ordinance of t&e 1a)anatuan 1ity &ad )een o)served. ?e *as surprised *&en &e *as as=ed to pay t&e city govern(ent a service fee of PF.EF per sBuare (eter of land, covered )y &is su)division plan. ?e *as even (ore surprised *&en infor(ed t&at a fine of P8FF.FF andDor i(prison(ent for not e'ceeding si' (ont&s or )ot&, &ave )een fi'ed in t&e ordinance as penalty for violation t&ereof. Believing t&at t&e city ordinance is illegal, &e filed suit to nullify t&e sa(e. Decide t&e case *it& reasons. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e ordinance is null and void. 7n ;illacorta v. Bernardo, 1#E +15A #/F (19/ ! t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at a (unicipal ordinance cannot a(end a national la* in t&e guise of i(ple(enting it. 7n t&is case, t&e reBuire(ent actually conflicts *it& sec. ## of Act "o. #9 )ecause t&e latter does not reBuire su)division plans to )e su)(itted to t&e 1ity ,ngineer )efore t&ey can )e su)(itted for approval to, and verification )y, t&e >and 5egistration 1o((ission andDor t&e Bureau of >ands. @rdinances; ;eto Po*er (199 ! (1! ?o* does t&e local legislative asse()ly override t&e veto )y t&e local c&ief e'ecutive of an ordinanceC (8! @n *&at grounds can a local c&ief e'ecutive veto an ordinanceC (E! ?o* can an ordinance vetoed )y a local c&ief e'ecutive )eco(e a la* *it&out it )eing overridden )y t&e local legislative asse()lyC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

(1! %nder +ections 9# (a! and 99 (c! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e local legislative asse()ly can override t&e veto of t&e local c&ief e'ecutive )y t*o$t&irds vote of all its (e()ers. (8! %nder +ection 99JaK of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e local c&ief e'ecutive (ay veto an ordinance on t&e ground t&at it is %>T5A ;75,+ or P5,2%D717A> T@ T?, P%B>71 4,>FA5,. (E! Pursuant to +ection 9#()! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, an ordinance vetoed )y t&e local c&ief e'ecutive s&all )e dee(ed approved if &e does not co((unicate &is veto to t&e local legislative asse()ly *it&in 19 days in t&e case of a province and 1F days in t&e case of a city or a (unicipality. >i=e*ise, if t&e veto )y t&e local e'ecutive &as )een overridden )y t&e local legislative asse()ly, a second veto *ill )e void. %nder +ection 99(c! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e local c&ief e'ecutive (ay veto an ordinance only once. . 1orporate po*ers a! To sue and )e sued )! To acBuire and sell property c! To enter into contracts 5eBuisites; 1ontracts 7nvolving >3% (1991! T&e Municipality of +i)onga, 1e)u, *is&es to enter into a contract involving e'penditure of pu)lic funds. 4&at are t&e legal reBuisites t&ereforC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e legal reBuisites for t&e validity of a contract to )e entered into )y t&e Municipality of +i)onga, *&ic& involves t&e e'penditure of pu)lic funds6 (1! T&e contract (ust )e *it&in t&e po*er of t&e (unicipality; (8! T&e contract (ust )e entered into )y t&e proper officer, i.e., t&e (ayor, upon resolution of t&e +angguniang Bayan pursuant to +ection 1#8 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode; (E! 7n accordance *it& +ec. F of t&e 5evised Ad(inistrative 1ode, t&ere (ust )e an appropriation of t&e pu)lic funds; and in accordance *it& +ec. F0, t&ere (ust )e a certificate of availa)ility of funds issued )y t&e (unicipal treasurer; and (#! T&e contract (ust confor( *it& t&e for(al reBuisites of *ritten contracts prescri)ed )y la*. 5eBuisites; 1ontracts involving >3% (1999! "o. #6 1. 4&at are t&e conditions under *&ic& a local e'ecutive (ay enter into a contract in )e&alf of &is govern(ent unitC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. T&e follo*ing are t&e conditions under *&ic& a local e'ecutive (ay enter into a contract in )e&alf of t&e govern(ent until6 (1! T&e local govern(ent unit (ust &ave t&e po*er to enter into t&e particular contract; (8! Pursuant to +ection 88(c! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&ere (ust )e a prior aut&ori-ation )y t&e sangguniang concerned, and a legi)le copy of t&e contract s&all )e posted at a conspicuous place in t&e provincial capitol or t&e city, (unicipal or )arangay &all. (E! 7n accordance *it& +ections # and #0, 1&apter /, +u)title B. Boo= ; of t&e 19/0 Ad(inistrative 1ode, if t&e contract 7nvolves t&e e'penditure of pu)lic funds, t&ere (ust )e an appropriation t&erefore and a certificate of availa)ility of funds )y t&e treasurer of t&e local govern(ent unit. (#! T&e contract (ust confor( *it& t&e for(al reBuisites of *ritten contracts prescri)ed )y la*. (9! Pursuant to +ection 8F / of t&e 5evised Ad(inistrative 1ode, if a province is a party to a contract conveying title to real property, t&e contract (ust )e approved )y t&e President. %nder +ection 819 of t&e 5evised Ad(inistrative 1ode, if a (unicipality is a party to a contract conveying real property or any 7nterest in it or creating a lien upon it, t&e contract (ust )e approved )y t&e provincial governor. (i! 5eBuisites (ii! %ltra vires contracts 0. >ia)ility of >3%s Ta'ation; 3@11 >ia)ility For 5eal ,state Ta' (1999!

"o ;7 $ 1. T&e Province of : reBuired t&e "ational Develop(ent 1o(pany to pay real estate ta'es on t&e land )eing occupied )y "D1 and t&e latter argued t&at since it is a govern(ent$o*ned corporation, its properties are e'e(pt fro( real estate ta'es. 7f you *ere t&e 2udge, &o* *ould you decide t&e caseC 5eason out. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n "ational Develop(ent 1o(pany v. 1e)u 1ity, 819 +15A E/8, t&e +upre(e 1ourt &eld t&at t&e "ational Develop(ent 1o(pany *as not lia)le for real estate ta' on t&e property )elonging to t&e govern(ent *&ic& it occupy. ?o*ever, +ection 8E# of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode su)seBuently *it&dre* t&e e'e(ption fro( real property ta'es of govern(ent$o*ned or controlled corporations. 7f 7 *ere t&e 2udge, 7 *ould &old t&e "ational Develop(ent 1o(pany lia)le for real estate ta'es. /. +ettle(ent of )oundary disputes Boundary Dispute 5esolution; >3%; 5T1Gs 2urisdiction (I1F$8FF9! 1 $ T&ere *as a )oundary dispute )et*een Duenas, a (unicipality, and Passi, an independent co(ponent city, )ot& of t&e sa(e province. +tate &o* t&e t*o local govern(ent units s&ould settle t&eir )oundary dispute. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Boundary disputes )et*een local govern(ent units s&ould, as (uc& as possi)le, )e settled a(ica)ly. After efforts at settle(ent fail, t&en t&e dispute (ay )e )roug&t to t&e appropriate 5egional Trial 1ourt in t&e said province. +ince t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode is silent as to *&at )ody &as e'clusive .urisdiction over t&e settle(ent of )oundary disputes )et*een a (unicipality and an independent co(ponent city of t&e sa(e province, t&e 5egional Trial 1ourts &ave general .urisdiction to ad.udicate t&e said controversy. (Mun. of Mananga v. Madrona, 3.5. "o. 1#1E09, April EF, 8FFE! Boundary Dispute +ettle(ent; Aut&ority; 2urisdiction (1999! "o ; $ 1. 4&at )ody or )odies are vested )y la* *it& t&e aut&ority to settle disputes involving6 (1! t*o or (ore to*ns *it&in t&e sa(e province; (1H! (8! t*o or (ore &ig&ly ur)ani-ed cities. (1H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1.! %nder +ection 11/()! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, )oundary disputes involving t*o or (ore (unicipalities *it&in t&e sa(e province s&all )e settled )y t&e sangguniang panlala*igan concerned. 8.! %nder +ection 11/(d! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, )oundary disputes involving t*o or (ore &ig&ly ur)ani-ed cities s&all )e settled )y t&e sangguniang panlungsod of t&e parties. 9. +uccession of elective officials ;acancy; ,ffect of ;ice$Mayor Acting As Mayor (8FF8! "o :7;. +uppose A, a Municipal Mayor, *ent on a sic= leave to undergo (edical treat(ent for a period of four (#! (ont&s. During t&at ti(e A. 4ill B, t&e Municipal ;ice$Mayor, )e perfor(ing e'ecutive functionsC 4&yC (8H! B. 4ill B at t&e sa(e ti(e )e also perfor(ing legislative functions as presiding officer of t&e +angguniang BayanC 4&yC (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. +ince t&e Municipal Mayor is te(porarily incapacitated to perfor( &is duties, in accordance *it& +ection # (a! of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e Municipal ;ice$Mayor s&all e'ercise &is po*ers and perfor( &is duties and functions. T&e Municipal ;ice$Mayor *ill )e perfor(ing e'ecutive functions, )ecause t&e functions of t&e Municipal Mayor are e'ecutive. B. T&e Municipal ;ice$Mayor cannot continue as presiding officer of t&e +angguniang Bayan *&ile &e is acting Municipal Mayor. 7n accordance *it& 3a()oa v. Aguirre, E1F +15A / 0 (1999!, under t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e ;ice$Municipal Mayor *as deprived of t&e po*er to preside over t&e +angguniang Bayan and is no longer a (e()er of it. T&e te(porary vacancy in t&e office of t&e Municipal Mayor creates a corresponding te(porary vacancy in t&e @ffice of t&e Municipal ;ice$Mayor *&en &e acts as Municipal Mayor. T&is constitutes ina)ility on &is part to preside over t&e sessions of t&e +angguniang Bayan.

 ;acancy; 5ule of +uccession (1999! "o. 06 T&e ;ice Mayor of a (unicipality filed &is certificate of candidacy for t&e sa(e office in t&e last elections. T&e Municipal Mayor *as also running for re$election. Bot& *ere official candidates of t&e sa(e political party. After t&e last day for t&e filing of certificates of candidacy, t&e Mayor died. %nder t&ese facts $ a! 1an t&e ;ice Mayor succeed to t&e office of Mayor pursuant to t&e provisions of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1odeC ,'plain. )! Assu(ing t&at t&e ;ice Mayor succeeds to t&e position of Mayor after t&e incu()ent died, *&ic& position is no* different fro( t&e one for *&ic& &e &as filed &is certificate of candidacy, can &e still continue to run as ;ice MayorC ,'plain. c! 7s t&ere any legal i(pedi(ent to t&e ;ice Mayor to replace t&e re$electionist Mayor *&o diedC ,'plain, +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e vice (ayor can succeed to t&e office of (ayor. %nder +ection ## of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, &e stands ne't in line to t&e office of (ayor in case of a per(anent vacancy in it. ?is filing of a 1ertificate of 1andidacy for Mayor did not auto(atically result to &is )eing considered resigned (+ec. 0, @(ni)us ,lection 1ode!. Nes, t&e vice (ayor can continue to run as vice (ayor. At t&e ti(e t&at &e filed &is certificate of candidacy, t&e vice (ayor ran for t&e sa(e office &e *as &olding. 7n deter(ining *&et&er a candidate is running for a position ot&er t&an t&e one &e is &olding in a per(anent capacity and s&ould )e considered resigned, it is t&e office &e *as &olding at t&e ti(e &e filed &is certificate of candidacy s&ould )e considered. T&ere is no legal i(pedi(ent to t&e vice (ayor running as (ayor to replace t&e vice (ayor *&o died under +ection 00 of t&e @(ni)us ,lection 1ode, if a candidate dies after t&e last day for filing certificates of candidacy, &e (ay )e replaced )y a person )elonging to &is political party. ?o*ever, it is reBuired t&at &e s&ould first *it&dra* &is 1ertificate of 1andidacy for ;ice$Mayor and file a ne* 1ertificate of 1andidacy for Mayor. ;acancy; +B; 5ule on +uccession (8FF8! "o :;. A vacancy occurred in t&e sangguniang )ayan of a (unicipality *&en :, a (e()er, died. : did not )elong to any political party. To fill up t&e vacancy, t&e provincial governor appointed A upon t&e reco((endation of t&e sangguniang panlala*igan. @n t&e ot&er &and, for t&e sa(e vacancy, t&e (unicipal (ayor appointed B upon t&e reco((endation of t&e sangguniang )ayan. 4&ic& of t&ese appoint(ents is validC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in Farinas v. Bar)a, 89 +15A E9 (199 !, neit&er of t&e appoint(ents is valid. %nder +ection #9 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, in case of a per(anent vacancy in t&e +angguniang Bayan created )y t&e cessation in office of a (e()er *&o does not )elong to any political party, t&e 3overnor s&all appoint a Bualified person reco((ended )y t&e +angguniang Bayan. +ince A *as not reco((ended )y t&e +angguniang Bayan, &is appoint(ent )y t&e 3overnor is not valid. +ince B *as not appointed )y t&e 3overnor )ut )y t&e Municipal Mayor, &is appoint(ent is also not valid. 1F. Discipline of local officials a! ,lective officials (i! 3rounds (ii! 2urisdiction (iii! Preventive suspension (iv! 5e(oval (v! Ad(inistrative appeal (vi! Doctrine of condonation Discipline; 1le(ency; Doctrine of 1ondonation (8FFF! "o ;7. A provincial governor duly elected to office *as c&arged *it& disloyalty and suspended fro( office pending t&e outco(e of t&e for(al investigation of t&e c&arges against &i(. T&e +ecretary of 7nterior and >ocal 3overn(ents found &i( guilty as c&arged and re(oved &i( fro( office. ?e filed a petition )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt Buestioning &is re(oval. 4&ile t&e case *as pending )efore t&e +upre(e 1ourt, &e filed &is certificate of candidacy for t&e position of 3overnor and *on, and *as proclai(ed 3overnor. ?e clai(s &is reelection to t&e position of 3overnor &as rendered t&e pending ad(inistrative case against &i( (oot and acade(ic. 7s &e correctC ,'plain. (9H!

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Nes, t&e re$election of t&e governor &as rendered t&e pending ad(inistrative case against &i( (oot. As e'plained in Aguinaldo v. +antos, 818 +15A 0 / (1998!, a local elective official cannot )e re(oved fro( office for (isconduct co((itted during &is previous ter(, )ecause eac& ter( is separate and t&e people )y re$electing &i( are dee(ed to &ave forgiven &is (isconduct. )! Appointive officials 11. 5ecall 5ecall (8FF8! "o :;7. +uppose t&e people of a province *ant to recall t&e provincial governor )efore t&e end of &is t&ree$year ter( of office, A. @n *&at ground or grounds can t&e provincial governor )e recalledC (1H! B. ?o* *ill t&e recall )e initiatedC (8H! 1. 4&en *ill t&e recall of an elective local official )e considered effectiveC O8HP +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n accordance *it& +ection 9 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e 3overnor can )e recalled for >@++ @F 1@"F7D,"1,. %nder +ection 0F of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e recall (ay )e initiated )y a resolution adopted )y a (a.ority of all t&e (e()ers of t&e preparatory recall asse()ly, *&ic& consists of all t&e (ayors, t&e vice$(ayors, and t&e sangguniang (e()ers of t&e (unicipalities and co(ponent cities, or )y a *ritten petition signed )y at least t*enty$ five per cent (89H! of t&e total nu()er of registered voters in t&e province. According to +ection 08 of t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode, t&e recall of an elective local official s&all ta=e effect upon t&e election and procla(ation of a successor in t&e person of t&e candidate receiving t&e &ig&est nu()er of votes cast during t&e election on recall. 18. Ter( li(its T&ree$Ter( >i(it 5ule (8FF1! "o :7: $ 7n t&e May 1998 elections, Manuel Manalo and +egundo Parate *ere elected as Mayor and ;ice Mayor, respectively. %pon t&e deat& of Manalo as incu()ent (unicipal (ayor, ;ice Mayor +egundo Parate succeeded as (ayor and served for t&e re(aining portion of t&e ter( of office. 7n t&e May 1999 election, +egundo Parate ran for and *on as (ayor and t&en served for t&e full ter(. 7n t&e May 199/ elections, Parate ran for reelection as Mayor and *on again. 7n t&e May 8FF1 election, +egundo Parate filed &is certificate of candidacy for t&e sa(e position of (ayor, )ut &is rival (ayoralty candidate soug&t &is disBualification alleging violation of t&e t&ree$ter( li(it for local elective officials provided for in t&e 1onstitution and in t&e >ocal 3overn(ent 1ode. Decide *&et&er t&e disBualification case *ill prosper or not. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e disBualification case s&ould )e dis(issed. As &eld in Bor.a vs. 1@M,>,1, 899 +15A190 (199 !, in co(puting t&e t&ree$ter( li(itation i(posed upon elective local officials, only t&e ter( for *&ic& &e *as elected to s&ould )e considered. T&e ter( *&ic& &e served as a result of succession s&ould not )e included. 7t is not enoug& t&at t&e official &as served t&ree consecutive ter(s. ?e (ust &ave )een elected to t&e sa(e position t&ree consecutive ti(es. T&ree$Ter( >i(it; fro( Municipality to "e*ly$1reated 1ity (I9$8FF9! 8. Manuel *as elected Mayor of t&e Municipality of Tu)a in t&e elections of 1998, 1999 and 199/. ?e fully served &is first t*o ter(s, and during &is t&ird ter(, t&e (uniTcipality *as converted into t&e co(ponent 1ity of Tu)a. T&e said c&arter provided for a &oldTover and so *it&out interregnu( Manuel *ent on to serve as t&e Mayor of t&e 1ity of Tu)a. 7n t&e 8FF1 elections, Manuel filed &is certificate of candidacy for 1ity Mayor. ?e disclosed, t&oug&, t&at &e &ad already served for t&ree consecutive ter(s as elected Mayor *&en Tu)a *as still a (unicipality. ?e also stated in &is certificate of candidacy t&at &e is running for t&e position of Mayor for t&e first ti(e no* t&at Tu)a is a city.

5eyes, an adversary, ran against Manuel and petitioned t&at &e )e disBualified )ecause &e &ad already served for t&ree consecutive ter(s as Mayor. T&e petition *as not ti(ely acted upon, and Manuel *as proclai(ed t&e *inner *it& 8F,FFF votes over t&e 1F,FFF votes received )y 5eyes as t&e only ot&er candidate. 7t *as only after Manuel too= &is oat& and assu(ed office t&at t&e 1@M,>,1 ruled t&at &e *as disBualified for &aving ran and served for t&ree consecutive ter(s. (9H! (a! As la*yer of Manuel, present t&e possi)le argu(ents to prevent &is disBualification and re(oval. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As la*yer of Manuel, 7 *ould argue t&at &e s&ould not )e disBualified and re(oved )ecause &e *as a t&ree$ter( (ayor of t&e (unicipality of Tu)a, and, *it& its conversion to a co(ponent city, t&e latter &as a totally separate and different corporate personality fro( t&at of t&e (unicipality. Moreover, as a rule, in a representative de(ocracy, t&e people s&ould )e allo*ed freely to c&oose t&ose *&o *ill govern t&e(. ?aving *on t&e elections, t&e c&oice of t&e people s&ould )e respected. ()! ?o* *ould you rule on *&et&er or not Manuel is eligi)le to run as Mayor of t&e ne*ly$created 1ity of Tu)a i((ediately after &aving already served for t&ree (E! consecutive ter(s as Mayor of t&e Municipality of Tu)aC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Manuel is not eligi)le to run as (ayor of t&e city of Tu)a. T&e 19/0 1onstitution specifically included an e'ception to t&e peopleAs freedo( to c&oose t&ose *&o *ill govern t&e( in order to avoid t&e evil of a single person accu(ulating e'cessive po*er over a particular territorial .urisdiction as a result of a prolonged stay in t&e sa(e office. To allo* Manuel to vie for t&e position of city (ayor after &aving served for t&ree consecutive ter(s as a (unicipal (ayor *ould o)viously defeat t&e very intent of t&e fra(ers *&en t&ey *rote t&is e'ception. +&ould &e )e allo*ed anot&er t&ree consecutive ter(s as (ayor of t&e 1ity of Tu)a, Manuel *ould t&en )e possi)ly &olding office as c&ief e'ecutive over t&e sa(e territorial .urisdiction and in&a)itants for a total of eig&teen consecutive years. T&is is t&e very scenario soug&t to )e avoided )y t&e 1onstitution, if not a)&orred )y it. (>atasa v. 1@M,>,1, 3.5. "o. 19#/89, Dece()er 1F, 8FFE! (c! Assu(ing t&at Manuel is not an eligi)le candidate, re)ut 5eyesA clai( t&at &e s&ould )e proclai(ed as *inner &aving received t&e ne't &ig&er nu()er of votes. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5eyes cannot )e proclai(ed *inner for receiving t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes. T&e +upre(e 1ourt &as consistently ruled t&at t&e fact t&at a plurality or a (a.ority of t&e votes are cast for an ineligi)le candidate at a popular election, or t&at a candidate is later declared to )e disBualified to &old office, does not entitle t&e candidate *&o garnered t&e second &ig&est nu()er of votes to )e declared elected. T&e sa(e (erely results in (a=ing t&e *inning candidateAs election a nullity. 7n t&e present case, 1F,FFF votes *ere cast for private respondent 5eyes as against t&e 8F,FFF votes cast for petitioner Manuel. T&e second placer is o)viously not t&e c&oice of t&e people in t&is particular election. T&e per(anent vacancy in t&e contested office s&ould )e filled )y succession. (>a)o v. 1@M,>,1, 3.5. "o. 1F9111, 2uly E,1998! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5eyes could not )e proclai(ed as *inner )ecause &e did not *in t&e election. To allo* t&e defeated candidate to ta=e over t&e Mayoralty despite &is re.ection )y t&e electorate is to disenfranc&ise t&e electorate *it&out any fault on t&eir part and to under(ine t&e i(portance and (eaning of de(ocracy and t&e peopleAs rig&t to elect officials of t&eir c&oice. (Benito v. 1@M,>,1, 3.5. "o. 1F F9E, August 10, 199#! >a* fi'ing t&e ter(s of local elective officials (I#$8FF ! +tate *&et&er or not t&e la* is constitutional. ,'plain )riefly. E. A la* fi'ing t&e ter(s of local elective officials, ot&er t&an )arangay officials, to

years. (8H!

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* is invalid. %nder Article :, +ection / of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, <t&e ter( of office of elective local officials, e'cept )arangay officials, *&ic& s&all )e deter(ined )y la*, s&all )e t&ree years and no suc& official s&all serve for (ore t&an t&ree consecutive ter(s.< T&e la* clearly goes against t&e aforesaid constitutional reBuire(ent of t&ree year ter(s for local officials e'cept for )arangay officials. T&ree ter( li(it rule (8F1F!

3overnor Diy *as serving &is t&ird ter( *&en &e lost &is governors&ip in a recall election. a. 4&o s&all succeed governor Diy in &is office as 3overnorC The 0"n' '"te +ho )e0e &e' the h ,hest n!$2e) o% &otes n the )e0"## e#e0t on + ## s!00ee' Go&e)no) D 1 5Se0t onD2 o% the Lo0"# Go&e)n$ent Co'e:. ). 1an 3overnor Diy run again as governor in t&e ne't electionC Go&e)no) D 1 0"n )!n "," n "s ,o&e)no). He ' ' not %!##1 se)&e h s th )' te)$/ 2e0"!se he #ost n the )e0"## e#e0t on. H s th )' te)$ sho!#' not 2e n0#!'e' n 0o$(!t n, the th)ee>te)$ # $ t. 5LonC"n '" &. Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons/ 311 SCRA 702 81EEE9: c. 1an 3overnor Diy refuse to run in t&e recall election and instead resign fro( &is position as 3overnorC Go&e)no) D 1 0"nnot )e%!se to )!n n the )e0"## e#e0t on. He s "!to$"t 0"##1 0ons 'e) "s " '!#1 )e, ste)e' 0"n' '"te 5Se0t on D1/ Lo0"# Go&e)n$ent Co'e.: :777. "ational ,cono(y and Patri(ony "ational Patri(ony; definition (1999! "o :77 $ 4&at is (eant )y "ational Patri(onyC ,'plain t&e concept of "ational Patri(onyC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to Manila Prince ?otel v. 3overn(ent +ervice 7nsurance +yste(, 8 0 +15A #F/, t&e national patri(ony refers not only to our natural resources )ut also to our cultural &eritage. A. 5egalian doctrine B. "ationalist and citi-ens&ip reBuire(ent provisions "ationali-ed Activities (199#! 1! 3ive a )usiness activity t&e eBuity of *&ic& (ust )e o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens6 a! at least FH )! at least 0FH c! 1FFH 8! 3ive t*o cases in *&ic& aliens (ay )e allo*ed to acBuire eBuity in a )usiness activity )ut cannot participate in t&e (anage(ent t&ereofC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! a! At least si'ty per cent ( FH! of t&e eBuity of t&e entities engaged in t&e follo*ing )usiness (ust )e o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens under t&e 1onstitution. 1 1o$production, 2oint venture, or production$s&aring agree(ent *it& t&e +tate for t&e e'ploration, develop(ent, and utili-ation of natural resources (+ection 8, Article :77! 8 @peration of a pu)lic utility (+ection 11, Article :77! E ,ducation (+ection #(8!, Article :7;! )! At least seventy percent (0FH! of t&e eBuity of )usiness entities engaged in advertising (ust )e o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens under t&e 1onstitution. (+ection 11(8!, Article :;7! c! Mass (edia (ust )e *&olly o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens under t&e 1onstitution (+ection 11(1!, Article :;7!. 8! %nder t&e 1onstitution, aliens (ay acBuire eBuity )ut cannot participate in t&e (anage(ent of )usiness entities engaged in t&e follo*ing activities6 1! Pu)lic utilities (+ection 11, Article :77! 8! ,ducation (+ection #(8! .Article :7;! E! Advertising (+ection 11(8!, Article :;7! @*ners&ip 5eBuire(ent of Mass Media (19/9! "o. 116 (1! A do(estic corporation *it& EFH foreign eBuity proposes to pu)lis& a *ee=ly (aga-ine for general circulation in Metro Manila *&ic& *ill feature t&e lifestyles of t&e ric& and t&e fa(ous. May t&is )e doneC 1ite t&e constitutional provision in point.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! "o, t&e corporation cannot pu)lis& a *ee=ly (aga-ine since it is engaged in t&e operation of a (ass (edia and is not *&olly o*ned )y P&ilippine citi-ens. +ection 11(1!, Article :;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides; <T&e o*ners&ip and (anage(ent of (ass (edia s&all )e li(ited to citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, *&olly$o*ned and (anaged )y suc& citi-ens.< 1&inese citi-ens; engaging in retail trade (I#$8FF ! +tate *&et&er or not t&e follo*ing la*s are constitutional. ,'plain )riefly. #. A la* pro&i)iting 1&inese citi-ens fro( engaging in retail trade. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* is invalid as it singles out and deprives 1&inese citi-ens fro( engaging in retail trade. 7n 7c&ong v. ?ernande-, 3.5. "o. >$0999, May E1,1990, t&e court &eld t&at t&e Treaty of A(ity )et*een t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines and t&e 5epu)lic of 1&ina guarantees eBuality of treat(ent to t&e 1&inese nationals <upon t&e sa(e ter(s as t&e nationals of any ot&er country.< T&us, t&e court ruled t&erein t&at t&e nationals of 1&ina are not discri(inated against )ecause nationals of all ot&er countries, e'cept t&ose of t&e %nited +tates, *&o are granted special rig&ts )y t&e 1onstitution, are all pro&i)ited fro( engaging in t&e retail trade. 7n t&e case at )ar, t&e la* discri(inates only against 1&inese citi-ens and t&us violates t&e eBual protection clause. 1. ,'ploration, develop(ent and utili-ation of natural resources ,'ploration and Develop(ent of Minerals (199#! "o. 116 7n t&e desire to i(prove t&e fis&ing (et&ods of t&e fis&er(en, t&e Bureau of Fis&eries, *it& t&e approval of t&e President, entered into a (e(orandu( of agree(ent to allo* T&ai fis&er(en to fis& *it&in 8FF (iles fro( t&e P&ilippine sea coasts on t&e condition t&at Filipino fis&er(en )e allo*ed to use T&ai fis&ing eBuip(ent and vessels, and to learn (odern tec&nology in fis&ing and canning. 1! 7s t&e agree(ent validC 8! +uppose t&e agree(ent is for a .oint venture on t&e sa(e area *it& a T&ai oil corporation for t&e e'ploration and e'ploitation of (inerals *it& t&e T&ai corporation providing tec&nical and financial assistance. 7s t&e agree(ent validC A"+4,5; 1! "o. @nly Filipinos (ay fis& in e'clusive econo(ic -one... 8! T&e President can enter into a (e(orandu( of agree(ent *it& a T&ai oil corporation involving tec&nical and financial assistance for t&e e'ploration and e'ploitation of (inerals, )ut t&ere s&ould )e no 2oint venture. +ection 8, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution aut&ori-es t&e President to enter into agree(ents *it& foreign$o*ned corporations involving tec&nical or financial assistance for t&e e'ploration, develop(ent, and utili-ation of (inerals. ?o*ever, t&e sa(e provision states t&e .oint venture for t&e e'ploration, develop(ent and utili-ation of natural resources (ay )e underta=en only *it& Filipino citi-ens, or corporations or associations at least si'ty per cent of *&ose capital is o*ned )y Filipino citi-en. ,'ploration, develop(ent, and utili-ation of natural resources (I#$8FF ! +tate *&et&er or not t&e la* is constitutional. ,'plain )riefly. 9. A la* creating a state corporation to e'ploit, develop, and utili-e co(pressed natural gas. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e la* is valid as under Article :77, +ection 8 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e e'ploration, develop(ent, and utili-ation of natural resources s&all )e under t&e full control and supervision of t&e +tate. 7t is also provided t&at t&e +tate (ay directly underta=e suc& activities or it (ay enter into co$production, .oint venture or s&aring agree(ents *it& Filipino citi-ens or corporations or associations, at least FH Filipino$o*ned. Furt&er(ore, t&e President (ay enter into agree(ents *it& foreign$o*ned corporations involving tec&nical or financial assistance for large$scale e'ploration, develop(ent, and utili-ation of (inerals, petroleu( and ot&er (ineral oils, according to ter(s and conditions provided )y la*. A state corporation, unli=e a private corporation,

(ay )e created )y special la* and placed under t&e control of t&e President, su).ect to suc& conditions as t&e creating statute (ay provide. D. Franc&ises, aut&ority and certificates for pu)lic utilities ,'propriation of Pu)lic %tilities (1998! "o. 11 $ T&e P&ilippine 1o((odities @ffice (P1@!, a govern(ent agency, *is&es to esta)lis& a direct co(puter and fa' lin=up *it& trading centers in t&e %nited +tates. T&e advanced tec&nology of a private co(pany, P&ilippine Pacific Teleco((unications, is necessary for t&at purpose )ut negotiations )et*een t&e parties &ave failed. T&e 5epu)lic, in )e&alf of t&e P1@, files suit to co(pel t&e teleco((unications co(pany to e'ecute a contract *it& P1@ for P1@As access and use of t&e co(panyAs facilities. Decide. 7f t&e case *ill not prosper, *&at alternative *ill you propose to t&e 5epu)licC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e action *ill not prosper. As &eld in 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines vs. P&ilippine >ong Distance Telep&one 1o(pany, 8 +15A 8F, parties cannot )e co(pelled to enter into a contract. ?o*ever, since under +ection 1/, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e +tate (ay e'propriate pu)lic utilities, t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines (ay co(pel t&e P&ilippine Pacific Teleco((unications to allo* access to its facilities. 7f t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines can ta=e title to t&e facilities of P&ilippine Pacific Teleco((unications )y its po*er of e'propriation, t&ere is no reason *&y it cannot use suc& po*er to i(pose only a )urden upon P&ilippine Pacific Teleco((unication *it&out loss of title. ,. AcBuisition, o*ners&ip and transfer of pu)lic and private lands AcBuisition and >ease of Pu)lic >ands (199/! ,'press your agree(ent or disagree(ent *it& any of t&e follo*ing state(ents. Begin your ans*er *it& t&e state(ent6 <7 A35,,< or <D7+A35,,< as t&e case (ay )e. 1. Anyone, *&et&er 7ndividual, corporation or association, Bualified to acBuire private lands is also Bualified to acBuire pu)lic lands in t&e P&ilippines. J8HK 8. A religious corporation is Bualified to &ave lands in t&e P&ilippines on *&ic& it (ay )uild 7ts c&urc& and (a=e ot&er i(prove(ents provided t&ese are actually, directly and e'clusively used for religious purposes. J8HK E. A religious corporation cannot lease private lands 7n t&e P&ilippines. J8HK #. A religious corporation can acBuire private lands in t&e P&ilippines provided all its (e()ers are citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines. J8HK 9. A foreign corporation can only lease private lands in t&e P&ilippines. J8HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. 7 disagree. %nder +ection 0, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, a corporation or association *&ic& is si'ty percent o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens can acBuire private land, )ecause it can lease pu)lic land and can t&erefore &old pu)lic land. ?o*ever, it cannot acBuire pu)lic land. %nder +ection E, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, private corporations and associations can only lease and cannot acBuire pu)lic land. %nder +ection /, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, a natural$)orn Filipino citi-en *&o lost &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip (ay acBuire private land only and cannot acBuire pu)lic land. 8. 7 disagree. T&e (ere fact t&at a corporation is religious does not entitle it to o*n pu)lic land. As &eld 7n 5egister of Deeds vs. %ng +iu +i Te(ple, 90 P&il. 9/, 1, land tenure is not indispensa)le to t&e free e'ercise and en.oy(ent of religious profession of *ors&ip. T&e religious corporation can o*n private land only if it is at least si'ty per cent o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens. E. 7 disagree. %nder +ection 1 of Presidential Decree "o. #01, corporations and associations o*ned )y aliens are allo*ed to lease private lands up to t*enty$five years, rene*a)le for anot&er period of t*enty$five years upon agree(ent of t&e lessor and t&e lessee. ?ence, even if t&e religious corporation is o*ned )y aliens, it can lease private lands. #. 7 disagree. For a corporationA to Bualify to acBuire private lands in t&e P&ilippines, under +ection 0, Article :n of t&e 1onstitution in relation to +ection 8, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, only si'ty per cent ( FH! of t&e corporation is reBuired to )e o*ned )y Filipino citi-ens for it to Bualify to acBuire private lands. 9. 7 agree. A foreign corporation can lease private lands only and cannot lease pu)lic land. %nder +ection 8, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e e'ploration, develop(ent and utili-ation of pu)lic lands (ay )e underta=en t&roug& co$

production. 2oint venture or production$s&aring agree(ents only *it& Filipino citi-en or corporations or associations *&ic& are at least si'ty per cent o*ned )y Filipino citi-en. AcBuisition of >ands (19/0! "o. :;6 @n Marc& 1, 19/0, <AB1< 1orporation, a co(pany engaged in t&e e'port trade, applied for .udicial confir(ation of its title over ten &ectares of ti()er lands. T&e co(pany )oug&t t&e land fro( <:< *&o in turn in&erited it fro( &is fat&er <N<. T&e latter &ad )een in open, notorious, pu)lic and continued possession of t&e land since 1989. @n *&at valid grounds can you, as t&e +olicitor 3eneral oppose t&e applicationC +uggested Ans*er6 A +olicitor 3eneral can oppose t&e application for confir(ation of title on t&e ground t&at under Art. :77, +ec. E ti()er lands cannot )e alienated. T&e ruling in Director of >ands v. 7A1, 1# +15A 9F9 (19/ !, and Director of >ands v, Beng-on, "o. 9#F#9, 2uly 8/, 19/0, reiterated in Director of >ands v. Manila ,lectric 1o., 3.5, "o. 90# 1, +ept. 11, 19/0, to t&e effect t&at a corporation is entitled to t&e confir(ation of i(perfect title to lands acBuired )y it fro( private individuals *&o &ave possessed t&e sa(e for EF years, under )ona fide clai( of o*ners&ip, for t&e reason t&at suc& persons are presu(ed to &ave perfor(ed all conditions essential to a govern(ent grant and, t&erefore, are entitled to t&e issuance of a certificate of title, applies only to agricultural lands. AcBuisition of >ands (8FFF! "o :;777. $ a! Andy >i(, an et&nic 1&inese, )eca(e a naturali-ed Filipino in 19E9. But later &e lost &is Filipino citi-ens&ip *&en &e )eca(e a citi-en of 1anada in 1901. 4anting t&e )est of )ot& *orlds, &e )oug&t, in 19/0, a residential lot in For)es Par= and a co((ercial lot in Binondo. Are t&ese sales validC 4&yC (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o, t&e sales are not valid. %nder +ection /, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution, only a natural$)orn citi-en of t&e P&ilippines *&o lost &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip (ay acBuire private land. +ince Andy >i( *as a for(er naturali-ed Filipino citi-en, &e is not Bualified to acBuire private lands. AcBuisition of >ands )y ?ereditary +uccession (8FF8! "o :7. $ A, a Filipino citi-en, and &is *ife B, a 2apanese national, )oug&t a five$&ectare agricultural land fro( :, a Filipino citi-en. T&e couple later e'ecuted a deed of donation over t&e sa(e land in favor of t&eir only c&ild 1. A year later, &o*ever, 1 died in ve&icular accident *it&out leaving a last *ill and testa(ent. "o*, : )roug&t suit to recover t&e land on t&e ground t&at B, )eing an alien, *as not Bualified to )uy t&e land *&en B and A .ointly )oug&t t&e land fro( &i( and t&at, upon t&e deat& of 1, t&e land *as in&erited )y &is parents )ut B cannot legally acBuire andDor in&erit it. ?o* s&ould t&e case )e decidedC 7f : filed t&e suit against 1 *&en t&e latter *as still alive, *ould your ans*er )e t&e sa(eC 4&yC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 : cannot recover t&e land *&et&er fro( 1 or A and B. %nder Article 7;, +ection 1 (8! of t&e 1onstitution, 1 is a Filipino citi-en since &is fat&er is a Filipino. 4&en A and B donated t&e land to 1, it )eca(e property of a Filipino citi-en. As &eld in ?alili v. 1ourt of Appeals, 8/0 +15A # 9 (199/!, t&e sale of land to an alien can no longer )e annulled if it &as )een conveyed to a Filipino citi-en. +ince 1 left no *ill and &is parents are &is &eirs, in accordance *it& Article :77, +ection 0 of t&e 1onstitution, B can acBuire t&e land )y &ereditary succession. AcBuisition of >ands; 1iti-ens&ip issue (19/9! "o. 16 Maria, a natural$)orn Filipino citi-en, *ent to t&e %nited +tates in 19 9 to *or= as a nurse. 4it& &er savings, s&e )oug&t a parcel of land consisting of 1,FFF sBuare (eters in a residential su)division in Metro Manila. +&e &ad t&e said property titled in &er na(e in 190F. 7n 2uly, 1908, Maria acBuired A(erican citi-ens&ip )y naturali-ation. T*o (ont&s later, s&e (arried &er 1anadian )oyfriend. (1! 1an Maria validly sell t&is parcel of land to t&e younger sister of &er &us)and *&o is also a 1anadian citi-enC (8! +upposing MariaAs &us)and dies and s&e decides to reside in t&e P&ilippines per(anently, can Maria )uy t&e parcel of land consisting of #FF sBuare (eters neig&)oring &er o*nC

A"+4,56 (1! "o, Maria cannot validly sell t&e parcel of land to t&e younger sister of &er &us)and *&o is a 1anadian citi-en. %nder +ection 0, Article :77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, as a general rule, aliens cannot acBuire private land since pursuant to +ection 8, in relation to +ection E, Article :77, of t&e 19/0 1onstitution t&ey are not Bualified to acBuire or &old lands of t&e pu)lic do(ain. %nder +ection 0, Article :77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, an alien can acBuire pu)lic land )y &ereditary succession. %nder +ection /, Article :77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, a natural$)orn P&ilippine citi-en *&o lost &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip (ay )e a transferee of private land. T&e younger sister of t&e &us)and of Maria is not acBuiring t&e private land )y &ereditary succession )ut )y sale. "eit&er is s&e a for(er natural$)orn P&ilippine citi-en *&o lost &er P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. 1onseBuently, neit&er of t&e e'ceptions found in t&e a)ove$(entioned provisions is applica)le to &er. (8! "o, Maria cannot )uy t&e ad.oining parcel of land. %nder +ection 8 of Batas Pa()ansa Blg. 1/9, a natural$)orn P&ilippine citi-en *&o lost &is P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, (ay acBuire only up to 1,FFF sBuare (eters of private ur)an land. +ince Maria &as previously acBuired a parcel of land *it& an area of 1,FFF sBuare (eters, s&e can no longer purc&ase any additional parcel of ur)an land. Alternative Ans*er6 Nes, s&e can acBuire t&e ad.acent land *&ic& &as an area of #FF sBuare (eters since t&e la* li(its acBuisition of lands to 1,FFF sBuare (eters after t&e loss of P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. AcBuisition of >ands; 1iti-ens&ip issue (199#! "o. 106 A and B leased t&eir residential land consisting of one t&ousand (1,FFF! sBuare (eters to Peter 1o, a 1&inese citi-en, for a period of fifty (9F! years. 7n 1998, )efore t&e ter( of t&e lease e'pired. 1o as=ed A and B to convey t&e land to &i( as t&e contract gave &i( t&e option to purc&ase said land if &e )eca(e a naturali-ed Filipino citi-en. 1o too= &is oat& as a Filipino citi-en in 1991. 1! 4as t&e contract of lease for a period of fifty (9F! years valid considering t&at t&e lessee *as an alienC 8! 4&at is t&e effect of t&e naturali-ation of Peter 1o as a Filipino citi-en on t&e validity of t&e option to purc&ase given &i(C A"+4,56 1! As &eld in P&ilippine Ban=ing 1orporation vs. >ui +&e. 81 +15A 98, t&e lease of a parcel of land *it& an option to )uy to an alien is a virtual transfer of o*ners&ip to t&e alien and falls *it&in t&e scope of t&e pro&i)ition in +ection 0, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution against t&e acBuisition of private lands )y aliens. 8! Because of t&e naturali-ation of Peter 1o as a Filipino citi-en, &e can e'ercise t&e option to purc&ase t&e land. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in Nap vs. 3rageda, 181 +15A 8##. since &e is Bualified to o*n land, t&e policy to preserve lands for Filipinos *ill )e ac&ieved. AcBuisition of >ands; 1iti-ens&ip issue (1999! "o 11; 7n 2une 190/ spouses 2oel and Mic&elle purc&ased a parcel of land. >ot "o. 1#E, 1adastral +urvey "o. E/$D, *it& an area of FF sBuare (eters for t&eir residence in 1ainta, 5i-al, fro( 1ecille *&o )y &erself and &er predecessor$in$interest &ad )een in open, pu)lic, peaceful, continuous and e'clusive possession of t&e property under a )ona fide clai( of o*ners&ip long )efore 18 2une 19#9. At t&e ti(e of purc&ase, t&e spouses 2oel and Mic&elle *ere t&en natural )orn Filipino citi-ens. 7n Fe)ruary 19/0 t&e spouses filed an application for registration of t&eir title )efore t&e proper court. T&is ti(e &o*ever 2oel and Mic&elle *ere no longer Filipino citi-ens. T&e govern(ent opposed t&eir application for registration alleging t&at t&ey &ave not acBuired proprietary rig&ts over t&e su).ect lot )ecause of t&eir su)seBuent acBuisition of 1anadian citi-ens&ip, and t&at unregistered lands are presu(ed to )e pu)lic lands under t&e principle t&at lands of *&atever classification )elong to t&e +tate under t&e 5egalian doctrine, &ence, t&ey still pertain to t&e +tate. ?o* *ill you resolve t&e issues raised )y t&e applicants and t&e oppositorC Discuss fully. A"+4,56 T&e argu(ent of t&e govern(ent t&at unregistered lands are presu(ed to )e pu)lic lands is utterly un(eritorious. As &eld in 5epu)lic vs. 1ourt of Appeals. 8E9 +15A 9 8, in accordance *it& +ection #/ of t&e Pu)lic >and Act, since t&e predecessors$in$ interest of 2oel and Mic&elle &ad )een in open, pu)lic, peaceful, continuous and e'clusive possession of t&e land under a )ona fide clai( of o*ners&ip long )efore 2une 18. 19#9, t&eir predecessors$ in$

interest &ad acBuired t&e land, )ecause t&ey *ere conclusively presu(ed to &ave perfor(ed all conditions essential to a govern(ent grant. T&e land ceased to )e a part of t&e pu)lic do(ain. 7t is aliena)le and disposa)le land. 2oel and Mic&elle acBuired t&e rig&ts of t&eir predecessors$in$interest )y virtue of t&e sale to t&e(. 2oel and Mic&elle can &ave t&e land registered in t&eir na(es. T&ey *ere natural$)orn Filipino citi-ens at t&e ti(e of t&eir acBuisition of t&e land. 7n any event t&ey *ere Filipino citi-ens at t&e ti(e of t&eir acBuisition of t&e land. T&eir )eco(ing 1anadian citi-ens su)seBuently is i((aterial. Article :77, +ec. / of t&e 19/0 1onstitution presupposes t&at t&ey purc&ased t&e land after t&ey lost Filipino citi-ens&ip. 7t does not apply in t&is case at all. AcBuisition of >ands; Pro&i)ition; acBuisition of private lands )y aliens (199#! "o.1/; 2o&n +(it&, a %+ national, *as (arried to Petra de 2esus, a Filipino citi-en, on 2une 9, 19/F. T*o (8! years later, Petra purc&ased a parcel of residential land fro( 2ose 1ru- using &er o*n funds. T&e Deed of +ale states t&at t&e land *as sold to <Petra (arried to 2o&n +(it&< and *as registered as suc&. 4it& t&e =no*ledge of 2o&n +(it&, Petra ad(inistered t&e land, leasing parts t&ereof to several individuals. T&ree (E! years later, Petra, *it&out t&e =no*ledge of 2o&n +(it&, sold t&e land to David Pere-. %pon learning of t&e transaction, 2o&n +(it& filed a case to annul t&e Deed of +ale. 1iting Art. 1 F of t&e 1ivil 1ode, &e argued t&at said sale *as *it&out &is consent, t&e property )eing con.ugal as it *as purc&ased at t&e ti(e &e *as (arried to Petra. ?e presented t&e Deed of +ale e'ecuted )y Petra stating t&at s&e is (arried to 2o&n +(it&. ?e *ants to recover at least &is con.ugal s&are. 1! 7s 2o&n +(it& entitled to &is con.ugal s&areC 8! May t&e Deed of +ale e'ecuted )y Petra 7n favor of David Pere- )e annulledC A"+4,56 1! "o, 2o&n +(it& is not entitled to &is con.ugal s&are in t&e land. Firstly, since it *as acBuired *it& t&e personal funds of Petra de 2esus, in accordance *it& t&e ruling in Mirasol vs. >i(, 99 P&il. 0F1, t&e presu(ption t&at t&e property is con.ugal &as )een re)utted. +econdly, a declaration t&at 2o&n +(it& is entitled to a con.ugal s&are in t&e land *ill violate t&e pro&i)ition against t&e conveyance of private lands to aliens e()odied in +ection 0, Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution. 8! T&e Deed of +ale cannot )e annulled. As &eld in 1&ees(an vs. 7nter(ediate Appellate 1ourt, 19E +15A 9E. to accord to 2o&n +(it&, an alien, t&e rig&t to &ave a decisive vote as to t&e disposition of t&e land *ould per(it an indirect controversion of t&e constitutional pro&i)ition against t&e acBuisition of private lands )y aliens. >ease of Private Agricultural >ands (8FF1! "o 7; $ A is an alien. +tate *&et&er, in t&e P&ilippines, &e6 a! 1an )e a lessee of a private agricultural land, (EH! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; Nes, an alien can )e a lessee of private agricultural land. As stated in Mriven=o vs. 5egister of Deeds of Manila, 09 P&il. # 1 (19#0!, aliens can lease private agricultural land, )ecause t&ey are granted te(porary rig&ts only and t&is is not pro&i)ited )y t&e 1onstitution. "ational ,cono(y L Patri(ony; 1onstitutional Pro&i)ition (8FF#! (/$)! B. ,AP is a govern(ent corporation created for t&e purpose of reclai(ing lands including fores&ore and su)(erged areas, as *ell as to develop, i(prove, acBuire, lease and sell any and all =inds of lands. A la* *as passed transferring title to ,AP of lands already reclai(ed in t&e fores&ore and offs&ore areas of MM Bay, particularly t&e so$called >i)erty 7slands, as aliena)le and disposa)le lands of t&e pu)lic do(ain. Titles *ere duly issued in ,APAs na(e. +u)seBuently, ,AP entered into a .oint venture agree(ent (2;A! *it& A57, a private foreign corporation, to develop >i)erty 7slands. Additionally, t&e 2;A provided for t&e recla(ation of 89F &ectares of su)(erged land in t&e area surrounding >i)erty 7slands. ,AP agreed to sell and transfer to A57 a portion of >i)erty 7slands and a portion of t&e area to )e reclai(ed as t&e consideration for A57As role and participation in t&e .oint venture, upon approval )y t&e @ffice of t&e President. 7s t&ere any constitutional o)stacle to t&e sale and transfer )y ,AP to A57 of )ot& portions as provided for in t&e 2;AC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 B. A57 cannot acBuire a portion of >i)erty 7slands )ecause, alt&oug& ,AP &as title to >i)erty 7slands and t&us suc& lands are aliena)le and disposa)le land, t&ey cannot )e sold, only leased, to private corporations. T&e portion of t&e area to )e reclai(ed cannot )e sold and transferred to A57 )ecause t&e sea)ed is inaliena)le land of t&e pu)lic

do(ain. (+ection E, Article :77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution; 1&ave- v. Pu)lic ,states Aut&ority, E/# +15A 198 J8FF8K!. F. Practice of professions ,ngage(ent in Business L ,'ercise of Profession (19/0! "o. 7:6 T&e P&ilippine entered into a Treaty of Friends&ip, 1o(ity and 1o((erce *it& 7ndonesia *it& t&e follo*ing provisions6 (1 ! T&e nationals of eac& contracting +tate ad(itted to t&e practice of la* in said +tate, to practice la* *it&out ta=ing t&e )ar e'a(inations in t&e ot&er contracting +tate. (8! T&e nationals of eac& contracting +tate to engage in retail trade )usiness in t&e territory of t&e ot&er contracting +tate. 7s t&e treaty validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e treaty is valid. (1! Art. :77, +ec. 1# provides t&at t&e practice of all professions in t&e P&ilippines s&all )e li(ited to Filipino citi-ens, save in cases prescri)ed )y la*. ?ere t&e treaty &as t&e force of la*. (8! Art. :77. +ec. 1F provides t&at 1ongress s&all reserve to citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines or to corporations or associations at least FH of t&e capital of *&ic& is o*ned )y suc& citi-ens certain areas of invest(ent. T&ere can )e no Buestion t&en as to t&e validity of t&e "ationali-ation of 5etail Trade >a*, t&e constitutionality of *&ic& *as sustained in 7c&ong v. ?ernande-, 1F1 P&il. 1199 (1990! even in t&e a)sence of a si(ilar e'press grant of po*er to 1ongress under t&e 19E9 1onstitution. Alt&oug& 1ongress can repeal or a(end suc& la*, it (ay not )e a(ended )y a treaty in vie* of Art. :77, +ec. 88 *&ic& declares acts of circu(vent or negate any provisions of t&is Art. :77 to )e ini(ical to national interest and su).ect t&e offenders to cri(inal and civil sanctions. For t&en t&e 5etail Trade "ationali-ation >a* )eco(es part of Art. :77, &aving )een passed pursuant to t&e (andate in +ec. 1F. ?o*ever, it (ay also )e plausi)ly argued t&at a treaty (ay a(end a prior la* and treaty of friends&ip, co(ity and co((erce *it& 7ndonesia (ay )e dee(ed to &ave created an e'ception in t&e "ationali-ation of 5etail Trade >a* in favor of 7ndonesian citi-en. 3. @rgani-ation and regulation of corporations, private and pu)lic ?. Monopolies, restraint of trade and unfair co(petition 1iti-ens&ip 5eBuire(ent in Manage(ent of Advertising 7ndustry (19/9! "o. 116 (8! May a foreigner *&o o*ns su)stantial stoc=&oldings in a corporation engaged in t&e advertising industry sit as a treasurer of said corporationC 1ite t&e constitutional provision in point. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 +ection 11(1!, Article :;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides; (8! "o, a foreigner *&o o*ns s&ares of stoc= in a corporation engaged in t&e advertising industry cannot serve as treasurer in t&e corporation, for a treasurer is an e'ecutive or (anaging officer. +ection 11(8!, Article :;7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides6 <T&e participation of foreign investors in t&e governing )ody of entities in suc& industry s&all )e li(ited to t&eir proportionate s&are in t&e capital t&ereof, and all t&e e'ecutive and (anaging officers of suc& entities (ust )e citi-ens of t&e P&ilippines.< I;. So0 "# J!st 0e "n' H!$"n R ,hts A. 1oncept of social .ustice +ocial 2ustice and ?u(an 5ig&ts Agrarian 5efor( >a*; 1overage (1998! "o. 186 Teodoro >u-ung is engaged in t&e )usiness of pra*n far(ing, T&e pra*ns are nurtured in &is fis&ponds in Mindoro and, upon &arvest, are i((ediately fro-en for e'port. 1ongress passed t&e 1o(pre&ensive Agrarian 5efor( >a* of 19// *&ic& provides a(ong ot&ers t&at all private lands devoted to agriculture s&all )e su).ect to agrarian refor(. T&e la* includes under t&e ter( <agriculture< t&e follo*ing activities6 cultivation of t&e soil, planting of crops, gro*ing of fruit trees, raising of livestoc=, poultry or

fis&. T&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( issued an i(ple(enting order *&ic& provides t&at co((ercial far(s used for aBua$culture, including salt$)eds, fis&ponds and pra*n far(s are *it&in t&e scope of t&e la*. 1an t&e la* )e declared unconstitutionalC Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in >u- Far(s vs. +ecretary of t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor(, 198 +15A 91, t&e la* is unconstitutional insofar as it included livestoc=, poultry and s*ine raising. 7n t&e definition of t&e agricultural land *&ic& t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission adopted in connection *it& agrarian refor(, lands devoted to suc& purposes *ere not included. ?o*ever, )ot& t&e la* and t&e i(ple(enting order are constitutional insofar as t&ey included fis&ponds. T&e definition of agricultural land *&ic& t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission adopted included fis&ponds. +ocial 2ustice and ?u(an 5ig&ts Agrarian 5efor( >a*; 1overage (1998! "o. 186 Teodoro >u-ung is engaged in t&e )usiness of pra*n far(ing, T&e pra*ns are nurtured in &is fis&ponds in Mindoro and, upon &arvest, are i((ediately fro-en for e'port. 1ongress passed t&e 1o(pre&ensive Agrarian 5efor( >a* of 19// *&ic& provides a(ong ot&ers t&at all private lands devoted to agriculture s&all )e su).ect to agrarian refor(. T&e la* includes under t&e ter( <agriculture< t&e follo*ing activities6 cultivation of t&e soil, planting of crops, gro*ing of fruit trees, raising of livestoc=, poultry or fis&. T&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor( issued an i(ple(enting order *&ic& provides t&at co((ercial far(s used for aBua$culture, including salt$)eds, fis&ponds and pra*n far(s are *it&in t&e scope of t&e la*. 1an t&e la* )e declared unconstitutionalC Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in >u- Far(s vs. +ecretary of t&e Depart(ent of Agrarian 5efor(, 198 +15A 91, t&e la* is unconstitutional insofar as it included livestoc=, poultry and s*ine raising. 7n t&e definition of t&e agricultural land *&ic& t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission adopted in connection *it& agrarian refor(, lands devoted to suc& purposes *ere not included. ?o*ever, )ot& t&e la* and t&e i(ple(enting order are constitutional insofar as t&ey included fis&ponds. T&e definition of agricultural land *&ic& t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission adopted included fis&ponds. >a)or; 5ig&t to +elf$@rgani-ation (19//! "o. 86 Because of t&e (ar=ed increase in t&e incidence of la)or stri=es and of *or= stoppages in industrial esta)lis&(ents, 1ongress intending to &elp pro(ote industrial peace, passed, over t&e o).ections of (ilitant la)or unions, an a(end(ent to t&e >a)or 1ode, providing t&at no person *&o is or &as )een a (e()er of t&e 1o((unist Party (ay serve as an officer of any la)or organi-ation in t&e country. An association of for(er "PAs ("e* Peoples Ar(y! *&o &ad surrendered, availed of a(nesty, and are presently leading Buiet and peaceful lives, co(es to you as=ing *&at could )e done against t&e a(end(ent. 4&at *ould you advise t&e association to doC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n PAF>% v. +ecretary of >a)or, 80 +15A #F (19 9! t&e +upre(e 1ourt up&eld t&e validity of sec. 8E of t&e 7ndustrial Peace Act reBuiring la)or unions to su)(it, *it&in F days of t&e election of its officers, affidavits of t&e latter t&at t&ey are not (e()ers of t&e 1o((unist Party, against t&e clai( t&at t&e reBuire(ent unduly curtailed freedo( of asse()ly and association. T&e 1ourt pointed out t&at t&e filing of t&e affidavits *as (erely a condition for t&e acBuisition )y a la)or organi-ation of legal personality and t&e en.oy(ent of certain rig&ts and privileges *&ic& t&e 1onstitution does not guarantee. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e reBuire(ent constitutes a valid e'ercise of t&e +tateAs police po*er to protect t&e pu)lic against a)use, fraud and i(postors. But t&e disBualification of (e()ers of t&e 1PP and its (ilitary ar(, t&e "PA, fro( )eing officers of a la)or union *ould (1! nullify t&e a(nesty granted )y t&e President *it& t&e concurrence, it (ay )e assu(ed, of t&e (a.ority of t&e (e()ers of 1ongress and (8! per(it t&e conde(nation of t&e for(er "PA (e()ers *it&out .udicial trial in a *ay t&at (a=es it contrary to t&e pro&i)ition against t&e enact(ent of )ill of attainder and e' post facto la*. T&e a(nesty granted to t&e for(er "PAs o)literated t&eir offense and relieved t&e( of t&e punis&(ent i(posed )y la*. (BarrioBuinto v, Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8 (19#9!!. T&e a(end(ent *ould (a=e t&e( guilty of an act, t&at of &aving )een for(er (e()ers of t&e "PA, for *&ic& t&ey &ave already )een forgiven )y Presidential a(nesty. For t&ese reasons, 7 *ould advise t&e association to *or= for t&e veto of t&e )ill and, if it is not vetoed )ut )eco(es a la*, to c&allenge it in court. >a)or; 5ig&t to +tri=e (19//!

"o. 16 ?earings )efore a congressional co((ittee &ave esta)lis&ed t&at (any fir(s at t&e Bataan ,'port Processing Rone &ad closed do*n or pulled out )ecause of unsta)le la)or conditions resulting in so (any stri=es. To re(edy t&e situation and in.ect vitality to t&e e'port e'pansion progra(, so(e congressional leaders and )usiness e'ecutives propose t&at stri=e$free e'port -ones )e esta)lis&ed. Do you )elieve t&at under t&e present 1onstitution, it is legally possi)le to put up suc& a stri=e$free e'port processing -one in t&e countryC 4&y or *&y notC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o. T&e fact t&at (any fir(s at t&e Bataan ,PRA &ave )een forced to close do*n )y unsta)le la)or condition )roug&t a)out )y stri=e does not .ustify t&e )an on stri=e. T&e 1onstitution guarantees t&e rig&ts of *or=ers to engage in <peaceful concerted activities, including t&e rig&t to stri=e in accordance *it& la*.< (Art. :777, sec. E!. 7t is illegal stri=es *&ic& can )e pro&i)ited )ut not all stri=es. For stri=e is la)orAs legiti(ate *eapon. 7n t&e a)sence of a co(pelling interest of t&e state (suc& as &ealt& and safety, e.g., t&e pro&i)ition of stri=e in &ospitals and industries indispensa)le to t&e national interest! it cannot )e pro&i)ited. >a)or; 5ig&t to +tri=e (199E! "o. 196 1ongress(an 1&eng says &e is one of t&e co$aut&ors of t&e +u)ic Bay Metropolitan Aut&ority 1&arter. ?e declares t&at t&e +BMA is t&e ans*er to rapid econo(ic gro*t& and t&e attain(ent of t&e PresidentAs P&ilippine 8FFF< drea(. ?o*ever, 1&eng is *orried t&at foreign capital (ig&t )e slo* in co(ing in due to unsta)le *or=ing conditions resulting fro( too (any stri=es. To re(edy t&is situation. 1&eng proposes an a(end(ent to +BMA la* declaring it as a stri=e$free -one or total )an on stri=es. 7s t&is proposal legally defensi)leC ,'plain )riefly. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Art. :777. sec. E of t&e 1onstitution guarantees t&e rig&t of all *or=ers to engage in peaceful concerted activities, including t&e rig&t to stri=e in accordance *it& la*. T&us, a la* cannot totally pro&i)it t&e rig&t to stri=e )ut can only regulate t&e e'ercise t&ereof. ?is proposal to )an stri=es totally in t&e +u)ic +pecial ,cono(ic and Freeport Rone is, t&erefore unconstitutional. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 4&ile t&e 1onstitution guarantees to *or=ers t&e rig&t to engage in peaceful concerted activities, 7ncluding t&e rig&t to stri=e, suc& rig&t can only )e e'ercised in accordance *it& la*. T&e p&rase <in accordance *it& la*< *as 7nserted precisely to 7ndicate t&at in so(e e'ceptional cases *or=ers *ould not &ave t&e rig&t to stri=e if it is pro&i)ited )y la*. ?ence, t&e proposal to )an stri=es totally in t&e +u)ic +pecial ,cono(ic and Freeport Rone is constitutional. (+ocial +ecurity +yste( ,(ployees Association vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 109 +15A / , 2uly 8/. 19/9; Manila Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers Association v. >aguio, 8FF +15A E8E (1991!!. +ocial 2ustice under t&e Present 1onstitution (1999! "o. 1$ 1. Discuss t&e concept of social .ustice under t&e 19/0 1onstitution, 8. ?o* does it co(pare *it& t&e old concept of social 2ustice under t&e 190E 1onstitutionC %nder t&e 19E9 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,5 1. +ection 1F, Article 77 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution provides. <T&e +tate s&all pro(ote social .ustice in all p&ases of national develop(ent<. As stated in MarBue- vs. +ecretary of >a)or, 101 +15A EE0, social .ustice (eans t&at t&e +tate s&ould assist t&e underprivileged. 4it&out suc& &elp, t&ey (ig&t not )e a)le to secure .ustice for t&e(selves. +ince t&e provision on social .ustice in t&e 19/0 1onstitution covers all p&ases of national develop(ent, it is not li(ited to t&e re(oval of socio$econo(ic ineBuities )ut also includes political and cultural ineBuities. T&e 19/0 1onstitution ela)orated on t&e concept of social .ustice )y devoting an entire article, Article :777, to it. Alternative Ans*ers6 a! +ection 9, Article 77 of t&e 19E9 1onstitution provided, <T&e pro(otion of social .ustice to 7nsure t&e *ell$)eing and econo(ic security of all t&e people s&ould )e t&e concern of t&e +tate.< 4&ile t&is provision e()odied t&e concept of social .ustice as an o)ligation of t&e +tate to alleviate t&e plig&t of t&e underprivileged )y re(oving 7neBuities, it si(ply (ade a general policy declaration and focused on social and econo(ic ineBuities, )! 7n t&e 19/0 1onstitution, social 2ustice is conceptuali-ed as a set of specific econo(ic, social and cultural rig&ts.

c! T&e 19/0 1onstitutional provision on social .ustice includes all p&ases of national develop(ent. 7t includes econo(ic, political, social and cultural rig&ts. +%33,+T,D A"+4,5 8. 7n 1alalang v. 4illia(s, et. al.. 0F P&il. 08 , social .ustice *as defined as <neit&er co((unis( nor despotis(, nor ato(is(, nor anarc&y, )ut t&e &u(ani-ation of la*s and t&e eBuali-ation of social and econo(ic forces )y t&e +tate so t&at .ustice in its rational and o).ectively secular conception (ay at least )e appro'i(ated. +ocial .ustice (eans t&e pro(otion of t&e *elfare of all t&e people, t&e adoption )y t&e govern(ent of (easures calculated to insure econo(ic sta)ility of all t&e co(petent ele(ents of society, t&roug& t&e (aintenance of a proper econo(ic and social eBuili)riu( in t&e interrelations of t&e (e()ers of t&e co((unity,< @n t&e ot&er &and, +ection , Article 77 of t&e 190E 1onstitution provided. T&e +tate s&all pro(ote social .ustice to ensure t&e dignity, *elfare, and security of all t&e people. To*ard t&is end. t&e +tate s&all regulate t&e acBuisition, o*ners&ip, use, en.oy(ent, and disposition of private property, and eBuita)ly diffuse property o*ners&ip and profits.< T&is provision e'pounded on t&e concept of social .ustice )y e'pressly (entioning t&e regulation of property and t&e eBuita)le diffusion of o*ners&ip. "ote6 7t is suggested t&at t&e e'a(iner s&ould correlate t&e ans*ers to )ot& Buestions and give credit to ans*ers *&ic& state t&at t&ere is an e'pansion of t&e range of social 2ustice in t&e 19/0 1onstitution co(pared to t&e 19E9 and t&e 190E 1onstitution. B. 1o((ission on &u(an rig&ts 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts; Po*er to investigate (1998! "o. 19 $4alang +ugat, a vigilante group co(posed of private )usiness(en and civic leaders previously victi(i-ed )y t&e "ationalist Patriotic Ar(y ("PA! re)el group, *as i(plicated in t&e torture and =idnapping of Dr. Mengele, a =no*n "PA sy(pat&i-er. )! Does t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &ave t&e po*er to investigate and ad.udicate t&e (atterC +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; )! %nder +ection 1/, Article :777 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &as t&e po*er to investigate all for(s of &u(an rig&ts violations involving civil and political rig&ts and to (onitor t&e co(pliance )y t&e govern(ent *it& international treaty o)ligations on &u(an rig&ts. As &eld in 1arino vs. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 8F# +15A #/E, t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &as no po*er to decide cases involving violations of civil and political rig&ts. 7t can only investigate t&e( and t&en refer t&e (atter to t&e appropriate govern(ent agency. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7f *&at is referred to in t&e pro)le( is t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts under t&e %nited "ational ,cono(ic and +ocial 1ouncil, t&e case (ay )e investigated )y t&e 1o((ission )ased on a special procedure for fact$finding and inBuiry )ased on t&e consent of t&e +tates concerned. ?o*ever, t&is does not constitute investigation in t&e usual sense of t&e ter(, *it& no o).ective of esta)lis&ing culpa)ility. T&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts is not e(po*ered to (a=e ad.udications. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts; Po*er to issue T5@ (1990! "o. / $ A)out a &undred people occupied a parcel of land in Iue-on 1ity )elonging to t&e city govern(ent and )uilt s&anties t&ereon *&ic& t&ey utili-ed for d*elling, sari$sari stores, etc. T&e 1ity Mayor issued an order directing t&e occupants to vacate t&e structures *it&in five days fro( notice, ot&er*ise t&ey *ould )e evicted and relocated and t&eir s&anties re(oved, in order t&at t&e parcel of land could )e converted into a par= for pu)lic use and en.oy(ent. T&e in&a)itants of t&e parcel of land co(plained to t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts urging t&at t&e Mayor of Iue-on 1ity )e stopped fro( doing *&at &e &as t&reatened to do. T&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, after conducting an investigation and finding t&at t&e s&anties of petitioners *ere already )eing de(olis&ed )y t&en, ordered t&e Iue-on 1ity Mayor and persons 7(ple(enting &is order to cease and desist fro( de(olis&ing petitionersA s&anties under pain of conte(pt. 4&at &ave you to say on t&e validity of t&e actuation of t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts in relation to t&at of t&e Iue-on 1ity MayorC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

T&e actuation of t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts is void. 7n +i(on vs. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 889 +15A 110. t&e 1ourt &eld t&at t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &as no po*er to issue a restraining order or a *rit of in.unction and &as no po*er to cite for conte(pt for violation of t&e restraining order or a *rit of preli(inary in.unction. T&e cease and desist order, according to t&e 1ourt, is a se(antic 7nterplay for a restraining order. 7ts po*er to cite for conte(pt s&ould )e understood to apply only to violations of its adopted operational guidelines and rules of procedure essential to carry out its investigatorial po*ers, *&ic& it is constitutionally aut&ori-ed to adopt. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts; Po*er to issue T5@ (8FF1! "o ;7 $ 7n order to i(ple(ent a )ig govern(ent flood control pro.ect, t&e Depart(ent of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays (DP4?! and a local govern(ent unit (>3%! re(oved sBuatters fro( t&e )an= of a river and certain esteros for relocation to anot&er place. T&eir s&anties *ere de(olis&ed. T&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts (1?5! conducted an investigation and issued an order for t&e DP4? and t&e >3% to cease and desist fro( effecting t&e re(oval of t&e sBuatters on t&e ground t&at t&e &u(an rig&ts of t&e sBuatters *ere )eing violated. T&e DP4? and t&e >3% o).ected to t&e order of t&e 1?5 5esolve *&ic& position is correct. 5easons (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,5; T&e position of t&e Depart(ent of Pu)lic 4or=s and ?ig&*ays and of t&e local govern(ent unit is correct. As &eld in ,'port Processing Rone Aut&ority v. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 8F/ +15A189 (1998!, no provision in t&e 1onstitution or any la* confers on t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts .urisdiction to issue te(porary restraining orders or *rits of preli(inary in.unction. T&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &as no .udicial po*er. 7ts po*ers are (erely investigatory. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts; Po*er; >i(itations (I#$8FF9! (8! +Buatters and vendors &ave put up structures in an area intended for a PeopleAs Par=, *&ic& are i(peding t&e flo* of traffic in t&e ad.oining &ig&*ay. Mayor 1ru- gave notice for t&e structures to )e re(oved, and t&e area vacated *it&in a (ont&, or else, face de(olition and e.ect(ent. T&e occupants filed a case *it& t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts (1?5! to stop t&e MayorAs (ove. T&e 1?5 t&en issued an <order to desist< against Mayor 1ru- *it& *arning t&at &e *ould )e &eld in conte(pt s&ould &e fail to co(ply *it& t&e desistance order. 4&en t&e allotted ti(e lapsed, Mayor 1ru- caused t&e de(olition and re(oval of t&e structures. Accordingly, t&e 1?5 cited &i( for conte(pt. (9H! (a! 4&at is your concept of ?u(an 5ig&tsC Does t&is case involve violations of &u(an rig&ts *it&in t&e scope of t&e 1?5As .urisdictionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder t&e %niversal Declaration of ?u(an 5ig&ts, t&e 7nternational 1ovenant on ,cono(ic, +ocial and 1ultural 5ig&ts and 7nternational 1ovenant on 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts, t&e scope of &u(an rig&ts includes <t&ose t&at relate to an individualAs social, econo(ic, cultural, political and civil relations... along *it& *&at is generally considered to )e &is in&erent and inaliena)le rig&ts, enco(passing al(ost all aspects of life.< 7n t&e case at )ar, t&e land ad.oins a )usy national &ig&*ay and t&e construction of t&e sBuatter s&anties i(pedes t&e flo* of traffic. T&e conseBuent danger to life and li() cannot )e ignored. 7t is parado'ical t&at a rig&t *&ic& is clai(ed to &ave )een violated is one t&at cannot, in t&e first place, even )e invo=ed, if it is, in fact, e'tant. Based on t&e circu(stances o)taining in t&is instance, t&e 1?5 order for de(olition do not fall *it&in t&e co(part(ent of &u(an rig&ts violations involving civil and political rig&ts intended )y t&e 1onstitution. (+i(on v. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 3.5. "o. 1FF19F, 2anuary 9, 199#! ()! 1an t&e 1?5 issue an <order to desist< or restraining orderC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e 1?5 (ay not issue an <order to desist< or restraining order. T&e constitutional provision directing t&e 1?5 to provide for preventive (easures to t&ose *&ose &u(an rig&ts &ave )een violated or need protection (ay not )e construed to confer .urisdiction on t&e 1o((ission to issue a restraining order or *rit of in.unction for, it t&at *ere t&e intention, t&e 1onstitution *ould &ave e'pressly said so. 2urisdiction is conferred only )y t&e 1onstitution or )y la*. 7t is never derived )y i(plication. (,'port Processing Rone Aut&ority v. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 3.5. "o. 1F1#0 , April 1#, 1998! (c! 7s t&e 1?5 e(po*ered to declare Mayor 1ru- in conte(ptC Does it &ave conte(pt po*ers at allC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

T&e 1?5 does not possess ad.udicative functions and t&erefore, on its o*n, is not e(po*ered to declare Mayor 1ru- in conte(pt for issuing t&e <order to desist.< ?o*ever, under t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e 1?5 is constitutionally aut&ori-ed, in t&e e'ercise of its investigative functions, to <adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for conte(pt for violations t&ereof in accordance *it& t&e 5ules of 1ourt.< Accordingly, t&e 1?5, in t&e course of an investigation, (ay only cite or &old any person in conte(pt and i(pose t&e appropriate penalties in accordance *it& t&e procedure and sanctions provided for in t&e 5ules of 1ourt. (1arino v. 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts, 3.5. "o. 9 /1, Dece()er 8, 1991! X;. E'!0"t on/ S0 en0e/ Te0hno#o,1/ A)ts/ C!#t!)e "n' S(o)ts A. Acade(ic freedo( ,ducation, +cience and Tec&nology, Arts ,ducation; Acade(ic Freedo( (19/0! "o. :6 <:<, a son of a ric& fa(ily, applied for enrol(ent *it& t&e +an 1arlos +e(inary in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. Because &e &ad )een previously e'pelled fro( anot&er se(inary for sc&olastic deficiency, t&e 5ector of +an 1arlos +e(inary denied t&e application *it&out giving any grounds for t&e denial. After <:< *as refused ad(ission, t&e 5ector ad(itted anot&er applicant, *&o is t&e son of a poor far(er *&o *as also acade(ically deficient. ()! Prepare a )rief argu(ent citing rules, la*s, or 1onstitutional provisions in support of t&e 5ectorAs denial of t&e (otion for reconsideration. (c! 3ive your decision on t&e appeal of <:< fro( t&e 5ectorAs denial of <:As< application, +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 ()! T&e se(inary &as institutional autono(y *&ic& gives it t&e rig&t, all t&ings )eing eBual, to c&oose *&o( it *ill ad(it as student. (3arcia v. Faculty of Ad(ission, >oyola +c&ool of T&eology, / +15A 800 (1909!; ;illar v. Tec&nological 7nstitute of t&e P&ilippines, 1E9 +15A 0F (19/9!; Tangonan v. 1ru- Pano, 1E0 +15A 8#9 (19/9! ! T&is autono(y is sufficiently large to per(it in t&is case t&e se(inary to c&oose )et*een t&e ric& (anAs son and t&e poor (anAs son. (c! T&e preference given to t&e poor (anAs son is .ustified. "ot only is t&e se(inary entitled to c&oose *&o( it *ill ad(it )ecause it en.oys institutional autono(y (Art. :7;, +ec. 9(8! ! )ut t&e c&oice (ade in t&is case is a *ise and .udicious one. T&e ric& (anAs son &ad )een e'pelled fro( anot&er sc&ool )ecause of acade(ic delinBuency. Despite t&e econo(ic advantage and opportunity &e &ad, &e still failed in &is sc&ool *or=, *arranting a finding t&at &e cannot really do sc&ool *or=. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e poor (anAs son (ay )e acade(ically deficient precisely as a result of poverty so t&at if relieved of its effects it is pro)a)le &e *ill do )etter in sc&ool. T&e de(ocrati-ation of *ealt& and po*er, i(plicit in Art. :777, +ec. 1, and .ustifies t&e decision of t&e 5ector in t&is case. ,ducation; Acade(ic Freedo( (19/9! "o. 96 4&at do you understand )y acade(ic freedo(C +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to +idney ?oo=, acade(ic freedo( is t&e freedo( of professionally Bualified persons to inBuire, discover, pu)lis& and teac& t&e trut& as t&ey see it in t&e field of t&eir co(petence *it&out )eing su).ect to any control or aut&ority e'cept t&e control or aut&ority of t&e rational (et&ods )y *&ic& trut&s or conclusions are soug&t and esta)lis&ed in t&ese disciplines. 7n 3arcia vs. Faculty Ad(ission 1o((ittee, / +15A 800, it *as &eld t&at t&e acade(ic freedo( of institutions of &ig&er learning involves a *ide sp&ere of autono(y in deciding t&eir o).ectives and t&e )est (eans of attaining t&e( *it&out outside interference e'cept *&en overriding pu)lic *elfare calls for so(e restraint. T&us, a sc&ool can deter(ine for itself *&o (ay teac&, *&o (ay )e taug&t, &o* it s&all )e taug&t, and *&o (ay )e ad(itted to study. 7n Tangonon vs. Pano, 1E0 +15A 8#9, it *as &eld t&at t&e acade(ic freedo( of an institution of &ig&er learning includes t&e rig&t to prescri)e acade(ic standards and to refuse re$enroll(ent to students for acade(ic deficiencies and violation of disciplinary regulations. According to %niversity of +an 1arlos vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o. 098E0, @cto)er 1/, 19//, acade(ic freedo( includes t&e rig&t to prescri)e reBuire(ents for t&e confer(ent of &onors. ,ducation; Acade(ic Freedo( (199E! "o. 1/6 Ting, a student of Bang=ero&an %niversity, *as given a failing grade )y Professor Ma&igpit. Ting confronted Professor Ma&igpit at t&e corridor after class and a &eated argu(ent ensued. 1ooler &eads prevented t&e

ver)al *ar ending in p&ysical confrontation. Ma&igpit left t&e ca(pus and *ent s&opping 7n a depart(ent store. Ting sa* Ma&igpit and *it&out any *arning (auled t&e latter. Ma&igpit filed an ad(inistrative co(plaint against Ting )efore t&e Dean of +tudents for )reac& of university rules and regulations. T&e Dean set t&e co(plaint for &earing. ?o*ever, Ting filed a petition )efore t&e 5T1 to pro&i)it t&e Dean and t&e sc&ool fro( investigating &i( contending t&at t&e (auling incident &appened outside t&e sc&ool pre(ises and t&erefore, outside t&e sc&oolAs .urisdiction. T&e sc&ool and t&e Dean ans*ered t&at t&e sc&ool can investigate Ting since &is conduct outside sc&ool &ours and even outside of sc&ool pre(ises affect t&e *elfare of t&e sc&ool; and furt&er(ore, t&e case involves a student and faculty (e()er. 7f you *ere t&e .udge, &o* *ould you decide t&e caseC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f 7 *ere t&e 2udge, 7 *ould dis(iss t&e petition. 7n Angeles v +ison, 118 +15A 8 , it *as &eld t&at a sc&ool can su).ect to disciplinary action a student *&o assaulted a professor outside t&e sc&ool pre(ises, )ecause t&e (isconduct of t&e student involves &is status as, a student or affects t&e good na(e or reputation of t&e sc&ool. T&e (isconduct of Ting directly affects &is suita)ility as a student. Acade(ic Freedo(; ,'tent; ,ducation (1999! 4&at is Acade(ic Freedo(C Discuss t&e Acade(ic Freedo(s en.oyed )y institutions of &ig&er learning. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. According to 5eyes v. 1ourt of Appeals, 19# +15A #F8, acade(ic freedo( is t&e freedo( of a faculty (e()er to pursue &is studies in &is particular specialty and t&ereafter to (a=e =no*n or pu)lis& t&e result of &is endeavors *it&out fear t&at retri)ution *ould )e visited on &i( in t&e event t&at &is conclusions are found distasteful or o).ectiona)le )y t&e po*ers t&at )e, *&et&er in t&e political, econo(ic, or acade(ic esta)lis&(ents. 7n 3arcia v. Faculty Ad(ission 1o((ittee, / +15A 800, it *as &eld t&at t&e acade(ic freedo( of an institution of &ig&er learning includes t&e freedo( to deter(ine *&o (ay teac&, *&at (ay )e taug&t, &o* it s&all )e taug&t, and *&o (ay )e ad(itted to study. Because of acade(ic freedo(, an institution of &ig&er learning can refuse to re$ enroll a student *&o is acade(ically deficient or *&o &as violated t&e rules of discipline. Acade(ic freedo( grants institutions of &ig&er learning t&e discretion to for(ulate rules for t&e granting of &onors. >i=e*ise, )ecause of acade(ic freedo(, an institution of &ig&er learning can close a sc&ool. ,ducation; Alien ,nrollees L Donors (1999! "o 77 $ 1. 4&at is t&e rule on t&e nu()er of aliens *&o (ay enroll in educational institutions in t&e P&ilippines. 3ive t&e e'ception to t&e rule. May suc& institutions accept donations fro( foreign students under t&e prete't t&at suc& donations are to )e used to )uy eBuip(ent and i(prove sc&ool facilitiesC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. %nder +ection #(8!, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution, no group of aliens s&all co(prise (ore t&an one$t&ird of t&e enroll(ent in any sc&ool. T&e e'ception refers to sc&ools esta)lis&ed for foreign diplo(atic personnel and t&eir dependents and, unless ot&er*ise provided )y la*, for ot&er foreign te(porary residents. ,ducational institutions (ay accept donations fro( foreign students. "o provision in t&e 1onstitution or any la* pro&i)its it. ,ducation; Duties of +tate in 5e ,ducation (1999! "o 77 $ B. 3ive t*o duties of t&e state (andated )y t&e 1onstitution regarding education. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 B. Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution i(poses t&e follo*ing duties regarding education upon t&e +tate6 1. T&e +tate s&all protect and pro(ote t&e rig&t of all citi-ens to Buality education at all levels and s&all ta=e appropriate steps to (a=e suc& education accessi)le to all. (+ection 1! 8. T&e +tate s&all esta)lis&, (aintain and support a co(plete, adeBuate, and integrated syste( of education relevant to t&e needs of t&e people and society. J+ection 8(1!K E. T&e +tate s&all esta)lis& and (aintain a syste( of free pu)lic education in t&e ele(entary and &ig& sc&ool levels. J+ection 8(8!K #. T&e +tate s&all esta)lis& and (aintain a syste( of sc&olars&ip grants, student loan progra(s, su)sidies, and ot&er incentives *&ic& s&all )e availa)le to deserving students in )ot& pu)lic and private sc&ools, especially to t&e underprivileged. J+ection 8(E!K

9. . 0. /. 9.

T&e +tate s&all encourage non$for(al, infor(al and indigenous learning syste(s, as *ell as self$learning, independent and out$ofTsc&ool study progra( particularly t&ose t&at respond to co((unity needs, J+ection 8X #XK T&e +tate s&all provide adult citi-ens, t&e disa)led, and out$of$sc&ool yout& *it& training in civics, vocational efficiency and ot&er s=ills. J+ection 8(9!K T&e +tate s&all ta=e into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and s&all encourage local planning in t&e develop(ent of educational policies and progra(s. J+ection 9(1XK T&e +tate s&all en&ance t&e rig&ts of teac&ers to professional advance(ent. "on$teac&ing acade(ic and non$ acade(ic personnel s&all en.oy t&e protection of t&e +tate. J+ection 9(#!K T&e +tate s&all assign t&e &ig&est )udgetary priority to education and ensure t&at teac&ing *ill attract and retain its rig&tful s&are of t&e )est availa)le talents t&roug& adeBuate re(uneration and ot&er (eans of .o) satisfaction and fulfill(ent. J+ection 9(9!K

,ducation; Flag +alute (19/0! "o. :7776 T&e reBuire(ent t&at sc&ool c&ildren participate in flag cere(onies &as )een t&e su).ect of controversy. @n t&e one &and it is t&e vie* t&at t&e reBuire(ent violates religious freedo(; on t&e ot&er is t&e +upre(e 1ourt decision t&at )ecause of relevant provisions of t&e 19E9 1onstitution t&e flag salute (ay )e validly reBuired. 4&ic& of t&e a)ove finds support on 19/0 1onstitution, 1ite at least t*o provisions to prove your point. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e vie* t&at flag salute (ay validly )e reBuired finds support in t&e follo*ing provisions of t&e 19/0 1onstitution6 (a! Art, :7;, +ec. E(8!, *&ic& provides t&at all educational institutions s&all inculcate in students, a(ong ot&er civil virtues, patriotis( and nationalis( and teac& t&e( t&e rig&ts and duties of citi-ens&ip. T&us considera)ly )roadening t&e ai(s of sc&ools is originally stated in t&e 19E9 1onstitution *&ic& t&e +upre(e 1ourt relied upon for its decision in 3erona v. +ecretary of ,ducation, 1F P&il. 8 (1999!, up&olding t&e flag salute in t&e P&ilippines. T&e 19E9 1onstitution si(ply (entioned t&e develop(ent of civic conscience and t&e teac&ing of t&e duties of citi-ens&ip. ()! Art 77, +ec, 1E (andates t&e +tate to <inculcate in t&e yout& patriotis( and nationalis(,< *&ile +ec. 10 reBuires t&e +tate to give priority to education, a(ong ot&er concerns, <to foster patriotis( and nationalis(.< ,ducation; 5ig&t to 1&oose Profession (8FFF! "o 7;. %ndaunted )y &is t&ree failures in t&e "ational Medical Ad(ission Test ("MAT!, 1ru- applied to ta=e it again )ut &e *as refused )ecause of an order of t&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports (D,1+! disallo*ing flun=ers fro( ta=ing t&e test a fourt& ti(e. 1ru- filed suit assailing t&is rule raising t&e constitutional grounds of accessi)le Buality education, acade(ic freedo( and eBual protection. T&e govern(ent opposes t&is, up&olding t&e constitutionality of t&e rule on t&e ground of e'ercise of police po*er. Decide t&e case discussing t&e grounds raised. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As &eld in Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports v. +an Diego,1/F +15A 9EE (19/9!, t&e rule is a valid e'ercise of police po*er to ensure t&at t&ose ad(itted to t&e (edical profession are Bualified. T&e argu(ents of 1ru- are not (eritorious. T&e rig&t to Buality education and acade(ic freedo( are not a)solute. %nder +ection 9(E!, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution, t&e rig&t to c&oose a profession is su).ect to fair, reasona)le and eBuita)le ad(ission and acade(ic reBuire(ents. T&e rule does not violate eBual protection. T&ere is a su)stantial distinction )et*een (edical students and ot&er students. %nli=e ot&er professions, t&e (edical profession directly affects t&e lives of t&e people. ,ducation; 5ig&t to Iuality ,ducation (8FFE! "o 777 $ 1&ildren *&o are (e()ers of a religious sect &ave )een e'pelled fro( t&eir respective pu)lic sc&ools for refusing, on account of t&eir religious )eliefs, to ta=e part in t&e flag cere(ony *&ic& includes playing )y a )and or singing t&e national ant&e(, saluting t&e P&ilippine flag and reciting t&e patriotic pledge. T&e students and t&eir parents assail t&e e'pulsion on t&e ground t&at t&e sc&ool aut&orities &ave acted in violation of t&eir rig&t to free pu)lic education, freedo( of speec&, and religious freedo( and *ors&ip. Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e students cannot )e e'pelled fro( sc&ool. As &eld in ,)ralinag v. T&e Division +uperintendent of +c&ools of 1e)u. 819 +15A 89 J199EK, to co(pel students to ta=e part in t&e flag cere(ony *&en it is against t&eir religious

)eliefs *ill violate t&eir religious freedo(. T&eir e'pulsion also violates t&e duty of t&e +tate under Article :7;, +ection 1 of t&e 1onstitution to protect and pro(ote t&e rig&t of all citi-ens to Buality education and (a=e suc& education accessi)le to all. ,ducation; Teac&ing of 5eligion (1999! "o 77 $ D. 4&at is t&e constitutional provision concerning t&e teac&ing of religion in t&e ele(entary and &ig& sc&ools in t&e P&ilippinesC ,'plain. (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 D. %nder +ection E(E!, Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution, at t&e option e'pressed in *riting )y t&e parents or guardians, religion s&all )e allo*ed to )e taug&t to t&eir c&ildren or *ards in pu)lic ele(entary and &ig& sc&ools *it&in t&e regular class &ours )y instructors designated or approved )y t&e religious aut&orities to *&ic& t&e c&ildren or *ards )elong, *it&out additional cost to t&e 3overn(ent. ,ducation; ;alidity of Acade(ic 5eBuire(ents (199#! "o. 18; T&e Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports 7ssued a circular disBualifying anyone *&o fails for t&e fourt& ti(e in t&e "ational ,ntrance Tests fro( ad(ission to a 1ollege of Dentistry. : *&o *as t&us disBualified, Buestions t&e constitutionality of t&e circular. 1! Did t&e circular deprive &er of &er constitutional rig&t to educationC 8! Did t&e circular violate t&e eBual protection clause of t&e 1onstitutionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o, t&e circular disBualifying anyone *&o fails for t&e fourt& ti(e in t&e "ational ,ntrance Tests fro( ad(ission to t&e 1ollege of Dentistry did not deprive : of &er constitutional rig&t to education. As &eld in Depart(ent of ,ducation, 1ulture and +ports vs. +an Diego, 1/F +15A 9EE, t&is rig&t is not a)solute. +ection 9(E!. Article :7; of t&e 1onstitution provides t&at t&e rig&t to c&oose a profession or course of study is su).ect to fair, reasona)le and eBuita)le ad(ission and acade(ic reBuire(ents. 5eBuiring t&at t&ose *&o *ill enroll in a 1ollege of Dentistry s&ould pass t&e "ational ,ntrance Test is valid, )ecause it is intended to ensure t&at only t&ose *&o are Bualified to )e dentists are ad(itted for enroll(ent. 8! "o, t&e circular did not violate t&e eBual protection clause of t&e 1onstitution. ... :;7. Pu)lic 7nternational >a* A. 1oncepts Basic Principles in Pu)lic 7ntGl >a* (1991! +elect any five (9! of t&e follo*ing and e'plain eac&, using e'a(ples6 a! 5eprisal )! 5etorsion c! Declaratory T&eory of 5ecognition Principle d! 5ecognition of Belligerency e! 1ontinental +&elf f! ,'eBuatur g! Principle of Dou)le 1ri(inality &! Protective Personality i! 7nnocent Passage .! 2us 1ogens +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (a! 5,P57+A> is a coercive (easure s&ort of *ar, directed )y a state against anot&er, in retaliation for acts of t&e latter and as (eans of o)taining reparation or satisfaction for suc& acts. 5eprisal involves retaliatory acts *&ic& )y t&e(selves *ould )e illegal. For e'a(ple, for violation of a treaty )y a state, t&e aggrieved state sei-es on t&e &ig& seas t&e s&ips of t&e offending state. ()! 5,T@5+7@" is a legal )ut deli)erately unfriendly act directed )y a state against anot&er in retaliation for an unfriendly t&oug& legal act to co(pel t&at state to alter its unfriendly conduct. An e'a(ple of retorsion is )anning e'ports to t&e offending state.

(c! T&e D,1>A5AT@5N T?,@5N @F 5,1@3"7T7@" is a t&eory according to *&ic& recognition of a state is (erely an ac=no*ledg(ent of t&e fact of its e'istence. 7n ot&er *ords, t&e recogni-ed state already e'ists and can e'ist even *it&out suc& recognition. For e'a(ple, *&en ot&er countries recogni-ed Banglades&, Banglades& already e'isted as a state even *it&out suc& recognition. (d! 5,1@3"7T7@" @F B,>>73,5,"1N is t&e for(al ac=no*ledg(ent )y a t&ird party of t&e e'istence of a state of *ar )et*een t&e central govern(ent and a portion of t&at state. Belligerency e'ists *&en a si-ea)le portion of t&e territory of a state is under t&e effective control of an insurgent co((unity *&ic& is see=ing to esta)lis& a separate govern(ent and t&e insurgents are in de facto control of a portion of t&e territory and population, &ave a political organi-ation, are a)le to (aintain suc& control, and conduct t&e(selves according to t&e la*s of *ar. For e'a(ple, 3reat Britain recogni-ed a state of )elligerency in t&e %nited +tates during t&e 1ivil 4ar, (e! 1@"T7","TA> +?,>F of a coastal state co(prises t&e sea$)ed and su)soil of t&e su)(arine areas t&at e'tend )eyond its territorial sea t&roug&out t&e natural prolongation of its land territory to t&e outer edge of t&e continental (argin, or to a distance of 8FF nautical (iles fro( t&e <)aselines fro( *&ic& t&e )readt& of t&e territorial sea is (easured *&ere t&e outer edge of t&e continental s&elf does not e'tend up to t&at distance. (f! ,:,I%AT%5 is an aut&ori-ation fro( t&e receiving state ad(itting t&e &ead of a consular post to t&e e'ercise of &is functions. For e'a(ple, if t&e P&ilippines appoints a consul general for "e* Nor=, &e cannot start perfor(ing &is functions unless t&e President of t&e %nited +tates issues an e'eBuatur to &i(, (g! T&e principle of D@%B>, 157M7"A>7TN is t&e rule in e'tradition *&ic& states t&at for a reBuest to )e &onored t&e cri(e for *&ic& e'tradition is reBuested (ust )e a cri(e in )ot& t&e reBuesting state and t&e state to *&ic& t&e fugitive &as fled. For e'a(ple, since (urder is a cri(e )ot& in t&e P&ilippines and in 1anada, under t&e Treaty on ,'tradition )et*een t&e P&ilippines and 1anada, t&e P&ilippines can reBuest 1anada to e'tradite a Filipino *&o &as fled to 1anada. (&! P5@T,1T7;, P,5+@"A>7TN principle is t&e principle )y *&ic& t&e state e'ercise .urisdiction over t&e acts of an alien even if co((itted outside its territory, if suc& acts are adverse to t&e interest of t&e national state. (i! 7""@1,"T PA++A3, (eans t&e rig&t of continuous and e'peditious navigation of a foreign s&ip t&roug& t&e territorial sea of a state for t&e purpose of traversing t&at sea *it&out entering t&e internal *aters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal *aters, or proceeding to or fro( internal *aters or a call at suc& roadstead or port facility. T&e passage is innocent so long as it is not pre.udicial to t&e peace, good order or security of t&e coastal state. (.! 2%+ 1@3,"+ is a pere(ptory nor( of general international la* accepted and recogni-ed )y t&e international co((unity as a *&ole as a nor( fro( *&ic& no derogation is per(itted and *&ic& can )e (odified only )y a su)seBuent nor( of general international la* &aving t&e sa(e c&aracter, An e'a(ple is t&e pro&i)ition against t&e use of force. Association (8F1F! 4&at is t&e 5otational +c&e(e of appoint(ents in t&e 1@M,>,1C The )ot"t on"# s0he&et$e o% "((o nt$ents n the Co$$ ss on on E#e0t ons )e%e)s to the s0he$e n +h 0h the)e s " )e,!#") )e0!))en0e o% " t+o>1e") nte)&"# 2et+een the e?( )"t on o% te)$s o% the Ch" )$"n "n' the Co$$ ss one)s 5G"$ n'e &. Co$$ s on on A!' t/ 3AD SCRA 766 820009: 4&at are t&e t*o conditions for its *or=a)ilityC The t+o 0on' t ons %o) the +o)@"2 # t1 o% the )ot"t on"# s0he$e o% "((o nt$ents ")e the %o##o+ n,- 1: the te)$s o% the % )st Ch" )$"n "n' Co$$ ss one)s sho!#' st")t on " 0o$$on '"te/ ))es(e0t &e o% &") "t on o% '"tes o% the ) "((o nt$ents "n' <!"# % 0"t ons/ "n' 52: "n1 &"0"n01 '!e to the 'e"th/ )es ,n"t on o) ' s"2 # t1 2e%o)e e?( )"t on o% the te)$ sho!#' 2e % ##e' on#1 + th the !ne?( )e' 2"#"n0e o% the te)$. 5G"$ n'e &. Co$$ ss on on A!' t/ 3AD SCRA 766 820009: To *&at ot&er constitutional offices does t&e rotational sc&e(e of appoint(ents applyC The )ot"t on"# s0he$e o% "((o nt$ents "((# es "#so to the J!' 0 "# "n' B") Co!n0 #/ the C & # Se)& 0e Co$$ ss on "n' the Co$$ ss on on A!' t. 5Se0t on E52:/ A)t 0#e ;III/ Se0t on 1 52:/ A)t 0#e IX>B "n' Se0t on 1 52:/ A)t 0#e IX>D o% the Const t!t on:.

1. @)ligations erga o(nes 8. 2us cogens E. 1oncept of aeguo et )ono

B. 7nternational and national la* "ature of t&e 1onstitution6 1onstitutional +upre(acy (8FF#! (1F$a! B"" 5epu)lic &as a defense treaty *it& ,;A Federation. According to t&e 5epu)licAs +ecretary of Defense, t&e treaty allo*s te(porary )asing of friendly foreign troops in case of training e'ercises for t&e *ar on terroris(. T&e Ma.ority >eader of t&e +enate contends t&at *&et&er te(porary or not, t&e )asing of foreign troops &o*ever friendly is pro&i)ited )y t&e 1onstitution of B"" *&ic& provides t&at, <"o foreign (ilitary )ases s&all )e allo*ed in B"" territory.< 7n case t&ere is indeed an irreconcila)le conflict )et*een a provision of t&e treaty and a provision of t&e 1onstitution, in a .urisdiction and legal syste( li=e ours, *&ic& s&ould prevail6 t&e provision of t&e treaty or of t&e 1onstitutionC 4&yC ,'plain *it& reasons, )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7n case of conflict )et*een a provision of a treaty and a provision of t&e 1onstitution, t&e provision of t&e 1onstitution s&ould prevail. +ection 9(8!(a!, Article ;777 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution aut&ori-es t&e nullification of a treaty *&en it conflicts *it& t&e 1onstitution. (3on-ales v. ?ec&anova, 9 +15A 8EF J19 EK!. 7nternational >a* vs. Municipal >a*; Territorial Principle; 7nternational 1ri(es (I8$8FF9! (8! Police @fficer ?enry Magiting of t&e "arcotics +ection of t&e 4estern Police District applied for a searc& *arrant in t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Manila for violation of +ection 11, Article 77 (Possession of Pro&i)ited Drugs! of 5epu)lic Act (5.A.! "o. 91 9 (1o(pre&ensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 8FF8! for t&e searc& and sei-ure of &eroin in t&e ca)in of t&e 1aptain of t&e M++ +eastar, a foreign$registered vessel *&ic& *as (oored at t&e +out& ?ar)or, Manila, its port of destination. Based on t&e affidavits of t&e applicantAs *itnesses *&o *ere cre* (e()ers of t&e vessel, t&ey sa* a )o' containing ten (1F! =ilogra(s of &eroin under t&e )ed in t&e 1aptainAs ca)in. T&e 5T1 found pro)a)le cause for t&e issuance of a searc& *arrant; nevert&eless, it denied t&e application on t&e ground t&at P&ilippine courts &ave no cri(inal .urisdiction over violations of 5.A. "o. 91 9 co((itted on foreign$registered vessels found in P&ilippine *aters. 7s t&e ruling of t&e court correctC +upport your ans*er *it& reasons. (9H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e courtAs ruling is not correct. T&e foreign$registered vessel *as not in transit. 7t *as (oored in +out& ?ar)or, Manila, its port of destination. ?ence, any cri(e co((itted on )oard said vessel, li=e possession of &eroin, is tria)le )y our courts (%.+. v. A& +ing, 3.5. "o. 1EFF9, @cto)er 1F, 1910!, e'cept if t&e cri(e involves t&e internal (anage(ent of t&e vessel. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e 5T1 (ay assert its .urisdiction over t&e case )y invo=ing t&e territorial principle, *&ic& provides t&at cri(es co((itted *it&in a stateAs territorial )oundaries and persons *it&in t&at territory, eit&er per(anently or te(porarily, are su).ect to t&e application of local la*. 2urisdiction (ay also )e asserted on t&e )asis of t&e universality principle, *&ic& confers upon all states t&e rig&t to e'ercise .urisdiction over delicta .uris gentiu( or international cri(es, suc& as t&e international traffic narcotics. T&e possession of 1F =gs. of &eroin constitutes co((ercial Buantity and t&erefore Bualifies as traffic=ing of narcotics. 1onseBuently, t&e denial of t&e searc& *arrant s&ould &ave )een anc&ored on t&e failure of t&e court to conduct personal e'a(ination of t&e *itnesses to t&e cri(e in order to esta)lis& pro)a)le cause, as reBuired )y +ections E and # of 5ule 18 . 7n any event, t&ere is no s&o*ing t&at t&e reBuisite Buantu( of pro)a)le cause *as esta)lis&ed )y (ere reference to t&e affidavits and ot&er docu(entary evidence presented. Municipal >a* vs. 7nternational >a* (8FFE! "o :;7$ An organi-ation of la* students sponsored an inter$sc&ool de)ate a(ong t&ree tea(s *it& t&e follo*ing assign(ents and propositions for eac& tea( to defend6 Tea( <A< $ 7nternational la* prevails over (unicipal la*. Tea( <B< $ Municipal la* prevails over international la*. Tea( <1< $ A countryAs 1onstitution prevails over international la* )ut international la* prevails over (unicipal statutes. 7f you *ere given a c&ance to c&oose t&e correct proposition, *&ic& *ould you ta=e and *&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56

7 s&all ta=e t&e proposition for Tea( 1. 7nternational >a* and (unicipal la* are supre(e in t&eir o*n respective fields. "eit&er &as &ege(ony over t&e ot&er. (Bro*nlie, Principles of Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, #t& ed. p. 190.! %nder Article 77, +ection 8 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e generally accepted principles of international la* for( part of t&e la* of t&e land. +ince t&ey (erely &ave t&e force of la*, if it is P&ilippine courts t&at *ill decide t&e case, t&ey *ill up&old t&e 1onstitution over international la*. 7f it is an international tri)unal t&at *ill decide t&e case, it *ill up&old international la* over (unicipal la*. As &eld )y t&e Per(anent 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice in t&e case of t&e Polis& "ationals in Dan-ig, a +tate cannot invo=e its o*n 1onstitution to evade o)ligations incu()ent upon it under international la*. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5 7 *ould ta=e t&e proposition assigned to Tea( <1< as )eing nearer to t&e legal reality in t&e P&ilippines, na(ely, <A countryAs 1onstitution prevails over international la* )ut international la* prevails over (unicipal statutes<. T&is is, &o*ever, su).ect to t&e place of international la* in t&e P&ilippine 1onstitutional setting in *&ic& treaties or custo(ary nor(s in international la* stand in parity *it& statutes and in case of irreconcila)le conflict, t&is (ay )e resolved )y De' posteriori derogat le' priori as t&e +upre(e 1ourt o)iter dictu( in A))as v. 1@M,>,1 &olds. ?ence, a statute enacted later t&an t&e conclusion or effectivity of a treaty (ay prevail. 7n t&e P&ilippine legal syste(, t&ere are no nor(s &ig&er t&an constitutional nor(s. T&e fact t&at t&e 1onstitution (a=es generally accepted principles of international la* or conventional international la* as part of P&ilippine la* does not (a=e t&e( superior to statutory la*, as clarified in +ecretary of 2ustice v. >antion and P&ilip Morris decisions. 1. +ources +ources of 7nternational >a*; Pri(ary L +u)sidiary +ources (8FFE! "o :; $ +tate your general understanding of t&e pri(ary sources and su)sidiary sources of international la*, giving an illustration of eac&. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder Article E/ of t&e +tatute of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice, t&e P57MA5N +@%51,+ of international la* are t&e follo*ing6 1. 7nternational conventions, e.g., ;ienna 1onvention on t&e >a* of Treaties. 8. 7nternational custo(s, e.g., sa)otage, t&e pro&i)ition against slavery, and t&e pro&i)ition against torture. E. 3eneral principles of la* recogni-ed )y civili-ed nations, e.g., prescription, res .udicata, and due process. T&e +%B+7D7A5N +@%51,+ of international la* are .udicial decisions, su).ect to t&e provisions of Article 99, e.g., t&e decision in t&e Anglo$"or*egian Fis&eries 1ase and "icaragua v. %nited +tates, and T,A1?7"3+ of t&e (ost &ig&ly Bualified pu)licists of various nations, e.g., ?u(an 5ig&ts in 7nternational >a* )y >auterpac&t and 7nternational >a* )y @ppen&e i( $>auterpac&t. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5eflecting general international la*, Article E/(1! of t&e +tatute of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice is understood as providing for international convention, international custo(, and general principles of la* as pri(ary sources of international la*, *&ile indicating t&at .udicial decisions and teac&ings of t&e (ost &ig&ly Bualified pu)licists as <su)sidiary (eans for t&e deter(ination of t&e rules of la*.< T&e pri(ary sources (ay )e considered as for(al sources in t&at t&ey are t&e (et&ods )y *&ic& nor(s of international la* are created and recogni-ed. A conventional or treaty nor( co(es into )eing )y esta)lis&ed treaty$ (a=ing procedures. T&e +%B+7D7A5N +@%51,+ of international la* are .udicial decisions, su).ect to t&e provisions of Article 99, e.g., t&e decision in t&e Anglo$"or*egian Fis&eries 1ase and "icaragua v. %nited +tates, and T,A1?7"3+ of t&e (ost &ig&ly Bualified pu)licists of various nations, e.g., ?u(an 5ig&ts in 7nternational >a* )y >auterpac&t and 7nternational >a* )y @ppen&e i( $>auterpac&t. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5eflecting general international la*, Article E/(1! of t&e +tatute of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice is understood as providing for international convention, international custo(, and general principles of la* as pri(ary sources of international la*, *&ile indicating t&at .udicial decisions and teac&ings of t&e (ost &ig&ly Bualified pu)licists as <su)sidiary (eans for t&e deter(ination of t&e rules of la*.<

T&e pri(ary sources (ay )e considered as for(al sources in t&at t&ey are t&e (et&ods )y *&ic& nor(s of international la* are created and recogni-ed. A conventional or treaty nor( co(es into )eing )y esta)lis&ed treaty$ (a=ing procedures and a custo(ary nor( is t&e product of t&e for(ation of general practice accepted as la*. By *ay of illustrating 7nternational 1onvention as a source of la*, *e (ay refer to t&e principle e()odied in Article of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on t&e >a* of Treaties *&ic& reads6 <,very +tate possesses capacity to conclude treaties<. 7t tells us *&at t&e la* is and t&e process or (et&od )y *&ic& it ca(e into )eing. 7nternational 1usto( (ay )e concretely illustrated )y pacta sunt servanda, a custo(ary or general nor( *&ic& ca(e a)out t&roug& e'tensive and consistent practice )y a great nu()er of states recogni-ing it as o)ligatory. T&e su)sidiary (eans serves as evidence of la*. A decision of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice, for e'a(ple, (ay serve as (aterial evidence confir(ing or s&o*ing t&at t&e pro&i)ition against t&e use of force is a custo(ary nor(, as t&e decision of t&e 1ourt &as de(onstrated in t&e "icaragua 1ase. T&e status of a principle as a nor( of international la* (ay find evidence in t&e *or=s of &ig&ly Bualified pu)licists in international la*, suc& as Mc"air, Melsen or @ppen&ei(. D. +u).ects 1. +tates 1onstitutive T&eory vs. Declaratory T&eory (8FF#! (8$a$#! Distinguis&6 T&e constitutive t&eory and t&e declaratory t&eory concerning recognition of states. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 According to t&e 1@"+T7T%T7;, T?,@5N, recognition is t&e last indispensa)le ele(ent t&at converts t&e state )eing recogni-ed into an international person. According to t&e D,1>A5AT@5N T?,@5N, recognition is (erely an ac=no*ledg(ent of t&e pre$e'isting fact t&at t&e state )eing recogni-ed is an international person.(1ru-, 7nternational >a*, 8FFE ed.! @uter +pace; 2urisdiction (8FFE! "o :7: $ 4&at is outer$spaceC 4&o or *&ic& can e'ercise .urisdiction over astronauts *&ile in outer spaceC A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&ere are several sc&ools of t&oug&t regarding t&e deter(ination of outer space, suc& as t&e li(it of air flig&t, t&e &eig&t of at(osp&eric space, infinity, t&e lo*est altitude of an artificial satellite, and an altitude appro'i(ating aerodyna(ic lift. Anot&er sc&ool of t&oug&t proceeds )y analogy to t&e la* of t&e sea. 7t proposes t&at a +tate s&ould e'ercise full sovereignty up to t&e &eig&t to *&ic& an aircraft can ascend. "on$(ilitant flig&t instru(entalities s&ould )e allo*ed over a second area, a contiguous -one of EFF (iles. @ver t&at s&ould )e outer space. T&e )oundary )et*een airspace and outer space &as not yet )een defined. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed.. pp. 891$89E.! %nder Article / of t&e Treaty on t&e Principles 3overning t&e Activities of +tates in t&e ,'ploration and %se of @uter +pace, 7ncluding t&e Moon and @t&er 1elestial Bodies, a +tate on *&ose registry an o).ect launc&ed into outer space retains .urisdiction over t&e astronauts *&ile t&ey are in outer space. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 @uter space is t&e space )eyond t&e airspace surrounding t&e ,art& or )eyond t&e national airspace. 7n la*, t&e )oundary )et*een outer space and airspace &as re(ained undeter(ined. But in t&eory, t&is &as )een esti(ated to )e )et*een /F to 9F =ilo(eters. @uter space in t&is esti(ate )egins fro( t&e lo*est altitude an artificial satellite can re(ain in or)it. %nder t&e Moon Treaty of 1909 t&e (oon and t&e ot&er celestial )odies for( part of outer space. 7n outer space, t&e space satellites or o).ects are under t&e .urisdiction of +tates of registry *&ic& covers astronauts and cos(onauts. T&is (atter is covered )y t&e 5egistration of @).ects in +pace 1onvention of 190# and t&e >ia)ility for Da(age 1aused )y +paced @).ects 1onvention of 1908. Principle of Auto$>i(itation (I1F$8FF ! 1. 4&at is t&e principle of auto$li(itationC (8.9H! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 %nder t&e principle of auto$ li(itation, any state (ay )y its consent, e'press or i(plied, su)(it to a restriction of its sovereign rig&ts. T&ere (ay t&us )e a curtail(ent of *&at ot&er*ise is a plenary po*er (5eagan v. 175, 3.5. >$8 E09, Dece()er 80, 19 9!.

 8.

5eciprocity v. Principle of Auto$>i(itation (I1F$8FF ! 4&at is t&e relations&ip )et*een reciprocity and t&e principle of auto$li(itationC (8.9H!

A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 4&en t&e P&ilippines enters into treaties, necessarily, t&ese international agree(ents (ay contain li(itations on P&ilippine sovereignty. T&e consideration in t&is partial surrender of sovereignty is t&e reciprocal co((it(ent of ot&er contracting states in granting t&e sa(e privilege and i((unities to t&e P&ilippines. For e'a(ple, t&is =ind of reciprocity in relation to t&e principle of auto$li(itation c&aracteri-es t&e P&ilippine co((it(ents under 4T@$ 3ATT. T&is is )ased on t&e constitutional provision t&at t&e P&ilippines <adopts t&e generally accepted principles of international la* as part of t&e la* of t&e land and ad&eres to t&e policy of ... cooperation and a(ity *it& all nations< (Tanada v. Angara, 3.5. "o. 11/899, May 8, 1990!. 5ecognition of +tates; De Facto vs. De 2ure 5ecognition (199/! "o :77. Distinguis& )et*een de facto recognition and de .ure recognition of states. J9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e follo*ing are t&e distinctions )et*een de facto recognition and de 2ure recognition of a govern(ent6 1 De facto recognition is provisional, de 2ure recognition is relatively per(anent; 8 De facto recognition does not vest title in t&e govern(ent to its properties a)road; de 2ure recognition does; E De facto recognition is li(ited to certain .uridical relations; de .ure recognition )rings a)out full diplo(atic relations. (1ru-. 7nternational >a*. 199 ed.. p. /E.! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 T&e distinction )et*een de facto recognition and de .ure recognition of a +tate is not clear in international la*. 7t is, &o*ever, usually assu(ed as a point of distinction t&at *&ile de facto recognition is provisional and &ence (ay )e *it&dra*n, de .ure recognition is final and cannot )e *it&dra*n. 1onfronted *it& t&e e(ergence of a ne* political entity in t&e international co((unity, a +tate (ay e'perience so(e difficulty in responding to t&e Buestion *&et&er t&e ne* political order Bualifies to )e regarded as a state under international la*, in particular fro( t&e vie*point of its effectiveness and independence on a per(anent )asis. T&e recogni-ing +tate (ay consider its act in regard to t&e ne* political entity as (erely a de facto recognition, i(plying t&at it (ay *it&dra* it if in t&e end it turns out t&at t&e conditions of state&ood are not fulfilled s&ould t&e ne* aut&ority not re(ain in po*er. But even t&en, a de facto recognition in t&is conte't produces legal effects in t&e sa(e *ay as de .ure recognition. 4&et&er recognition is de facto or de .ure, steps (ay )e ta=en to *it&dra* recognition if t&e conditions of state&ood in international la* are not fulfilled. T&us, fro( t&is standpoint, t&e distinction is not legally significant. "ote6 T&e Buestion s&ould refer to recognition of govern(ent not recognition of state )ecause t&ere is no suc& distinction in recognition of state. 8. 7nternational organi-ations Mandates and Trust Territories (8FFE! "o :;77 $ 4&at are t&e so$called Mandates and Trust TerritoriesC Does t&e %nited "ations e'ercise sovereignty over t&ese territoriesC 7n t&e affir(ative, &o* is t&is .urisdiction e'ercisedC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e Mandates *ere t&e overseas possessions of t&e defeated states of 3er(any and Tur=ey *&ic& *ere placed )y t&e >eague of "ations under t&e ad(inistration of (andatories to pro(ote t&eir develop(ent and ulti(ate independence. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed., p. 1E1.! 4&en t&e %nited "ations replaced t&e >eague of "ations, t&e syste( of Mandates *as replaced )y t&e +yste( of Trust Territories. T&e %nited "ations e'ercised residuary sovereignty over t&e Trust Territories t&roug& t&e Trustee Po*ers, *&o e'ercised t&e po*ers of sovereignty su).ect to supervision )y and accounta)ility to t&e %nited "ations. (@ppen&ei($>auterpac&t, 7nternational >a*, ;ol. 7, 0t& ed., pp. 81E$81#.! (+ince t&ere are no (ore Trust Territories, t&is is .ust a (atter of &istorical interest.! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56

Mandates pertains to t&e (andate syste( esta)lis&ed under Article 88 of t&e 1ovenant of t&e >eague of "ations for t&e tutelage and guardians&ip of colonies and territories for(erly &eld )y 3er(any and Tur=ey )efore t&e First 4orld 4ar, )y a victorious po*er on )e&alf of t&e >eague of "ations until t&ey *ere prepared for independence. Territories under (andate *ere not under t&e sovereignty of any +tate; t&ey *ere ad(inistered )y a (andatory po*er *&ic& *as responsi)le to t&e >eague of "ations for t&e develop(ent and *elfare of t&e disadvantaged su).ect peoples to*ards independence. T&us, (andated territories *ere under t&e .urisdiction of t&e (andatory po*er, su).ect to t&e supervision of t&e >eague of "ations. T&e general legal fra(e*or= of t&e (andate syste( passed into t&e trustees&ip syste( of t&e %nited "ations, toget&er *it& (andated territories *&ic& did not attain independence status )y t&e end of t&e +econd 4orld 4ar. Trust territories and t&e Trustees&ip 1ouncil are created )y t&e %" 1&arter. T&e trustees&ip syste( under 1&apters :77 and :777 of t&e %" 1&arter is esta)lis&ed under t&e supervision of t&e %" Trustees&ip 1ouncil under t&e aut&ority of t&e 3eneral Asse()ly for t&e pro(otion of political and socio$econo(ic develop(ent of peoples in trust territories to*ards independent status. A ne* feature of t&e %" trustees&ip syste( is t&e creation of a ne* category of territories, t&e strategic trust territories, *&ic& is under t&e supervision of t&e +ecurity 1ouncil instead of t&e Trustees&ip 1ouncil. %nder t&e foregoing conditions, t&e %nited "ations (ay not )e said to e'ercise sovereignty over trust territories, t&e functions and po*ers of t&e Trustees&ip 1ouncil and t&e 3eneral Asse()ly )eing li(ited to ad(inistration and supervision under t&e principle of self$deter(ination as set fort& in agree(ents concluded in individual trust in accordance *it& t&e %" 1&arter. %" .urisdiction is e'ercised t&roug& t&e Trustees&ip 1ouncil under t&e aut&ority of t&e 3eneral Asse()ly, e'cept *it& respect to strategic areas or territories *&ic& are placed under t&e .urisdiction of t&e +ecurity 1ouncil. E. 7ndividuals ,. Diplo(atic and consular la* Diplo(atic 7((unity (8FFF! "o :: $A foreign a()assador to t&e P&ilippines leased a vacation &ouse in Tagaytay for &is personal use. For so(e reason, &e failed to pay rentals for (ore t&an one year. T&e lessor filed an action for t&e recovery of &is property in court. a! 1an t&e foreign a()assador invo=e &is diplo(atic i((unity to resist t&e lessorAs actionC (EH! )! T&e lessor gets &old of evidence t&at t&e a()assador is a)out to return to &is &o(e country. 1an t&e lessor as= t&e court to stop t&e a()assadorAs departure fro( t&e P&ilippinesC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! "o, t&e foreign a()assador cannot invo=e &is diplo(atic i((unity to resist t&e action, since &e is not using t&e &ouse in Tagaytay 1ity for t&e purposes of &is (ission )ut (erely for vacation. %nder Article E(l!(a! of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, a diplo(atic agent &as no i((unity in case of a real action relating to private i((ova)le property situated in t&e territory of t&e receiving +tate unless &e &olds it on )e&alf of t&e sending +tate for purposes of t&e (ission. )! "o, t&e lessor cannot as= t&e court to stop t&e departure of t&e a()assador fro( t&e P&ilippines. %nder Article 89 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention, a diplo(atic agent s&all not )e lia)le to any for( of arrest or detention. (per Dondee! T&e grounds cited )y NR is tena)le on t&e )asis t&at t&e precept t&at a +tate cannot )e sued in t&e courts of a foreign state is a long$standing rule of custo(ary international la* t&en closely identified *it& t&e personal i((unity of a foreign sovereign fro( suit and, *it& t&e e(ergence of de(ocratic states, (ade to attac& not .ust to t&e person of t&e &ead of state, or &is representative, )ut also distinctly to t&e state itself in its sovereign capacity. 7f t&e acts giving rise to a suit are t&ose of a foreign govern(ent done )y its foreign agent, alt&oug& not necessarily a diplo(atic personage, )ut acting in &is official capacity, t&e co(plaint could )e )arred )y t&e i((unity of t&e foreign sovereign fro( suit *it&out its consent. +uing a representative of a state is )elieved to )e, in effect, suing t&e state itself. (M?@+5@4 M7"%1?,5 vs. 1@%5T @F APP,A>+, 3.5. "o. 1#8E9 . Fe)ruary 11, 8FFE! Diplo(atic 7((unity (8FF1! "o :: $ Dr. ;elen, an official of t&e 4orld ?ealt& @rgani-ation (4?@! assigned in t&e P&ilippines, arrived at t&e "inoy ABuino 7nternational Airport *it& &is personal effects contained in t*elve crates as unacco(panied )aggage.

As suc&, &is personal effects *ere allo*ed free entry fro( duties and ta'es, and *ere directly stored at Ars&aine 1orporationAs *are&ouse at Ma=ati, pending Dr. ;elenAs relocation to &is per(anent Buarters. At t&e instance of police aut&orities, t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt (5T1! of Ma=ati issued a *arrant for t&e searc& and sei-ure of Dr. ;elenAs personal effects in vie* of an alleged violation of t&e Tariff and 1usto(As 1ode. According to t&e police, t&e crates contained contra)and ite(s. %pon protest of 4?@ officials, t&e +ecretary of Foreign Affairs for(ally advised t&e 5T1 as to Dr. ;elenAs i((unity. T&e +olicitor 3eneral li=e*ise .oined Dr. ;elenAs plea of i((unity and (otion to Buas& t&e searc& *arrant. T&e 5T1 denied t&e (otion. 7s t&e denial of t&e (otion to Buas& properC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e denial of t&e (otion is i(proper. As &eld in 4orld ?ealt& @rgani-ation vs. ABuino, #/ +15A 8#8 (1908!. as an official of t&e 4orld ?ealt& @rgani-ation, Dr. ;elen en.oyed diplo(atic i((unity and t&is included e'e(ption fro( duties and ta'es. +ince diplo(atic i((unity involves a political Buestion, *&ere a plea of diplo(atic i((unity is recogni-ed and affir(ed )y t&e ,'ecutive Depart(ent, it is t&e duty of t&e court to accept t&e clai( of i((unity. Diplo(atic 7((unity (8FFE! "o :;777 $ A group of &ig&$ran=ing officials and ran=$and$file e(ployees stationed in a foreign e()assy in Manila *ere arrested outside e()assy grounds and detained at 1a(p 1ra(e on suspicion t&at t&ey *ere actively colla)orating *it& <terrorists< out to overt&ro* or desta)ili-e t&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent. T&e Foreign A()assador soug&t t&eir i((ediate release, clai(ing t&at t&e detained e()assy officials and e(ployees en.oyed diplo(atic i((unity. 7f invited to e'press your legal opinion on t&e (atter, *&at advice *ould you giveC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7 s&all advice t&at t&e &ig&$ran=ing officials and ran=$and$file e(ployees )e released )ecause of t&eir diplo(atic i((unity. Article 89 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations provides6 <T&e person of a diplo(atic agent s&all )e inviola)le. ?e s&all not )e lia)le to any for( of arrest or detention.< %nder Article E0 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, (e()ers of t&e ad(inistrative and tec&nical staff of t&e diplo(atic (ission, s&all, if t&ey are not nationals of or per(anent residents in t&e receiving +tate, en.oy t&e privileges and i((unities specified in Article 89. %nder Article 9 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, t&e re(edy is to declare t&e &ig&$ran=ing officials and ran=$and$file e(ployees personae non gratae and as= t&e( to leave. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 %nder t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, a diplo(atic agent <s&all not )e lia)le to any for( of arrest or detention (Article 89! and &e en.oys i((unity fro( cri(inal .urisdiction (Article E1!. T&is i((unity (ay cover t&e <&ig&$ran=ing officials< in Buestion, *&o are assu(ed to )e diplo(atic officers or agents. 4it& respect to t&e <ran=$and$file e(ployees< t&ey are covered )y t&e i((unity referred to a)ove, provided t&ey are not nationals or per(anent residents of t&e P&ilippines, pursuant to Article E0(8! of t&e said 1onvention. 7f t&e said ran=$and$file e(ployees )elong to t&e service staff of t&e diplo(atic (ission (suc& as drivers! t&ey (ay )e covered )y t&e i((unity (even if t&ey are not P&ilippine nationals or residents! as set out in Article E0(E!, if at t&e ti(e of t&e arrest t&ey *ere in <acts perfor(ed in t&e course of t&eir duties.< 7f a driver *as a(ong t&e said ran=$ and$file e(ployees and &e *as arrested *&ile driving a diplo(atic ve&icle or engaged in related acts, still &e *ould )e covered )y i((unity. Diplo(atic 7((unity (8FF#! (/$a! A. MB1, an alien )usiness(an dealing in carpets and caviar, filed a suit against police(en and NR, an attac&e of :: ,()assy, for da(ages )ecause of (alicious prosecution. MB1 alleged t&at NR concocted false and (alicious c&arges t&at &e *as engaged in drug traffic=ing, *&ereupon narcotics police(en conducted a <)uy$)ust< operation and *it&out *arrant arrested &i(, searc&ed &is &ouse, and sei-ed &is (oney and .e*elry, t&en detained and tortured &i( in violation of &is civil and &u(an rig&ts as *ell as causing &i(, &is fa(ily and )usiness serious da(ages a(ounting to t*o (illion pesos. MB1 added t&at t&e trial court acBuitted &i( of t&e drug c&arges. Assailing t&e courtAs .urisdiction6 NR no* (oves to dis(iss t&e co(plaint, on t&e ground t&at (1! &e is an e()assy officer entitled to diplo(atic i((unity; and t&at (8! t&e suit is really a suit against &is &o(e state *it&out its consent. ?e presents diplo(atic notes fro( :: ,()assy certifying t&at &e is an accredited e()assy officer recogni-ed )y t&e P&ilippine govern(ent. ?e perfor(s official duties, &e says, on a (ission to conduct surveillance

on drug e'porters and t&en infor( local police officers *&o (a=e t&e actual arrest of suspects. Are t&e t*o grounds cited )y NR to dis(iss t&e suit tena)leC (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e clai( of diplo(atic i((unity of NR is not tena)le, )ecause &e does not possess an ac=no*ledged diplo(atic title and is not perfor(ing duties of a diplo(atic nature. ?o*ever, t&e suit against &i( is a suit against :: *it&out its consent. NR *as acting as an agent of :: and *as perfor(ing &is official functions *&en &e conducted surveillance on drug e'porters and infor(ed t&e local police officers *&o arrested MB1. ?e *as perfor(ing suc& duties *it& t&e consent of t&e P&ilippine govern(ent, t&erefore, t&e suit against NR is a suit against :: *it&out its consent. (Minuc&er v. 1ourt of Appeals, E90 +15A 8## J1998K!. Diplo(atic 7((unity; A()assador (IET8FF9! (1! 7taly, t&roug& its A()assador, entered into a contract *it& A)ad for t&e (aintenance and repair of specified eBuip(ent at its ,()assy and A()assadorAs 5esidence, suc& as air conditioning units, generator sets, electrical facilities, *ater &eaters, and *ater (otor pu(ps. 7t *as stipulated t&at t&e agree(ent s&all )e effective for a period of four years and auto(atically rene*ed unless cancelled. Furt&er, it provided t&at any suit arising fro( t&e contract s&all )e filed *it& t&e proper courts in t&e 1ity of Manila. 1lai(ing t&at t&e Maintenance 1ontract *as unilaterally, )aselessly and ar)itrarily ter(inated, A)ad sued t&e +tate of 7taly and its A()assador )efore a court in t&e 1ity of Manila. A(ong t&e defenses, t&ey raised *ere <sovereign i((unity< and <diplo(atic i((unity.< (9H! (a! As counsel of A)ad, refute t&e defenses of <sovereign i((unity< and <diplo(atic i((unity< raised )y t&e +tate of 7taly and its A()assador. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As counsel for A)ad, 7 *ill argue t&at sovereign i((unity *ill not lie as it is an esta)lis&ed rule t&at *&en a +tate enters into a contract, it *aives its i((unity and allo*s itself to )e sued. Moreover, t&ere is a provision in t&e contract t&at any suit arising t&erefro( s&all )e filed *it& t&e proper courts of t&e 1ity of Manila. @n t&e issue of diplo(atic i((unity, 7 *ill assert t&at t&e act of t&e A()assador unilaterally ter(inating t&e agree(ent is tortuous and done *it& (alice and )ad fait& and not a sovereign or diplo(atic function. ()! At any rate, *&at s&ould )e t&e courtAs ruling on t&e said defensesC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e court s&ould rule against said defenses. T&e (aintenance contract and repair of t&e ,()assy and A()assadorAs 5esidence is a contract in .us i(perii, )ecause suc& repair of said )uildings is indispensa)le to t&e perfor(ance of t&e official functions of t&e 3overn(ent of 7taly. ?ence, t&e contract is in pursuit of a sovereign activity in *&ic& case, it cannot )e dee(ed to &ave *aived its i((unity fro( suit. @n t&e (atter of *&et&er or not t&e A()assador (ay )e sued, Article E1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations provides t&at a diplo(atic agent en.oys i((unity fro( t&e cri(inal, civil and ad(inistrative .urisdiction of t&e receiving state e'cept if t&e act perfor(ed is outside &is official functions, in accordance *it& t&e principle of functional necessity. 7n t&is case, t&e act of entering into t&e contract )y t&e A()assador *as part of &is official functions and t&us, &e is entitled to diplo(atic i((unity. (5epu)lic of 7ndonesia v. ;in-ons, 3.5. "o. 19#0F9, 2une 8 , 8FFE! Diplo(atic 7((unity; A()assadors (199F! "o. 96 D, t&e A()assador of t&e Mingdo( of "epal to t&e P&ilippines, leased a &ouse in Baguio 1ity as &is personal vacation &o(e. @n account of (ilitary distur)ance in "epal, D did not receive &is salary and allo*ances fro( &is govern(ent and so &e failed to pay &is rentals for (ore t&an one year. ,, t&e lessor, filed an action for recovery of &is property *it& t&e 5egional Trial 1ourt of Baguio 1ity. (1! 1an t&e action against D prosperC (8! 1an , as= for t&e attac&(ent of t&e furniture and ot&er personal properties of D after getting &old of evidence t&at D is a)out to leave t&e countryC (EP 1an , as= for t&e court to stop DAs departure fro( t&e P&ilippinesC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (1! Nes, t&e action can prosper. Article E1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations provides6

<1. A diplo(atic agent s&all en.oy i((unity fro( t&e cri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving +tate. ?e s&all also en.oy i((unity fro( its civil and ad(inistrative .urisdiction, e'cept in t&e case of6 (a! A real action relating to private i((ova)le property situated in t&e territory of t&e receiving +tate, unless &e &olds it on )e&alf of t&e sending +tate for t&e purposes of t&e (ission;< T&e action against t&e A()assador is a real action involving private i((ova)le property situated *it&in t&e territory of t&e P&ilippines as t&e receiving state. T&e action falls *it&in t&e e'ception to t&e grant of i((unity fro( t&e civil and ad(inistrative .urisdiction of t&e P&ilippines. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; "o, t&e action *ill not prosper. Alt&oug& t&e action is a real action relating to private i((ova)le property *it&in t&e territory of t&e P&ilippines, nonet&eless, t&e vacation &ouse (ay )e considered property &eld )y t&e A()assador 7n )e&alf of &is state (t&e Mingdo( of "epal! for t&e purposes of t&e (ission and, t&erefore, suc& is )eyond t&e civil and ad(inistrative .urisdiction of t&e P&ilippines, including its courts, +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (8! "o, , cannot as= for t&e attac&(ent of t&e personal properties of t&e A()assador. Arts. EF and E1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations provides t&at t&e papers, correspondence and t&e property of diplo(at agents s&all )e inviola)le. T&erefore, a *rit of attac&(ent cannot )e issued against &is furniture and any personal properties. Moreover, on t&e assu(ption t&at t&e Mingdo( of "epal grants si(ilar protection to P&ilippine diplo(atic agents. +ection # of 5epu)lic Act "o. 09 provides t&at any *rit or process issued )y any court in t&e P&ilippines for t&e attac&(ent of t&e goods or c&attels of t&e a()assador of a foreign +tate to t&e P&ilippines s&all )e void. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (E! "o, , cannot as= t&e court to stop t&e departure of t&e A()assador of t&e Mingdo( of "epal fro( t&e P&ilippines. Article 89 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations provides6 <T&e person of a diplo(atic agent s&all )e inviola)le. ?e s&all not )e lia)le to any for( of arrest or detention.< Diplo(atic 7((unity; 1overage (IE$8FF9! (8! Ada(s and Ba=er are A(erican citi-ens residing in t&e P&ilippines. Ada(s )efriended Ba=er and )eca(e a freBuent visitor at &is &ouse. @ne day, Ada(s arrived *it& EF (e()ers of t&e P&ilippine "ational Police, ar(ed *it& a +earc& 4arrant aut&ori-ing t&e searc& of Ba=erAs &ouse and its pre(ises for dangerous drugs )eing traffic=ed to t&e %nited +tates of A(erica. T&e searc& purportedly yielded positive results, and Ba=er *as c&arged *it& ;iolation of t&e Dangerous Drugs Act. Ada(s *as t&e prosecutionAs principal *itness. ?o*ever, for failure to prove &is guilt )eyond reasona)le dou)t, Ba=er *as acBuitted. Ba=er t&en sued Ada(s for da(ages for filing tru(ped$up c&arges against &i(. A(ong t&e defenses raised )y Ada(s is t&at &e &as diplo(atic i((unity, confor(a)ly *it& t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations. ?e presented Diplo(atic "otes fro( t&e A(erican ,()assy stating t&at &e is an agent of t&e %nited +tates Drug ,nforce(ent Agency tas=ed *it& <conducting surveillance operations< on suspected drug dealers in t&e P&ilippines )elieved to )e t&e source of pro&i)ited drugs )eing s&ipped to t&e %.+. 7t *as also stated t&at after &aving ascertained t&e target, Ada(s *ould t&en infor( t&e P&ilippine narcotic agents to (a=e t&e actual arrest. (9H! a! As counsel of plaintiff Ba=er, argue *&y &is co(plaint s&ould not )e dis(issed on t&e ground of defendant Ada(sA diplo(atic i((unity fro( suit. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As counsel for Ba=er, 7 *ould argue t&at Ada(s is not a diplo(atic agent considering t&at &e is not a &ead of (ission nor is &e part of t&e diplo(atic staff t&at is accorded diplo(atic ran=. T&us, t&e suit s&ould not )e dis(issed as Ada(s &as no diplo(atic i((unity under t&e 19 1 ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations. )! As counsel of defendant Ada(s, argue for t&e dis(issal of t&e co(plaint. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 As counsel for Ada(s, 7 *ould argue t&at &e *or=ed for t&e %nited +tates Drug ,nforce(ent Agency and *as tas=ed to conduct surveillance of suspected drug activities *it&in t&e country *it& t&e approval of t&e P&ilippine govern(ent. %nder t&e doctrine of +tate 7((unity fro( +uit, if t&e acts giving rise to a suit are t&ose of a foreign govern(ent done )y its foreign agent, alt&oug& not necessarily a diplo(atic personage, )ut acting in &is official

capacity, t&e co(plaint could )e )arred )y t&e i((unity of t&e foreign sovereign fro( suit *it&out its consent. Ada(s (ay not )e a diplo(atic agent )ut t&e P&ilippine govern(ent &as given its i(pri(atur, if not consent, to t&e activities *it&in P&ilippine territory of Ada(s and t&us &e is entitled to t&e defense of state i((unity fro( suit. (Minuc&er v. 1A, 3.5. "o. 1#8E9 , Fe)ruary 11, 8FFE! Diplo(atic 7((unity; Diplo(atic ,nvoy and 1onsular @fficers (1999! "o. E6 1. Discuss t&e differences, if any, in t&e privileges or i((unities of diplo(atic envoys and consular officers fro( t&e civil or cri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving state. 8. A consul of a +out& A(erican country stationed in Manila *as c&arged *it& serious p&ysical in.uries. May &e clai( 7((unity fro( .urisdiction of t&e local courtC ,'plain. E. +uppose after &e *as c&arged, &e *as appointed as &is countryAs a()assador to t&e P&ilippines. 1an &is ne*ly$ gained diplo(atic status )e a ground for dis(issal of &is cri(inal caseC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. %nder Article E8 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, a diplo(atic agent s&all en.oy i((unity fro( t&e cri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving +tate. ?e s&all also en.oy i((unity fro( its civil and ad(inistrative .urisdiction e'cept in t&e case of6 (a! A real action relating to private i((ova)le property situated in t&e territory of t&e receiving +tate, unless &e &olds it on )e&alf of t&e sending +tate for t&e purposes of t&e (ission; ()! An action relating to succession in *&ic& t&e diplo(atic agent is invo=ed as e'ecutor, ad(inistrator, &eir or legatee as a private person and not on )e&alf of t&e sending +tate; (c! An action relating to any professional or co((ercial activity e'ercised )y t&e diplo(atic agent in t&e receiving +tate outside &is official functions. @n t&e ot&er &and, under Article #1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on 1onsular 5elations, a consular officer does not en.oy 7((unity fro( t&e 1ri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving +tate. %nder Article #E of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on 1onsular 5elations, consular officers are not a(ena)le to t&e 2urisdiction of t&e 2udicial or ad(inistrative aut&orities of t&e receiving +tate in respect of acts perfor(ed in t&e e'ercise of consular functions. ?o*ever, t&is does not apply in respect of a civil action eit&er6 (a! arising out of a contract concluded )y a consular officer in *&ic& &e did not contract e'pressly or i(pliedly as an agent of t&e sending +tate; or ()! )y a t&ird party for da(age arising fro( an accident in t&e receiving +tate caused )y a ve&icle, vessel, or aircraft. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8. "o, &e (ay not clai( i((unity fro( t&e .urisdiction of t&e local court. %nder Article #1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention of 1onsular 5elations, consuls do not en.oy i((unity fro( t&e cri(inal 2urisdiction of t&e receiving +tate. ?e is not lia)le to arrest or detention pending trial unless t&e offense *as co((itted against &is fat&er, (ot&er, c&ild, ascendant, descendant or spouse. 1onsuls are not lia)le to arrest and detention pending trial e'cept in t&e case of a grave cri(e and pursuant to a decision )y t&e co(petent .udicial aut&ority. T&e cri(e of p&ysical 7n.uries is not a grave cri(e unless it )e co((itted against any of t&e a)ove$(entioned persons. (+c&nec=en)urger v. Moran E P&il. 8#9!. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E. Nes, t&e case s&ould )e dis(issed. %nder Article #F of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, if a diplo(atic agent is in t&e territory of a t&ird +tate, *&ic& &as granted &i( a passport visa if suc& visa *as necessary, *&ile proceeding to ta=e up &is post, t&e t&ird +tate s&all accord &i( inviola)ility and suc& ot&er i((unities as (ay )e reBuired to ensure &is transit. Diplo(atic 7((unity; Diplo(atic ,nvoy and 1onsular @fficers (1990! "o 196 :, a +ecretary and 1onsul in t&e A(erican ,()assy in Manila, )oug&t fro( B a dia(ond ring in t&e a(ount of P9F,FFF.FF *&ic& &e later gave as a )irt&day present to &is Filipino girlfriend. T&e purc&ase price *as paid in c&ec= dra*n upon t&e 1iti)an=. %pon present(ent for pay(ent, t&e c&ec= *as dis&onored for insufficiency of funds. Because of :As failure to (a=e good t&e dis&onored c&ec=, B filed a co(plaint against : in t&e @ffice of t&e 1ity Prosecutor of Manila for violation of Batas Pa()ansa Big. 88. After preli(inary investigation, t&e infor(ation *as filed against : in t&e 1ity 1ourt of Manila. : filed a (otion to dis(iss t&e case against &i( on t&e ground t&at

&e is a +ecretary and 1onsul in t&e A(erican ,()assy en.oying diplo(atic i((unity fro( cri(inal prosecution in t&e P&ilippines. 7f you *ere t&e 2udge, &o* *ould you resolve t&e (otion to dis(issC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 7f 7 *ere t&e 2udge, 7 *ould grant t&e (otion to dis(iss. As consul, : is not i((une fro( cri(inal prosecution. %nder Paragrap& E of Article #1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on 1onsular 5elations, a consular officer is not i((une fro( t&e cri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving state. 7n +c&nec=en)urger vs. Moron, E P&il. 8#9, it *as &eld t&at a consul is not e'e(pt fro( cri(inal prosecution in t&e country *&ere &e is assigned. ?o*ever, as secretary in t&e A(erican ,()assy, : en.oys diplo(atic i((unity fro( cri(inal prosecution As secretary, &e is a diplo(atic agent. %nder Paragrap& 1 of Article E1 of t&e ;ienna 1onvention on Diplo(atic 5elations, a diplo(atic agent en.oys i((unity fro( t&e cri(inal .urisdiction of t&e receiving +tate. F. Treaties Freedo( fro( "uclear 4eapons; Foreign Military Bases (19//! "o. 886 T&e +ecretary of 2ustice &ad recently ruled t&at t&e President (ay negotiate for a (odification or e'tension of (ilitary )ases agree(ent *it& t&e %nited +tates regardless of t&e <no nu=es< provisions in t&e 19/0 1onstitution. T&e President fort&*it& announced t&at s&e finds t&e sa(e opinion <accepta)le< and *ill adopt it. T&e +enators on t&e ot&er &and, led )y t&e +enate President, are s=eptical, and &ad even *arned t&at no treaty or international agree(ent (ay go into effect *it&out t&e concurrence of t*o$t&irds of all (e()ers of t&e +enate. A for(er senator &ad said, <it is co(pletely *rong, if not erroneous,< and <is an a(end(ent of t&e 1onstitution )y (isinterpretation.< +o(e (e()ers of t&e >o*er ?ouse agree *it& +ecretary @rdone-, *&ile ot&ers la(ent t&e latterAs opinion as <Buestiona)le, unfortunate, and *it&out any )asis at all.< Do you or do you not agree *it& t&e afore(entioned ruling of t&e Depart(ent of 2usticeC 4&yC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o. T&e 1onstitution provides t&at if foreign (ilitary )ases, troops or facilities are to )e allo*ed after t&e e'piration of t&e present P&ilippine$A(erican Military Bases Agree(ent in 1991, it (ust )e <under a treaty duly concurred in )y t&e +enate and, *&en t&e 1ongress so reBuires, ratified )y a (a.ority of t&e votes cast )y t&e people in a national referendu(.< (Art. :;777, sec. 89! A (ere agree(ent, t&erefore, not a treaty, *it&out t&e concurrence of at least 8DE of all t&e (e()ers of t&e +enate *ill not )e valid (Art. ;77, sec. 81, Art. :;777, sec. #!. 4it& respect to t&e provision allo*ing nuclear *eapons *it&in t&e )ases, t&e 1onstitution appears to )an suc& *eapons fro( t&e P&ilippine territory. 7t declares as a state policy t&at <t&e P&ilippines, consistent *it& t&e national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedo( fro( nuclear *eapons in its territory.< (Art, 77, sec. /! ?o*ever, t&e deli)erations of t&e 1onstitutional 1o((ission *ould see( to indicate t&at t&is provision of t&e 1onstitution is <not so(et&ing a)solute nor 1FF percent *it&out e'ception.< 7t (ay t&erefore )e t&at circu(stances (ay .ustify a provision on nuclear *eapons. >a*$Ma=ing; Foreign Affairs; Treaties (199 ! "o 96 Are t&e follo*ing )ills filed in 1ongress constitutionalC 8! A )ill creating a .oint legislative$e'ecutive co((ission to give, on )e&alf of t&e +enate, its advice, consent and concurrence to treaties entered into )y t&e President. T&e )ill contains t&e guidelines to )e follo*ed )y t&e co((ission 7n t&e disc&arge of its functions. ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A )ill creating a .oint legislative$e'ecutive co((ission to give, on )e&alf of t&e +enate, its advice, consent and concurrence to treaties entered into )y t&e President. T&e +enate cannot delegate t&is function to suc& a co((ission, )ecause under +ection 81, Article ;77 of t&e 1onstitution, t&e concurrence of at least t*o$t&irds of t&e +enate itself is reBuired for t&e ratification of treaties. 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice (I9$8FF ! 4&ere is t&e seat of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2usticeC 11H! T&e seat of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice is at t&e ?ague or else*&ere, as it (ay decide, e'cept during t&e .udicial vacations t&e dates and duration of *&ic& it s&all fi' (7.1.2. +tatute, Art. 88!.

1.

8. E. #. 9. .

?o* (any are its (e()ersC (1H! T&e 1ourt is co(posed of fifteen (e()ers *&o (ust )e of &ig& (oral c&aracter and possess t&e Bualifications reBuired in t&eir respective countries for appoint(ent to t&e &ig&est .udicial office or are .urisconsults of recogni-ed co(petence in international la* (7.1.2. +tatute, Art. 8!. 4&at is t&e ter( of t&eir officeC (1H! T&ey are elected for a ter( of nine years, staggered at t&ree$year intervals )y dividing t&e .udges first elected into t&ree eBual groups and assigning t&e( )y lottery ter(s of t&ree, si' and nine years respectively. 7((ediate re$election is allo*ed (7.1.2. +tatute, Art. 1E!. 4&o is its incu()ent presidentC (1H! T&e incu()ent President is 5osalyn ?iggins. 4&at is &isD&er nationalityC (1 H! +&e is a national of t&e %nited Mingdo( or a Britis& su).ect. ("@T,6 +ince Buestions 7:(#! and 7:(9! do not test t&e e'a(ineesA =no*ledge of t&e la*, it is suggested t&at t&ey )e disregarded! 7n 19/F, t&e %nited +tates filed *it& t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice a co(plaint against 7ran alleging t&at t&e latter is detaining A(erican diplo(ats in violation of 7nternational >a*. ,'plain &o* t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice can acBuire .urisdiction over t&ese contending countries. (9H! %nder Article E of t&e 7.1.2. +tatutes, )ot& parties (ust agree to su)(it t&e(selves to t&e .urisdiction of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice.

3. "ationality and statelessness Flag +tate vs. Flag of 1onvenience (8FF#! 77$A. Distinguis& )riefly )ut clearly )et*een6 (E! T&e flag state and t&e flag of convenience. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 F>A3 +TAT, (eans a s&ip &as t&e nationality of t&e flag of t&e state it flies, )ut t&ere (ust )e a genuine lin= )et*een t&e state and t&e s&ip. (Article 91 of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! F>A3 @F 1@";,"7,"1, refers to a state *it& *&ic& a vessel is registered for various reasons suc& as lo* or non$e'istent ta'ation or lo* operating costs alt&oug& t&e s&ip &as no genuine lin= *it& t&at state. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed., 199/, p. #89.! +tateless Persons; ,ffects; +tatus; 5ig&ts (1999! 4&o are stateless persons under 7nternational >a*C 4&at are t&e conseBuences of statelessnessC 7s a stateless person entirely *it&out rig&t, protection or recourse under t&e >a* of "ationsC ,'plain. 4&at (easures, if any, &as 7nternational >a* ta=en to prevent statelessnessC

1. 8. E. #.

A"+4,56 1. +TAT,>,++ P,5+@"+ are t&ose *&o are not considered as nationals )y any +tate under t&e operation of its la*s. 8. T&e conseBuences of statelessness are t&e follo*ing6 (a! "o +tate can intervene or co(plain in )e&alf of a stateless person for an international delinBuency co((itted )y anot&er +tate in inflicting in.ury upon &i(. ()! ?e cannot )e e'pelled )y t&e +tate if &e is la*fully in its territory e'cept on grounds of national security or pu)lic order. (c! ?e cannot avail &i(self of t&e protection and )enefits of citi-ens&ip li=e securing for &i(self a passport or visa and personal docu(ents. E. "o. %nder t&e 1onvention in 5elation to t&e +tatus of +tateless Person, t&e 1ontracting +tates agreed to accord to stateless persons *it&in t&eir territories treat(ent at least as favora)le as t&at accorded to t&eir nationals *it& respect to freedo( of religion, access to t&e courts, rationing of products in s&ort supply, ele(entary education, pu)lic relief and assistance, la)or legislation and social security. T&ey also agreed to accord to t&e( treat(ent not less favora)le t&an t&at accorded to aliens generally in t&e sa(e circu(stances. T&e 1onvention also provides for t&e issuance of identity papers and travel docu(ents to stateless person. #. 7n t&e 1onvention on t&e 1onflict of "ationality >a*s of 19EF, t&e 1ontracting +tates agreed to accord nationality to persons )orn in t&eir territory *&o *ould ot&er*ise )e stateless. T&e 1onvention on t&e 5eduction of +tatelessness of 19 1 provides t&at if t&e la* of t&e contracting +tates results in t&e loss of nationality as a conseBuence of (arriage or ter(ination of (arriage, suc& loss (ust )e conditional upon possession or acBuisition of anot&er nationality.

A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,5; %nder t&e 1onvention on t&e 5eduction of +tateless$ness of 19 1, a contracting state s&all grant its nationality to a person )orn in its territory *&o *ould ot&er*ise )e stateless and a contracting state (ay not deprive a person or a group of persons of t&eir nationality for racial, et&nic, religious or political grounds. ?. +tate 5esponsi)ility 1. Doctrine of +tate 5esponsi)ility +tate 5esponsi)ility (8F1F! A Britis& p&oto.ournalist *as 1overing t&e violent protests of t&e T&ai 5ed$s&irts Move(ent in Bang=o=. Despite *arnings given )y t&e T&ai Pri(e Minister to foreigners, specially .ournalists, A (oved around t&e T&ai 1apital. 7n t&e course of &is coverage, &e *as =illed *it& a stray )ullet *&ic& *as later identified as &aving co(e fro( t&e ran=s of t&e 5ed$+&irts. T&e *ife of A soug&t relief fro( T&ai aut&orities )ut *as refused assistance. a. 7s t&ere state responsi)ility on t&e part of T&ailandC The)e s no st"te )es(ons 2 # t1 on the (")t o% Th" #"n'. The +)on,%!# "0t n <!est on s "n "0t o% () &"te n' & '!"#s "n' not o% "n o),"n o% the ,o&e)n$ent o) " st"te o%% 0 "#. Hen0e/ t s not "tt) 2!t"2#e to Th" #"n' "s ts +)on,%!# "0t %o) the (!)(ose o% st"te )es(ons 2 # t1. ). 4&at is t&e appropriate re(edy availa)le to t&e victi(Gs fa(ily under international la*C The "(()o() "te )e$e'1 "&" #"2#e to the %"$ #1 o% A s to see@ ' (#o$"t 0 ()ote0t on %)o$ G)e"t B) t" n to ()ess " 0#" $ %o) )e("t) "t on 5B)o+n# e/ P) n0 (#es o% P!2# 0 Inte)n"t on"# L"+/ D th e'./ (((.A70 "n' AD>ADB.: Ho+e&e)/ n o)'e) th"t the 0#" $ + ## 2e "##o+"2#e !n'e) 0!sto$")1 nte)n"t on"# #"+/ the %"$ #1 o% A $!st % )st e?h"!st the #e,"# )e$e' es "&" #"2#e n Th" #"n'. 5B)o+n# e/ P) n0 (#es o% P!2# 0 Inte)n"t on"# L"+/ Dth e'./ ((AE2.: 7. 2urisdiction of +tates 1. Territoriality Principle 8. "ationality Principle and +tatelessness E. Protective Principle #. %niversality Principle 9. Passive Personality Principle . 1onflicts of 2urisdiction 2. Treat(ent of aliens 1. ,'tradition a! Funda(ental principles ,'tradition; Doctrine of +pecialty (199E! 8! Patric= is c&arged *it& illegal recruit(ent and estafa )efore t&e 5T1 of Manila. ?e .u(ped )ail and (anaged to escape to A(erica. Assu(e t&at t&ere is an e'tradition treaty )et*een t&e P&ilippines and A(erica and it does not include illegal recruit(ent as one of t&e e'tradita)le offenses. %pon surrender of Patric= )y t&e %.+. 3overn(ent to t&e P&ilippines, Patric= protested t&at &e could not )e tried for illegal recruit(ent. Decide. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 8! %nder t&e principle of specialty in e'tradition, Patric= cannot )e tried for illegal recruit(ent, since t&is is not included in t&e list of e'tradita)le offenses in t&e e'tradition treaty )et*een t&e P&ilippines and t&e %nited +tates, unless t&e %nited +tates does not o).ect to t&e trial of Patric= for 7llegal recruit(ent. ,'tradition; ,ffectivity of treaty (199 ! "o. ; 1! T&e ,'tradition Treaty )et*een France and t&e P&ilippines is silent as to its applica)ility *it& respect to cri(es co((itted prior to its effectivity. a! 1an France de(and t&e e'tradition of A, a Frenc& national residing in t&e P&ilippines, for an offense co((itted in France prior to t&e effectivity of t&e treatyC ,'plain. )! 1an A contest &is e'tradition on t&e ground t&at it violates t&e e' post facto provision of t&e P&ilippine 1onstitutionC ,'plain.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. a! Nes, France can as= for t&e e'tradition of A for an offense co((itted in France )efore t&e effectivity of t&e ,'tradition Treaty )et*een France and t&e P&ilippines. 7n 1leug& vs. +tra=os&. 1F9 F8d EEF, it *as &eld t&at an e'tradition treaty applies to cri(es co((itted )efore its effectivity unless t&e e'tradition treaty e'pressly e'e(pts t&e(. As 4&ite(an points out, e'tradition does not define cri(es )ut (erely provides a (eans )y *&ic& a +tate (ay o)tain t&e return and punis&(ent of persons c&arged *it& or convicted of &aving co((itted a cri(e *&o fled t&e .urisdiction of t&e +tate *&ose la* &as )een violated. 7t is t&erefore i((aterial *&et&er at t&e ti(e of t&e co((ission of t&e cri(e for *&ic& e'tradition is soug&t no treaty *as in e'istence. 7f at t&e ti(e e'tradition is reBuested t&ere is in force )et*een t&e reBuesting and <t&e reBuested +tates a treaty covering t&e offense on *&ic& t&e reBuest is )ased, t&e treaty is applica)le. (4&ite(an, Digest of 7nternational >a*, ;ol. , pp. 09E$09#.! )! "o, A cannot contest &is e'tradition on t&e ground t&at it violates t&e e' post facto provision of t&e 1onstitution. As &eld in 4rig&t vs. 1ourt of Appeals, 8E9 +15A E#1, t&e pro&i)ition against e' post facto la*s in +ection 88, Article 777 of t&e 1onstitution applies to penal la*s only and does not apply to e'tradition treaties. )! Procedure ,'tradition; 3rounds (8FF8! "o :;777. 2o&n is a for(er President of t&e 5epu)lic :, )ent on regaining po*er *&ic& &e lost to President ?arry in an election. Fully convinced t&at &e *as c&eated, &e set out to desta)ili-e t&e govern(ent of President ?arry )y (eans of a series of protest actions. ?is plan *as to *ea=en t&e govern(ent and, *&en t&e situation )eca(e ripe for a ta=e$over, to assassinate President ?arry. 4illia(, on t&e ot&er &and, is a )eliever in &u(an rig&ts and a for(er follo*er of President ?arry. "oting t&e syste(atic acts of &arass(ent co((itted )y govern(ent agents against far(ers protesting t&e sei-ure of t&eir lands, la)orers co(plaining of lo* *ages, and students see=ing free tuition, 4illia( organi-ed groups *&ic& &eld peaceful rallies in front of t&e Presidential Palace to e'press t&eir grievances. @n t&e eve of t&e assassination atte(pt, 2o&nAs (en *ere caug&t )y (e()ers of t&e Presidential +ecurity 3roup. President ?arry *ent on air t&reatening to prosecute plotters and dissidents of &is ad(inistration. T&e ne't day, t&e govern(ent c&arged 2o&n *it& assassination atte(pt and 4illia( *it& inciting to sedition. 2o&n fled to 5epu)lic A. 4illia(, *&o *as in 5epu)lic B attending a lecture on de(ocracy, *as advised )y &is friends to stay in 5epu)lic B. Bot& 5epu)lic A and 5epu)lic B &ave conventional e'tradition treaties *it& 5epu)lic :. 7f 5epu)lic : reBuests t&e e'tradition of 2o&n and 4illia(, can 5epu)lic A deny t&e reBuestC 4&yC +tate your reason fully. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 5epu)lic A can refuse to e'tradite 2o&n, )ecause &is offense is a political offense. 2o&n *as plotting to ta=e over t&e govern(ent and t&e plan of 2o&n to assassinate President ?arry *as part of suc& plan. ?o*ever, if t&e e'tradition treaty contains an attendant clause, 5epu)lic A can e'tradite 2o&n, )ecause under t&e attendant clause, t&e ta=ing of t&e life or atte(pt against t&e life of a &ead of state or t&at of t&e (e()ers of &is fa(ily does not constitute a political offense and is t&erefore e'tradita)le. F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5epu)lic A (ay or can refuse t&e reBuest of e'tradition of 4illia( )ecause &e is not in its territory and t&us it is not in t&e position to deliver &i( to 5epu)lic :. ,ven if 4illia( *ere in t&e territorial .urisdiction of 5epu)lic A, &e (ay not )e e'tradited )ecause inciting to sedition, of *&ic& &e is c&arged, constitutes a political offense. 7t is a standard provision of e'tradition treaties, suc& as t&e one )et*een 5epu)lic A and 5epu)lic :, t&at political offenses are not e'tradita)le. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 5epu)lic B can deny t&e reBuest of 5epu)lic : to e'tradite 4illia(, )ecause &is offense *as not a political offense. @n t&e )asis of t&e predo(inance or proportionality test &is acts *ere not directly connected to any purely political offense. ,'tradition; 5etroactive Application (I8T8FF9! (1! T&e P&ilippines and Australia entered into a Treaty of ,'tradition concurred in )y t&e +enate of t&e P&ilippines on +epte()er 1F, 199F. Bot& govern(ents &ave notified eac& ot&er t&at t&e reBuire(ents for t&e entry into force of t&e Treaty &ave )een co(plied *it&. 7t too= effect in 199F. T&e Australian govern(ent is reBuesting t&e P&ilippine

govern(ent to e'tradite its citi-en, 3i)son, *&o &as co((itted in &is country t&e indicta)le offense of @)taining Property )y Deception in 19/9. T&e said offense is a(ong t&ose enu(erated as e'tradita)le in t&e Treaty. For &is defense, 3i)son asserts t&at t&e retroactive application of t&e e'tradition treaty a(ounts to an e' post facto la*. 5ule on 3i)sonAs contention. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 3i)son is incorrect. 7n 4rig&t v. 1ourt of Appeals, 3.5. "o.11E81E, August 19,199#, it *as &eld t&at t&e retroactive application of t&e Treaty of ,'tradition does not violate t&e pro&i)ition against e' post facto la*s, )ecause t&e Treaty is neit&er a piece of cri(inal legislation nor a cri(inal procedural statute. 7t (erely provided for t&e e'tradition of persons *anted for offenses already co((itted at t&e ti(e t&e treaty *as ratified. c! Distinguis&ed fro( deportation ,'tradition vs. Deportation (199E! "o. 1F6 1! 4&at is t&e difference if any )et*een e'tradition and deportationC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! T&e follo*ing are t&e differences )et*een e'tradition and deportation6 ,:T5AD7T7@" is effected for t&e )enefit of t&e state to *&ic& t&e person )eing e'tradited *ill )e surrendered )ecause &e is a fugitive cri(inal in t&at state, *&ile D,P@5TAT7@" is effected for t&e protection of t&e +tate e'pelling an alien )ecause &is presence is not conducive to t&e pu)lic good. ,:T5AD7T7@" is effected on t&e )asis of an e'tradition treaty or upon t&e reBuest of anot&er state, *&ile D,P@5TAT7@" is t&e unilateral act of t&e state e'pelling an alien. 7n ,:T5AD7T7@", t&e alien *ill )e surrendered to t&e state as=ing for &is e'tradition, *&ile in D,P@5TAT7@" t&e undesira)le alien (ay )e sent to any state *illing to accept &i(. =. Inte)n"t on"# H!$"n R ,hts L"+ ?u(an 5ig&ts (1999! 1999 "o : $ A. 3ive t&ree (ultilateral conventions on ?u(an 5ig&ts adopted under t&e direct auspices of t&e %nited "ationsC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. T&e follo*ing are (ultilateral conventions on ?u(an 5ig&ts adopted under t&e direct auspices of t&e %nited "ations6 1. 7nternational 1ovenant on 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts; 8. 1onvention on t&e ,li(ination of All For(s of Discri(ination against 4o(en; E. 1onvention on t&e 5ig&ts of t&e 1&ild; #. 1onvention against Torture and @t&er 1ruel, 7n&u(an or Degrading Treat(ent or Punis&(ent; 9. 7nternational 1onvention on t&e ,li(ination of All For(s of 5acial Discri(ination; . 1onvention on t&e Prevention and Punis&(ent of t&e 1ri(e of 3enocide; and 0. 7nternational 1onvention on ,cono(ic, +ocial, and 1ultural 5ig&ts 1. %niversal Declaration of ?u(an 5ig&ts 3enocide (19//! 4&at is <3enocide,< and *&at is t&e fore(ost e'a(ple t&ereof in recent &istoryC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 <3enocide< refers to any of t&e follo*ing acts, *&et&er co((itted in ti(e of *ar or peace, *it& intent to destroy in *&ole or in part national, et&nic, racial or religious group6 (a! Milling (e()ers of a group; ()! 1ausing )odily or (ental &ar( to its (e()ers; (c! Deli)erately inflicting on t&e group conditions of life calculated to )ring a)out its p&ysical destruction in *&ole or in part; (d! 7(posing (easures to prevent )irt&s *it&in t&e group; and

(e! Forci)ly transfor(ing c&ildren of t&e group to anot&er group. (2. +A>@"3A L P. NAP, P%B>71 7"T,5"AT7@"A> >A4 E99$#FF (19 !!. T&e fore(ost e'a(ple of genocide is t&e ?olocaust (19EE$19#9! *&ere a)out (illion 2e*s (t*o t&irds of t&e 2e*is& population of ,urope )efore 4orld 4ar 77! *ere e'ter(inated )y t&e "a-is. Along *it& t&e 2e*s, anot&er 9 to 1F (illion people (3ypsies and +lavs! *ere (assacred. (4@5>D A>MA"A1 18F (#Ft& ed., 19/0!!. 3enocide (8F1F! T&e Dictatorial 5egi(e of President A of t&e 5epu)lic of 3ordon *as toppled )y a co()ined force led )y 3en. A)e, for(er royal guards and t&e seccessionist 3ordon PeopleGs Ar(y. T&e ne* govern(ent constituted Trut& and 5econciliation 1o((ission to loo= into t&e serious cri(es co((itted under President AGs regi(e. After t&e &earings, t&e 1o((ission reco((ended t&at an a(nesty la* )e passed to cover even t&ose involved in (ass =illings of (e()ers of indigenous groups *&o opposed President A. 7nternational &u(an rig&ts groups argued t&at t&e proposed a(nesty la* is contrary to international la*. Decide *it& reasons. The ()o(ose' "$nest1 #"+ s 0ont)")1 to nte)n"t on"# #"+. The $"ss @ ## n,s o% $e$2e)s o% n' ,eno!s ,)o!(s 0onst t!te ,eno0 'e !n'e) A)t 0#e II5":/ Con&ent on %o) the P)e&ent on "n' P!n sh$ent o% the 0) $e o% Geno0 'e. The ()o(ose' "$nest1 #"+ s "," nst nte)n"t on"# #"+ 2e0"!se t s n0o$("t 2#e + th/ o) n & o#"t on o% the nte)n"t on"# o2# ,"t on !n'e) A)t 0#e I; o% th s Con&ent on th"t HPe)sons 0o$$ tt n, ,eno0 'eK sh"## 2e (!n she' +hethe) the1 ")e 0onst t!t on"##1 )es(ons 2#e )!#e)s/ (!2# 0 o%% 0 "#s o) () &"te n' & '!"#s.I HThe Cont)"0t n, P")t es 0on% )$ th"t ,eno0 'e +hethe) 0o$$ tte' n the t $e o% (e"0e o) n the t $e o% +")/ s " 0) $e !n'e) nte)n"t on"# #"+ +h 0h the1 !n'e)t"@e to ()e&ent "n' (!n sh.I 8. 7nternational 1ovenant on 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts ?u(an 5ig&ts; 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts (1998! "o. 196 4alang +ugat, a vigilante group co(posed of private )usiness(en and civic leaders previously victi(i-ed )y t&e "ationalist Patriotic Ar(y ("PA! re)el group, *as i(plicated in t&e torture and =idnapping of Dr. Mengele, a =no*n "PA sy(pat&i-er. a! %nder pu)lic international la*, *&at rules properly applyC 4&at lia)ilities, if any, arise t&ereunder if 4alang +ugatAs involve(ent is confir(ed. )! Does t&e 1o((ission on ?u(an 5ig&ts &ave t&e po*er to investigate and ad.udicate t&e (atterC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 a! @n t&e assu(ption t&at Dr. Mengele is a foreigner, &is torture violates t&e 7nternational 1ovenant on 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts, to *&ic& t&e P&ilippine &as acceded. Article 0 of t&e 7n accordance *it& Article 8 of t&e 1ovenant on 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts, it is t&e o)ligation of t&e P&ilippines to ensure t&at Dr. Mengele &as an effective re(edy, t&at &e s&all &ave &is rig&t to suc& a re(edy deter(ined )y co(petent aut&ority, and to ensure t&e enforce(ent of suc& re(edy *&en granted. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 @n t&e assu(ption t&at Dr. Mengele is a foreigner, &is clai( *ill &ave to )e directed against t&e (e()ers of 4alang +ugat on t&e )asis of t&e P&ilippine la* and )e addressed to t&e .urisdiction of P&ilippine courts. ?is clai( (ay )e )ased on t&e generally accepted principles of international la*, *&ic& for( part of P&ilippine la* under +ection 8, Article 77 of t&e 1onstitution. ?is clai( (ay )e pre(ised on relevant nor(s of international la* of &u(an rig&ts. %nder international la*, Dr. Mengele (ust first e'&aust t&e re(edies under P&ilippine la* )efore &is individual clai( can )e ta=en up )y t&e +tate of *&ic& &e is a national unless t&e said +tate can satisfactorily s&o* it is its o*n interests t&at are directly in.ured. 7f t&is condition is fulfilled, t&e said +tateAs clai( *ill )e directed against t&e P&ilippines as a su).ect of international la*. T&us it *ould cease to )e an individual clai( of Dr. Mengele. Dr. MengeleAs case (ay concern international la* nor(s on +tate responsi)ility. But t&e application of t&ese nor(s reBuire t&at t&e )asis of responsi)ility is t&e relevant acts t&at can )e attri)uted to t&e P&ilippines as a +tate. ?ence, under t&e principle of attri)ution it is necessary to s&o* t&at t&e acts of t&e vigilante group 4alang +ugat can )e legally attri)uted to t&e P&ilippines )y t&e +tate of *&ic& Dr. Mengele is a national.

T&e application of treaty nor(s of international la* on &u(an rig&ts, suc& as t&e provision against torture in t&e 7nternational 1ovenants in 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts pertain to +tates. T&e acts of private citi-ens co(posing 4alang +ugat cannot t&e(selves constitute a violation )y t&e P&ilippines as a +tate. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 )! 1an only investigate, no po*er of ad.udication ?u(an 5ig&ts; 1ivil and Political 5ig&ts (199 ! Distinguis& civil rig&ts fro( political rig&ts and give an e'a(ple of eac& rig&t. 8! 4&at are t&e relations of civil and political rig&ts to &u(an rig&tsC ,'plain. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! T&e ter( <17;7> 573?T+< refers to t&e rig&ts secured )y t&e constitution of any state or country to all its 7n&a)itants and not connected *it& t&e organi-ation or ad(inistration of govern(ent, JBlac=, ?and)oo= of A(erican 1onstitutional >a*, #t& ed., 98 .! P@>7T71A> 573?T+ consist in t&e po*er to participate, directly or indirectly, in t&e (anage(ent of t&e govern(ent. T&us, civil rig&ts &ave no relation to t&e esta)lis&(ent, (anage(ent or support of t&e govern(ent. (Ant&ony vs. Burro*, 189 F 0/E!. 17;7> 573?T+ defines t&e relations of individual a(ongst t&e(selves *&ile P@>7T71A> 573?T+ defines t&e relations of 7ndividuals vis$a$vis t&e state. 17;7> 573?T+ e'tend protection to all in&a)itants of a state, *&ile P@>7T71A> 573?T+ protect (erely its citi-ens. ,'a(ples of civil rig&ts are t&e rig&ts against involuntary servitude, religious freedo(, t&e guarantee against unreasona)le searc&es and sei-ures, li)erty of a)ode, t&e pro&i)ition against i(prison(ent for de)t, t&e rig&t to travel, eBual protection, due process, t&e rig&t to (arry, rig&t to return to t&is country and rig&t to education. ,'a(ples of political rig&ts are t&e rig&t of suffrage, t&e rig&t of asse()ly, and t&e rig&t to petition for redress of grievances. 8! ?u(an rig&ts are )roader in scope t&an civil and political rig&ts. T&ey also include social, econo(ic, and cultural rig&ts. ?u(an rig&ts are in&erent in persons fro( t&e fact of t&eir &u(anity. ,very (an possesses t&e( every*&ere and at all ti(es si(ply )ecause &e is a &u(an )eing. @n t&e ot&er &and, so(e civil and political rig&ts are not natural rig&ts. T&ey e'ist )ecause t&ey are protected )y a constitution or granted )y la*. For e'a(ple, t&e li)erty to enter into contracts is not a &u(an rig&t )ut is a civil rig&t. E. 7nternational 1ovenant on ,cono(ic, +ocial and 1ultural 5ig&ts >. 7nternational ?u(anitarian >a* and neutrality 1. 1ategories of ar(ed conflicts a! 7nternational ar(ed conflicts %se of Force; +elf$Defense; 4aging 4ar (199/! "o :7;. At t&e "ure()erg trial of t&e "a-i *ar cri(inals at t&e end of t&e 4orld 4ar 77. t&e defense argued on )e&alf of t&e 3er(an defendants t&at alt&oug& a nation could not *age aggressive *ar *it&out transgressing 7nternational la*, it could use *ar as an 7nstru(ent of self$defense, and t&at t&e nation itself (ust )e t&e sole .udge of *&et&er its actions *ere in self$defense. ?o* *ould you (eet t&e argu(ent if you *ere a (e()er of t&e Tri)unal trying t&e caseC J9HK +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 "o rule of 7nternational la* gives a state resorting to *ar allegedly in self$defense t&e rig&t to deter(ine *it& a legally conclusive effect t&e legality of suc& action. T&e 2udg(ent of t&e "ure()erg 7nternational Military Tri)unal re.ected t&e defense of t&e "a-i *ar cri(inals6 <But *&et&er action ta=en under t&e clai( of self$defense *as in fact aggressive or defensive (ust ulti(ately )e su).ect to investigation and ad.udication if international la* is ever to )e enforced.< A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7nternational la* on self$defense cannot assu(e t&e nature of *ar. 4ar reBuires <a declaration of *ar giving reasons< under t&e ?ague 1onvention 77 of 19F0. Precisely, t&e "a-i *ar cri(inal*ere indicted )efore t&e "ure()erg Tri)unal for violating t&is 1onvention and *ere found guilty.

+ince t&e "a-i *ar cri(inal argued t&at *ar as self$defense is understood )y t&e( as (eaning <t&at t&e nation itself (ust )e t&e sole 2udge of *&et&er its action *ere in self$defense<, it is clear t&at *&at t&ey &ad in (ind in fact is <*ar as an instru(ent of national policy<, not self$defense as an o).ective rig&t under 7nternational la*. 4aging *as as an instru(ent of national la* is pro&i)ited )y t&e Pact of Paris of 198/ (Mellog $ Braid Part! of *&ic& 3er(any *as already a state party )efore t&e +econd 4orld 4ar. Precisely, t&e 3er(an 5eic& *as indicted )efore t&e "ure()erg Tri)unal for violation of t&e Pact of Paris and t&e "a-i *ar cri(inals *ere found guilty of t&is as a *ar cri(e. ?ence, t&e argu(ent is itself an ad(ission of violation of international la*. %se of Force; 4&en allo*ed (19//! 1. T&e 1&arter of t&e %nited "ations pro&i)its not only recourse to *ar )ut also resort to t&e use of force or t&reat. 7n t&e ardent desire to (aintain peace, t&e 1&arter o)liges (e()ers to settle t&eir international disputes )y peaceful (eans and to refrain in t&eir international relations fro( t&e t&reat or use of force. T&e sa(e 1&arter, &o*ever, recogni-ing per&aps t&e realities of international relations, allo*s t&e use of force in e'ceptional occasions. Please state t*o occasions *&en t&e use of ar(ed forces is allo*ed )y t&e %.". 1&arter. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. %nder art. #8 of t&e %" 1&arter, s&ould t&e +ecurity 1ouncil consider t&at pacific (et&ods of settling disputes are inadeBuate, it (ay ta=e suc& action )y air, sea, or land forces as (ay )e necessary to (aintain or restore international peace and security. +uc& action (ay include de(onstrations, )loc=ade, and ot&er operations )y air, sea, or land forces of (e()ers of t&e %". 8. %nder art. 91 (e()er states also &ave t&e in&erent rig&t of collective self defense if an ar(ed attac= occurs against a (e()er state, until t&e +ecurity 1ouncil &as ta=en (easures necessary to (aintain international peace and security. +elf Defense (8FF9! A terrorist group called t&e ,(erald Brigade is )ased in t&e +tate of Asyaland. T&e govern(ent of Asyaland does not support t&e terrorist group, )ut )eing a poor country, is po*erless to stop it. T&e ,(erald Brigade launc&ed an attac= on t&e P&ilippines, firing t*o (issiles t&at =illed t&ousands of Filipinos. 7t t&en *arned t&at (ore attac=s *ere fort&co(ing. T&roug& diplo(atic c&annels, t&e P&ilippines de(anded t&at Asyaland stop t&e ,(erald Brigade; ot&er*ise, it *ill do *&atever is necessary to defend itself. 5eceiving relia)le intelligence reports of anot&er i((inent attac= )y t&e ,(erald Brigade, and it appearing t&at Asyaland *as incapa)le of preventing t&e assault, t&e P&ilippines sent a crac= co((ando tea( to Asyaland, =illing t&e leaders and (ost of t&e (e()ers of t&e ,(erald Brigade. T&ey t&en i((ediately returned to t&e P&ilippines. a. 4as t&e P&ilippine action .ustified under t&e international la* principle of Uself$defenseVC The Ph # (( ne "0t on 0"nnot 2e F!st % e' "s se#%L'e%ense. Se#%>'e%ense s "n "0t o% St"te 21 )e"son o% "n ")$e' "tt"0@ 21 "nothe) St"te. The "0ts o% te))o) s$ n th s 0"se +e)e "0ts o% " () &"te ,)o!( "n' 0"nnot 2e "tt) 2!te' to As1"#"n'/ +h 0h 'oes not s!((o)t the E$e)"#' B) ,"'e. A)t 0#e 61 o% the Ch")te) o% the Un te' N"t ons h"s no "((# 0"2 # t1/ 2e0"!se se#% 'e%ense n A)t 0#e 61 0onte$(#"tes " )es(onse to " #e, t $"te ")$e' "tt"0@ 21 " St"te "," nst "nothe) St"te. The "tt"0@ 21 the E$e)"#' B) ,"'e s "n "tt"0@ 21 " () &"te ,)o!( + tho!t "!tho) t1 o) "s "n o),"n o% As1"#"n'. ). As a conseBuence of t&e foregoing incident, Asyaland c&arges t&e P&ilippines *it& violation of Article 8.# of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter t&at pro&i)its Ut&e t&reat or use of force against t&e territorial integrity or political independence of any +tate.V T&e P&ilippines counters t&at its co((ando tea( neit&er too= any territory nor interfered in t&e political processes of Asyaland. 4&ic& contention is correctC The 0ontent on o% As1"#"n' s 0o))e0t. The Ph # (( nes & o#"te' A)t 0#e 25A: o% the Ch")te) o% the Un te' N"t ons/ +h 0h ()oh 2 ts st"tes %)o$ the th)e"t o) !se o% %o)0e "," nst the te)) to) "# nte,) t1 o% "n1 St"te. c. Assu(e t&at t&e co((ando tea( captured a (e()er of t&e ,(erald Brigade and )roug&t &i( )ac= to t&e P&ilippines. T&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent insists t&at a special international tri)unal s&ould try t&e terrorist. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e terrorist argues t&at terroris( is not an international cri(e and, t&erefore, t&e (unicipal la*s of t&e P&ilippines, *&ic& recogni-e access of t&e accused to constitutional rig&ts s&ould apply. Decide *it& 5easons.

The te))o) st sho!#' 2e t) e' n the Ph # (( nes. Se0t on 6B o% RA E3De/ the H!$"n Se0!) t1 A0t ()o& 'es %o) ts e?t)"te)) to) "# "((# 0"t on to n' & '!"# (e)sons +ho/ "#tho!,h o!ts 'e the te)) to) "# # $ ts o% the Ph # (( nes 0o$$ t "n "0t o% te))o) s$ ' )e0t#1 "," nst F # ( no 0 t Cens +he)e the ) 0 t Censh ( +"s " %"0to) n the 0o$$ ss on o% the 0) $e. )! 7nternal or non$international ar(ed conflict 4ilson doctrine vs. ,strada doctrine (8FF#! (8$a$9! Distinguis&6 T&e 4ilson doctrine and t&e ,strada doctrine regarding recognition of govern(ents. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 %nder t&e 47>+@" D@1T57",, recognition s&all not )e e'tended to any govern(ent esta)lis&ed )y revolution or internal violence until t&e freely elected representatives of t&e people &ave organi-ed a constitutional govern(ent. %nder t&e ,+T5ADA D@1T57",, t&e Me'ican govern(ent declared t&at it *ould, as it sa* fit, continue or ter(inate its diplo(atic relations *it& any country in *&ic& a political up&eaval &ad ta=en place and in so doing it *ould not pronounce .udg(ent on t&e rig&t of t&e foreign state to accept, (aintain or replace its govern(ent. (1ru-, 7nternational >a*, 8FFE ed.! (7n vie* of recent develop(ents, t&e 4ilson doctrine and t&e ,strada doctrine are no longer in t&e (ainstrea( of pu)lic international la*.! c! 4ar of national li)eration 8. 1ore international o)ligations of states in 7nternational ?u(anitarian >a* 7ntGl 1ourt of 2ustice; 2urisdiction @ver +tates 199# T&e sovereignty over certain islands is disputed )et*een +tate A and +tate B. T&ese t*o states agreed to su)(it t&eir disputes to t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice J712K. 1! Does t&e 712 &ave .urisdiction to ta=e cogni-ance of t&e caseC 8! 4&o s&all represent t&e parties )efore t&e 1ourtC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! T&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice &as .urisdiction over t&e case, )ecause t&e parties &ave .ointly su)(itted t&e case to it and &ave t&us indicated t&eir consent to its .urisdiction. 8! Parties to a case (ay appoint agents to appear )efore t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice in t&eir )e&alf, and t&ese agents need not )e t&eir o*n nationals. ?o*ever, under Article 1 of t&e +tatutes of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice, no (e()er of t&e court (ay appear as agent in any case. 7ntGl 1ourt of 2ustice; 2urisdiction @ver +tates (199#! "o. 19; T&e +tate of "ova, controlled )y an aut&oritarian govern(ent, &ad unfriendly relations *it& its neig&)oring state, A(erica. Bresla, anot&er neig&)oring state, &ad )een s&ipping ar(s and a((unitions to "ova for use in attac=ing A(eria. To forestall an attac=, A(eria placed floating (ines on t&e territorial *aters surrounding "ova. A(eria supported a group of re)els organi-ed to overt&ro* t&e govern(ent of "ova and to replace it *it& a friendly govern(ent. "ova decided to file a case against A(eria in t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice 1! @n *&at grounds (ay "ovaAs causes of action against A(eria )e )asedC 8! @n *&at grounds (ay A(eria (ove to dis(iss t&e case *it& t&e 712C Decide t&e case. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! 7f "ova and A(eria are (e()ers of t&e %nited "ations, "ova can pre(ise its cause of action on a violation of Article 8(#! of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter, *&ic& reBuires (e()ers to refrain fro( t&e t&reat or use of force. 8! By virtue of t&e principle of sovereign i((unity, no sovereign state can )e (ade a party to a proceeding )efore t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice unless it &as given its consent. 7f A(eria &as not accepted t&e 2urisdiction of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice. A(eria can invo=e t&e defense of lac= of .urisdiction. ,ven if A(eria &as accepted t&e .urisdiction of t&e court )ut t&e acceptance is li(ited and t&e li(itation applies to t&e case, it (ay invo=e suc& li(itation its consent as a )ar to t&e assu(ption of .urisdiction.

7f .urisdiction &as )een accepted, A(eria can invo=e t&e principle of anticipatory self$defense, recogni-ed under custo(ary international la*, )ecause "ova is planning to launc& an attac= against A(eria )y using t&e ar(s it )oug&t fro( Bresia. E! 7f .urisdiction over A(eria is esta)lis&ed, t&e case s&ould )e decided in favor of "ova, .... if .urisdiction over A(eria is not esta)lis&ed, t&e case s&ould )e decided in favor of A(eria )ecause of t&e principle of sovereign i((unity. 7ntGl 1ourt of 2ustice; >i(itations @n 2urisdiction (1999! "o : $ B. %nder its +tatute, give t*o li(itations on t&e .urisdiction of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2usticeC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 B. T&e follo*ing are t&e li(itations on t&e .urisdiction of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice under its +tatute6 1. @nly states (ay )e parties in cases )efore it. (Article E#! 8. T&e consent of t&e parties is needed for t&e court to acBuire .urisdiction over a case. (Article E ! 7ntGl 1ourt of 2ustice; Parties; Pleadings and @ral Argu(ent (199#! "o. 8F6 T&e sovereignty over certain islands is disputed )et*een +tate A and +tate B. T&ese t*o states agreed to su)(it t&eir disputes to t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice J712K. E! 4&at language s&all )e used in t&e pleadings and oral argu(entC #! 7n case +tate A, t&e petitioner, falls to appear at t&e oral argu(ent, can +tate B, t&e respondent, (ove for t&e dis(issal of t&e petitionC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 E! %nder Article E9 of t&e +tatutes of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice, t&e official languages of t&e court are ,nglis& and Frenc&. 7n t&e a)sence of an agree(ent, eac& party (ay use t&e language it prefers. At t&e reBuest of any party, t&e court (ay aut&ori-e a party to use a language ot&er t&an ,nglis& or Frenc&. #! %nder Article 9E of t&e +tatutes of t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice, *&enever one of t&e parties does not appear )efore t&e court or fails to defend its case, t&e ot&er party (ay as= t&e court to decide in favor of its clai(. ?o*ever, t&e court (ust, )efore doing so, satisfy itself it &as 2urisdiction and t&at t&e clai( is *ell founded in fact and la*. 5ig&ts and @)ligation under %" 1&arter (1991! "o. 1#6 +tate : invades and conBuers +tate N. T&e %nited "ations +ecurity 1ouncil declares t&e invasion and conBuest illegal and orders an international e()argo against +tate :. +u)seBuently, t&e sa(e %.". )ody adopts a resolution calling for an enforce(ent action against +tate : under 1&apter ;77 of t&e %.". 1&arter. +tate R, a %.". (e()er, religiously co(plies *it& t&e e()argo )ut refuses to ta=e part in t&e enforce(ent action, sending a (edical (ission instead of fig&ting troops to t&e trou)led area. (a! Did +tate R violate its o)ligations under t&e %.". 1&arterC ()! 7f so, *&at sanctions (ay )e ta=en against itC (c! 7f not, *&y notC A"+4,56 (a! "o, +tate R did not violate its o)ligations under t&e %nited "ations 1&arter. 7t co(plied *it& t&e resolution calling for enforce(ent action against +tate :, )ecause it sent a (edical tea(. ()! "o sanctions (ay )e ta=en against +tate R. )ecause it did not violate its o)ligation under t&e %nited "ations 1&arter. (c! 1o(pliance *it& t&e resolution calling for enforce(ent action against +late : does not necessarily call for t&e sending of fig&ting troops. %nder Art #E of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter, co(pliance *it& t&e call for enforce(ent action against +tate : &as to )e (ade in accordance *it& a special agree(ent *it& t&e +ecurity 1ouncil and suc& agree(ent s&all govern t&e nu()ers and types of forces, t&eir degree of readiness and general locations, and t&e nature of t&e facilities and assistance to )e supplied )y (e()ers of t&e %nited "ations. +tate >ia)ilities (1999! "o. /6 7n a raid conducted )y re)els in a 1a()odian to*n, an A(erican )usiness(an *&o &as )een a long$ti(e resident of t&e place *as caug&t )y t&e re)els and ro))ed of &is cas& and ot&er valua)le personal )elongings. 4it&in

(inutes, t*o truc=loads of govern(ent troops arrived pro(pting t&e re)els to *it&dra*. Before fleeing t&ey s&ot t&e A(erican causing &i( p&ysical in.uries. 3overn(ent troopers i((ediately launc&ed pursuit operations and =illed several re)els. "o cas& or ot&er valua)le property ta=en fro( t&e A(erican )usiness(an *as recovered. 7n an action for inde(nity filed )y t&e %+ 3overn(ent in )e&alf of t&e )usiness(an for in.uries and losses in cas& and property, t&e 1a()odian govern(ent contended t&at under 7nternational >a* it *as not responsi)le for t&e acts of t&e re)els. 1. 7s t&e contention of t&e 1a()odian govern(ent correctC ,'plain. 8. +uppose t&e re)ellion is successful and a ne* govern(ent gains control of t&e entire +tate, replacing t&e la*ful govern(ent t&at *as toppled, (ay t&e ne* govern(ent )e &eld responsi)le for t&e in.uries or losses suffered )y t&e A(erican )usiness(anC ,'plain. A"+4,5; 1. Nes, t&e contention of t&e 1a()odian 3overn(ent is correct. %nless it clearly appears t&at t&e govern(ent &as failed to use pro(ptly and *it& appropriate force its constituted aut&ority it cannot )e &eld responsi)le for t&e acts of re)els, for t&e re)els are not its agents and t&eir acts *ere done *it&out its volition. 7n t&is case, govern(ent troopers i((ediately pursued t&e re)els and =illed several of t&e(. 8. T&e ne* govern(ent (ay )e &eld responsi)le if it succeeds in overt&ro*ing t&e govern(ent. ;ictorious re)el (ove(ents are responsi)le for t&e illegal acts of t&eir forces during t&e course of t&e re)ellion. T&e acts of t&e re)els are i(puta)le to t&e( *&en t&ey assu(ed as duly constituted aut&orities of t&e state. 7nternational 1ri(inal ourt and 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice (8F1F! 1o(pare and contrast t&e .urisdiction of t&e 7nternational 1ri(inal 1ourt and 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice. The F!) s' 0t on o% the Inte)n"t on"# Co!)t o% J!st 0e (e)t" ns to nte)n"t on"# )es(ons 2 # t1 n the 0on0e(t o% 0 & # # "2 # t1/ +h #e th"t o% the Inte)n"t on"# C) $ n"# Co!)t (e)t" ns to 0) $ n"# # "2 # t1. Wh #e st"tes ")e the s!2Fe0t o% #"+ n nte)n"t on"# )es(ons 2 # t1 !n'e) the F!) s' 0t on o% the Inte)n"t on"# Co!)t o% J!st 0e/ the 0) $ n"# # "2 # t1 + th n the F!) s' 0t on o% the Inte)n"t on"# C) $ n"# Co!)t (e)t" ns to n' & '!"# n"t!)"# (e)son. 5A)t 0#e 3A5 : o% the St"t!te o% the Inte)n"t on"# Co!)t o% J!st 0e4 A)t 0#es 26 "n' 2D o% the St"t!te o% the Inte)n"t on"# C) $ n"# Co!)t.: E. Principles of 7nternational ?u(anitarian >a* "eutrality of +tates (19//! "o. 8F6 +*it-erland and Australia are outstanding e'a(ples of neutrali-ed states, 1. 4&at are t&e c&aracteristics of a neutrali-ed stateC 8. 7s neutrality synony(ous *it& neutrali-ationC 7f not, distinguis& one fro( t&e ot&er. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1. 4&et&er si(ple or co(posite, a +tate is said to )e neutrali-ed *&ere its independence and integrity are guaranteed )y an international convention on t&e condition t&at suc& +tate o)ligates itself never to ta=e up ar(s against any ot&er +tate, e'cept for self$defense, or enter into suc& international o)ligations as *ould indirectly involve it in *ar. A +tate see=s neutrali-ation *&ere it is *ea= and does not *is& to ta=e an active part in international politics. T&e po*er t&at guarantee its neutrali-ation (ay )e (otivated eit&er )y )alance of po*er considerations or )y t&e desire to (a=e t&e *ea= state a )uffer )et*een t&e territories of t&e great po*ers. (2. +A>@"3A L P. NAP, P%B>71 7"T,5"AT7@"A> >A4 0 (19 !!. 8. Firstly, neutrality o)tains only during *ar, *&ereas neutrali-ation is a condition t&at applies in peace or in *ar. +econdly, neutrali-ation is a status created )y (eans of treaty, *&ereas neutrality is a status created under international la*, )y (eans of a stand on t&e part of a state not to side *it& any of t&e parties at *ar. T&irdly, neutrality is )roug&t a)out )y a unilateral declaration )y t&e neutral +tate, *&ile neutrali-ation cannot )e effected )y unilateral act, )ut (ust )e recogni-ed )y ot&er +tates. (7d.! 5eparations Agree(ent; ;alidity (1998! "o. 1#6 T&e 2apanese 3overn(ent confir(ed t&at during t&e +econd 4orld 4ar, Filipinas *ere a(ong t&ose conscripted as <co(fort *o(en< (or prostitutes! for 2apanese troops in various parts of Asia. T&e 2apanese 3overn(ent &as accordingly launc&ed a good*ill ca(paign and &as offered t&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent su)stantial

assistance for a progra( t&at *ill pro(ote S t&roug& govern(ent and non$govern(ental organi-ations S *o(ensA rig&ts, c&ild *elfare, nutrition and fa(ily &ealt& care. An e'ecutive agree(ent is a)out to )e signed for t&at purpose. T&e agree(ent includes a clause *&ere)y t&e P&ilippine 3overn(ent ac=no*ledges t&at any lia)ility to t&e <co(fort *o(en< or t&eir descendants are dee(ed covered )y t&e reparations agree(ents signed and i(ple(ented i((ediately after t&e +econd 4orld 4ar. 2uliano 7glesias, a descendant of a no* deceased co(fort *o(an, see=s your advice on t&e validity of t&e agree(ent. Advise &i(. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e agree(ent is valid. T&e co(fort *o(en and t&eir descendants cannot assert individual clai(s against 2apan. As stated in Davis L Moore vs. 5egan, #9E %.+. 9#, t&e sovereign aut&ority of a +tate to settle clai(s of its nationals against foreign countries &as repeatedly )een recogni-ed. T&is (ay )e (ade *it&out t&e consent of t&e nationals or even *it&out consultation *it& t&e(. +ince t&e continued a(ity )et*een a +tate and ot&er countries (ay reBuire a satisfactory co(pro(ise of (utual clai(s, t&e necessary po*er to (a=e suc& co(pro(ises &as )een recogni-ed. T&e settle(ent of suc& clai(s (ay )e (ade )y e'ecutive agree(ent. +tate +overeignty; ,ffective @ccupation; Terra "ullius (8FFF! "o :7: $ a! 4&at is t&e )asis of t&e P&ilippinesA clai( to a part of t&e +pratly 7slandsC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e )asis of t&e P&ilippine clai( is effective occupation of a territory not su).ect to t&e sovereignty of anot&er state. T&e 2apanese forces occupied t&e +pratly 7sland group during t&e +econd 4orld 4ar. ?o*ever, under t&e +an Francisco Peace Treaty of 1991 2apan for(ally renounced all rig&t and clai( to t&e +pratlys. T&e +an Francisco Treaty or any ot&er 7nternational agree(ent &o*ever, did not designate any )eneficiary state follo*ing t&e 2apanese renunciation of rig&t. +u)seBuently, t&e +pratlys )eca(e terra nullius and *as occupied )y t&e P&ilippines in t&e title of sovereignty. P&ilippine sovereignty *as displayed )y open and pu)lic occupation of a nu()er of islands )y stationing of (ilitary forces, )y organi-ing a local govern(ent unit, and )y a*arding petroleu( drilling rig&ts, a(ong ot&er political and ad(inistrative acts. 7n 190/, it confir(ed its sovereign title )y t&e pro(ulgation of Presidential Decree "o. 199 , *&ic& declared t&e Malayaan 7sland 3roup part of P&ilippine territory. a! Treat(ent of civilians )! Prisoners of *ar 4ar; 1o()atantsD Prisoners of 4ar vs. Mercenaries (199E! "o. E6 5eden, 2olan and Andy. Filipino tourists, *ere in Bosnia$?er-egovina *&en &ostilities erupted )et*een t&e +er)s and t&e Mosle(s. Penniless and caug&t in t&e crossfire, 5eden, 2olan, and Andy, )eing retired generals, offered t&eir services to t&e Mosle(s for a &andso(e, salary, *&ic& offer *as accepted. 4&en t&e +er)ian "ational 3uard approac&ed +ara.evo, t&e Mosle( civilian population spontaneously too= up ar(s to resist t&e invading troops. "ot finding ti(e to organi-e, t&e Mosle(s *ore ar()ands to identify t&e(selves, vo*ing to o)serve t&e la*s and custo(s of *ar. T&e t&ree Filipinos foug&t side )y side *it& t&e Mosle(s. T&e +er)s prevailed resulting in t&e capture of 5eden, 2olan and Andy, and part of t&e civilian fig&ting force. 1! Are 5eden, 2olan and Andy considered co()atants t&us entitled to treat(ent as prisoners of *arC 8! Are t&e captured civilians li=e*ise prisoners of *arC A"+4,56 1! 5eden, 2olan and Andy are not co()atants and are not entitled to treat(ent as prisoners of *ar, )ecause t&ey are (ercenaries. Article #0 of t&e Protocol 7 to t&e 3eneva 1onventions of 19#9 provides6 <A Mercenary s&all not &ave t&e rig&t to )e co()atant or a prisoner of *ar.< Pursuant to Article #0 of Protocol 7 of t&e 3eneva 1onventions of 19#9, 5eden, 2olan, and Andy are (ercenaries, )ecause t&ey *ere recruited to fig&t in an ar(ed conflict, t&ey in fact too= direct part in t&e &ostilities, t&ey *ere (otivated to ta=e part in t&e &ostilities essentially )y t&e desire for private gain and in fact *as pro(ised a &andso(e salary )y t&e Mosle(s, t&ey *ere neit&er nationals of a party to t&e conflict nor residents of territory controlled )y a party to t&e conflict, t&ey are not (e()ers of t&e ar(ed forces of a party to t&e conflict, and t&ey *ere not sent )y a state *&ic& is not a party to t&e conflict on official duty as (e()ers of its ar(ed forces. 8! T&e captured civilians are prisoners of *ar. %nder Article # of t&e 3eneva 1onvention relative to t&e Treat(ent of Prisoners of 4ar, in&a)itants of a non$occupied territory, *&o on t&e approac& of t&e ene(y spontaneously ta=e

up ar(s to resist t&e invading forces, *it&out &aving &ad ti(e to for( t&e(selves into regular ar(ed forces, provided t&ey carry ar(s openly and respect t&e la*s and custo(s of *ar, are considered prisoners of *ar if t&ey fall into t&e po*er of t&e ene(y. #. >a* on neutrality 5ig&t to 7nnocent Passage (1999! "o : $ 1. +tate ,psilon, during peace ti(e, &as allo*ed foreign s&ips innocent passage t&roug& Mantranas +trait, a strait *it&in ,psilonAs territorial sea *&ic& &as )een used )y foreign s&ips for international navigation. +uc& passage ena)led t&e said s&ips to traverse t&e strait )et*een one part of t&e &ig& seas to anot&er. @n 2une 0, 1990, a *ars&ip of +tate Beta passed t&roug& t&e a)ove$na(ed strait. 7nstead of passing t&roug& continuously and e'peditiously, t&e s&ip delayed its passage to render assistance to a s&ip of +tate 3a((a *&ic& *as distressed *it& no one near)y to assist. 4&en confronted )y ,psilon a)out t&e delay, Beta e'plained t&at t&e delay *as due to force (a.eure in confor(ity *it& t&e provision of Article 1/(8! of t&e 19/8 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea (%"1>@+!. +even (ont&s later, ,psilon suspended t&e rig&t of innocent passage of *ars&ips t&roug& Mantranas +trait *it&out giving any reason t&erefor. +u)seBuently, anot&er *ars&ip of Beta passed t&roug& t&e said strait, and *as fired upon )y ,psilonAs coastal )attery. Beta protested t&e aforesaid act of ,psilon dra*ing attention to t&e e'isting custo(ary international la* t&at t&e regi(e of innocent passage (even of transit passage! is non$ suspenda)le. ,psilon countered t&at Mantranas +trait is not a necessary route, t&ere )eing anot&er suita)le alternative route. 5esolve t&e a)ove$(entioned controversy, ,'plain your ans*er. (#H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 Assu(ing t&at ,psilon and Beta are parties to t&e %"1>@+, t&e controversy (ay)e resolved as follo*s6 %nder t&e %"1>@+, *ars&ips en.oy a rig&t of innocent passage. 7t appearing t&at t&e portion of ,psilonAs territorial sea in Buestion is a strait used for international navigation, ,psilon &as no rig&t under international la* to suspend t&e rig&t of innocent passage. Article #9(8! of t&e %"1>@+ is clear in providing t&at t&ere s&all )e no suspension of innocent passage t&roug& straits used for international navigation. @n t&e assu(ption t&at t&e straits in Buestion is not used for international navigation, still t&e suspension of innocent passage )y ,psilon cannot )e effective )ecause suspension is reBuired under international la* to )e duly pu)lis&ed )efore it can ta=e effect. T&ere )eing no pu)lication prior to t&e suspension of innocent passage )y BetaAs *ars&ip, ,psilonAs act acBuires no validity. Moreover, ,psilonAs suspension of innocent passage (ay not )e valid for t&e reason t&at t&ere is no s&o*ing t&at it is essential for t&e protection of its security. T&e actuation of BetaAs *ars&ip in resorting to delayed passage is for cause recogni-ed )y t&e %"1>@+ as e'cusa)le, i.e., for t&e purpose of rendering assistance to persons or s&ip in distress, as provided in Article 1/(8! of t&e %"1>@+. ?ence, BetaAs *ars&ip co(plied *it& t&e international la* nor(s on rig&t of innocent passage. 5ig&t to Transit and 7nnocent Passage (8FF#! 77$B. ,n route to t&e tuna fis&ing grounds in t&e Pacific @cean, a vessel registered in 1ountry T4 entered t&e Balintang 1&annel nort& of Ba)uyan 7sland and *it& special &oo=s and nets dragged up red corals found near Batanes. By international convention certain corals are protected species. 2ust )efore t&e vessel reac&ed t&e &ig& seas, t&e 1oast 3uard patrol intercepted t&e vessel and sei-ed its cargo including tuna. T&e (aster of t&e vessel and t&e o*ner of t&e cargo protested, clai(ing t&e rig&ts of transit passage and innocent passage, and soug&t recovery of t&e cargo and t&e release of t&e s&ip. 7s t&e clai( (eritorious or notC 5eason )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e clai( of innocent passage is not (eritorious. 4&ile t&e vessel &as t&e rig&t of innocent passage, it s&ould not co((it a violation of any international convention. T&e vessel did not (erely navigate t&roug& t&e territorial sea, it also dragged red corals in violation of t&e international convention *&ic& protected t&e red corals. T&is is pre.udicial to t&e good order of t&e P&ilippines. (Article 19(8! of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea! %se of Force; ,'ceptions (8FFE! "o :7;$ "ot too long ago, <allied forces<, led )y A(erican and Britis& ar(ed forces, invaded 7raB to <li)erate t&e 7raBis and destroy suspected *eapons of (ass destruction.< T&e +ecurity 1ouncil of t&e %nited "ations failed to reac& a consensus on *&et&er to support or oppose t&e <*ar of li)eration<. 1an t&e action ta=en )y t&e allied forces find .ustification in 7nternational >a*C ,'plain.

+%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e %nited +tates and its allied forces cannot .ustify t&eir invasion of 7raB on t&e )asis of self$defense under Article 91 attac= )y 7raB, and t&ere *as no necessity for anticipatory self$defense *&ic& (ay )e .ustified under custo(ary international la*. "eit&er can t&ey .ustify t&eir invasion on t&e ground t&at Article #8 of t&e 1&arter of t&e %nited "ations per(its t&e use force against a +tate if it is sanctioned )y t&e +ecurity 1ouncil. 5esolution 1##1, *&ic& gave 7raB a final opportunity to disar( or face serious conseBuences, did not aut&ori-e t&e use of ar(ed force. A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7n 7nternational >a*, t&e action ta=en )y t&e allied forces cannot find .ustification. 7t is covered )y t&e pro&i)ition against t&e use of force prescri)ed )y t&e %nited "ations 1&arter and it does not fall under any of t&e e'ceptions to t&at pro&i)ition. T&e %" 1&arter in Article 8(#! pro&i)its t&e use of force in t&e relations of states )y providing t&at all (e()ers of t&e %" <s&all refrain in t&eir international relations fro( t&e t&reat or use of force against t&e territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any ot&er (anner inconsistent *it& t&e purposes of t&e %nited "ations.< T&is (andate does not only outla* *ar; it enco(passes all t&reats of and acts of force or violence s&ort of *ar. As t&us provided, t&e pro&i)ition is addressed to all %" (e()ers. ?o*ever, it is no* recogni-ed as a funda(ental principle in custo(ary international la* and, as suc&, is )inding on all (e()ers of t&e international co((unity. T&e action ta=en )y t&e allied forces cannot )e .ustified under any of t&e t&ree e'ceptions to t&e pro&i)ition against t&e use of force *&ic& t&e %" 1&arter allo*s. T&ese are6 (1! in&erent rig&t of individual or collective self$defense under Article 91; (8! enforce(ent (easure involving t&e use of ar(ed forces )y t&e %" +ecurity 1ouncil under Article #8; and (E! enforce(ent (easure )y regional arrange(ent under Article 9E, as aut&ori-ed )y t&e %" +ecurity 1ouncil. T&e allied forces did not launc& (ilitary operations and did not occupy 7raB on t&e clai( t&at t&eir action *as in response to an ar(ed attac= )y 7raB, of *&ic& t&ere *as none. Moreover, t&e action of t&e allied forces *as ta=en in defiance or disregard of t&e +ecurity 1ouncil 5esolution "o. 1##1 *&ic& set up <an en&anced inspection regi(e *it& t&e ai( of )ringing to full and verified co(pletion t&e disar(a(ent process<, giving 7raB <a final opportunity to co(ply *it& its disar(a(ent o)ligations<. T&is resolution *as in t&e process of i(ple(entation; so *as 7raBAs co(pliance *it& suc& disar(a(ent o)ligations. %se of Force; Principle of "on$7ntervention (199#! "o. 19; T&e +tate of "ova, controlled )y an aut&oritarian govern(ent, &ad unfriendly relations *it& its neig&)oring state, A(eria. Bresla, anot&er neig&)oring state, &ad )een s&ipping ar(s and a((unitions to "ova for use in attac=ing Arneria. To forestall an attac=, A(eria placed floating (ines on t&e territorial *aters surrounding "ova. A(eria supported a group of re)els organi-ed to overt&ro* t&e govern(ent of "ova and to replace it *it& a friendly govern(ent. "ova decided to file a case against A(eria in t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice 1! @n *&at grounds (ay "ovaAs causes of action against A(eria )e )asedC 8! @n *&at grounds (ay A(eria (ove to dis(iss t&e case *it& t&e 712C Decide t&e case. A"+4,56 1! 7f "ova and A(eria are (e()ers of t&e %nited "ations, "ova can pre(ise its cause of action on a violation of Article 8(#! of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter, *&ic& reBuires (e()ers to refrain fro( t&e t&reat or use of force against t&e territorial integrity or political independence of any state. 7f eit&er or )ot& "ova or A(eria are not (e()ers of t&e %nited "ations, "ova (ay pre(ise its cause of action on a violation of t&e non$use of force principle in custo(ary international la* *&ic& e'ists parallel to Article 8(#! of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter. 7n t&e 1ase 1oncerning Military and Para(ilitary Activities in and Against "icaragua (19/ 712 5ep. 1#!, t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice considered t&e planting of (ines )y one state *it&in t&e territorial *aters of anot&er as a violation of Article 8(#! of t&e %nited "ations 1&arter. 7f t&e support provided )y A(eria to t&e re)els of "ova goes )eyond t&e (ere giving of (onetary or psyc&ological support )ut consists in t&e provision of ar(s and training, t&e acts of A(eria can )e considered as indirect aggression a(ounting to anot&er violation of Article 8(#!. 7n addition, even if t&e provision of support is not enoug& to consider t&e act a violation of t&e non$use of force principle, t&is is a violation of t&e principle of non$intervention in custo(ary 7nternational la*.

Aggression is t&e use of ar(ed force )y a state against t&e sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of anot&er state or in any ot&er (anner inconsistent *it& t&e %nited "ations 1&arter. 8! By virtue of t&e principle of sovereign i((unity, no sovereign state can )e (ade a party to a proceeding )efore t&e 7nternational 1ourt of 2ustice unless it &as given its consent. ... E! 7f .urisdiction over A(eria is esta)lis&ed, t&e case s&ould )e decided in favor of "ova, )ecause A(eria violated t&e principle against t&e use of force and t&e principle of non$7ntervention. T&e defense of anticipatory self$defense cannot )e sustained, )ecause t&ere is no s&o*ing t&at "ova &ad (o)ili-ed to suc& an e'tent t&at if A(eria *ere to *ait for "ova to stri=e first it *ould not )e a)le to retaliate. ?o*ever, if .urisdiction over A(eria is not esta)lis&ed, t&e case s&ould )e decided in favor of A(eria )ecause of t&e principle of sovereign i((unity. %se of Force; 5ig&t of +elf$defense (8FF8! "o :7:. @n @cto)er 1E, 8FF1, (e()ers of Ali Ba)a, a political e'tre(ist organi-ation )ased in and under t&e protection of 1ountry : and espousing violence *orld*ide as a (eans of ac&ieving its o).ectives, planted &ig&$ po*ered e'plosives and )o()s at t&e 7nternational Trade To*er (7TT! in 2e*el 1ity in 1ountry N, a (e()er of t&e %nited "ations. As a result of t&e )o()ing and t&e collapse of t&e 1FF$story t*in to*ers, a)out 8,FFF people, including *o(en and c&ildren, *ere =illed or in.ured, and )illions of dollars in property *ere lost. 7((ediately after t&e incident, Ali Ba)a, spea=ing t&roug& its leader Bin Derdandat, ad(itted and o*ned responsi)ility for t&e )o()ing of 7TT, saying t&at it *as done to pressure 1ountry N to release captured (e()ers of t&e terrorist group. Ali Ba)a t&reatened to repeat its terrorist acts against 1ountry N if t&e latter and its allies failed to accede to Ali Ba)aAs de(ands. 7n response, 1ountry N de(anded t&at 1ountry : surrender and deliver Bin Derdandat to t&e govern(ent aut&orities of 1ountry N for t&e purpose of trial and <in t&e na(e of .ustice.< 1ountry : refused to accede to t&e de(and of 1ountry N. 4&at action or actions can 1ountry N legally ta=e against Ali Ba)a and 1ountry : to stop t&e terrorist activities of Ali Ba)a and dissuade 1ountry : fro( &ar)oring and giving protection to t&e terrorist organi-ationC +upport your ans*er *it& reasons. (9H! F75+T A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 (1! 1ountry N (ay e'ercise t&e rig&t of self$defense, as provided under Article 91 of t&e %" 1&arter <until t&e +ecurity 1ouncil &as ta=en (easure necessary to (aintain international peace and security<. +elf$defense ena)les 1ountry N to use force against 1ountry : as *ell as against t&e Ali Ba)a organi-ation. (8! 7t (ay )ring t&e (atter to t&e +ecurity 1ouncil *&ic& (ay aut&ori-e sanctions against 1ountry :, including (easure invo=ing t&e use of force. %nder Article # of t&e %" 1&arter, 1ountry N (ay use force against 1ountry : as *ell as against t&e Ali Ba)a organi-ation )y aut&ority of t&e %" +ecurity 1ouncil. +,1@"D A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 %nder t&e +ecurity 1ouncil 5esolution "o. 1E /, t&e terrorist attac= of Ali Ba)a (ay )e defined as a t&reat to peace, as it did in defining t&e +epte()er 11, 8FF1 attac=s against t&e %nited +tates. T&e resolution aut&ori-es (ilitary and ot&er actions to respond to terrorist attac=s. ?o*ever, t&e use of (ilitary force (ust )e proportionate and intended for t&e purpose of detaining t&e persons allegedly responsi)le for t&e cri(es and to destroy (ilitary o).ectives used )y t&e terrorists. T&e funda(ental principles of international &u(anitarian la* s&ould also )e respected. 1ountry N cannot )e granted s*eeping discretionary po*ers t&at include t&e po*er to decide *&at states are )e&ind t&e terrorist organi-ations. 7t is for t&e +ecurity 1ouncil to decide *&et&er force (ay )e used against specific states and under *&at conditions t&e force (ay )e used. M. >a* of t&e sea 1. Baselines 8. Arc&ipelagic states a! +traig&t arc&ipelagic )aselines )! Arc&ipelagic *aters c! Arc&ipelagic sea lanes passage 7nternational 1onvention; >a* of t&e +ea (8FF#! (8$)! ,n route to t&e tuna fis&ing grounds in t&e Pacific @cean, a vessel registered in 1ountry T4 entered t&e Balintang 1&annel nort& of Ba)uyan 7sland and *it& special &oo=s and nets dragged up red corals found near

Batanes. By international convention certain corals are protected species, .ust )efore t&e vessel reac&ed t&e &ig& seas, t&e 1oast 3uard patrol intercepted t&e vessel and sei-ed its cargo including tuna. T&e (aster of t&e vessel and t&e o*ner of t&e cargo protested, clai(ing t&e rig&ts of transit passage and innocent passage, and soug&t recovery of t&e cargo and t&e release of t&e s&ip. 7s t&e clai( (eritorious or notC 5eason )riefly. (9H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T&e clai( of innocent passage is not (eritorious. 4&ile t&e vessel &as t&e rig&t of innocent passage, it s&ould not co((it a violation of any international convention. T&e vessel did not (erely navigate t&roug& t&e territorial sea, it also dragged red corals in violation of t&e international convention *&ic& protected t&e red corals. T&is is pre.udicial to t&e good order of t&e P&ilippines. (Article 19(8! of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea! E. 7nternal *aters #. Territorial sea Territorial +ea vs. 7nternal 4aters (8FF#! (8$a$1! Distinguis&6 T&e territorial sea and t&e internal *aters of t&e P&ilippines. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 T,557T@57A> +,A is an ad.acent )elt of sea *it& a )readt& of 18 nautical (iles (easured fro( t&e )aselines of a state and over *&ic& t&e state &as sovereignty. (Articles 8 and E of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! +&ip of all states en.oy t&e rig&t of innocent passage t&roug& t&e territorial sea. (Article 1# of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! %nder +ection 1, Article 7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e 7"T,5"A> 4AT,5+ of t&e P&ilippines consist of t&e *aters around, )et*een and connecting t&e islands of t&e P&ilippine Arc&ipelago, regardless of t&eir )readt& and di(ensions, including t&e *aters in )ays, rivers and la=es. "o rig&t of innocent passage for foreign vessels e'ists in t&e case of internal *aters. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed., 199/, p. #F0.! 7nternal *aters are t&e *aters on t&e land*ard side of )aselines fro( *&ic& t&e )readt& of t&e territorial sea is calculated. (Bro*nlie, Principles of Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, #t& ed., 199F, p. 18F.! Territorial +ea vs. 7nternal 4aters (8FF#! 77$A. Distinguis& )riefly )ut clearly )et*een6 (1! T&e territorial sea and t&e internal *aters of t&e P&ilippines. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 A. (1! T,557T@57A> +,A is an ad.acent )elt of sea *it& a )readt& of t*elve nautical (iles (easured fro( t&e )aselines of a state and over *&ic& t&e state &as sovereignty. (Articles 8 and E of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! +&ip of all states en.oy t&e rig&t of innocent passage t&roug& t&e territorial sea. (Article 1# of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! %nder +ection 1, Article 7 of t&e 19/0 1onstitution, t&e 7"T,5"A> 4AT,5+ of t&e P&ilippines consist of t&e *aters around, )et*een and connecting t&e islands of t&e P&ilippine Arc&ipelago, regardless of t&eir )readt& and di(ensions, including t&e *aters in )ays, rivers and la=es. "o rig&t of innocent passage for foreign vessels e'ists in t&e case of internal *aters. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed., 199/, p. #F0.! 7nternal *aters are t&e *aters on t&e land*ard side of )aselines fro( *&ic& t&e )readt& of t&e territorial sea is calculated. (Bro*nlie, Principles of Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, #t& ed., 199F, p. 18F.! 9. ,'clusive econo(ic -one 1ontiguous Rone vs. ,'clusive ,cono(ic Rone (8FF#! (8$a$8! Distinguis&6 T&e contiguous -one and t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1@"T73%@%+ R@", is a -one contiguous to t&e territorial sea and e'tends up to 18 nautical (iles fro( t&e territorial sea and over *&ic& t&e coastal state (ay e'ercise control necessary to prevent infringe(ent of its custo(s, fiscal, i((igration or sanitary la*s and regulations *it&in its territory or territorial sea. (Article EE of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! T&e ,:1>%+7;, ,1@"@M71 R@", is a -one e'tending up to 8FF nautical (iles fro( t&e )aselines of a state over *&ic& t&e coastal state &as sovereign rig&ts for t&e purpose of e'ploring and e'ploiting, conserving and (anaging t&e natural resources, *&et&er living or nonliving, of t&e *aters super.acent to t&e sea)ed and of t&e

sea)ed and su)soil, and *it& regard to ot&er activities for t&e econo(ic e'ploitation and e'ploration of t&e -one. (Articles 9 and 90 of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! ,'clusive ,cono(ic Rone; 5ig&ts of t&e 1oastal +tate (199#! "o. 116 7n t&e desire to i(prove t&e fis&ing (et&ods of t&e fis&er(en, t&e Bureau of Fis&eries, *it& t&e approval of t&e President, entered into a (e(orandu( of agree(ent to allo* T&ai fis&er(en to fis& *it&in 8FF (iles fro( t&e P&ilippine sea coasts on t&e condition t&at Filipino fis&er(en )e allo*ed to use T&ai fis&ing eBuip(ent and vessels, and to learn (odern tec&nology in fis&ing and canning. 1! 7s t&e agree(ent validC +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 1! "o. t&e President cannot aut&ori-e t&e Bureau of Fis&eries to enter into a (e(orandu( of agree(ent allo*ing T&ai fis&er(en to fis& *it&in t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one of t&e P&ilippines, )ecause t&e 1onstitution reserves to Filipino citi-ens t&e use and en.oy(ent of t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one of t&e P&ilippines. +ection 8. Article :77 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 UT&e +tate s&all protect t&e nationAs (arine part in its arc&ipelagic *aters, territorial sea, and e'clusive econo(ic -one, and reserve its use and en.oy(ent to Filipino citi-ens.< +ection 0, Article :777 of t&e 1onstitution provides6 <T&e +tate s&all protect t&e rig&ts of su)sistence fis&er(en, especially of local co((unities, to t&e preferential use of t&e co((unal (arine and fis&ing resources, )ot& inland and offs&ore. 7t s&all provide support to suc& fis&er(en t&roug& appropriate tec&nology and researc&, adeBuate financial, production, and (ar=eting assistance, and ot&er services. T&e +tate s&all also protect, develop, and conserve suc& resources. T&e protection s&all e'tend to offs&ore fis&ing grounds of su)sistence fis&er(en against foreign intrusion. Fis&*or=ers s&all receive a .ust s&are fro( t&eir la)or in t&e utili-ation of (arine and fis&ing resources. ,'clusive ,cono(ic Rone; 5ig&ts of t&e 1oastal +tate (I1$8FF9! (c! ,nu(erate t&e rig&ts of t&e coastal state in t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one. (EH! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 7n t&e ,:1>%+7;, ,1@"@M71 R@",, t&e coastal +tate &as sovereign rig&ts for t&e purpose of e'ploring and e'ploiting, conserving and (anaging t&e natural resources, *&et&er living or non$living, of t&e *aters super.acent to t&e sea)ed and of t&e sea)ed and its su)soil, and *it& regard to ot&er activities for t&e econo(ic e'ploitation and e'ploration of t&e -one, suc& as t&e production of energy fro( t&e *ater, currents and *inds in an area not e'tending (ore t&an 8FF nautical (iles )eyond t&e )aseline fro( *&ic& t&e territorial sea is (easured. @t&er rig&ts include t&e production of energy fro( t&e *ater, currents and *inds, t&e esta)lis&(ent and use of artificial islands, installations and structures, (arine scientific researc& and t&e protection and preservation of t&e (arine environ(ent. (Art. 9 , %.". 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea! A>T,5"AT7;, A"+4,56 +@;,5,73" 573?T+ S for t&e purpose of e'ploring and e'ploiting, conserving and (anaging t&e natural resources, *&et&er living or non$living, of t&e sea)ed and su)soil and t&e super.acent *aters, and *it& regard to ot&er activities suc& as t&e production of energy fro( t&e *ater, currents and *inds in an area not e'tending (ore t&an 8FF nautical (iles )eyond t&e )aseline fro( *&ic& t&e territorial sea is (easured. (+ee Art. 9 , %"1>@+! 2urisdiction, inter alia, *it& regard to6 (1! t&e esta)lis&(ent and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (8! (arine scientific researc&; and (E! t&e protection and preservation of t&e (arine environ(ent. 1ontiguous Rone vs. ,'clusive ,cono(ic Rone (8FF#! 77$A. Distinguis& )riefly )ut clearly )et*een6 8! T&e contiguous -one and t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 (8! 1@"T73%@%+ R@", is a -one contiguous to t&e territorial sea and e'tends up to t*elve nautical (iles fro( t&e territorial sea and over *&ic& t&e coastal state (ay e'ercise control necessary to prevent infringe(ent of its

custo(s, fiscal, i((igration or sanitary la*s and regulations *it&in its territory or territorial sea. (Article EE of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! T&e ,:1>%+7;, ,1@"@M71 R@", is a -one e'tending up to 8FF nautical (iles fro( t&e )aselines of a state over *&ic& t&e coastal state &as sovereign rig&ts for t&e purpose of e'ploring and e'ploiting, conserving and (anaging t&e natural resources, *&et&er living or nonliving, of t&e *aters super.acent to t&e sea)ed and of t&e sea)ed and su)soil, and *it& regard to ot&er activities for t&e econo(ic e'ploitation and e'ploration of t&e -one. (Articles 9 and 90 of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! ,'clusive ,cono(ic Rone (8FFF! "o :7:. )! 4&at is t&e concept of t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one under t&e %" 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +eaC (8H! +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 )! T&e e'clusive econo(ic -one under t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea is an area )eyond and ad.acent to t&e territorial sea, *&ic& s&all not e'tend )eyond 8FF nautical (iles fro( t&e )aselines fro( *&ic& t&e territorial sea is (easured. T&e coastal +tate &as in t&e e'clusive econo(ic -one6 (a! +overeign rig&ts for t&e purpose of e'ploring and e'ploiting, conserving and (anaging t&e natural resources, *&et&er living or non$living, if t&e *aters super.acent to t&e sea$)ed and of t&e sea)ed and su)soil, and *it& regard to ot&er activities for t&e econo(ic e'ploitation and e'ploration of t&e -one, suc& as t&e production of energy fro( t&e *ater, currents and *inds; ()! 2urisdiction as provided in t&e relevant provisions of t&e 1onvention *it& regard to6 (i! t&e esta)lis&(ent and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii! (arine scientific researc&; and (iii! t&e protection and preservation of t&e (arine environ(ent; (c! @t&er rig&ts and duties provided for( t&e 1onvention. JArticle 9 of t&e 1onvention of t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! . 1ontinental s&elf a! ,'tended continental s&elf 0. 7nternational Tri)unal for t&e >a* of t&e +ea Flag +tate vs. Flag of 1onvenience (8FF#! (8$a$E! Distinguis&6 T&e flag state and t&e flag of convenience. +%33,+T,D A"+4,56 F>A3 +TAT, (eans a s&ip &as t&e nationality of t&e flag of t&e state it flies, )ut t&ere (ust )e a genuine lin= )et*een t&e state and t&e s&ip. (Article 91 of t&e 1onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea.! F>A3 @F 1@";,"7,"1, refers to a state *it& *&ic& a vessel is registered for various reasons suc& as lo* or non$e'istent ta'ation or lo* operating costs alt&oug& t&e s&ip &as no genuine lin= *it& t&at state. (?arris, 1ases and Materials on 7nternational >a*, 9t& ed., 199/, p. #89.! ". Madrid Protocol and Paris 1onvention for t&e Protection of 7ntellectual Property @. 7nternational environ(ent la* 1. Principle 81 of t&e +toc=&ol( Declaration P. 7nternational ,cono(ic >a* IMPORTANT NOTES1. T&is listing of covered topics is not intended and s&ould not )e used )y t&e la* sc&ools as a course outline. T&is *as dra*n up for t&e li(ited purpose of ensuring t&at Bar candidates are guided on t&e coverage of t&e 8F1E Bar ,'a(inations. >istings *&ose su).ect (atters run across several Bar +u).ects s&all )e dee(ed to include only t&e su).ect (atters specific to t&e given Bar +u).ect. For e'a(ple, U7(peac&(entV is generally a topic under Political >a* )ut is listed also under >egal and 2udicial ,t&ics for t&e et&ical co(ponents of t&is Bar +u).ect. "ote t&at t&ere (ay )e specific identification of t&e covering Bar +u).ect *&ere a topic (ay )e co((on to several Bar +u).ects. For e'a(ple, U7ndependent 1ivil ActionsV (entioned in t&e 1ivil 1ode s&all )e included as a topic in 5e(edial >a* rat&er t&an in 1ivil >a*. "ote also t&at

(any special la*s, rules or specific topics, ot&er*ise covered )y t&e different e'a(ina)le Bar +u).ects, &ave )een o(itted or are e'pressly e'cluded fro( t&e coverage of t&e 8F1E Bar ,'a(inations. 8. T&e appreciation of t&e fact situations in, and t&e ans*ers to, so(e Buestions in every Bar +u).ect (ay reBuire t&e consideration of underlying et&ical rules and values. E. All +upre(e 1ourt decisions $ pertinent to a given Bar su).ect and its listed topics, and pro(ulgated up to J"n!")1 31/ 2013 $ are e'a(ina)le (aterials *it&in t&e coverage of t&e 8F1E Bar ,'a(inations.