The Building Economist March 2008

March 2008 March 2008 March 2008
The
The

Building Economist
Building Economist
Celebrating Celebrating Celebrating
100 Years of 100 Years of 100 Years of
the AIQS the AIQS the AIQS

P
r
i
n
t

P
o
s
t

A
p
p
r
o
v
e
d

N
o
.

2
2
9
2
0
0
/
0
0
0
3
6

T
h
e

j
o
u
r
n
a
l

o
f

t
h
e

A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y

S
u
r
v
e
y
o
r
s
T
h
e

j
o
u
r
n
a
l

o
f

t
h
e

A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y

S
u
r
v
e
y
o
r
s

PROfE55IONAL INDEMNITY
IN5URANCE fOR AI5 MEMER5
AlQS Prelerred Supplier
HOW TO O8TAlN A QUOTL
lor your convenience lorms are available on lhe Coverlorce
websile lhal you may download.
Co lo www.coverlorce.com.au/pi/downloads
Download lhe Proposal lorm
Complele and sign il
lax il back lo Coverlorce Prolessional Pisks on !800 227 696
Your quole will be relurned lo you promplly
CONTACT US
1oll !ree phohe !800 027 696
1oll !ree !ax !800 227 696
Lmail. inlo@coverlorce.com.au
Level 4, 62 Norwesl 8oulevarde
Norwesl 8usiness Park NSW 2!53
PO 8ox 7899 8aulkham Hills 8C 2!53
www.buildingeconomist.netfirms
.com
The Journal of the Australian
Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Our Cover

25 - 100 Years of
Quantity Surveying in
Australia

Did a quantity surveyor work
on the pyramids? Perhaps
for it is believed that the
ancient Egyptians used a
system of quantity surveying
but it was not until the 17th
century restoration of London
after the Great Fire that
Qu a n t i t y S u r v e y o r s
developed as an occupation.

This year marks one hundred
years of the representation of
quantity surveyors by a
professional association in
Australia.

9 - EVM in IT projects

Many IT projects may be classified as troubled, meaning that they do
not meet schedule, cost or scope constraints, writes Maja Ferle in her
paper that received the 2006 Jan Korevaar award.

14 - Recruiting quantity surveyors when there aren't any.

Its not that there arent any quantity surveyors left its just that they
are very hard to find when you have a vacancy, writes Adam Walker.

16 - Are Bills of Quantities still relevant

A study has showed that between 1984 and 1989, the usage of bills
of quantities in building works in the UK has declined in value to about
10%. It also suggested that, BoQ may totally disappear from the UK
construction industry in the future.

27 - Code compliance issues

Two types of legislation govern buildings and their accessibility, write
Kim Lovegrove and Lauren Crowe. The authors discuss the Building
Code of Australia (BCA) and the Disability Discrimination Act 1992
(DDA).

33 - On the Move. Bricks and all

Quantity surveyors where once known for their ability to count bricks.
The challenge as outlined in this article, writes IAN BLYTH is to count
them while they are on the move. Specialist moving technology was
used for the first time in Australia to relocate, in one piece, the historic
Hornsby Signal Box.

PLUS...

From the President
The BRIX Report
AIQS Building Cost Index
AIQS Current Construction Costs
Briefings

THE
BUILDING
ECONOMIST
The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors

MARCH 2008
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 2
THE
BUILDING
ECONOMIST
The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors

MARCH 2008
Construction has commenced
on the largest upgrade to
Melbourne Airports international
terminal since it was built in the
late 1960s.
The expansion program,
which will add a combined total
of 25,000m of new space to T2
(International), will be
undertaken through a series of
individual projects at a combined
total cost of over $330m.
The symbolic sod turning
with a 20-tonne concrete crane
and removing a half-metre deep,
3 x 3 metre sized chunk of
Briefings.
airfield concrete marked the very
first step in the five-year series
of projects that will upgrade the
international terminal.
The first of the expansion
projects, which commenced
today, will see Melbourne Airport
add an entirely new outbound
passenger processing zone,
including a new security and
Customs precinct to the
Departures level, which will be
completed in early 2010.
The Melbourne Airport
upgrade will ensure Victoria has
a modern, high quality and
innovative international airport to
cater for Australians travelling
overseas and visitors coming to
Australia. The development will
be one of the largest
construction projects in Victoria.
The site will be a hive of
construction over the next four
years, and will deliver Victoria a
state-of-the art terminal that will
ensure the growth of
international airline services into
the state, boosting tourism and
trade avenues and offering more
travel options for all Victorians.
Melbourne Airport CEO
Chris Woodruff said the airports
history of delivering major
construction projects on-time
and on-budget would ensure
passengers and airport visitors
noticed minimal changes during
the construction.
By staging the expansions
as a series of projects, the
airport could ensure operations
continued as normal.
We have a proven track
record of delivering some of the
biggest construction projects in
this state whilst operating one of
the countrys busiest transport
hubs, said Mr Woodruff.
Ensuring Victorians do
not experience any
inconvenience during the works
will be a key focus of the
expansion projects.
We are acutely aware of
the importance of having an
efficient, comfortable
international terminal to serve
Victorians regardless of
development plans.

Construction Commences on
Expansion at Melbourne Airport
Editor
Ian T Blyth Ph.D
Contributions
Articles relevant to construction
economics and related subjects, pictorial
material, letters etc are welcome. No
responsibility is accepted for unsolicited
material. All contributions should be
addressed to the editor: 9 Mount View
Road Wandong Victoria 3758.
Tel: 0403 402 625.
Fax: (02) 6285 2427.
Email tbeeditor@optusnet.com.au
www.buildingeconomist.netfirms.com
Visit our website for contribution
guidelines.
The Institute does not, as a body, hold
itself responsible for statements made
and opinions expressed in this Journal.
All rights of translation and reproduction
are reserved.
General Manager
Terry L Sanders LFASAE
Subscriptions
Australian Institute of Quantity
Surveyors, National Office, PO Box 301
Deakin West ACT 2600.
Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.
Published quarterly $79.00 (including
GST) annual subscription (Airmail rates
on request)
Circulation
Over 3500 copies
General and Features Advertising
Surveyors, National Office, PO Box 301
Deakin West ACT 2600.
Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.
Email: contact@aiqs.com.au
Artwork as a PDF is preferred.
ISSN 0007-3431
Printed for the Australian Institute of
Quantity Surveyors (ACN 008 485 809)
by Union Offset Printers 16 Nyrang St
Fyshwick ACT 2609
BRIEFINGS
Mr Woodruff also made mention
of Melbourne Airports key focus
on worksite safety.
The safety of our staff
and our passengers has been,
and will always be, our absolute
number one priority, said Mr
Woodruff.
Together with our partner
John Holland Group, we
achieved no workplace injuries
or incidents during our award-
winning runway widening project
in 2005, for example. We will
take this same no nonsense
approach to our works over the
next 5 years.
The commencement is
the first in the series of projects
that make up the developments
to T2 (International). The
developments most visible
changes an entire new
passenger concourse and a
5,000m retail precinct with a
completion date for all projects
set for late 2011.
Mr Woodruff said since
the announcement of the works
in August last year, Victorians
had reacted positively to the
expansion plans.
Our airlines, the Victorian
tourism industry and our
passengers have all responded
with enormous enthusiasm to
future of T2.
We are excited to be
delivering to this state what will
be Australias most efficient and
impressive international airport,
he said.
Construction
Stalls
Construction work done fell in
the December quarter as the
industry struggles to cope with
capacity constraints, skills
shortages and rising input
prices, according to Master
Builders Australia.
Mr Peter Jones MBAs
Chief Economist said that
despite resurgence in alterations
and additions at odds with the
negative trend in new residential
building high interest rates will
continue to stymie recovery in
total residential building, with a
recovery not now likely to gain
any momentum until 2009, when
rates are likely to be either
stable or shifting down.
Despite a quarterly fall
reinforcing the recent
moderation in growth, non-
residential construction activity
levels should hold up provided
business sentiment does not
deteriorate markedly and
profitability and therefore
investment stays strong.
State Governments are
planning to up their spending on
infrastructure and there is a solid
pipeline of engineering
construction work yet to be
done. Nonetheless, there is a
risk that construction growth will
stall unless there is a sustained
upturn in residential building to
offset any prolonged weakening
in non-residential construction.
Seasonally adjusted, the
chain volume of construction
work done in the December
quarter 2007 fell by 1.0 per cent
to $28.9 billion to be 2.6 per cent
above levels in December
quarter 2006.
The chain volume of
seasonally adjusted building
work done in the December
quarter fell by 2.2 per cent to
$16.2 billion, to be down 1.6 per
cent on the previous December
quarter.
Work done on residential
building fell by 0.2 per cent to
$9.7 billion, to be down 1.2 per
cent on the corresponding figure
a year earlier.
Non-residential building
fell by a seasonally adjusted 5.1
per cent to $6.5 billion, to be
down 2.2 per cent on the
previous years level.
Engineering
construction work done rose
by a seasonally adjusted 0.7 per
cent to $12.7 billion and was 8.6
per cent above the previous
December quarter level.
Mayors may protest, but
community wants DA
reform
Despite protests from some
mayors in Sydney today, a
survey of some 700
homeowners has found
overwhelming dissatisfaction
with the existing planning
approval process and strong
BRIEFINGS
Australia will continue to own its
half share in the project.
400 George Street is 30
percent leased with a Heads of
Agreement in place for a further
7,200 square metres to a large
private company, taking pre-
commitments to approximately
20,000 square metres.
Tenants will benefit from
the high level access to amenities
and proximity to major services
offered by this new generation
office tower.
This additional feature is
becoming the international
benchmark in commercial design
for facilitating access to primary
office services.
The construction of the
landmark 33 storey (42,000
square metres) CBD development
is well underway (by Thiess) and
on schedule for completion in mid
2009.
Leighton Properties has two
other significant commercial
projects underway in Fortitude
Valley - Green Square,
Queenslands first 5 Star Green
Square development
(approximately 45,000 square
metres) and HQ (approximately
42,000 square metres).
$150m To Be Spent On
Queensland Port
A major piece of infrastructure,
which will provide a significant
boost for South East Queensland
and beyond, has this week been
approved at the last meeting of
the Jondaryan Shire Council
(JSC).
The Council has given
Development Consent for ATEC
(Australian Transport and Energy
Corridor) to develop an inter-
modal regional freight port at its
200ha site at Charlton, just west
of Toowoomba.
The Charlton Terminal will
see $150M spent over three
stages of development over the
next twenty years.
The Charlton Terminal is a
significant piece of regional
infrastructure to be built at the
gateway linking the Surat Basin
resource province to the freight
support for a more transparent
system.
Key findings of the survey
are:
DA processing is seen as the
worst area of overall council
performance
The biggest failings are
considered to be the time
taken to process DAs (41%
poor, 20% good) and the lack
of fair and consistent
decision$ (38% poor, 19%
good).
The State Government's
handling of development
applications was also
perceived negatively.
58% either supported or
strongly supported a
proposal to have local
independent planning panels
determine all DAs (except
simple projects determined
by staff) and only 8%
opposed it.
51% either supported or
strongly supported the
introduction of a State
Planning Assessment
Commission to determine
major projects and only 15%
opposed it.
NSW Property Council
executive director Ken Morrison
said the poll showed the public
recognised that the planning
assessment system needed a
major overhaul, and disagreed
with the LGSAs opposition to
independent experts
determining applications instead
of politicians.
"This research sends a
clear message that people don't
believe the current DA system is
working," said Mr Morrison.
"Some mayors may
protest, but people know that the
system is too complex, too slow
and too politicised.
"At a time when COAG is
developing an action plan to
tackle housing affordability,
including the importance of
efficient assessment, we
encourage local government to
also get on board to help fix the
problems in the system.
$210m sale raises Qld
International Investment
Leighton Properties has sold its
half share in the 400 George
Street CBD joint venture
development to HSBC Trinkaus
for $210 million. The other 50%
share in 400 George Street is
being developed with Grosvenor
Australia.
The sale, which settled on
13
th
December 2007, shows the
international interest in
Brisbanes commercial property
market.
HSBC is the worlds third
largest bank and 400 George
Street marks HSBC Trinkaus
first property investment in
Australia.
Mark Gray, Leighton
Properties Managing Director,
said the sale was consistent with
our strategy of de-risking and
on-selling developments at
appropriate milestones.
We welcome HSBC
Trinkaus to Australia and look
forward to a strong and
continuing relationship. he said.
Leighton Properties
Director and Queensland
Manager Andrew Borger said
the sale proved 400 George
Streets calibre as a landmark
development as well as
demonstrating the growing
confidence in Brisbane as an
investment destination.
The North Quarter
precinct alone is injecting more
than $4.1 billion of commercial
property over the next five years
into Brisbanes CBD, he said.
The Brisbane market is
booming and this sale to HSBC
Trinkaus is just the start of future
international investment.
Leighton Properties still
has an ongoing interest in the
project and will continue to
jointly manage with Grosvenor
the development, construction
and leasing until its completion.
We are proud of 400
George Street and pleased to
have sold the project on such a
strong footing, said Mr Borger.
Joint Venture partner Grosvenor
Leader or Follower
AIQS
PREFERRED
SUPPLIER
SPECIALISTS
IN CHARTERED
SURVEYORS
Commercial Manager (Civil & Infrastructure), Sydney NSW
- $1?0 ~ 180k package |neg.]
Our client is a leading global contractor with operations spanning most sectors including buildings and infrastructure
works. They have a presence in over 40 countries spearheaded by regional hubs in the UK, Australia and the US and they
have successfully completed some of the biggest landmark projects in the world.
They are seeking a Commercial Manager for a large water project as well as a rail infrastructure scheme involving civil works
and station construction. These executive roles are of the highest strategic importance with responsibilities including:
Maximising nancial returns on each project
Resource planning and monitoring
Planning, managing and monitoring of the procurement of all construction works
Reporting to senior executives on project status and forecasted nal costs
Assisting in the nalisation of budgets with the cost planning team
Signing off progress claims and variations
Mitigating nancial and contractual risks throughout the project life
As a successful candidate you will have at least 5 years experience in a similar role, rst class leadership skills,
experience on various contractual forms, well honed negotiation abilities and an aptitude for client relationship
management. They are looking for leaders not followers.
l geu weu|d ||ke mere |nermat|en en th|s antast|c career eppertun|tg centact kdam Wa|ker:
adamwcendu|tgreup.cem.au
!er a|| eur ether kustra||an and g|eha| pes|t|ens ge te www.cendu|tgreup.cem.au
er ca|| +81 |0]2 0020 ?224
BRIEFINGS
that is a fitting legacy for the 104
year old council, which will
amalgamate with Toowoomba
City Council next month.
The ATEC Freight
Terminal at Charlton will mean
jobs in the development stage
and ongoing jobs onsite.

CPA Australia and
Taxation Institute
Agreement

CPA Australia and the Taxation
Institute of Australia have
entered into a formal agreement
that provides mutual recognition
for their respective tax credential
programs.
Under the agreement,
which is effective from 1 January
2008, CPA Australia will
recognise graduates of the
Taxation Institutes Applied Tax
course (the intermediate level of
the Structured Education
Program) as exempt from
undertaking the Taxation
Segment, an elective segment
and logistics markets of Eastern
Australia. ATEC plans to develop
the site over three phases. Its aim
is to be the major regional port
supporting SEQ growth.
SEQ has desperate need
for an environmentally aware and
efficient regional port to support
the growth of the region.
ATEC has been pursuing
this and the broader inland rail
vision and has invested
considerable funds to transform
the way freight is moved within
this corridor.
The company believes
there are considerable benefits in
what we are seeking to develop
and offer the freight and logistics
industry.
The Queensland
Governments view is that by
2030 the Surat Basin resources
province will be adding $10 Billion
per annum to gross regional
product and supporting 16,000
new jobs.
Granting ATEC the
Development Consent is a move
of the CPA Australia CPA
Program.
The Taxation Institute will
recognise CPA Australia
members and graduates, who
additionally have three years
work experience in tax, as having
satisfied the educational
requirements for entry as an
Associate Member and for entry
to its Advanced Tax course.
Successful completion of
the Taxation Institutes Advanced
Tax Course will satisfy the
educational requirements to
become a Fellow Member of the
Taxation Institute.
The agreement is about
improving the capacity and skills
of tax specialists. It benefits not
only the members of both
organisations but also business
and the public.
This is the centenary year of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors and while we will be focusing on
celebrating this important milestone in the life of the Institute, we will also be celebrating the past and
focusing on the future.
Anniversaries such as the one we are presently observing provide us all with the opportunity of
reflecting on the relevance that the profession has to industry in a wide range of services from traditional
quantity surveying through cost engineering, project planning and management to life cycle costing. The
AIQS indeed represents a diverse range of professionals.
This fact is continually reflected in the diversity of contributions to the editorial pages of The Building
Economist and this issue is no exception: the Bill of Quantities debate continues, the role of the QS in IT,
the impact of codes on the way we deliver our services, market issues and recruitment all dominate the
pages of the journal that is the mirror of the AIQS and the profession it represents.
Our celebrations in this centenary year will include Gala Dinners in most capital cities - Perth 22 May,
Adelaide on 23 May, Melbourne on 24 May, Sydney on 30 May and Brisbane on 13 June. There will also
be Centenary events held in a number of other countries where there are large numbers of AIQS members
such as in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Middle East. Our influence extends well
beyond the shores of Australia and is of a global significance.
Looking to the future, the shortage of qualified quantity surveyors in Australia and around the world
has highlighted the need to produce properly qualified and competent quantity surveyors in the shortest but
appropriate length of time.
The tentative introduction to Australia of the Bologna model for tertiary education and the trend
towards on-line learning, plus the growth of the vocational training sector (technical training colleges) and
the inability of QS employers to provide additional structured in house training, have all been raised as
issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive review of QS education and training.
The role of the professional institute to provide appropriate Continuing Professional Development
and whole of life learning also needs to be established in the scheme of professional education.
Consequently, the AIQS National Council has approved terms of reference for a major research
project by the AIQS Education Committee to enquire into the current and future state of education and
professional development of QS in Australia. Tenders are to be called for this research which is to be
conducted in 3 phases over the next year.
Yes, 2008 is indeed a milestone year in quantity surveying in Australia and I invite all members to
both celebrate our achievements and join in working to a productive future for the profession.

John Popplewell, FAIQS ICECA
National President
FROM THE PRESIDENT
100 Years
is a Long
Time in
Quantity Surveying
THE REGULATORS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Korevaar, Executive Director
of the Dutch Association of
Cost Engineers and Assistant
Secretary of ICEC for many
years.
The 2006 Jan Korevaar
Outstanding Paper Award was
awarded to Maja Ferle for this
paper

Many IT projects may be
classified as troubled, meaning
that they do not meet schedule,
cost or scope constraints.
Very often, trouble is not
recognised during project
execution due to insufficient
project management procedures
Beginning in 1992 at the 12
th

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o s t
Engineering Congress, the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o s t
Engineering Council initiated
the Jan Korevaar Outstanding
Paper Award to recognise the
paper chosen by Congress
delegates through their
e v a l u a t i o n s a s t h e
outstanding paper presented
at each International Cost
Engineering Congress.
The Building Economist
has regularly printed these
papers in the interest of its
readers. The award was
created in memory of Jan
and non- exi st i ng cont r ol
mechanisms.
According to PMI Earned
Value Management (EVM) has
proven itself to be one of the most
e f f e c t i v e p e r f o r ma n c e
measurement and feedback tools
for managing projects. In this
paper the author discusses
monitoring IT project status using
EVM thus enabling the project
manager to expose potential
troubles in the project early during
project execution. Addressing
issues immediately as they arise
gives the project a greater chance
of successful completion.
Various studies estimate
Jan Korevaar Outstanding Paper Award

Implementing
Implementing

Earned
Earned

Value
Value

Management
Management

on IT Projects
on IT Projects

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
that a significant number of IT projects are
troubled. For example, the 2004 CHAOS report by
the Standish Group reports that as many as 74% of
software development projects are troubled,
meaning that they do not
meet schedule, cost or
scope constraints.
Ot h e r s t u d i e s
estimate that as many as
90% of all IT projects fail to
deliver on time and within
budget.
The consequences
of projects that are behind
schedule and over their
budget are additional cost
for unplanned resources
as well as lost market opportunities and dissatisfied
customers because of late delivery, poor quality of
accomplished deliverables and unmet expectations
of stakeholders and ultimately poor financial results
for organisations that sponsor such projects.
Many troubled projects could have overcome
problems had they been monitored more closely
and accurately and corrective actions taken
immediately when it became known that the project
was deviating from the planned schedule, cost and
scope constraints.
However, many companies still do not learn
from past experiences and still do not see
prof essi onal proj ect
management as a
competitive advantage
and a means of saving
money by completing
projects within planned
time and cost budgets.
I n m a n y
organisations completing
projects successfully may
be directly tied to
prosperity and meeting
customer expectations.

Project management in IT
Good project management is not something that
should be taken for granted. It has to be advocated
and implemented in the same way as other key
business functions in organisations.
A study by the Centre for Business Practices
showed that implementing project management

Members of the AIQS are bound by a strict Code of Conduct and are required
to maintain high standards of ethics and professionalism in their dealings with
clients and each other.

Fellows are members of the AIQS who have been elevated to this highest grade in recognition
of their levels of education, professional service and contribution to the AIQS. [Post nominals
FAIQS - LFAIQS for Life Fellows)]

Associates are members who have appropriate recognised tertiary qualifications, the required
years of practice and passed an Assessment of Professional Competence. [Post nominals
AAIQS]

Affiliates are members of the Institute who have other qualifications and have the required years
of practice. [Post nominals AIQS (Affil)]

Probationers are members of the AIQS who are Graduates or other appropriately qualified peo-
ple (including members of recognised QS Institutes in other countries). They are entered as Pro-
bationary Members until they satisfy certain experience requirements and pass the Assessment
of Professional Competence (APC).

Students are members who are undertaking appropriate full time or part time studies.

Technician membership is provided for persons who have obtained TAFE diplomas from recog-
nised courses who intend making a career in Quantity Surveying or persons with diplomas in
Quantity Surveying and some practical experience.
Figure 1: Sample EVM diagram
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
initiatives in IT organisations led
to improvements in schedule
estimating, customer satisfaction
and alignment to strategic
busi ness goal s. Those
organisations that implement
project management will be at a
c o mp e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e
compared to those who do not.
The study goes a long
way i n val i dat i ng t he
considerable gains an IT
organisation can make by
planning and instituting formal
project management practices.
Ob s e r v a t i o n s a n d
conclusions drawn from the
study confirm that project
management definitely adds
value to organisations in all
industries for all size
organisations.
Measures that are
most i mportant wi th
r el at i on t o pr oj ect
management are schedule
est i mat i ng, cust omer
satisfaction, alignment to
strategic business goals,
cost/hours estimating, time
and budget to date, and
quality.
Many companies do not
collect metrics that show the
value of a project to the
organisation. Without mature
project management techniques
in place the progress and status
of projects is not measured and
monitored and consequently
project failure comes as a
surprise at the expected time of
project completion.
An important part of
project management procedures
in organisations is to prepare
and review project status
reports. Organisations that do
not require their project
managers to submit status
reports show disinterest in their
projects and will often blame the
project manager when a project
is in trouble.
On the other hand strict
procedures for reporting on the
status of projects are an
indication that management
cares about the progress of
projects and is willing to help
when needed.
Monitoring project status
Monitoring IT project status may
prove to be more difficult than
simply requesting project status
reports.
O n e m u s t a s k
themselves, how can we
determine whether a software
development project is on time,
on budget and within scope?
How can the project manager
tell that a project is, for example,
30% complete? Is it when the
coding is 30% complete?
And continuing on this
train of thought, how can one tell
that 30% of the coding is
complete? Has unit testing,
integration testing, production
t e s t i n g , t r a i n i n g a n d
documentation been accounted
for?
Obviously, a detailed
project plan must be in place at
the beginning in order to be able
to estimate where the project is
with regard to plan.
The status of IT projects
may be monitored in the same
manner as any other project
u s i n g E a r n e d V a l u e
Management (EVM) techniques.
According to PM', EVM
has proven itself to be one of the
most effective performance
measurement and feedback
tools for managing projects.
EVM can help clearly and
objectively illuminate where a
project is and where it is going in
comparison to where it was
supposed to be and where it
was supposed to be going;
The concept of EVM is
straight forward to understand. It
requires that the project has
been planned and has a known
Planned Value.
During project execution
the project manager must track
how much of the planned work
has been accomplished thus
determining the Famed Value.
The third measure in EVM
is the amount of work that has
actually been performed or the
amount of money that has been
spent which represents the
value of Accumulated Cost.
Al l t hr ee var i abl es
(Planned Value, Earned Value
and Accumulated Cost) are
most commonly shown on a
single diagram using
cumulative values; a
sample of such graph is
shown in Figure 1.
The time (x
-axis) is shown in
c o n s e c u t i v e
numbered weeks
and the cost (y-
axis) is shown in
man-days. It is not
the purpose of
this paper to
discuss the basics
of EVM in more
detail. The reader
may learn more on this topic in
other references.
Implementing EVM on IT
projects is not trivial. EVM
requires that all project work is
broken down for optimal
planning, execution and control
into tasks or activities. Earned
value must be measured for
each task preferably with
objective measurement of
tangible outcomes.
On IT projects, subjective
assessment of progress is often
used, for example, estimating
percent of completion.
This brings us to the issue
of software project planning.
Such projects are especially
difficult to estimate accurately
and consequent l y poor
estimates lead to poor project
status reporting. Therefore it is
crucial to plan as accurately as
possible.

Figure 2: Example of EVM on a project that
completed late due to insufficient resources
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Software project planning
Project planning usually starts
with defining and estimating
WBS elements.
Estimating any project
WBS element is subjective,
which is equally so in software
development projects. The vast
number of failed software
projects confirms the belief that
estimating software projects is
ext remel y di f f i cul t , even
impossible in certain situations.
Let us look at some of the
reasons why this is so and
options to eliminate uncertainty.
As in any other project,
WBS element estimation should
be done by the project manager
who should consult with experts
a n d t h e a c t u a l
i mpl ementers of the
activities.
In software projects,
i mp l e me n t e r s a r e
programmers who will do
the bulk of the coding and
testing. On average,
p r o g r a mme r s o f t e n
esti mate opti mistical ly
therefore giving estimates
that are lower than actual.
This may be due to the
fact that programmers are
optimistic in nature and believe
that no task is too daunting for
them.
Or it may be because
pr ogr ammer s under st and
estimating as only the activity of
coding their own module without
taking into account testing,
documenting, integrating and
quality assurance.
Estimating by the project
manager usi ng hi stori cal
information may also prove to be
unreliable because it may be
difficult to find a similar enough
project that was implemented in
the past to be used as a basis of
the new project estimate.
It is questionable whether
the project manager who is not a
technical specialist will know
how to compare different
sof t ware proj ect s among
themselves to be able to use
historical information accurately
and reliably for the purpose of
members of the development
team.
Some issues that may
lead to unreliable planning are
also predetermined project
budget which forces the project
plan to become too compressed
and unrealistic to implement. In
such situations it may be wiser
to cut scope rather than try to do
a poor quality solution with
resources that need to work
overtime in order to meet
expectations.
The accuracy of the
project estimate in software
projects may also depend upon
the programming language or
development tool that is being
used and therefore previous
experiences may not be
valid if the project team is
using new and lesser
known tools with
which they have no
p r e v i o u s
experience.
The accuracy
of the project
es t i mat e al s o
depends upon the
level of scope that
is known at the time
of estimating. Often
not all details are
known at the beginning of the
project and therefore the scope
is not completely defined or
mutually understood.
I n s uc h c as es a
preliminary estimate must be
known at the beginning of the
project with understanding
among all stakeholders that the
estimates may be refined in
subsequent phases of project
development as more detail is
known.
This is true for any
project, not just software
development projects. An initial
project estimate, no matter how
accurate or inaccurate, must be
available in order to even begin
to track project status and
progress.
Reporting Earned Value
When the project plan is
complete and accumulated cost
is being recorded dutifully and
planning new projects.
Another common problem
in estimating projects based on
historical information is the
implication that such historical
information exists. In real life
software projects are often
implemented under immense
pressure thus it is often the case
that proper project management
procedures are skipped in order
to save time.
A typical missed step in
project management is to
neglect to record relevant
i n f o r ma t i o n , s u c h a s
accumulated cost. In such
case~ it is actually irrelevant
whet her a pr oj ect was
successful or not because the
level of its success is typically
classified subjectively by the
project manager and such
information is not useful as
historical information or lessons
learned for future projects.
Estimating projects should
also take into account the
human si de of software
developers who are not all
equally productive in software
development.
Some programmers work
quickly and sloppily while some
work slowly but reliably with all
flavours of programmers in
between. Studies quoted by
Brooks show that the ratio
between the best and least
productive programmer m a
software development team may
be as much as 1:10 which again
gives the project manager an
impossible basis for estimating
WBS element duration unless
they are familiar with all
Figure 3: Example of EVM on a project that
was late and over budget
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
accurately by the project team
during project execution, it
remains for the project manager
only to report earned value and
related metrics, for example
calculating estimated project
completion values, performance
measures and indexes.
Reporting is the easiest
part of performance measurement
provided that all prerequisites,
including planning and recording
actual cost are met.
What is done with the
reported information is another
matter. Sometimes stakeholders
are not really interested in the
status of the project and do not
even look at the status report,
rather, they just want to know
when the project will be complete
and why is it late.
Many IT organisations do
not take indications of trouble on
software development projects
seriously enough as they arise.
This may be due to the low level
of project management maturity in
organisations where it is not
under s t ood why pr oj ec t
management adds value to the
organisation.
Another issue is that project
managers themselves often do
not want to report that their project
is heading for trouble, believing
that they will handle any issues
that come along.
A very typical mistake in
software project management is
believing that a
project that is running
l a t e during initial phases
of execution will still be able to
catch up in later phases and finish
on time.
This is practically never the
case. According to a study by the
DOD which examined historical
information on over 700 projects
since 1977 it has been shown that
when a project is at least 15%
complete, any acquired overruns
will persist until the end of the
project and will probably increase
by the time the project is
completed, they will definitely not
decrease. The explanation of
this finding is that if the project
team underestimated the initial
phases of the project it is very
likely that they underestimated
the complete project.
Figure 2 shows an
example of a real life project that
was consistently running late
from the beginning and was
adding lateness as the project
progressed.
Even when it was obvious
from the diagram that the
lateness was accumulating
during the initial weeks of the
projects the management still
did not take status reports
seriously enough to approve
additional resources to the
project or to authorise any other
corrective action that would
bring the project back on course.
The consequence was
t h a t t h e p r o j ec t was
considerably late.
Another example of a
typical software development
project that was late and over
budget is shown in Figure 3.
T h e p r o j e c t wa s
considerably late, but the status
report consistently reported that
the earned value was 80% for
several consecutive months.

Conclusion
Mature project management
with formal project status and
progress reporting procedures
provides a realistic picture of the
project, the resources it is using
and the progress it is making
towards its goals.
It enables the project
outcome to be predictable which
reduces uncertainty, contributes
to mitigating risk and gives
feedback especially on long-
running projects. Regular
per i odi c moni t or i ng and
reporting on the status of the
project gives an indication of the
overall project health and
signals that the project may go
off its planned course.
According to the Standish
Group, project management is
most valuable when planning
new projects or enlarging
existing ones. Not all projects
n e e d f o r ma l p r o j e c t
management t echni ques.
Project management probably
should not be used on small,
simple projects, when the
overhead of project management
is greater than the project value.
However, there should be no
exceptions when it comes to
software development projects
and there should be no excuse for
stakeholder inaction, especially
when status reports indicate
potential trouble.

References
1. Aiyer J., Rajkumar T. M.,
Havelka 1). (2005): A Staged
Framework for the Recovery and
Rehabilitation of Troubled IS
Development Projects, Project
Management Journal, PMI.

2. Brooks, Frederick P. (1995):
The Mythical Man Month, Addison
Wesley.
3. Fleming Q. W., Koppelman, J.
M. (2005), Earned Value Project
Management, Third Edition, PMI.
4. Hallows 3. (1998): Information
Systems Project Management,
AMACOM.
5. Kerzner H. (2004): Advanced
Project Management, Wiley.
6. PM' (2005): Practice Standard
for Earned Value Management,
PMI.
7. Smith (2001): Troubled IT
Pr oj ect s: Pr event i on and
Turnarounds, Insti tuti on of
Electrical Engineers.

2006 Award Winner -
Maja Ferle PMP
RECRUITMENT REPORT
Its not that there arent any
quantity surveyors left its
just that they are very hard
to find when you have a
vacancy.
This is mainly due to a
number of reasons that we are all
well aware of by now including a
major slow down in the market ten
years ago and a drastic slowing of
university entrants and graduates
on relevant courses.
Most of us will also be well
aware of some alarming statistics
that are bantered around
including one from the RICS
which is either that 47% of
chartered quantity surveyors are
50 and over or 50% are 47 and
over.
Either way it doesnt bode
well for the future especially as
25% of the quantity surveyors are
s t u d e n t me mb e r s wh o
unfortunately dont seem to arrive
at the work place that well
equipped with basic measurement
skills these days!
Anyway, enough whinging
whats the answer? The answer
is two fold:
Look under every stone, and
Be flexible in the search field
By looking under every
stone I mean use every means
open to you to source suitable
candidates.
These include:
Advertising regularly on the
internet with on-line job
boards and institutional
websites e.g. the AIQS
employments pages.
Advertising in the press and
relevant journals with stand
out adverts that express your
point of difference and the
career opportunity (avoid
pictures of buildings and men
wearing hard hats or shaking
hands!!)
Advertising overseas an
excellent source of strong
relevant candidates eg the
UK the British are keen on
Australia. Also Dubai its
getting hard to live there and
lots of quantity surveyors are
getting fed up and want to
come home. Interviews can
be held over the phone or
cost effective video links
through Skype. Sponsorship
these days through a
temporary 457 visa is a
relatively easy process that
employers need to embrace.
Also, candidates under the
age of 31 can arrive on a 417
vi sa and st ar t wor k
immediately this will give
employers a 6 month window
to apply for their sponsorship
if both parties want to stay
together!
Registering with specific
f oc us s ed r ec r ui t ment
agencies who know exactly
what you want.
Paying a finders fee to
existing staff for introducing
candidates rife in the
Middle East and the UK
Attending offshore career
expos beware as some are
way better than others.
By flexibility in the search
field I mean do not limit your
search to a QS who is 25-35
with excellent all round skills and
local experience.
This demographic makes
up 15% of the total quantity
surveyors worl dwi de and
everyone wants them. They are
in high demand and their
salaries are escalating rapidly!
Good alternative options lie with:
Estimators looking for a
career change and a chance to
learn cost planning rather than
lump sum tendering however
slightly tricky as estimators are
very well paid these days
Recruiting
Recruiting

Quantity
Quantity

Surveyors
Surveyors

when there
when there

arent any!!
arent any!!

RECRUITMENT REPORT
Contract Administrators
who want to move away from
site and pursue a career path
within an office environment and
put a suit on! They often have
excellent first hand experience
on how a building goes together.
Construction Planners
with abilities in estimation
often forms part of their role.
However again the dollar factor
can get in the way here as they
are very well paid all over the
world.
Bui ldi ng Surveyors
looking for a change and a pay
rise. Building surveyors often
retain estimating skills when
pricing up scopes of work and
have excel l ent t echni cal
knowledge too.
Carpenters who have
priced work often this skill
group have excellent first
principle estimating skills that
can be added to. Perhaps
someone who wants a steadier
income.
Engineers who have
specialised in the costing side of
their specialism often you will
find the building services crowd
have good first principle costing
abilities
In a shrinking pool of
available candidates we need to
look in other pools. I think one of
the biggest challenges faced by
growing quantity surveying
businesses these days is the
sourcing of relevant staff. And
not only finding them but then
keeping them!! But thats
another topic all in itself. Happy
hunting.
Written by Adam Walker
AAIQS MRICS of Conduit
Recruitment
Building Economist
Contributor's Guide
Types of Articles
The Building Economist publishes articles that focus on issues and
practices in quantity surveying, cost engineering and those disciplines
influence on the built environment.
A submitted manuscript may examine historical or contemporary quan-
tity surveying experience in domestic or global contexts. The editor
welcomes informal inquiries about prospective articles. Send an e-mail
to the editor at tbeeditor@optusnet.com.au with an abstract or sum-
mary of your proposed article and any background information you
think would be useful.
Manuscript Submission and Review
Submission of a manuscript implies the author's commitment to publish
in The Building Economist.
The length of the paper is usually dictated by the subject matter. How-
ever a maximum of 6,000 words can be used as a guide.
The editor reviews contributions according to the following criteria:
Clear and early statement of purpose.
Importance of topic.
Persuasiveness of argument.
Clarity, conciseness, and interest of writing.
Tie to relevant literature.
Presence of appropriate illustrations.
Soundness and appropriateness of research or study methods.
Clarity of explanation of methods.
Usefulness or clear relevance of conclusions.
Appeal to broad Building Economist readership.
Manuscript Preparation
Manuscripts must be configured as follows:
Software: Use MS Word for PC (preferred) or Rich Text Format
(RTF).
Type: Use 12 point arial type or equivalent.
Spacing: Single space ALL copy
Graphics: Group tables or figures together, at the very end of the
paper. Place each on a separate sheet and include a caption (number
and title). Place captions above tables and below figures and keep
them brief--locate explanations in the text.
In the text, indicate the appropriate location for a figure or table centred
on a separate line, after the first paragraph where it is mentioned.
Contributions should be submitted electronically to the editor at:
tbeeditor@optusnet.com.au
Note: Transcripts of articles are also published on the Building Econo-
mist website www.buildingeconomist.netfirms.com Authors are asked
to also approve publication in this medium.
Construction can be traced
back to as early as the
Egyptians, Greeks, Roman
and the Islamic civilizations
era.
It has evolved and
changed significantly as men
become more civilised in
expressing and portraying their
ideas and vision in terms of
architecture and structures but
the idea of cost finalisation was
still reluctantly considered at that
PROJECT DELIVERY
time (Wainwright & Whitrod,
1980). However, it has all
changed after the Industrial
Revolution.
Apart from modernising
the construction practices in
Europe, it has also brought
moment ous c hange of
per cept i on t owar ds t he
importance of proper costing
and cost documentation of
construction projects. It led to
the emergence of formalised
Bills of Quantities or BoQ in
1859. In those early days, BoQ
were prepared by measurers
or were also known as custom
surveyors or surveyors, who
acted for the master tradesmen
or known today as trade
contractors.
They measur e and
quant i f y t he work af t er
completion and frequently
submit it as partisan Final
Account to the building owner to
Bills Of Quantities:

Are they still useful
Are they still useful

and relevant today?
and relevant today?

PROJECT DELIVERY
claim for payment. (ASAQS,
2006). Since then BoQ has
become an important tool for
project costing and obtaining
tenders from contractors.
It is also a document for
architects and other consultants
to have a sense of control of
their projects, in terms of cost
and finance. Today BoQ are
also used for cost planning;
projected cash flows and
budget, for valuation of interim
payments and variation orders
and for settlement of final
account. In the contracting
or gani sat i ons, t hey ar e
sometimes used for preparing
material schedules or bills of
mat eri al s. (Wai nwri ght &
Whitrod, 1980; Molloy, 2001).
The issue
However in 1991, the Royal
Institution Chartered Surveyors
highlighted that a study showed
that between 1984 and 1989,
the usage of bills of quantities in
building works in the UK has
declined in value to about 10%.
(RICS, 1991 cited in Davis &
Baccarini, 2004).
It also suggested that,
BoQ may totally disappear from
the UK construction industry in
the near future.
Many reasons were given
for such state of affairs. These
include the increased usage of
the non-traditional or fast-
tracking procurement systems
such as turnkey contract, design
and build contract, management
contracti ng, bui l d-operate-
transfer etc.
It has to a large extent
revolutionised the construction
practices, project management
approach and the procurement
and contract administration
procedures.
For example, in Design
and Build contracting; the
contractors are chosen based
on clearly defined pre-requisites
prior to development of working
drawings, therefore no BoQ is
necessary or included in the
t ender doc ument . The
contractors are only required to
provide cumulative or lump sum
figure plus all the necessary
professional and management
fees. Even if the contractor is
required to submit a priced BoQ
the use of this cost document is
very limited.
It was said that the use of
BoQ comes to an end when the
contractor has been selected
and the contract has been
signed. It cannot be used for any
other purpose once the
tendering process has been
completed.
The priced and completed
BoQ tend to be put away in a
cabinet or sent to the store room
to collect dust.
At the same time, John
Ing (1984) has mentioned that
BoQs were not fully utilized by
the project teams. It was said to
be self perpetuating because
many were not able to relate
BoQ to the everyday project
development processes.
If the variety of potential
uses of the BoQ were fully
realised, it is probably beyond
most peoples knowledge and
experience.
As pointed out by Willis
et. al (2002), the suggestion that
the use of BoQs is declining and
would finally disappear from the
industry in the near future, has
made the quantity surveying
community express their serious
concern and anxiety. Thus there
is a need for quantity surveyors
to further develop and diversify
their role and services in the
industry.
In this regard, we need to
ask ourselves now What is the
situation in our construction
industry today with regard to the
use of BoQ? Are they still
relevant in our construction
industry today, especially when
more and more construction
projects are being let out using
the non-traditional contracts?
Are they still useful to the
clients, consultants, contractors
and suppliers throughout the
project development process?
This paper discusses the
function, use and the relevance
of BoQ in todays construction
practice, with attention given to
Malaysia. The paper is divided
into 4 parts the first part
describes what BoQ is, the
second part looks into the
historical back ground and the
third part discusses the basic use
and function in countries around
the world and the final part
considers the use and relevance
from different perspectives.
What is a Bill of Quantities?
Before going further into the
question of whether BoQ is
relevant or useful in the context of
our construction industry, it is
appropriate to understand what is
BoQ, its origin, usage around the
world and its basic function or
use.
Based on Hackett &
Robinson (2003) and Chan
(2002), it can be said that a bill of
quantities or BoQ is a document
detailing the qualitative and
quantitative aspects of every
constituent part of a proposed
construction project.
It is a document or a book
containing a long list of all the
items of works for construction.
Each of these items is complete
with the description of material,
labour and workmanship for the
work and its quantity (NSW
Legi sl ati ve Counci l , 1991;
Marsden, 1998; Seeley, 1997
cited in Davis & Baccarini, 2004).
Basically, it is a document with
detail information about the type,
nature and quantities of the
finished work in a construction
(Willis,et al 2002).
Normally, it is compiled
together with the form of tender,
specification, preliminary bill and
Rosli Abdul Rashid,
Muzani Mustapa and Siti
Nurhuda Abd Wahid are
with the Department of
Quantity Surveying,
University of Technology
Malaysia.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e

i
n

M
a
y

2
0
0
8

f
r
o
m

t
h
e

A
I
Q
S

N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
c
e

list of drawings to form a tender
document.

The origin of BoQ
Bill of Quantities is synonymous
with Quantity Surveyors. The
profession was said to have
emerged in England at the
beginning of the nineteenth
century, although the firm of
Henry Cooper and Sons of
Reading was established as
early as 1785.
Prior to the first recorded
usage of the term "quantity
surveyor" in 1859, the terms
"measurer", "custom surveyor"
or "surveyor" were used
(ASAQS, 2006)
BoQ emerged in the 19th
century after the Industrial
revolution in Europe. In those
earl y days t he quant i t y
surveyors acted for the master
tradesmen, measuring the work
after completion for use in
making payment to workers and
frequently submitted as partisan
final accounts to the building
owner to claim for payment.
Later on it was the practice of
the building owners to call for
tenders before any work was
undertaken.
A procedure was then
developed to invite several
master builders to submit
tenders for the total price of the
project rather than a collection of
prices from master tradesmen or
what is known today as sub-
contractors. (ASAQS, 2006).
For the purpose of
submitting the bid or tender,
each builder then has to come
out with accurate estimates of
the project cost or tender. It was
done by measuri ng and
quantifying the quantities of all
materials and labour necessary
to complete the work, i.e.
preparing a BoQ for the project.
As each builder had to
prepare his own BoQ for each
project, they came to realise that
they were duplicating a lot of
effort by each measuring the
same quantities from the
architect's drawings.
They realised that it is
more economical for them as a
PROJECT DELIVERY
group to employ one surveyor to
measure the work and prepare
the BoQ for them. The builders
will then price the BoQ and
submit their tenders on the
same basis.
They would share the cost
of the quantity surveyor (or the
successful builder will pay the
surveyor) and include the
payment in their bids. On the
part of the building owners
themselves, since they ended
up paying for the quantity
surveyor's fees, it finally dawned
on them that they might as well
employ him directly and get
some cost advice from him as
well. (ASAQS, 2006; Myles,
2006, CIQS 2006).
Apart from some minor
changes in terms of method of
measurement, content and
format of presentation, BoQ is
still a document detailing
description and quantities of all
the construction work of a
project. It may now come in
elemental, trade, work section or
operational form.
With the advent of ICT,
the process of preparing BoQs
has evolved from the tedious
manual and time consuming
processes to semi-automated or
fully automated processes
involving the use of computers
and sophisticated specialised
software.
But the whole process still
involves the toiling over many
hundred drawings in doing the
time consuming taking off, many
hours of meetings and discussion
with the client and other
consul t ant s and dr af t i ng,
checking, editing and printing the
300 500 page document.

Use and Function
The function of BoQ has not
changed very much ever since it
was introduced about one
hundred years ago.
I n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
procurement system, BoQ is used
mainly for project costing and as
part of tender document for
soliciting competitive tenders from
contractors. It is a uniform
document for contractors to
estimate or price the work on
precisely the same basis, thus
allowing for the fairest bidding.
(Willis et al., 2002).
Later, it was found that BoQ
can be used for other purposes, at
any stage of the project
development i.e. during the pre-
contract and post-contract phases
of a construction. (Molloy, 2001;
Willis et al., 2002; Turner, 1979).
To the quantity surveyors,
BoQ are also used for project
costi ng or esti mati ng, for
assessi ng t ender s, pr i ce
negotiation; valuation of interim
payment and variation orders and
for the settlement of final account.
PROJECT DELIVERY
It is considered as a multi-
purpose document.
Although measurement
and their preparation is very
synonymous with quantity
surveyors, BQs are also
prepared by contractors such as
in Taiwan and Thailand and by
architect and engineers such as
in Germany, France, Spain,
Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary and
Rumania. In countries like
Malaysia, Brunei, Australia, New
Zealand and most of the African
and Middle Eastern countries,
BQs are prepared mainly by
consultant quantity surveyors.
T r a d i t i o n a l l y , t h e
pr epar at i on of BoQ i s
considered as the bread and
butter of a consultant quantity
surveyors profession (RICS,
1984 cited in Davis & Baccarini,
2004.
In Malaysia, bills of
quantities are still widely being
used f or t enderi ng and
contracting purposes since
t he quant i t y sur veyi ng
profession was introduced to
this country in the 1940s. Since
then, the preparation of BoQ has
evolved from the tedious manual
and time consuming processes
to semi-automated processes
involving the use of computers
and sophisticated specialised
software.
To the practicing QS, it is
worth the effort because
according to the current
Condition of Engagement of QS
published by the Board of
Quantity Surveyors Malaysia,
the preparation of BoQs is the
bulk of the Consultant Quantity
Surveyors services and fees.

World use
As highlighted earlier, the use of
BoQ is said to be declining and
there is a possibility of it
vanishing from the industry,
but as pointed out by Myles
(2006), although it originated
from the UK, the use of BoQ
was not confined to the U.K
only. Many other countries
around the world are also widely
using them in one form or the
other. He also drew attention to
the results of a survey of 50
countries on the use of BoQ for
the procurement of medium
sized building projects.
It showed that 41 of the
50 countries use BoQ in one
form or another in their project
procurement systems. He also
provided a general picture of the
usage of BoQ in different
countries throughout the world.
a) Europe: BoQ are also
used in many European
countries for bidding purposes,
b u t t h e i r f o r ma t a n d
development are independent of
the British model. In Germany,
France, Spain, Russia, Bulgaria,
Hungary and Rumania, BoQ are
prepared by the architect or
engineer and they are mostly
used only for evaluating bid or
tenders.
It was pointed out that
about 10 percent of the German
Architects and Engineers fee is
for the preparation of the BoQ.
In Norway, BoQ are prepared by
the architect and priced by the
contractor. Finland is also using
BoQ for bidding and bidding
evaluation purposes.
It has a published set of
rules of measurement for building
works.
b) Middle East: BoQ are
also widely used throughout the
Middle East except in Iran and
Iraq. Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan,
UAE, Qatar, Oman and Saudi
Arabia are also using BoQ in most
of their construction projects as
part of the tender and contract
documentation. Measurements
are based on the Principles of
Measurement (International) or
POM (I) published by the RICS. It
was pointed out that their use has
not only provided the client
with the benefit of lump sum
bid, but also a document for
their own financial control.
c) Africa: Since many of
the African nations are (or
were) influenced by Britain,
they tend to adopt the British
contracting practices in which
BoQ are widely used for
project costing, tendering and
contract administration.
d) Asia and Australia:
Apart from some changes to
a d a p t t o t h e l o c a l
administrative and business
pract i ces, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Australia, New
Zealand, Singapore, India,
Brunei and Malaysia have all
a d o p t e d t h e Br i t i s h
construction practice and
procurement approach. BoQ
are prepared by the quantity
surveyors and are widely
used for project costing,
tendering, as part of contract
documentation and for valuation
of interim payment and variation
orders.
They ar e pr oduced
according to the locally produced
Standard Method of Measurement
(SMM). In countries like Thailand
and Taiwan, BoQ are sometimes
required in the bidding process
and procedure and they are
prepared by the contractors. In
this situation, errors in the
contractors quantities are not
adjustable after the bid is
accepted. The unit rates in the
contractor-produced BoQ are
used for valuation of interim
payments and variation orders.
PROJECT DELIVERY
e) The Americas and West
Indies: The United States do not
use BoQ. Although in the mid
fifties Canadian QS firms were
providing Bills of Quantities to
general contractors and major sub
trades, it does not use BoQ in its
procurement system. South
America and Central America
have largely a Spanish heritage
but BoQ still can be found in one
form or another in the project
environment.
In Guyana and in most
islands in the Caribbean, BoQ are
prepared by Quantity Surveyors
and it is recognised as a tool for
obtaining bids and maintaining
cost control during the contract.

Use and relevance
The question of whether BoQ is
still needed, useful or relevant in
our construction industry should
be considered holistically from
various angles.
It is an issue very much
associated with project cost
management whi ch i s an
i mportant part of Proj ect
Ma n a g e me n t Pr o c e s s e s
(PMBOK, 2003).
Project cost management
processes include cost estimating,
cost planning, cost monitoring,
cost control and cost information
system. Since construction project
development involves the client or
the owner, the designers, the
managers and contractors, it is
fair to consider the issue of the
use and relevance of BoQ from
the perspectives of these different
groups.
a) From contractors
Perspective: For contractors, any
construction project will involve
the process of tendering or
bidding, resources planning
(money, materials, labour, plant),
work planning and execution,
procuring of sub-contractors,
supervision, monitoring and
controlling.
The availability of BoQ,
prepared either by the owners
quant i t y sur veyor or by
t hemsel ves, pr ovi de t he
contractors with the necessary
information to carry out the
various project management
processes more effectively and
efficiently.
The descriptions and
quant i t i es of t he works
presented in the BoQ provide
the contractor with useful
information to arrive at an
accurate tender price. This
information is also essential for
preparing project budget and
cash flow, to compute the
quantities of material required
for the project, to prepare labour
requirements and schedules, to
claims for payments and to
procure sub-contractors.
The list of the work items
and their quantities contain in
the BoQ is in fact a detail Work
Breakdown Structure (WBS) of
the project concerned. They are
useful information for the
contractors project planner to
prepare the work plan or
programme for the project which
include organising of activities
into logical sequence and
estimating activity duration.
At the same time, the
quantities, unit rate and the cost
of the many work items are
useful for the monitoring and
controlling of the project finance.
This information can be readily
processed or translated into cost
of the various work sections or
cost of various trade contractors
work and projected monthly
income and expenditure.
b) Fr om Cl i ent s
Perspective: For the building
owners, their main concern is to
see that their projects are
completed on time, within the
estimated cost and within
specified quality.
B u t i n t o d a y s
environment more owners want
to be better informed of their
projects and be provided with
accurate and reliable information
pertaining to the progress and
financial aspects of the projects.
Although it has been said
that it is no more useful after the
tendering process, the cost or
financial information presented
in the priced BoQ can be
translated into other cost
information such as cash flows,
periodic project account and
cost variation. This information
can then be communicated to
the owners to continuously keep
them informed of the progress
and the financial status of the
project.
c) From consultant
p e r s p e c t i v e : As t h e
representative of the owner, the
consultants are expected to
manage the project properly and
effectively to ensure that the
owner gets value for money for
their projects.
They must ensure that the
project is of high quality,
completed on time and more
importantly within the estimated
cost or budget. The owner also
should be provided with
accurate and reliable cost
PROJECT DELIVERY
information at the early stage of
the project and always kept
informed of the projects financial
situation in terms of monthly
expenditure, any deviation from
the estimated budget and how
their funds are being used in the
project.
A priced BoQ, either
prepared by the contractor or by
the consultant QS, contains
invaluable descriptive, quantitative
and financial information for use
by the consultants in the project
cost management during pre-
construction and construction
phases.
First of all, the priced BoQ
submitted by the contractor
provides useful information on the
total cost of the project and the
market condition. The qualitative
and quantitative (including
financial) information presented in
the priced BoQ are very useful for
tender evaluation and selection of
contractor for the project.
The quantities, unit rates
and costs of the various items of
work presented in a priced BoQ
are also useful for the valuation of
interim payment and valuation of
variation orders.
The i nf or mat i on, as
mentioned earlier, is a form of
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
of the project but complete with
quantities and costs. They can be
computed or translated into
realistic work programme, cost
plan, projected cash flow or
budget and periodic financial
reports that can be used for more
effective project supervision and
cost monitoring and controlling.
BoQ can al so be
considered as a complete
shopping list of the various items
of works necessary for the
construction and completion of a
project. As such it can also be
used for the preparation of
project final account.

Cost information
and usefulness
As mentioned earlier, the BoQ is
a document containing the
description, quantities and cost
of project works.
As can be seen, it is a
source of valuable information
for not only the management of
project cost but also the
management of the project. This
i s because proj ect cost
management is an integral part
of project management which is
about balancing competing
demands among cost, time,
quality and scope of a project.
As pointed out Garrison
(1998) information is vital to the
s u c c e s s o f f i n a n c i a l
management. In the absence of
adequate, accurate and reliable
cost information, the project cost
management exercise would be
ineffective.
Cost estimating and
tendering are basically about the
gener at i on, acqui si t i on,
evaluation and utilisation of
project cost information by
bui l di ng owners, proj ect
managers, architect, engineers,
q u a n t i t y s u r v e y o r s a n d
contractors.
Depending on the method
of tendering or bidding chosen,
the building owner and his
consultants may end up having a
single cost information (i.e. the
total cost of the project) or loads
of qualitative and quantitative
information i.e. the priced BoQ
containing the total project cost,
the elemental cost and the
quantity, unit rate and cost of
every item of works in the project.
Th e u s e f u l n e s s o r
relevance of BoQ as project and
cost information depends on the
type, nature and magnitude of the
information that is needed for cost
reporting, and monitoring and
controlling of project cost.
The use of BoQ in a project
development, especially from
contractors perspective, is a mix
of financial accounting and
ma n a g e me n t a c c o u n t i n g
practices.
It is about detail accounting
of the day-to-day construction
operations and the summarisation
of t he det ai l account i ng
information for the needs of
projects managers and owners.
The availability of these detail cost
information is vital for the effective
project cost management at
ground level, but the summary of
the information i.e. cost plan,
budget and cash flow is crucial for
the overall management of the
project by the project manager.
Th e u s e f u l n e s s o r
relevance of BoQ in a project
development also depends on the
type and emphasis of the project,
the requirements of the owners
and the construction business
environment. Where cost is the
emphasis of the project and funds
are limited, it is appropriate to use
BoQ because it contains very
detailed project cost that can be
used for project accounting and
summarised financial reporting.
However, BoQ is not
necessarily useful for every type
of project or procurement system.
In the fast-track construction
projects where the non-traditional
procurement system is used, it is
not possible for the consultant
PROJECT DELIVERY
Quantities. http://www.hkis.org.hk,
viewed
03/06/05 HKIS Newsletter 10(8)
Sept 2001

Project Management Institute
Standard Committee (1996) A
Guide to the Project Management
Body of Knowledge Project
Management Institute, USA

R o b e r t T . M y l e s ,
FRICS,FCIOB,PQS (2006) Bills
of What? The Origin of Bills of
Q u a n t i t i e s - I n t e r n e t
Info\CIQS.htm 28 May 2006 -

Turner, D.F. (1979) Quantity
Sur veyi ng: Pr act i ce and
Administration. London: George
Godwin pp 85-91

Wahid, S.N.A. (2005) Bills of
Quant i t i es I n Mal aysi an
Construction Industry: Necessity
or Formality?
MSc Thesis. University of
Reading, U.K.

Wainwright, W.H. and Whitrod,
R.J. (1980) Measurement of
Bui l di ng Wor k . London:
Hutchinson & Co. pp 9-10

Willis, C.J., Ashworth, A. and
Willis, J.A.(2002) Williss Practice
and Procedure for the Quantity
Surveyor. 11th Edition London:
Blackwell Science pp 172-205

quantity surveyor to prepare a
BoQ.
Thi s i s because the
p r o c e s s e s o f d e s i g n ,
documentation and construction,
tend to run almost parallel to one
another and the tendering
process is much shortened.
However, as far as the contractors
are concerned, they still need to
prepare the concept design or
even schematic design and
prepare a proper cost document
for their bidding.
These cost documents,
which are often prepared by their
own or consultant quantity
surveyors, can be as detailed as
to become a concise BoQ. As
described earlier, a BoQ is a
document containing list of
construction works, complete with
descri pti on and quanti ti es.
Therefore, any document
that fit the description can be
considered as a BoQ that can be
u s e d a s p r o j e c t c o s t
documentation and information.

Conclusion
Evidently, despite the emergence
of new genre of procurements in
the global construction industry,
BoQ is still viable to be used as
an important cost document, as
far as Malaysia is concerned.
The issue of declining use
of BoQ in the industry however,
must be taken in a positive
manner. The criticisms that it is
too costly to prepare a BoQ; the
preparation of BoQ is very time
consuming and the description
and quantities in the BoQ are
often not accurate, should be
addressed professionally and
scientifically.
With the advancement of
ICT, the process of measurement,
billing and the extraction,
translation and generation of
project and cost information can
now be automated and carried out
in a more scientific manner
However, it is important and
crucial for the quantity surveyors
to further improve their cost
management competency so that
they can produce more accurate
and reliable cost information in
the form of BoQ.
Bibliography
Abdullah, F. (2004) Construction
I ndust r y and Economi c
Development: The Malaysian
Scene. Malaysia: Penerbit UTM
pp 21-55

Association of South African
Quantity Surveyors (2006) -
History of Quantity Surveying in
South Afri ca I nternet
Info\ASAQS.htm 28 May 2006
and
Chan, Y.C. (2003) Pre-
Qual i f i cat i on St r uct ur ed
Learning (PQSLs) Series
Schedule of Rates vs. Bills of
Q u a n t i t i e s . h t t p : / /
www. hki s. or g. hk vi ewed
03/06/05 The Hong Kong
Institute of Surveyors

Davis, P.R. and Baccarini, D.
(2004) The Use of Bills of
Quantities in Construction
Projects - An Australian Survey.
http://www.rics-foundation.org/
publish, viewed 03/06/05

Eric Verzuh (1999) The Fast
Forward MBA in Project
Management John Willey and
Sons Inc Singapore

Hackett, M. and Robinson, I.
(eds) (2003) Pre-Contract
Pr ac t i c e and Cont r ac t
Administration. Oxford:
The Aqua Group & Blackwell
Science pp 96-105

Molloy, J.B. (2001) Destroying
the Purpose of Bills of

AUSTRALIAN COST MANAGEMENT MANUAL
AUSTRALIAN COST MANAGEMENT MANUAL

VOLUME 5
VOLUME 5

FEASIBILITY STUDY GUIDELINES
FEASIBILITY STUDY GUIDELINES

This much awaited addition to the Australian Cost
Management Manual series will be available end
of June 2006.

Cost is $47 for AIQS members,
$69 for Non-members.
Or save when purchased as part of the ACMM
set of 5.

This book can be purchased online at
www.aiqs.com.au OR from AIQS National Office
either via phone or by faxing or posting the order
form in this edition of the Building Economist, or
in the INS for members.

The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors,
PO Box 301, Deakin West, ACT, 2600, Australia
Phone: +61 2 6282 2222 Fax to +61 2 6285 2427
Email contact@aiqs.com.au

COVER STORY
Did a quantity surveyor work on
the pyramids? Perhaps for it is
bel i eved that the anci ent
Egyptians used a system of
quantity surveying but it was not
until the 17th century restoration
of London after the Great Fire that
Quantity Surveyors developed as
an occupation.
This year marks one
h u n d r e d y e a r s o f t h e
represent at i on of quant i t y
surveyors by a professional
association.
It was on 2 June 1908 that
seven Aust r al i an quant i t y
surveyors meet in Sydney and
agreed to form the fi rst
professi onal associ ati on of
quantity surveyors in Australia.
I t was f r om t hes e
beginnings that the modern
Surveyors (AIQS) can trace its
origins.
In the 1940s and 50s state
I nst i t ut es were devel oped
separately but in 1951 the first
national QS organisation was
formed - the Australian Institute
of Quant i t y Sur veyor s.
However, the existing
st at e I nst i t ut es l ed by
Queensland formed a separate
national body called the Institute
of Quantity Surveyors (Aust) in
1953.
By 1971 it was agreed to
merge the two national Institutes
and incorporate as a limited
guarantee company called the
AIQS Limited. Approval was
later obtained to omit Limited
from the common use title.
The AIQS will celebrate
its 100 year anniversary with a
range of events.
Celebrations will include
centenary dinners Around
Australia on the following dates:
Perth on 22 May, Adelaide on
23 May, Melbourne on 24 May,
Sydney on 30 May and Brisbane
on 13 June.
Ther e wi l l al so be
centenary events held in a
number of other countries where
there are large numbers of AIQS
members such as in Hong Kong,
Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka
and the Middle East.
The Building Economist is
planning a series of retrospective
articles to mark the AIQS
centenary year.
While the AIQSs roots can
be traced back 100 years,
quantity surveying activities go
back a lot further. The first
recorded QS type activity in
Australia occurred in 1819 in
Tasmania, where measurements
and costs were prepared for the
supply and installation of stone
work for the growing town of
Hobarts gaol.
As the young colonies of
New South Wales, Tasmania,
Vi ct or i a, Sout h Aust r al i a,
Queensl and and West er n
Aust r al i a gr ew wi t h t he

100 Years of
100 Years of

Quantity
Quantity

Surveying
Surveying

In Australia
In Australia

COVER STORY
emerged in England at the
beginning of the nineteenth
century, although the firm of
Henry Cooper and Sons of
Reading was established as early
as 1785.
Prior to the first recorded
usage of the term "quantity
surveyor" in 1859, the terms
"measurer", "custom surveyor" or
"surveyor" were used.
In those early days the
quantity surveyor acted for the
master tradesmen, measuring the
work after completion and
frequently submitting partisan
Final Accounts to the building
owner.
As a direct result of these
activities it increasingly became
the practice of building owners to
have work executed under
contract and to call for tenders
before any work was undertaken.
Drawings and specifications
were distributed to selected
master builders, who would then
submit tenders for the total price
rather than a collection of prices
from master tradesmen.
The task of arriving at an
accurate estimate of cost or
tender can be carried out in only
one way - that of measuring the
quantities of all materials and
labour necessary to complete the
work, i.e. preparing bills of
quantities.
As each builder had to
prepare his own bills of quantities
for each project, they realised that
it would be more economical for
them as a group to employ one
surveyor to measure quantities for
them all.
The bui l di ng owner
subsequently realised that it
would be to his personal
advantage to appoint and pay the
fees of the quantity surveyor.
T h u s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t
professional quantity surveyor
gained consultant status.

In the June Building
Economistthe
Australian Profession
in retrospect
construction of many public
buildings and infrastructure, so did
the opportunities for those who
became our fi rst quanti ty
surveyors.

At last a recorded history
The growth of the QS profession
in Australia is a fascinating tale of
confl i cti ng i nterest groups,
controlling bodies, fights for
i ndependence f r om ot her
disciplines, boom and bust cycles,
mergers, expansion in services,
educat i onal devel opment ,
government and legislative
impacts, private enterprise and
personal triumphs, personal
sacr i f i ce and out st andi ng
cont r i but i ons, i nst i t ut i onal
development and national and
international recognition.
This is all captured in the
History of Quantity Surveying in
Australia which is being published
by the AIQS and launched during
the Centenary year of 2008. This
is a history told by those who
created it, in their words as
personal recollections, as well as
the historical records and
st at i st i cs t hat have been
researched by the editors.
As well as being a very
interesting read, it will be an
invaluable reference for any
student of quantity surveying or of
the development of professions
generally.
A l t h o u g h Qu a n t i t y
Surveyors were probably active in
Australia from our earliest
settlement, it was not until 1853
that the first firm date is recorded
when Mr C E Moyes advertised in
the Port Phillip Directory "Builders
supplied with quantities of any
contract they may wish to tender
for".
From 1859 till the 1890s
depression, Quantity Surveyors
were highly active in the building
industry in both public and private
sector in Victoria. In New South
Wales, Evans and A W W Pate
opened a Sydney based
partnership in 1892.
Pate moved to Perth
between 1904 and 1908. John
Anderson Wood of Melbourne
opened an office in Sydney in
1908 and helped form the first
recorded QS professional body
in Australia the Quantity
Surveyors Association of NSW
with a membership of nine.
Blackburn and Whyte (a
Melbourne based firm) were
established in Queensland in
1910 and an Institute of seven
members was formed in 1933.
An Institute was formed in
Western Australia some time
before 1930 and it was not until
1948 that South Australia
formed an Institute (although
Harry Farrar and Co was
operating as Quantity Surveyors
in 1879). Some time prior to
1927, Nor man Newt on
established a QS office in
Canberra
The Australian Institute of
Quantity Surveyors remains the
pr of essi onal associ at i on
r e p r e s e n t i n g Qu a n t i t y
Sur veyor s, Const r uct i on
Economists, Cost Managers,
Estimators, Schedulers, Value
Managers and Development
Managers.

A brief history
of the profession
For a concise history of quantity
surveying, the following piece
from the Association of South
African Quantity Surveyors is
hard to beat:
The quantity surveyor
LEGAL NOTES
Two types of legislation govern
b u i l d i n g s a n d t h e i r
accessi bi l i t y, wri te Ki m
Lovegrove and Lauren Crowe.
The authors discuss the
Building Code of Australia
(BCA) and the Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA).
There is an ill considered
assumption that compliance with
the BCA equals compliance with
the DDA.
The BCA is a far better
known regulatory instrument
compared to DDA which is a little
more obscure.
The lack of uniformity
between the two Acts is
problematic as it creates
uncertainty and confusion in the
building industry. Harmonisation
changes have been mooted for
a long time for consistency but
at this time the status of their
proclamation could only best be
described as matter pending.
The current inconsistency
between the BCA and the DDA
can have potential dire effects
on individuals and businesses,
who desi gn, bui l d, own,
manage, lease, operate or
regulate the use of public
buildings whereby they can be
exposed to lawsuits and/or
required to incur expensive
modifications to their properties in
order to comply.
Th e BCA c o n t a i n s
comprehensive guidelines on the
technical requirements applicable
to designing and constructing
buildings. It is a national code,
administered at State and
Territory level.
DDA regulations deem it
unlawful to discriminate against a
person on the ground of their
disability in providing access to or
use of a building that the public
can enter or use.
Although it is not explicitly
about buildings it refers to the
design and construction of
Compliance with
Compliance with
BCA Does not
BCA Does not
mean compliance
mean compliance
with the DDA
with the DDA
LEGAL NOTES
buildings in that it must provide
access for people with a disability
otherwise it is deemed to be
discriminating against people on
the basis of their disability. People
with a disability can enforce their
rights by bringing a complaint
under the DDA.
The jurisdiction of the DDA
applies to existing buildings as
well as buildings built since its
enactment. However, there would
be a stronger case for existing
building owners to win an appeal
based on unjustifiable hardship
because the owners/builders of
such premises would not have
been aware of the requirements at
the time of design/construction.

DDA and BCA
Prior to recent cases there were
some members within the building
industry who, when complying
with the BCA, were not aware that
they were also required to comply
with the DDA or more essentially
what they had to do to comply
with the DDA.
It is noteworthy that the
DDA does not pr ov i de
construction standards to building
owners or developers.
The term access to
buildings in the DDA applies only
to buildings that are available for
the general public to enter and
use. These include buildings
requiring access for employees,
e n t e r t a i n me n t , c l u b s ,
accommodation.

Complaints
of discrimination
If a business operates out of a
public building that does not
provide equitable access for
people with a disability they may
be subject to a complaint of
discrimination, even if their
building adheres to BCA.
The Human Rights Equal
Oppor t uni t y Commi ssi on
(HREOC) is responsible for
attempting to conciliate an
agreement between the parties
where a member of the public
considers that they have been
discriminated against due to
their disability.
If it is not possible to
reach an agreement the
complainant can take their
complaint to the Federal
Magistrates Court.

Defences of
unjustifiable hardship
The primary defence a business
or individual can raise when
faced with an allegation of non-
compliance with the DDA is to
convince the court that providing
access would cause them an
unjustifiable hardship.
When deciding whether
the particular circumstances
amount to unjustifiable hardship
the court will take into account
the cost, technical difficulties, use
of the building and the effect the
proposed changes may have on
specific heritage features.
The court is only obliged to
consider the question of whether
or not a defence of unjustifiable
hardship exists.

Notable decisions
Cooper v Human Rights and
Equal Opportunity Commission
[1999] FCA 180 concerned a
complaint that was lodged against
two parties, Holiday Coast
Cinema Centres Pty Ltd and the
Coffs Harbour City Council.
The basis of the complaint
was that the construction of the
cinema failed to ensure access
for people in wheelchairs.
The councils defence to
the allegation was that it
honest l y bel i eved t he
circumstances were such that
the operator would suffer
unjustifiable hardship if
required to make the premises
accessible to people with a
disability.
The Court decided that lack
of wheelchair access to the
new cinema amounted to
unlawful discrimination by the
cinema operator under DDA.
Furt hermore, t he Court
deemed that the council
c o m m i t t e d u n l a w f u l
discrimination in that it had
sanctioned the development
without requiring compliance with
the access requirements of the
DDA.
This case is significant in
that the HREOC decided that
councils are compelled to
consider DDA provisions in
relation to access to premises
when approving development
applications.
Another seminal case is
Cocks v Queensland State
Government (1994) EOC 92-612.
This case concerned a very large
government-owned convention
and exhibition centre under
construction in Brisbane. The
compl ai nant had mobi l i t y
impairment and brought a
complaint against the centre on
LEGAL NOTES
the basis that the front entrance of
the complex was not accessible
because it was designed with
steps alone.
The Tribunal considered
the question of unjustifiable
hardship and found that the
provision of non-discriminatory
access could not be said to cause
unjustifiable hardship to the State
of Queensland. The cost of
installing a lift was small within the
context of a multi-million dollar
project and the Government
should be able to meet the cost
thus a finding a discrimination was
found.
Opinion re: Jane and
Leroy Hutton [1999] QADT 19
involved the Huttons who
planned to build a small
guest house and wer e
experiencing problems with the
local government because of
non-compliance with the
disabled access and facilities
requirement of the building
code.
The Anti-Discrimination
Commissioner sought an
opinion on whether the Huttons
could rely on the unjustifiable
hardship provisions of the
ADA.
The Tribunal considered
the financial and other
circumstances and found that it
would be sufficient to provide
wheelchair accessibility to the
entry, living, dining and one
bedroom and bathroom rather
than to the whole premises.

Changes
Apparently there are changes
before the BCA. These changes
are listed on the Australian
Building Codes Board website to
include the premises standard,
which will help clarify the
accessibility requirements under
the DDA.
The premises standard will
set out specific accessibility
requirements for the building
industry. The contents of the
premises standard will replace the
general non discrimination
provisions of the DDA in relation
to access to premises.
This change will mean
that the technical details of both
legislations, the BCA and the
DDA, will mirror each other. If
these changes are enacted, we
will enjoy a situation whereby
compliance with BCA will mean
compliance with the DDA.
The standard has been
drafted to form an achievable
standard that will increase
accessibility of buildings without
imposing an undue burdens on
the building industry.

Conclusion
Mere compliance with the BCA
is not an acceptable defence
when faced with an allegation of
discrimination under the DDA.
The DDA is a Federal
instrument that will override
state legislations such as the
BCA whenever there is an
inconsistency. The BCA is
currently undergoing changes in
order to comply with the DDA
and these changes will attempt
to meet the objective of the DDA
to ensure buildings are as
accessible as possible without
i mposi ng an unj usti fi abl e
hardship on building owners and
occupiers.
If indeed the BCA is
amended along the proposed
lines, it will mean that in the
future when developers and
designers construct buildings
that comply with the BCA they will
also comply with the DDA. The
advantages to the building
industry and people with a
disability are obvious: clarity,
consistency and improved access
throughout Australia.
In the interim, individuals
and businesses, who design,
build, own, manage, lease,
operate or regulate the use of
public buildings should consider
seeking legal advice to ensure
that they are complying with the
DDA as well as the BCA. There
may be instances where the
owners of existing buildings can
be granted an exemption from
complying with the DDA.
Another relevant article on
this issue is Paula Gerbers article
in the Law Institute Journal,
'Construction Law and Human
Rights Law: Building a Bridge
Between Two Disciplines (2006)
80(8) Law Institute Journal 48

Pictures: Access Audits.
Kim Lovegrove is partner of
Lovegrove & Lord. Lauren
Crowe is a Construction and
Commercial Solicitor with
Lovegrove &
Lord.
THE BRIX REPORT
This BRIX report focuses on the
const ruct i on i ndust r y i n
Melbourne. In a special interview
Trevor Main was contacted for
his insights on the outlook for
the quantity surveying industry
for the next year.
Mr Main is an acute observer
of the construction industry, and is
also a former National president of
the Australian Institute of Quantity
Surveyors
The Westpac-Austral i an
Institute of Quantity Surveyors:
Building Research Index (BRIX) is a
survey conducted quarterly in each
Australian State and Territory.
The research is coordinated
by Dr Anthony Mills from RMIT
University, who polls quantity
surveying firms for their sentiments
of construction activity and prices.
Commenting on the survey
Mr Main said The industrys been
buoyant and everybodys very
happy with the current workload
level.
However, it is not all good
news. I am aware that the skill
shortages are very real. Mr Main
was asked if the change of
government was likely to change
his outlook. He stated that, the new
government will need some time to
settle down. While I'm not sure
what affect they will have on the
construction industry, I do get the
feeling that wages will increase
more rapidly than at present
Mr Main went on to say that
I think all employers are conscious
of the skill shortages, everybody is
af f ect ed, bot h t r ades and
consultants. Sadly, as an employer
it is it difficult to employ staff for
growth. This supports the BRIX
survey which shows that cost
pressures are building in a number
of key areas, mai nl y sub-
contractors and suppliers.
The construction industry in
Melbourne has had strong growth in
recent years causing building prices
to rise substantially. However the
market is currently moderating back
to an annual rate of prices rises of
around 4.2%.
According to Mr Main a
significant part of the current rate of
increase in the cost of construction
is due to rising profits for large-
Metal Prices
Metal Prices
Make the Old
Make the Old
Buildings
Buildings
More Valuable
More Valuable
THE BRIX REPORT
scale contractors;
many of the big
builders appear to
have increased their
prices more than
t h e s m a l l
contractors, we find
that bids for projects
under $30 million
a r e v e r y
competitive, but that
is not the case for
the big projects
The BRI X
r e s p o n d e n t s
indicated that some
sub-contractors are
al ready put t i ng
prices up. Prices
that continue to rise
above expectations
include; formwork,
structural steel and
electrical work.
According to
Mr Main that is not
at all surprising; he
suggested that the
price of all metal
h a s r i s e n
dramatically over
the last few years.
He further stated
that the demolition
val ue of ol d
buildings is a lot
higher than it used
to be; its now worth
mining them
When asked
if QS firms are
under pressure at
the present (See Fig
2) , Mr Mai n
indicated that Cost
Planning remains in
high demand by
clients; and there is
also a lot of work in
progress keeping
the Construction
Cost Administration workload up.
When asked why he
believed that a slowdown would
not occur in the Victorian
construction market he said that
overall, I believe that business
conditions are healthy at present
and I am not overly concerned
about the near future.
Figure 1 Building price movements, Victoria
Figure 2 Demand for quantity surveying services, Victoria
For more information go to the BRIX website at http://
www.brixsurvey.org/ or to contact Trevor Main, at Trevor Main and
Associates, Melbourne, phone (03) 9866-2300. To contact the BRIX
Coordinator Dr Anthony Mills, RMIT University, Melbourne phone
(03) 9925 1735.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
J
u
n
-
0
2
S
e
p
-
0
2
D
e
c
-
0
2
M
a
r
-
0
3
J
u
n
-
0
3
S
e
p
-
0
3
D
e
c
-
0
3
M
a
r
-
0
4
J
u
n
-
0
4
S
e
p
-
0
4
D
e
c
-
0
4
M
a
r
-
0
5
J
u
n
-
0
5
S
e
p
-
0
5
D
e
c
-
0
5
M
a
r
-
0
6
J
u
n
-
0
6
S
e
p
-
0
6
D
e
c
-
0
6
M
a
r
-
0
7
J
u
n
-
0
7
S
e
p
-
0
7
D
e
c
-
0
7
Quarter
%

C
h
a
n
g
e

p
a
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Cost Planning Bills of
Quantities
Const Cost
Admin
Project
Management
Tax &
Insurance
Other
Quantity Surveying Services
L
i
k
e
r
t

S
c
a
l
e

1

(
L
o
w
)

t
o
5

(
H
i
g
h
)
CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE
Quantity surveyors where once
known for their ability to count
bricks. The challenge as
outlined in this article, writes
IAN BLYTH is to count them
while they are on the move.
S p e c i a l i s t mo v i n g
technology was used for the first
time in Australia to relocate, in
one piece, the historic Hornsby
Signal Box.
The movement of the 320
tonne - the weight of two jumbo
jets - brick and fibreboard
structure is being undertaken by
Mammoth Movers Pty Ltd,
Aust r al i a s onl y company
equipped to uplift and relocate
masonry structures.
Mammoth Movers was
e n g a g e d b y t h e NSW
Gover nment s Tr anspor t
Infrastructure Development
Corporation (TIDC) to undertake
the relocation of the signal box
as part of an extensive upgrade
of Hornsby Railway Station.
Beginning its working life
in 1928, the Hornsby Signal Box
is one of the last intact examples
of its era and is of heritage,
cultural and technological
significance.
According to a Mammoth
Movers spokesman, the only
solution until now would have
been either to demolish the
building or to undertake a time
consuming and expensive
heritage deconstruction and
rebuild.
A building such as this
would be very difficult to de-
construct because the signaling
machinery inside it is integral to
the structure.
By using Mammoth Movers,
TIDC is able to relocate the
building and its contents in one
piece, with no risk to the structural
integrity of the building or the
delicate and fragile machinery
inside it.
The move was undertaken
at much less time and cost than
any alternative and at less risk
and disturbance to adjacent rail
infrastructure, while preserving in
pristine condition an item of
historical significance.
The Hornsby Signal Box
was moved approximately 150
Did the
Did the

Earth
Earth

Move
Move

for You?
for You?

metres to a new site where
f oundat i ons have been
prepared.
Mammoth Movers spent
several months preparing for the
relocation which involved
securing the structure for
excavat i on and upl i f t i ng,
preparation of the new site, and
securing an access route.
is an important piece of NSW
rail history. Built in the 1920s
and starting work on the 16th of
September, 1928, the Hornsby
Signal Box was one of the
grandest ever built by New
South Wales Railways.
An imposing 2 storey
building, with a veranda
overlooking the railway station,
and an internal spiral staircase
for access to the upper level, the
Hornsby Signal Box faithfully
guided trains for over 70 years,
and still remains in near-original
condition.
In appreciation for its
contribution to railway history,
the Hornsby Signal Box is listed
on the State Rail Authoritys
Section 170 Heritage and
Conservation Register, and is
soon to be involved in another
historical event when it is
relocated to make way for the
enlargement of the Hornsby Rail
Station.
In an Australian first, the
Hornsby Signal Box, constructed
of concrete, brick, steel and
t i mb e r , a n d we i g h i n g
approximately 320 tonnes, will
be carefully lifted from its
foundations, attached to nearly
100 wheels via specialised
moving dollies, and towed to a
nearby site.
will then be gently lowered,
intact and containing all its
original equipment, on new
foundations where it can be
preserved for future generations.
Constructed as part of the
Sydney Electrification Scheme
in the 1920s and 30s, the
Hornsby Signal Box is a Type J
Electro-Mechanical Interlocking
Signal box, and one of the most
elaborate ever designed and
built by the NSWR Signal &
Telegraph Branch.
The Interlocking machine
was a great advance in rail
safety, as it contained the levers
to operate various points and
signals, and was configured in
such a way as to prevent
conflicting operations being
p e r f o r me d , e s s e n t i a l l y
preventing collisions, accidents
and derailments.
Almost the entire ground
floor of the signal box is
occupied by the many relays
and other equipment required
for the signal box to function,
and is evidence of the
complexity of the design. That
the signal box was still
functioning safely and effectively
70 years later is testament to the
skills of the engineers who
designed it.
While relocating pre-
fabricated buildings is routine,
the technology required to move
solid masonry buildings has
been used internationally for
some time, but has not been
used previously, in Australia.
The key to moving a
masonry structure and the
essence of Mammoth Movers
business was an understanding
of the physics of keeping a
masonry building and the
employment of purpose built
Movers specialises in the
moving of masonry structures
including solid brick and stone
buildings.
Commercial and private
buildings can be relocated within
an existing site or reinstated on
an alternative site enabling more
ec onomi c and f l ex i bl e
development of land.

Dream Or Reality?
Mammoth Movers is the first
company t o pr ovi de a
specialised masonry relocation
service of this kind in Australia.
However the company
h a s a d o p t e d p r o v e n
methodology and specialised
equipment currently used in
USA and is underpinned by a
solid practical and technical
knowledge foundation; enabling
the company to move structures
conventionally left to demolition
or dismantling including:
Masonry buildings - stone
and solid brick buildings;
Very large and/or very heavy
structures - greater than 100
tonne;
Sp e c i a l i s e d h e a v y
excavation equipment, self-
levelling hydraulic jacks and
transportation dollies.
The unique techniques
employed by Mammoth Movers
mean the only limit on size or
weight of the structure being
moved is site access and the
availability of a suitable transport
route.
These techniques open
up a range of cost effective and
time saving construction or
relocation alternatives for
building and construction,
heritage, government, property
developers and even home
renovators.

The service
Mammoth Movers Pty. Ltd. was
formed to provide a niche
market, structure relocation
ser vi ce t o t he bui l di ng
construction industries and
government sectors.
The company al so
focuses on exceptional heavy
haul age/machi nery moves,
which can be more readily
performed using innovative and
flexible equipment. Mammoth
haulage moves - non-standard
cargo where platform trailers are
unsuitable.
Each relocation project is
unique. Mammoth Movers has
the project management and
e ng i ne er i n g r es our c es ,
experience and access to the
c u s t o mi s e d e q u i p me n t
necessar y t o ensur e a
successful relocation project.
Fl exi bl e cont r act ual
arrangements are adopted to
suit customer and project related
requirements. Mammoth Movers
personnel have worked with
professional movers throughout
Northern America and has solid
contacts within the USA
structural moving industry.

Why Relocate?
1 Rel ocati on of exi sti ng
structures within a site to
alternative sites can reduce land
acquisition costs and alleviate
conflict due to controversial
demolitions. Removal of these
s t r u c t u r e s i n c r e a s e s
development options for under
utilised or compromised sites.
2 The need for masonry
moving is created as a direct
result of ongoing progress and
increased land values.
3 Structural moving provides
major developers, individuals and
the government with a cost-
effective alternative to building
demolition.

Financial Facts
1. The overall cost of relocating
good qual i t y
a s s e t s i s
significantly lower
t h a n n e w
c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
ensuring that the
service remains
cost effect even in
r e a l e s t a t e
downturns.
2. R e l o c a t i o n
provides property
developers with a
mechanism to
r e a l i s e t h e
residual value of
existing assets,
and generat e
additional profit,
whilst removing
the more costly
requirement for
demolition.
Structural moving is a
socially positive activity. It has
been described as a cost effective
alternative to demolition (typically
one-half the cost of demolition).
It is also environmentally
friendly through reduced landfill
and provi des a bal anced
a p p r o a c h t o h e r i t a g e
conservation.
It has been described as a
c hamel eon appr oac h t o
devel opment t hat enabl es
sensitive development to the
suburban environment through
relocation of buildings which fit
the surrounding streetscape.
The technology enables the
improvement of the standard of
housing in lower socio-economic
regions and potentially reduces
the amount of land to be acquired
for road constructi on and
widening.

Utilisation scenarios

Government needs
Removal of houses due to
road widening or new road/
rail development;
Removal of houses due to
widening of traffic
intersections;
Removal of buildings due to
rezoning - residential to
commercial or industrial, e.g.
new supermarkets or
airfields;
Moving of transportable
buildings;
Moving of heritage houses
due to development risk
(heritage listed or otherwise),
e.g. the House of Chow
restaurant in Adelaide.
Redevelopment of defense
sites or othermass population
sites;
Moving of houses in jeopardy
due to sea ingress/cliff
erosion or flooding;
Moving of good quality
houses into lower value
areas to improve social
environment;
Jacking of bridges and
moving of trusses to location.

Developer needs
The developer has many needs
in common with the government.
Additional needs include:
Moving of houses on prime
land with rapidly escalating
price due to diminished value
of house relative to land, e.g.
waterfront properties;
Relocating of houses within
existing block to enable the
better use of the block, e.g. to
build second house on the
block;
Moving of older style display
homes located in prime
commercial areas to open up
for commercial
development, e.g.
Main North East
Road in Adelaide;
Jacking of houses
to improve view e.g.
city view or
waterfront.

Commercial
needs
Jacking of
warehouses to
increase storage
areas on same floor
plan or jacking of
offices for parking
space under
building;
Moving of
commercial and farm
shedding, e.g.
shearing sheds;
Moving of trains and carriages;
Moving of large ships without
purpose built trailers, e.g. large
pleasure or fishing boats;
Moving of large cranes;
Moving of airplanes (and
airports);
Moving of silos;
Moving of bridge structures;
Any specialised rigging and
hauling.

Private needs
Raising of buildings that may
not be demolished or where
traditional extensions are not
allowed, e.g. turn a one-story
house into 2 stories;
Jacking of houses, e.g. to
repair sagging floors, close
cracks or to replace
inadequate foundations;
Jacking of houses to install a
cellar.


THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS
MERCHANDISE LIST AND TAX INVOICE ORDER FORM
Members please use the order form in the Institute News Supplement
Qty Price inc.
GST
Payment in Australian dollars please
$75.00 Australian Standard Method of Measurement of
Building Works - 5th Edition (ASMM) (1990)
$23.00
$20.00
with
SMM
Australian Standard Method of Measurement of
Building Works - 5th Edition -Technical Questions
and Answers (2004)
Buy at the same time as the ASMM and SAVE!!
$30.00 Building Research Index Annual Report 2005
$30.00 Video QUT Life Cycle Analysis & Ecologically
Sustainable Development (1999)
$158.00 Video Arbitration in Perspective (2 videos) (2001)
$140.00 Property Depreciation Handbook
D Kelly (2004)
$40.00 Australian Journal of Construction Economics and
Building - Volume 5 Iss 1 Vol 5 Iss 2, or Vol 6 Iss 1
$77.00 Australian Journal of Construction Economics and
Building - Annual Subscription - 2 Issues per year
$79.00 CD-ROM Current Construction Costs
Annual Subscription - Produced quarterly -
Mar, Jun, Sept & Dec
$79.00 The Building Economist - Annual Subscription
Published quarterly:- Mar Jun, Sept & Dec
$22.00 The Building Economist individual copies

$33.00

$44.00
National Competency Standards for Quantity
Surveyors Construction Economists (1998)
With Folder
FREE 2006 Tertiary Course Guide (one only)
2006 Members Business Register (one only)
TOTAL - THIS IS A TAX INVOICE WHEN PAID
$33.00 Guideline Fee Scale and Conditions of Engagement
(2000)
$23.00 Book of Areas - 2nd Edition (2000)
Qty Price inc
GST
Payment in Australian dollars please
$30.00 Civil Engineering Measurement , A Guide
J Sierra (1998)
$16.00 The A to Z Guide to Estimating J Sierra (1998)
$28.00 Basic Building Economics J Sierra (1999)
$25.00 Electrical Installation Estimating J Sierra (1999)
$28.00 Building and Engineering Claims J Sierra (2000)
$16.00 Brief Guide to Running a Small Business
J Sierra (2000)
$18.00 Variations, Costs and Mediation J Sierra (2001)
$18.00 Estimating Practice J Sierra (2002)
$22.00 Measuring Mechanical & Electrical Services
J Sierra (2003)
$25.00 Preliminary and General Matters Related to
Building Construction Estimates J Sierra (2005)
$25.00 Project Risk Management in the Construction
Industry: a Review T Lyons (2003)
$44.00 Measuring The Skill of the Quantity Surveyor
M January (2003)
$69.00 Australian Cost Management Manual Volume 1
(2000)
(2001)
(2002)
$90.00 Australian Cost Management Manual Volume 4 -
ESD (includes CD) (2003)
-Feasibility Studies (2006)
$320.00 Australian Cost Management Manuals Set of 5
Purchase all 5 volumes and Save!!!
SUBTOTAL
TAX INVOICE (when paid)
Please find enclosed payment in Australian Currency [ ] Cheque No. ________________

OR charge my BANKCARD [ ] MASTERCARD [ ] VISA CARD [ ] AMERICAN EXPRESS [ ] DINERS CLUB [ ]
Card No. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Amount ____________Expiry Date_________Name on Card______________________Signature _____________________

Name Phone No.
Address
.
State .................................... Postcode .............................................. Country..
Please return this Tax Invoice/Order form to: The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors,
PO Box 301, Deakin West, ACT, 2600, Australia
OR Fax to +61 2 6285 2427 or Email contact@aiqs.com.au
INCLUDES
GST
MINIMUM PURCHASE ON
CREDIT CARD IS $10.00
ABN 97 008 485 809
AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX
AIQS BCI MARCH 2008
100
1000
J
u
l
-
8
5
J
u
l
-
8
6
J
u
l
-
8
7
J
u
l
-
8
8
J
u
l
-
8
9
J
u
l
-
9
0
J
u
l
-
9
1
J
u
l
-
9
2
J
u
l
-
9
3
J
u
l
-
9
4
J
u
l
-
9
5
J
u
l
-
9
6
J
u
l
-
9
7
J
u
l
-
9
8
J
u
l
-
9
9
J
u
l
-
0
0
J
u
l
-
0
1
J
u
l
-
0
2
J
u
l
-
0
3
J
u
l
-
0
4
J
u
l
-
0
5
J
u
l
-
0
6
J
u
l
-
0
7
J
u
l
-
0
8
SYDNEY
BRIS
MELB
PERTH
ADEL
CANB
HOBART
AWA
NOTES FOR THE AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX
The AIQS Building Cost Index (BCI) is published as a matter of interest only and is not intended to be
relied upon by readers. The BCI shows long-term fluctuations in general building costs in the
various capital cities. The figures do not represent any specific type of project, nor are they likely to
be indicative of very large or very small projects. The AIQS BCI does not represent work in country
localities and remote areas.
The base has been set at 100 and represents the Australian Weighted Average (AWA) Building Cost
Index as at July 1985. The figures come from observations made by a variety of sources, e.g.
National Public Work Conference (NPWC), BRIX survey results and local QS Chapter
representatives. The figures up to 1995 are based on NPWC data. An attempt has been made to
maintain the relativity of the indices that was established in the BCI system used by NPWC members.
The most recent index figures are based on the results from the BRIX surveys; a b for historic BRIX
figures and f for BRIX forecasts indicate these. The figures in between are based on data from
various local sources. Information published in Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook has
been used in two instances to extrapolate index figures where there was insufficient information from
local sources.
The graph on this page, as well as the graph on page A-3 from the December 2006 edition onward is
plotted using a logarithmic scale on the Y axis. This will give a truer indication of the rate of change
i.e. a uniform increase in the BCI will show as a straight line instead of an upward curve.
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 Page A-1
Date SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWA
Jul-74 44 40 48 37 41 39 49 44
Jul-75 47 45 49 44 45 46 49 48
Jul-76 50 49 51 50 49 51 51 51
Jul-77 54 51 55 55 51 55 55 55
Jul-78 58 54 59 56 53 59 59 58
Jul-79 63 61 65 57 59 65 66 63
Jul-80 71 69 72 63 66 75 73 71
Jul-81 83 77 81 73 75 87 83 80
Jul-82 88 81 87 79 80 93 89 85
Jul-83 88 83 87 81 80 96 91 87
Jul-84 92 84 92 85 84 103 96 91
Jul-85 97 93 108 97 93 117 111 100
Jan-86 107 99 119 104 99 125 121 108
Jul-86 113 103 127 109 103 132 131 115
Jan-87 116 99 133 112 107 137 139 117
Jul-87 121 103 139 115 111 141 144 121
Jan-88 129 108 145 117 116 147 149 129
Jul-88 136 113 149 120 120 149 153 133
Jan-89 141 120 153 127 124 153 157 141
Jul-89 145 127 160 131 129 159 163 147
Jan-90 152 132 165 137 132 165 167 152
Jul-90 153 133 165 140 137 171 169 153
Jan-91 155 133 165 140 141 173 169 153
Jul-91 153 129 165 140 143 175 171 152
Jan-92 147 127 140 140 144 176 172 143
Apr-92 145 127 140 140 144 176 172 143
Jul-92 145 127 137 140 144 176 172 143
Oct-92 147 128 135 140 144 176 172 143
Jan-93 147 128 133 140 145 175 172 143
Apr-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141
Jul-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141
Oct-93 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141
Jan-94 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141
Apr-94 148 131 133 141 147 175 173 143
Jul-94 148 132 133 141 147 175 173 143
Oct-94 151 136 135 141 148 175 175 144
Jan-95 152 137 135 141 149 175 175 145
Apr-95 153 137 136 141 152 176 177 146
Jul-95 156 136 137 141 154 178 179 147
Oct-95 156 136 139 141 154 180 180 148
Jan-96 157 133 139 143 155 181 180 148
Apr-96 157 130 139 145 156 184 180 148
Jul-96 158 126 140 145 156 184 181 149
Oct-96 158 128 142 146 157 185 182 150
Jan-97 159 131 143 147 158 187 187 151
Apr-97 159 131 143 149 159 188 187 151
Jul-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 189 153
Oct-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 190 153
Jan-98 162 131 144 150 162 188 191 153
Apr-98 162 131 146 152 162 188 192 154
Jul-98 163 131 146 152 163 189 193 155
Oct-98 164 131 146 152 163 189 194 155
Jan-99 166 131 147 153 164 191 194 156
Apr-99 167 131 148 153 164 191 194 157
Jul-99 169 132 151 155 164 191 194 159
Oct-99 170 137 155 156 166 192 194 161
Jan-00 173 146 159 156 168 192 195 165
Apr-00 176 150 162 158 170 193 196 168
Date SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWA
Jul-00 180 145 164 159 172 194 197 170
Oct-00 180 143 164 160 173 194 195 170
Jan-01 179 143 164 156 174 196 197 169
Apr-01 179 143 165 156 175 196 199 169
Jul-01 178 147 168 156 176 197 199 170
Oct-01 181 147 168 157 177 199 200 172
Jan-02 181 147 172 158 178 200 200 173
Apr-02 182 147 173 159 179 200 202 174
Jul-02 186 148 177 159 181 201 203 177
Oct-02 188 153 179 161 183 202 204 179
Jan-03 189 160 181 165 185 206 205 182
Apr-03 192 162 184 169 187 216 206 184
Jul-03 195 170 187 172 189 218 208 188
Oct-03 197 184 188 175 192 219 209 191
Jan-04 199 195 191 178 195 220 226 194
Apr-04 200 201 194 182 198 224 237 197
Jul-04 204 208 197 190 201 229 244 201
Oct-04 205 215 198 197 208 b 234 249 204
Jan-05 207 220 199 205 213 b 237 b 249 b 207
Apr-05 212 b 227 b 204 b 206 b 214 b 239 b 254 b 211 b
Jul-05 214 b 231 b 208 b 210 b 215 b 245 b 253 b 214 b
Oct-05 215 b 235 b 209 b 216 b 224 b 248 b 261 b 216 b
Jan-06 216 b 239 b 209 b 223 b 229 b 249 b 259 b 218 b
Apr-06 221 b 245 b 215 b 227 b 227 b 252 b 267 b 223 b
Jul-06 223 b 249 b 217 b 235 b 227 b 258 b 267 b 226 b
Oct-06 223 b 252 b 218 b 242 b 238 b 262 b 276 b 228 b
Jan-07 226 b 254 b 218 b 252 b 244 b 265 b 271 b 231 b
Apr-07 230 b 259 b 224 b 254 b 243 b 268 b 279 b 235 b
Jul-07 232 b 266 b 228 b 261 b 243 b 274 b 280 b 238 b
Oct-07 233 b 268 b 228 b 268 b 253 b 277 b 281 b 241 b
Jan-08 235 b 268 b 228 b 279 b 260 b 281 b 287 b 243 b
Apr-08 239 f 276 f 234 f 281 f 259 f 288 f 293 f 247 f
Jul-08 240 f 283 f 240 f 288 f 261 f 290 f 295 f 251 f
Oct-08 244 f 286 f 238 f 297 f 272 f 292 f 298 f 254 f
Jan-09 245 f 286 f 238 f 305 f 278 f 297 f 307 f 256 f
100
1000
J
u
l
-
8
5
J
u
l
-
8
7
J
u
l
-
8
9
J
u
l
-
9
1
J
u
l
-
9
3
J
u
l
-
9
5
J
u
l
-
9
7
J
u
l
-
9
9
J
u
l
-
0
1
J
u
l
-
0
3
J
u
l
-
0
5
J
u
l
-
0
7
BCI
CPI
AIQS ESTIMATED TIMES FOR CONSTRUCTION AND CASH FLOW
Estimated Contract
Amount at Current Values
Expedited Short Normal Long Expedited Short Normal Long
$10,000 4 6 8 10 1 2 2 3
$20,000 5 7 9 12 1 2 3 3
$50,000 7 10 12 16 2 3 3 4
$100,000 8 12 15 20 2 3 4 5
$200,000 10 15 19 24 3 4 5 7
$300,000 12 17 21 27 3 5 6 8
$400,000 13 18 23 30 3 5 6 8
$500,000 14 20 24 32 4 5 7 9
$600,000 14 21 26 34 4 6 7 9
$700,000 15 22 27 35 4 6 7 10
$800,000 16 22 28 37 4 6 8 10
$900,000 16 23 29 38 4 6 8 11
$1,000,000 17 24 30 39 5 7 8 11
$2,000,000 20 30 37 48 6 8 10 13
$3,000,000 23 33 42 54 6 9 12 15
$4,000,000 25 36 46 59 7 10 13 16
$5,000,000 27 39 49 63 7 11 14 18
$6,000,000 28 41 52 67 8 11 14 19
$7,000,000 30 43 54 70 8 12 15 19
$8,000,000 31 45 56 73 9 12 16 20
$9,000,000 32 46 58 76 9 13 16 21
$10,000,000 33 48 60 78 9 13 17 22
$11,000,000 34 49 62 80 9 14 17 22
$12,000,000 35 51 63 82 10 14 18 23
$13,000,000 36 52 65 84 10 14 18 23
$14,000,000 37 53 66 86 10 15 18 24
$15,000,000 37 54 68 88 10 15 19 24
$16,000,000 38 55 69 90 11 15 19 25
$17,000,000 39 56 70 92 11 16 20 25
$18,000,000 40 57 72 93 11 16 20 26
$19,000,000 40 58 73 95 11 16 20 26
$20,000,000 41 59 74 96 11 16 20 27
$25,000,000 44 63 79 103 12 17 22 28
$30,000,000 46 67 84 109 13 18 23 30
$35,000,000 48 70 87 114 13 19 24 31
$40,000,000 50 73 91 118 14 20 25 33
$45,000,000 52 75 94 123 14 21 26 34
$50,000,000 54 78 97 127 15 22 27 35
$55,000,000 55 80 100 130 15 22 28 36
$60,000,000 57 82 103 134 16 23 28 37
$65,000,000 58 84 105 137 16 23 29 38
$70,000,000 60 86 108 140 16 24 30 39
$75,000,000 61 88 110 143 17 24 30 40
$80,000,000 62 90 112 146 17 25 31 40
$85,000,000 63 91 114 148 17 25 32 41
$90,000,000 64 93 116 151 18 26 32 42
$95,000,000 65 94 118 153 18 26 33 42
$100,000,000 66 96 120 156 18 27 33 43
CONSTRUCTION TIMES IN WEEKS
Based on formulae by Bromilow, F.J. and Henderson, J.A.1977, "Procedures for reckoning and valuing the
performance of building contracts" second edition. The formulae have been updated to account for increases
in building costs.
These times are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers.
Readers should use their own judgement or if necessary seek expert advice.
Readers need to consider specific conditions affecting their projects such as complexity, constructability,
quality of documentations, availability of resources, potential industrial activity, etc
CASH FLOW TIMES IN MONTHS
THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS, MARCH 2008
MARKET CONDITIONS MARCH 2008
ADELAIDE Construction activity remains strong in most sectors, however, some contractors are looking for more work which is introducing some competitiveness
into the market. On the other hand, some large increases in material prices are coming into affect which will push up tender prices for new projects.
Office vacancy rates in the CBD have fallen which is providing confidence for future developments. The resources sector is continuing to attract skilled
labour, causing a shortage in the Adelaide market.
BRISBANE The Brisbane market is continuing to experience high demand although at more reasonable levels than previously experienced. This may be affected by
the contraction within the financial markets which could have a negative impact. The commercial office sector continues to have a high level of activity.
Residential building is also strong at present. The impact of large infrastructure and Government projects are starting to translate into higher resources
and material prices in some structural trades.
CANBERRA The commercial sector, while still very active, is showing signs of stabilising ahead of a predicted downward trend towards the end of the year. The new
Commonwealth Government has already started to rationalise government spending, which will have an impact on new commercial developments in the
short term. The current residential vacancy rate is traveling at less than 1% and while this is expected to create an increase in activity, the pressure on
interest rates and employment prospects in the Public Service may contain this sector also.
HOBART Construction activity for the March quarter appears to be leveling off, however, it is anticipated that the market will be strained with many large projects
coming to tender in the next quarter or six months. This may produce elevated tenders as market demand outstrips supply in the short to medium term.
MELBOURNE The construction industry in Melbourne continues to experience growth in all areas. There are a number of larger projects due to commence with several
mid way through construction across most sectors. Pricing in the mid to smaller projects is still reasonably competitive, however, the skills shortages in
management staff and trade contractors and recent price increases in steel pricing is likely to drive prices upwards.
PERTH The Western Australian market remains overheated with demand outstripping supply. Tender prices continue to attract significant escalation. With strong
building activity and major ongoing construction works in the resource sector, this trend is unlikely to change in the near future.
SYDNEY Construction activity in and around Sydney continues to thrive in spite of significant constraints imposed from labour and staff shortages, rising interest
rates, an uncertain IR environment and the ever-diminishing site availability. The office sector is widely held to be the growth area through 2008 and
beyond. Strong demand is predicted to kick start the construction cycle including some speculative developments in order to address the falling vacancy
rates, now at a historical low. A number of significant CBD projects are currently in the planning and construction phases, supplemented by
refurbishment and fit-out of existing stock to upgrade and incorporate green initiatives increasingly demanded by discerning tenants.
PRELIMINARIES
The preliminary items referred to shall be deemed to include the following:
provision of charts, schedules and the like showing time progress, organization of trades or similar matters:
provision of notice board;
giving of notices, obtaining of permits and the payment of fees in compliance with the requirements of governmental, semi-governmental, local authority, or other
public authorities including the payment of survey fees;
setting out the works;
connection of and provision of temporary installations for water, electrical, telephone and other services for the works;
cost of providing water, electrical or other power required by the builder in the carrying out of the works;
cost of telephone calls;
temporary screens, fencing, hoardings, guard rails, barriers, gantries and the like together with any warning notices, night lighting and the like;
temporary roads, tracks, crossings, planked footways, and the like;
temporary sheds, store rooms for perishable materials, mess rooms, offices, sanitary accommodation and other temporary buildings together with necessary
equipment, furniture, lighting, heating and the like for use by the builder, architect or clerk of works;
general foreman and other site staff;
builders liability for injury to persons or property or to workmen and the insurances required in respect thereof;
builders liability for loss or damage to the works, existing structures, adjoining structures and the unfixed materials and the insurances required in respect thereof;
security bonds, guarantees and the like;
plant and equipment and attendant labour;
erecting, maintaining, and dismantling scaffolding;
attendance upon, cutting away for and making good after all trades;
protecting and safeguarding the works, materials and plant against the effects of the weather and against damage, trespass or theft;
period cleaning of the works and site and removal of rubbish;
duties of the builder on completion including such matters as cleaning and leaving all in good order, labelling and handing over keys, handing over certificates,
guarantees and the like;
liability of the builder for making good defects after practical completion.
CLASSIFICATION UNIT SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB
BUILDING WORKS
$ $ $ $ $ $
Suburban site .................................................................. % 13.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 11-13
City site............................................................................ % 18.0 15.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 14-16
CIVIL WORKS
Suburban site .................................................................. % 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 7.0 8-10
CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS
The Current Construction Costs herein are published on and should be read subject to the following conditions:
1. Construction costs are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers. In any situations which may be similar to
matters herein readers should exercise and rely upon their own judgement.
2. The publisher is not engaged in rendering professional advice. If expert assistance is required the service of a professional person should be sought.
3. The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors or any of its councilors, officers or members of staff shall not be responsible for any error in the material
published herein or for any damage or loss whatsoever resulting therefrom or for any reliance thereon.
4. Construction costs are not intended for tendering or pricing variations. They are indicative costs for projects constructed in the Metropolitan Area. They are
not intended for projects constructed in the CBD or in country localities. The rates should be adjusted with reference to specific conditions.
5. The rates include the cost of labor and material, laps, waste, hoisting, fixing in position and for overheads and profit. The unit rates are deemed to include
all the provisions listed in the Measurement & Prices clauses in each of the sections of the Australian Standard Method of Measurement of Building
Works, 5
th
Edition. Rates may also include certain labors and minor items as indicated at the head of each section.
6. The profit allowance is based on the long term market conditions in the metropolitan area of each capital city.
7. These Construction Costs were produced prior to publication and due allowance should be made in this regard to the rates shown. Where an asterisk (*)
appears it means not readily available. Where there is a (#) it means the rate is under review.
8. The rates exclude any allowance for Goods and Services Tax and associated compliance costs.
$ $ $ $ $ $
1
GROUNDWORKS
2 Work in this trade is limited to within the building confines.
3 EXCAVATION
4 All excavation is in other than rock unless otherwise
stated.
5 All excavation is by machine.
6 Unless otherwise described excavation rates include for
backfilling and removal of surplus material from site a
distance of approximately ten kilometres. Excavation
rates do not include for shoring or planking and strutting.
Planking and strutting rates are based upon upholding
excavations in loamy soil sandy clay types of ground.
7 Stripping top soil average 150mm deep and stockpiling
m2 2.20 2.95 2.19 2.39 2.42 2.29
8 Over site excavation to reduce levels m2 15.60 19.53 16.44 11.96 14.75 25.23
9 Extra over last for rock using rippers m2 35.14 34.02 32.88 46.50 36.76 40.14
10 Trench excavation:
11 Not exceeding 2m deep m3 49.42 78.32 49.33 31.89 72.56 65.38
12 2-3m deep m3 54.91 84.45 60.66 43.84 78.60 74.55
13 Pit or pier hole excavation:
15 2-3m deep m3 87.85 101.29 71.12 53.14 84.65 79.14
16 Extra over trench, pit and pier hole excavation for rock
using compressors m3 175.70 164.08 142.50 144.81 149.95 143.37
17 500mm diameter bored pier hole m 23.92 20.46 23.01 23.91 22.98 40.14
18 900mm diameter bored pier hole m 39.53 39.60 38.37 41.19 47.16 55.05
19 Under ream 500mm pier hole to 800mm diameter no 49.42 80.95 49.33 53.14 60.47 58.49
20 Under ream 900mm pier hole to 1500 mm diameter no 98.83 113.76 93.17 99.64 91.91 97.49
21 Working space and maintain faces of trenches, pit
and pier holes:
24 FILLING AND HARDCORE
25 Backfilling is included in excavation rates. Rates for
filling are for consolidated quantities.
26 Excavated material as filling m3 16.47 10.28 14.25 10.63 14.27 17.20
27 Imported hardcore filling m3 46.12 54.69 43.85 66.43 54.42 51.61
28 Clean sand filling m3 49.42 43.76 49.33 19.93 53.21 57.35
29 50mm sand bed m2 4.39 4.38 4.38 3.32 5.08 4.36
30 100mm crushed rock bed including blinding m2 13.18 7.93 11.51 9.30 10.88 11.47
31 PAPER & PLASTIC MEMBRANES
32 0.20mm polythene sheeting with taped joints m2 3.29 2.73 3.84 3.32 3.02 3.44
33
CONCRETE
34 IN SITU CONCRETE
35 All concrete is N20 unless otherwise stated. Rates for
concrete do not include reinforcement.
36 Concrete in footings m3 186.68 218.78 208.13 319.04 234.60 209.89
37 Concrete in 100 mm 150mm slabs on ground m3 192.17 234.09 218.59 348.75 246.70 209.89
38 Concrete in 150mm 200mm suspended slabs m3 206.45 207.84 223.82 383.63 252.74 213.33
39 Concrete in columns m3 279.71 317.22 270.88 532.17 264.84 247.74
40 Concrete in beams m3 210.84 207.84 226.95 399.13 246.70 222.51
41 Concrete in isolated beams m3 219.63 273.47 241.60 399.13 246.70 229.39
42 Concrete in suspended stairs and landings m3 294.27 328.16 285.52 607.08 252.74 247.74
43 Concrete in 150mm 200mm walls m3 271.39 268.00 262.51 542.50 252.74 247.74
44 Extra cost of each additional N5 concrete strength m3 8.79 9.19 9.41 15.50 8.47 10.32
45 Shotcrete earth stabilising 75mm thick m2 60.40 43.76 47.06 * 48.37 63.08
46 SUNDRIES
47 Steel trowel integral finish to concrete floor m2 5.49 4.70 6.28 7.10 8.47 7.46
48 Sand blast concrete wall m2 34.04 35.11 33.98 45.21 38.09 43.58
49 Bush hammer concrete wall m2 49.42 50.97 49.33 75.95 59.26 74.55
50 Keyed construction joint in concrete slab 150mm
300mm thick m 19.76 21.88 18.83 20.15 21.77 28.67
51 Expansion joint in concrete slab 150mm 300mm thick
including dowels, caulking and pointing materials
m 39.51 48.13 36.61 45.85 38.70 43.58
52 150mm PVC waterstop cast into concrete m 29.65 31.72 32.88 39.27 35.67 28.67
53 FORMWORK
54 Rates are for ordinary formwork and not formwork
designed to produce an off-form finish, unless
otherwise stated.
55 To footings m2 46.79 65.63 52.62 54.25 69.64 51.61
56 To suspended slabs including strutting 3m 4m high m2 105.02 120.33 104.13 137.18 104.46 105.52
57 To suspended stairs and landings including strutting m2 119.58 160.80 109.62 142.08 127.68 114.69
58 To walls m2 125.82 137.83 122.37 232.50 116.07 111.25
59 To columns m2 129.98 137.83 125.50 246.06 121.88 111.25
60 To beams m2 129.98 140.02 126.55 243.48 121.88 108.96
61 Extra for Class 2 off-form finish m2 16.64 13.67 16.44 30.56 17.41 13.76
62 Extra for boarded off-form finish m2 52.71 54.69 50.42 60.45 52.23 45.88
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page B-1
$ $ $ $ $ $
63 1mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 75.91 114.86 73.21 96.88 87.05 68.82
64 0.75mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 69.67 109.39 66.94 90.42 75.45 66.52
65 REINFORCEMENT
66 Rates for reinforcement include for bending, tying,
supports and placing, rolling margin and bending
schedules.
67 Rates for fabric reinforcement also include 15% for
laps.
68 Structural grade round bar reinforcement t 1,811.92 2,351.84 1,945.32 2,518.75 2,205.36 2,053.02
69 Deformed bar reinforcement t 1,811.92 2,351.84 1,945.32 2,518.75 2,205.36 2,053.02
70 F118 fabric reinforcement m2 19.77 17.61 21.96 38.10 25.54 23.17
78 F8TM fabric reinforcement in strip footings m2 10.43 8.64 9.87 13.56 11.61 12.50
79 PRECAST CONCRETE
80 Rates for precast concrete include for all moulds (on
the basis of 20 re-uses) reinforcement, finishes to
exposed faces, all lifting and fixing devices, hoisting,
temporary supports, and fixing in position.
81 100mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with local
gravel exposed aggregate finish m2 236.10 * 208.27 248.65 241.86 292.47
82 150mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with local
gravel exposed aggregate finish m2 274.53 355.51 268.79 297.08 272.09 315.41
83 150mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravel
exposed aggregate finish m2 318.46 382.86 304.35 348.75 302.33 355.55
84 200mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravel
exposed aggregate finish m2 340.42 404.73 328.40 372.00 319.20 401.43
85 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish for white
quartz finish m2 52.71 54.69 47.13 62.65 54.42 57.35
86 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish for
polished reconstructed granite finish m2 98.83 98.45 89.88 21.31 102.79 97.49
87 300 x 750mm coping m 49.42 * 43.85 * 48.37 63.08
88 250 x 40mm stair tread m 43.93 * 37.65 * 38.70 45.88
89 TANKING
90 Rates for waterproofing include for laps, joints, fillets
angles and working around pipes, etc
91 2mm two coat horizontal asphalt tanking m2 49.42 32.82 48.23 71.95 54.42 52.76
92 1.5mm two coat vertical asphalt tanking m2 54.91 * 51.52 77.24 60.47 57.35
93 Two coats Mulseal bituminous emulsion m2 9.88 16.41 9.87 11.75 10.88 11.01
94 Three coats Mulseal bituminous emulsion m2 14.56 21.88 13.60 15.11 14.51 13.88
95 Cintafort 160 horizontal membrane m2 * * * 44.56 * *
96 Two layer Jute-al horizontal membrane m2 30.75 * 31.79 * 36.28 33.26
97 Two layer Jute-al vertical membrane m2 35.14 * 37.82 * 42.33 37.85
98 Bituthene 3000 horizontal membrane m2 24.16 21.88 26.31 * 30.23 25.23
99 "Bituthene 3000 vertical membrane m2 28.55 27.35 28.50 * 36.28 29.82
100
MASONRY
101 BRICKWORK
102 Rates for brickwork include for plumbing angles,
normal straight cutting, forming rebated reveals and
raking out joints for plastering.
103 Common standard clay bricks laid 1,000 1,601.33 1,735.98 1,553.12 1,713.86 2,321.43 1,640.12
104 Common standard clay brickwork m3 625.93 765.71 678.77 783.86 1,009.82 653.76
105 Common standard clay bricks in:
106 110mm wall m2 76.87 84.23 82.62 115.59 110.27 84.87
107 230mm wall m2 153.74 157.52 165.25 231.17 220.54 170.89
108 Cavity wall (two 110mm skins) including ties m2 158.13 164.08 169.43 237.81 220.54 173.19
109 Extra over common brickwork for:
110 Fair face and pointing m2 13.18 6.89 9.41 8.64 12.09 10.90
111 Flush joints and bagged finish m2 6.81 6.89 7.32 10.63 12.09 8.03
112 Stretcher bond for facing and cleaning ($600 per
thousand) m2 19.77 13.13 15.35 21.26 18.14 19.84
113 Face brick-on-edge sill m 32.94 29.32 32.88 33.21 36.28 30.97
114 BLOCKWORK
115 The rates for blockwork include for fractional, corner
and end blocks, cutting and all labours
116 Standard 400 x 200mm hollow grey concrete blocks
in:
117 100mm wall m2 65.89 86.42 70.07 89.01 78.93 74.55
118 150mm wall m2 79.07 90.79 81.58 108.94 91.70 89.46
119 200mm wall m2 87.85 103.92 94.13 136.84 103.30 99.78
120 Standard 400 x 200mm solid grey concrete blocks in:
121 100mm wall m2 82.36 85.32 76.35 95.66 85.89 81.43
122 150mm wall m2 87.85 89.70 86.81 115.59 97.50 99.78
$ $ $ $ $ $
123 250mm cavity wall including ties m2 131.78 189.24 145.38 183.34 164.82 149.10
124 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 200mm blocks
m2 98.83 132.36 97.27 115.59 110.27 91.76
125 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 100mm blocks
m2 103.22 99.54 97.27 128.87 116.07 100.93
126 Extra for fair face and pointing and cleaning m2 6.59 5.69 7.32 9.96 12.09 8.60
127 Hebel (Autoclaved) 200 x 600mm blocks in:
128 100mm wall m2 70.28 91.89 70.07 87.69 72.56 68.82
129 150mm wall m2 81.26 120.33 82.21 96.99 83.57 84.87
130 200mm wall m2 112.01 137.83 114.00 116.91 108.84 99.78
131 GLASS BLOCKS
132 80mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 373.36 470.37 374.42 405.21 452.68 420.93
133 100mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 395.33 492.24 406.84 451.71 475.89 465.66
134 DAMP PROOF COURSES AND FLASHINGS
135 0.5mm polythene damp course 300mm wide m 3.18 3.28 * * 1.81 1.84
136 Aluminium core (super grade) damp proof course:
137 110mm wide m 3.57 3.28 4.38 3.99 3.48 4.36
138 150mm wide vertical at jambs m 4.67 4.81 5.48 4.65 4.64 5.85
139 SUNDRIES
140 Concrete filling to 200mm hollow block wall m2 26.36 49.22 28.24 27.90 26.70 32.11
141 Concrete filling to 150mm hollow block wall m2 35.14 39.38 35.56 39.86 34.82 51.61
142 Structural grade bar reinforcement in concrete block wall
t 1,647.20 1,684.57 1,644.23 2,790.00 1,813.95 2,007.14
143 STONEWORK
144 Rates for stonework include for all fixings and
finished edges, and are median values for various
qualities
145 SANDSTONE
146 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * 249.96 232.50 362.79 *
147 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * 422.53 445.07 604.65 *
148 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 560.05 382.86 526.15 651.00 * *
149 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 647.90 426.61 657.69 690.86 * *
150 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 428.27 * 438.46 325.50 362.79 *
151 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 609.46 * 548.08 637.71 604.65 *
152 450mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 905.96 * 876.92 1,129.29 * *
153 450mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 944.39 * 931.73 1,215.64 * *
154 BLUESTONE
155 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 345.43 362.79 *
156 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 558.00 604.65 *
157 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * 317.22 * * * *
158 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * 360.98 * * * *
159 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 365.36 362.79 *
160 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 564.64 604.65 *
161 LIMESTONE
162 250mm single face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 259.07 229.77 *
163 250mm single face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 245.79 229.77 *
164 250mm double face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 279.00 266.05 *
165 250mm double face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 265.71 266.05 *
166 GRANITE
167 30mm Honed face wall lining m2 576.52 656.33 657.69 710.79 677.21 670.96
168 30mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 472.20 546.94 580.96 558.00 568.37 642.29
169 Extra for polished face m2 84.23 131.27 87.69 69.09 90.70 86.02
170 MARBLE (AUSTRALIAN)
171 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 516.12 410.20 482.31 757.29 544.19 539.06
172 38 mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 439.25 382.86 465.87 624.43 515.16 516.12
173 Extra for filled and polished item m2 54.91 82.04 65.77 46.50 60.47 86.02
174 MARBLE (IMPORTED)
175 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 576.52 541.47 * 778.54 580.47 596.41
176 38mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 439.25 503.18 * 644.36 544.19 539.06
177 Extra for filled and polished finish m2 67.59 82.04 * 46.50 60.47 113.55
178 SLATE (AUSTRALIAN)
179 12mm Sawn face wall lining m2 142.76 * 158.97 232.50 181.40 172.04
180 19mm Sawn face slab paving m2 146.62 * 131.54 212.57 157.21 149.10
181
STRUCTURAL STEEL
182 The following include for rolling margin, hand
cleaning shop priming, erection complete with all
necessary temporary bracing and an allowance of 8%
of fabricated cost to cover shop detailing.
183 Universal beams and columns, holed for simple
connections:
184 Up to 60kg/m t 5,710.28 5,742.86 5,164.51 7,685.42 4,837.21 5,631.47
185 Over 60kg/m t 6,039.72 4,484.90 4,952.20 7,620.83 4,595.35 5,493.84
186 Universal beams and columns with welded fitments
for simple connections:
187 Up to 60kg/m t 5,929.91 5,852.24 5,462.59 7,879.17 5,441.86 6,101.71
188 Over 60kg/m t 6,039.72 4,594.29 5,204.26 7,750.00 5,200.00 5,952.61
$ $ $ $ $ $
189 Universal beams and columns prepared for rigid
connection:
190 Up to 60kg/m t 5,929.91 5,961.63 5,432.26 7,905.00 5,441.86 6,101.71
191 Over 60kg/m t 5,820.09 4,703.67 5,139.41 7,775.83 5,200.00 5,952.61
192 RHS beams and columns with welded fitments for simple
connections t 6,149.53 8,204.08 6,036.77 8,202.08 5,804.65 6,319.63
193 Plate web girders and compound columns t 6,698.60 9,297.96 6,284.64 9,209.58 5,441.86 6,101.71
194 Trusses fabricated from:
195 Universal sections t 7,137.85 7,110.20 6,076.51 8,563.75 5,804.65 6,319.63
196 Angles t 7,467.29 9,297.96 6,394.46 7,827.50 5,804.65 6,319.63
197 Pipes t 7,796.73 9,297.96 6,647.56 8,925.42 6,046.51 6,319.63
198 Portal frames average industrial type and span
fabricated from universal sections t 5,710.28 5,852.24 5,301.52 7,543.33 5,200.00 6,182.00
199 Extra hot dip galvanising sections up to 60 kg/m t 713.79 1,033.71 793.82 762.08 1,027.91 986.37
200 Extra for abrasive blast cleaning class 2 m2 27.45 23.19 29.28 52.96 33.86 32.11
201 Open web joists patent design, roll formed section
top and bottom chords, pipe web members including
purlin cleats at 1.2m centres and connections:
202 Lightweight type 300 600mm deep up to 10m span
m 87.85 90.79 95.17 * 96.74 154.84
203 Longspan types 300 900mm deep 10 to 14m span
m 109.81 113.22 114.00 * 120.93 172.04
204 Purlins, cold formed fixed to standard cleats:
205 150mm deep galvanised m 23.92 22.97 24.06 54.25 24.19 20.99
206 200mm deep galvanised m 27.04 27.35 26.15 62.00 26.60 21.68
207 150mm deep ROZC shop primed m 17.57 * 14.25 * * 18.01
208 200mm deep ROZC shop primed m 21.96 * 16.44 * * 20.42
209 6mm Field fillet weld m 47.83 45.29 47.06 93.00 48.37 53.91
210
METALWORK
211 The rates for metalwork include for all fabrication work,
rolling margin, shop priming and protective coatings
where applicable.
212 STEEL LINTELS AND ARCH BARS
213 Mild steel flats and angles as lintels t 2,740.97 2,625.31 2,395.10 5,048.57 2,297.67 2,660.90
214 Extra for hot dip galvanising t 899.45 1,033.71 872.26 1,129.29 1,027.91 986.37
215 FLOOR DUCTS AND FRAMES
216 6mm angular pattern steel plate flooring m2 153.74 249.40 164.42 261.73 157.21 143.37
217 30mm standard galvanised grid mesh type flooring m2 197.66 192.52 203.88 239.14 205.58 189.24
218 750mm wide catwalk with 18kg channel support rails,
angular pattern plate flooring and 32mm NB twin rail pipe
balustrade each side m 395.33 407.47 504.23 538.07 459.53 516.12
219 Extra over 750mm catwalk for 30mm thick grid mesh type
flooring m 54.91 56.66 63.03 73.07 60.47 68.82
220 LADDERS AND STAIRS
221 Steel stair with plate strings, angular pattern treads
and 32mm NB twin rail pipe balustrades:
222 750mm wide m 951.44 848.85 986.54 1,727.14 846.51 791.39
223 900mm wide m 1,053.34 940.73 1,134.52 1,992.86 906.98 860.20
224 Extra for half landing with angular pattern deck and
matching balustrade to:
225 750mm wide stair no 1,076.17 1,072.00 1,238.65 1,315.29 1,064.19 1,146.94
226 900mm wide stair no 1,120.09 1,143.10 1,973.08 1,527.86 1,148.84 1,204.29
227 450mm wide catladder with 50 x 10mm plate strings and
25mm pipe rungs m 225.12 * 252.12 292.29 241.86 286.73
228 COLUMNS, STRUTS AND BRACES
229 76 X 76 X 4.9mm RHS m 54.07 78.76 50.42 67.76 45.95 57.35
230 102 x 51 x 4.9mm RHS m 54.07 78.76 50.42 67.76 45.95 57.35
231 102 x 102 x 4.9mm RHS m 69.67 87.51 67.96 94.33 60.47 75.70
232 48.3 x 3.2mm CHS m 32.23 41.57 29.05 34.54 30.23 40.14
233 DUCTED SKIRTING
234 Rates for skirtings include for mitres and ends
235 130mm high PVC two channel ducted skirting m 36.39 52.51 31.51 55.80 30.23 28.67
236 165mm high PVC three channel ducted skirting m 41.59 57.98 37.82 63.77 36.28 34.41
237 BALUSTRADES AND HANDRAILS
238 Rates for handrails and balustrades include for
bends, ramps, wreaths and all fixings
239 32mm NB galvanised steel pipe handrail with brackets at
1500mm centres m 83.46 82.04 113.45 112.93 90.70 103.22
240 40 x 10mm steel flat handrail with extruded PVC handrail
sheathing m 119.58 113.22 151.27 152.79 108.84 126.16
241 Steel pipe balustrade 900mm high comprising:
242 32mm NB top and bottom rail with standards at
1500mm centres m 172.61 138.16 189.09 232.50 181.40 200.71
243 40 x 10mm flat handrail with extruded PVC sheathing,
50 x 10mm bottom rail, 20 x 20mm balusters at
1500mm centres and 25 x 25 standards at 1500mm
centres m 203.15 165.28 233.21 279.00 211.63 223.65
244
WOODWORK
$ $ $ $ $ $
245 Rates for Woodwork work include for all labours,
incidental materials, nails, screws, etc. The term
hardwood used hereafter shall mean the local
hardwood most commonly used for woodwork.
246 STRUCTURAL TIMBERS
247 It should be noted that these are average rates for
timber in roof framing. Adjustments for other
locations are as follows:
248 Ground floor framing -20% -10% -20% -5% -15% -15%
249 Upper floor framing -15% 0% -15% 0% -10% -15%
250 Wall framing -5% -5% -10% -5% -5% -10%
251 Ceiling framing -5% 0% -5% 0% -5% -5%
252 Hardwood:
253 50 x 25mm m 3.12 4.16 3.18 3.99 * 5.51
254 75 x 38mm m 7.28 11.27 7.32 9.17 6.65 8.03
255 75 x 50mm m 8.32 13.56 7.67 9.30 * 8.95
256 100 x 38mm m 8.32 13.67 8.22 10.63 * 9.18
257 100 x 50mm m 9.36 16.63 9.32 11.96 7.50 10.55
258 100 x 75mm m 15.60 27.02 14.36 16.08 * 14.34
259 125 x 38mm m 10.40 18.27 9.32 11.29 * 10.90
260 125 x 50mm m 12.48 22.32 11.18 13.95 * 12.27
261 150 x 38mm m 12.48 20.56 11.62 13.29 * 12.62
262 Local Pine (Stress Grade F5):
263 42 x 19mm m 2.08 3.50 2.09 2.66 2.06 3.67
264 42 x 35mm m 3.12 4.70 3.14 4.65 2.54 5.05
265 70 x 35mm m 5.20 9.19 5.23 5.98 5.44 6.19
266 70 x 45mm m 6.24 10.83 5.23 6.91 4.35 6.42
267 90 x 35mm m 6.24 10.94 6.28 6.91 4.84 7.34
268 90 x 45mm m 7.28 12.91 7.32 9.03 6.29 8.83
269 120 x 35mm m 8.32 12.91 7.32 9.43 6.41 9.63
270 Merchantable Oregon:
271 50 x 25mm m 4.16 4.81 4.17 5.31 3.63 4.87
272 75 x 38mm m 7.28 11.38 6.25 8.10 6.05 6.65
273 75 x 50mm m 8.32 13.67 8.37 10.36 7.38 7.46
274 100 x 38mm m 8.32 13.78 7.89 10.36 7.44 8.09
275 100 x 50mm m 10.40 16.74 9.32 14.08 9.07 9.46
276 100 x 75mm m 16.64 24.83 15.35 25.24 13.91 13.19
277 150 x 38mm m 12.08 18.92 12.61 17.40 11.49 12.33
278 150 x 50mm m 16.64 28.00 15.35 18.60 13.91 13.76
279 175 x 38mm m 14.82 26.03 15.35 20.33 13.91 13.76
280 175 x 50mm m 16.58 31.07 16.88 25.91 15.72 15.71
281 200 x 50mm m 19.77 33.80 20.50 29.23 18.87 17.43
282 250 x 50mm m 24.71 40.36 25.21 34.54 24.43 21.10
283 CARCASSING ELEMENTAL RATES
284 Hardwood in ground floor framing comprising 100 x 75mm
bearers and 100 x 50mm joists m2 28.55 64.54 31.38 33.21 22.98 26.38
285 Upper floor framing comprising 200 x 50mm joists
and solid bridging in:
286 Hardwood m2 49.91 84.23 48.11 53.14 * 40.14
287 Merchantable Oregon m2 49.42 84.23 54.81 66.43 42.33 37.85
288 Wall framing comprising 100 x 50mm plates, noggins
and studs at 450mm centres in:
289 Hardwood m2 43.67 60.16 43.85 42.51 * 48.17
290 Merchantable Oregon m2 49.91 66.73 67.96 43.84 * 43.58
291 Local pine wall framing comprising 90 x 45mm plates,
noggings with:
292 Studs at 450mm centres m2 36.39 42.66 38.37 35.87 42.33 40.14
293 Studs at 600mm centres m2 32.23 35.00 36.17 29.23 39.91 36.70
294 Ceiling framing comprising 100 x 50mm plate and
joists at 450mm centres in:
295 Hardwood m2 30.75 39.38 33.98 35.87 * 36.70
296 Merchantable Oregon m2 35.14 44.85 39.46 43.84 31.44 34.41
297 PREFABRICATED ROOF TRUSSES
298 Truss to pitched tiled roof for:
299 6m span no 142.76 172.83 153.46 172.71 157.21 164.01
300 9m span no 195.49 259.25 202.79 225.86 181.40 194.98
301 12m span no 230.61 311.76 246.63 298.93 253.95 263.80
302 FASCIAS AND BARGES
303 200 x 32mm dressed oregon m 26.00 41.13 35.08 26.57 24.19 19.50
304 250 x 38mm dressed oregon m 32.23 46.16 40.56 35.87 30.23 24.09
305 188 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 39.51 92.98 38.70 * 30.23 28.67
306 238 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 49.91 114.86 43.85 * 36.28 34.41
307 BOARDING
308 25mm selected Hardwood tongued and grooved flooring
in 100mm widths m2 68.08 114.86 73.21 82.37 72.56 77.99
309 Machine sand and two coats clear finish on timber floor
m2 14.56 21.88 14.64 15.94 18.14 20.07
310 19mm particleboard flooring m2 26.36 32.38 26.31 26.57 24.19 22.94
311 22mm particleboard flooring m2 30.75 40.80 28.50 29.23 26.60 25.81
312 25mm Hardwood tongued and grooved V jointed vertical
wall boarding 100mm wide m2 90.46 117.04 79.49 116.91 78.60 63.08
$ $ $ $ $ $
313 25mm WR cedar ship lap wall boarding 150mm wide m2 73.57 77.01 73.44 * 84.65 97.49
314 25mm sawn hardwood gutter boarding m2 57.10 71.10 57.00 79.71 50.79 48.17
315 25mm waterproof plywood gutter boarding m2 71.38 76.57 71.25 93.00 64.09 65.38
316 LININGS
317 5mm tempered hardboard with V joints m2 17.57 27.35 19.87 23.91 19.35 20.07
318 6mm sliced cut Ash veneered plywood m2 41.73 71.10 44.97 50.49 39.91 50.47
319 Standard particleboard:
320 13mm thick m2 21.96 33.91 21.92 29.23 24.19 25.23
321 18mm thick m2 28.55 39.38 26.31 31.89 27.81 28.67
322 18mm thick faced on side with Ash veneer m2 48.32 74.38 50.20 63.77 48.37 51.61
323 18mm thick faced one side with 2mm plastic laminate
m2 68.08 56.88 55.90 63.77 56.84 55.05
324 13mm ivory finish softboard with V joints m2 17.57 * 18.83 26.57 18.14 22.94
325 300 x 300 x 19mm prefinished softboard acoustic tiles
m2 28.55 * 25.21 42.51 27.81 25.81
326 Flat fibre cement sheeting with plastic joint strips:
327 4.5mm thick m2 20.86 28.44 21.96 26.57 21.77 25.23
328 6mm thick m2 24.16 35.00 26.15 31.89 24.19 30.97
329 Compressed double faced flat fibre cement sheeting:
330 9mm thick m2 57.10 65.63 49.33 66.43 60.47 55.05
331 18mm thick m2 88.38 120.33 82.21 106.29 78.60 94.05
332 6mm villaboard with set joints m2 27.45 36.10 27.19 33.21 30.23 26.38
333 Extra for 50 x 25mm dressed pine battens at 450mm
centres:
334 Fixed to timber m2 8.32 10.28 7.13 11.96 7.26 8.60
335 Fixed to brickwork m2 11.44 15.31 9.87 15.94 10.88 9.63
336 Extra over wall linings for additional labour fixing to
ceilings m2 4.61 5.25 4.93 6.64 5.32 4.82
337 Extra for 70 x 38mm pine battens at 450mm centres fixed
to timber m2 11.44 13.24 10.96 19.93 10.88 9.63
338 FRAMES AND LININGS
339 Rebated frame built into brickwork:
340 100 x 75mm Oregon m2 31.08 51.41 33.43 39.86 28.78 28.33
341 100 x 75mm Hardwood m2 29.12 64.54 28.24 29.23 24.19 22.37
342 100 x 50mm Oregon m2 23.06 37.19 23.02 33.21 24.19 24.09
343 100 x 50mm Hardwood m2 24.96 45.94 21.92 26.57 22.98 20.64
344 Reveal lining with 65 x 13mm planted stop fixed to
timber:
345 150 x 32mm Pacific Maple m 28.08 60.16 27.19 * 21.77 21.79
346 150 x 32mm Hardwood m 28.08 54.69 27.19 31.89 24.19 22.37
347 Lining with 50 x 13mm planted stop fixed to timber:
349 125 x 32mm Hardwood m 27.04 53.60 26.15 29.23 21.77 20.07
351 100 x 32mm Hardwood m 24.96 50.32 24.06 26.57 20.56 18.35
352 Reveal lining fixed to timber:
354 150 x 25mm Hardwood m 18.12 39.38 20.92 23.91 18.14 16.34
356 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 16.47 25.16 15.89 19.93 16.93 16.92
357 PELMETS
358 Pelmet fascia including brackets at 750mm centres:
359 200 x 25mm Oregon m 34.59 48.13 35.08 35.87 33.86 43.58
360 200 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 34.31 53.60 33.47 31.89 30.23 40.14
361 150 x 25mm Oregon m 29.98 43.76 28.50 29.23 32.29 34.41
362 150 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 27.45 48.13 26.31 29.23 27.81 33.26
363 Pelmet comprising 200 x 25mm fascia and 125 x
25mm top including brackets at 750mm centres in:
364 Oregon m 40.63 64.54 41.65 46.50 42.33 48.74
365 Hardwood m 37.34 70.01 41.83 42.51 43.53 40.14
366 ARCHITRAVES, SKIRTING & COVER MOULDS
367 Architrave:
368 75 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.28 14.22 7.32 * 6.89 6.88
369 50 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.28 13.13 6.03 * 5.68 6.02
370 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.32 15.31 7.23 9.96 6.53 6.88
371 50 x 25mm Hardwood m 7.28 14.22 6.58 8.64 5.93 6.31
372 Chamfered skirting:
375 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 10.40 15.86 9.41 13.29 8.47 9.18
376 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.32 15.31 8.37 10.63 7.26 8.03
377 200 x 25mm Moulded craftwood skirting m 14.56 19.69 16.44 * 12.09 13.76
378 Quadrant mould:
379 13mm Pacific Maple m 4.16 7.66 3.95 * 4.35 4.30
380 25mm Pacific Maple m 5.20 12.03 5.23 * 4.11 4.01
381 25mm Hardwood m 5.20 10.94 5.23 5.31 4.47 4.30
$ $ $ $ $ $
382 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 6.56 3.51 3.99 4.11 4.01
383 Cover strip:
386 50 x 13mm Hardwood m 5.20 8.75 4.60 6.64 4.47 4.59
387 38 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 7.66 4.28 5.31 3.99 4.70
388 Bead:
390 13 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 6.56 3.62 3.99 3.63 4.30
391 HANDRAILS
392 100 x 75mm Hardwood moulded handrail grooved and
fixed to core rail m 63.69 55.95 65.77 79.71 62.88 63.08
393 Extra for ramp or bend no 49.42 52.51 60.29 66.43 54.42 63.08
394 SHELVING
395 18mm particleboard shelf with solid edge strip
including metal brackets of 600mm centres:
396 300mm wide m 21.84 21.88 20.92 26.57 22.98 32.11
397 450mm wide m 27.04 27.35 24.12 33.21 26.60 39.00
398 600mm wide m 31.19 32.82 27.73 39.86 31.44 45.88
399 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving on and including ladder
framing by 600mm deep m * 71.10 * * * *
400 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving m 7.28 15.86 7.32 7.97 6.05 6.88
401 FITTINGS
402 Slatted shower seat 750mm long x 300mm wide
constructed of 50 x 38mm pipe framing and 50 x 25mm
pine batten no 93.34 93.75 82.21 106.29 72.56 74.55
403 Vanity unit 460mm deep comprising 18mm laminated
plastic sheeted particleboard top on and including
supports and with 200mm high matching fascia m 351.40 322.69 301.44 365.36 302.33 321.14
404 Vanity unit 900mm long with cupboard and three drawers
under for paint finish no 450.23 590.69 427.76 465.00 459.53 435.84
405 Underbench units 440mm deep x 450mm wide with
recessed toe spaces and backs, nest of four drawers:
406 Paint quality no 241.59 404.73 246.63 298.93 241.86 252.33
407 Sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear finish no 285.51 415.67 279.52 332.14 278.14 389.96
408 Cupboard with false floor, intermediate shelf and
door:
409 Paint quality no 219.63 265.81 252.12 332.14 193.49 298.20
411 Open shelf fitment with false floor and intermediate
shelf:
412 Paint quality no 153.74 185.96 186.35 199.29 151.16 194.98
414 Bench top 460mm deep of 18mm particle board set on
underbench units with back support rail plugged to
wall and 45mm high front edge strip:
415 Sheeted with laminated plastic on top and front edge
m 87.85 120.33 93.17 112.93 90.70 120.43
416 Sheeted with 2mm desk vinyl on top and with hardwood
for clear finish front edge strip m 98.83 131.27 104.13 119.57 96.74 143.37
417 FENCING
418 Timber paling fence 1.5m high m 56.15 66.73 54.39 99.64 60.47 55.05
419 Domestic chainwire fence 1m high with tubular top and
bottom rails m 30.75 49.22 30.69 39.86 31.44 40.14
420 Industrial chainwire fence:
421 2m high, rail-less m 36.24 47.04 40.56 50.49 36.28 43.58
422 2m high, rail-less with three stands of barbed wire at top
m 40.63 52.51 46.04 59.79 42.33 48.17
423 Extra over chainwire fence for standard gate:
424 1m wide gate in one leaf no 162.52 213.31 169.90 265.71 193.49 157.13
425 3m wide gate in two leaves no 406.31 754.78 427.50 531.43 447.44 412.90
426 SUNDRIES
427 M 12 bolt up to 100mm long and fixing no 3.12 7.66 3.14 2.66 2.54 2.52
428 M 12 bolt with expanding anchor and fixing including
drilling no 5.16 8.75 4.93 5.98 5.32 5.28
429 Power gun fix timber up to 50mm thick no 2.08 3.17 2.08 2.66 1.81 1.84
430 Trip-L-Grip galvanised fastener no 1.70 2.63 1.75 2.66 1.81 1.72
431
GLAZING
432 Rates for glass include for glazing with beads in
metal and timber.
433 CLEAR GLASS
434 Clear float glass:
435 3mm thick m2 52.71 91.89 55.90 69.09 56.84 53.91
436 4mm thick m2 61.50 100.64 62.48 78.39 64.09 58.49
437 5mm thick m2 65.89 112.67 73.44 86.36 71.35 60.79
438 6mm thick m2 70.28 117.04 78.92 96.99 77.40 71.11
439 12mm thick m2 164.72 199.09 * 205.93 175.35 160.57
440 OBSCURE GLASS
441 5mm obscure glass m2 65.89 109.39 72.35 87.69 74.98 66.52
$ $ $ $ $ $
442 6mm wire glass m2 87.85 135.64 98.65 108.94 90.70 89.46
443 TINTED FLOAT GLASS
444 5mm grey float glass m2 84.56 125.80 85.50 108.94 94.33 89.46
445 6mm thick m2 93.34 133.45 96.46 119.57 102.79 100.93
446 LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
447 6mm laminated safety glass m2 175.70 205.65 164.42 212.57 181.40 160.57
448 OTHER GLASS
449 6mm clear wire polished plate glass m2 120.79 204.56 131.54 159.43 133.02 126.29
450 6mm solar grey float glass m2 147.15 181.58 131.54 166.07 145.12 137.63
451 6mm light and heat reflective (LHR) glass m2 180.09 219.87 158.94 216.56 187.44 177.78
452 6mm silvered float glass m2 153.74 * 153.46 192.64 157.21 149.10
453 GLASS LOUVRE BLADES
454 5mm clear float glass louvre blade with ground and
arrised edges:
455 100mm wide m 14.56 33.91 14.64 14.61 12.09 11.47
456 150mm wide m 18.72 39.93 17.78 18.60 15.00 13.76
457 ARMOUR PLATE
458 12mm armour plate door 750 x 2100mm high complete
with hardware no 3,074.77 3,828.57 2,740.38 3,454.29 3,023.26 2,867.35
459 Pair of 12mm armour plate doors 1800 x 2100mm high
complete with hardware no 6,039.72 7,657.14 5,261.54 7,307.14 5,986.05 5,505.31
460 GLAZING ASSEMBLIES
461 Shop front or full height wall in standard clear anodised
aluminium sections glazed with 10mm clear float glass
m2 285.51 339.54 306.92 365.36 326.51 326.88
462 Extra for colour anodising m2 29.65 36.21 27.40 39.86 31.08 34.41
463 Extra for hinged door with closer no 922.43 1,372.82 931.73 1,195.71 1,027.91 1,032.24
464 Extra for pair of hinged door with closers no 1,778.97 2,149.47 1,753.85 2,391.43 1,934.88 1,949.80
465 Extra for pair sliding doors with electronic sensor
automatic operation no 10,651.87 11,212.24 10,084.62 12,754.29 11,488.37 11,469.39
466 PATENT GLAZING
467 Standard patent glazing system with glazing bars at
600mm centres and 6mm wired glass in:
468 Galvanised steel m2 263.55 277.84 268.56 332.14 290.23 286.73
469 Aluminium m2 285.51 294.25 290.48 365.36 314.42 321.14
470
HARDWARE
471 Rates for hardware include for standard lines with
satin chromium plated finish, unless otherwise
described. (PC = Prime Cost)
472 Cylinder mortice lock and lever furniture:
473 (PC $165ea) no 214.14 305.19 228.00 300.96 253.95 247.74
474 (PC $175ea) no 259.96 316.13 242.25 324.21 266.05 263.80
475 Cylindrical key and knob lockset (PC $60ea) no 120.79 165.18 127.15 178.25 126.98 123.87
476 Pair 100mm stainless steel butts no 14.28 16.96 15.69 26.09 15.72 14.91
477 Pair 100mm single action, hold-open spring hinges no 57.10 60.55 52.62 73.63 58.05 61.93
478 Night latch (PC $70ea) no 105.42 116.61 115.10 156.29 120.93 114.69
479 Mortice latch set and lever handle furniture (PC $135ea)
no 192.17 274.56 198.40 268.67 217.67 212.18
480 Overhead door closer:
481 Surface mounted (PC $170ea) no 236.10 273.47 252.12 317.75 260.00 286.73
482 Fully concealed (PC $180ea) no 291.00 320.51 285.00 399.13 314.42 338.35
483 Double ball catch no 11.44 15.31 9.87 16.40 9.67 10.32
484 100mm pull handle no 14.56 21.88 13.60 18.86 12.09 13.76
485 Indicator bolt no 38.47 54.69 37.65 52.44 33.86 36.70
486 150mm barrel bolt no 19.76 36.10 18.83 22.48 16.93 19.50
487 Single action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 669.86 1,022.78 663.17 874.46 737.67 756.98
488 Double action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 686.33 1,022.78 663.17 874.46 737.67 756.98
489 Sliding door gear to suit 820mm wide single door no 91.50 122.51 87.85 131.75 83.44 92.90
490 819 x 225 x 2mm push or kick plate in:
491 Laminated plastic no 23.06 28.33 24.12 37.59 26.60 29.82
492 Satin finish stainless steel no 59.27 82.04 52.07 85.25 50.79 56.20
493 Coat hook no 9.36 14.22 9.41 13.95 8.71 10.32
494 18mm diameter towel rail, 900mm long including pillars
no 39.51 54.69 38.70 50.76 34.83 43.58
495 18mm diameter shower rail 1800mm long including end
flanges no 58.23 87.51 56.48 73.63 52.00 61.93
496 Stainless steel toilet paper dispensers no 52.71 57.16 52.62 81.38 58.05 61.93
497
ACCESS FLOORS
498 Computer floor (600 x 600mm grid) with vinyl tile
finish:
499 200mm high m2 214.14 237.70 224.71 252.43 229.77 223.65
500 600mm high m2 247.08 254.65 230.19 265.71 241.86 240.86
501
PARTITIONS
502 METAL STUD PARTITION FRAMING
503 Rates for partition framing include for fixing top and
bottom tracks, corners, ends, etc. Refer to relevant
trades for partition linings.
504 Standard steel stud partition framing:
$ $ $ $ $ $
505 50mm wide m2 26.36 29.43 24.06 26.57 24.19 25.23
506 90mm wide m2 30.75 34.02 28.24 39.86 30.23 27.53
507 Extra for 50mm insulation m2 12.08 12.47 11.50 13.29 12.09 13.76
508 Extra for formed door opening in partition no 27.45 37.96 28.24 33.21 30.23 29.82
509 DEMOUNTABLE MODULAR PARTITIONS
510 33mm aluminium framed with selected veneer particle
board panels:
511 2100mm high m 274.53 373.56 279.52 332.14 302.33 298.20
512 2700mm high m 323.95 464.02 334.33 398.57 356.74 355.55
513 1000mm high glazed above to 2700mm high m 373.36 497.99 372.69 445.07 411.16 389.96
514 Solid core door with latch and furniture:
515 Extra over particle board partition no 318.46 350.86 350.77 398.57 362.79 389.96
516 Extra over part glazed partition no 296.50 316.90 328.85 398.57 314.42 321.14
517 TOILET PARTITIONS
518 Rates for toilet partitions include for all fixings.
519 Particle board sheeted with plain coloured laminated
plastic:
520 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 500.75 752.59 515.61 558.00 532.09 539.06
521 35mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 252.57 317.22 251.01 292.29 266.05 275.27
522 34mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 161.17 229.71 153.46 166.07 163.26 160.57
523 Extra over for ceiling mounted system no * * * 99.64 120.93 91.76
524 Compressed fibre cement:
525 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 514.71 945.11 498.88 518.14 483.72 458.78
526 24mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 214.20 557.88 207.08 186.00 181.40 172.04
527 24mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 176.77 519.59 171.52 132.86 145.12 126.16
528 Doors 1600mm high x 620mm wide with hold open
spring hinges, indicator set and coat hook with door
bumper:
529 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced with paint
finish no 232.92 382.86 225.91 292.29 241.86 206.45
530 35mm honeycomb core, sheeted with plain coloured
laminated plastic no 326.50 492.24 316.90 345.43 362.79 309.67
531 18mm particle board no 224.60 437.55 218.59 225.86 241.86 183.51
532 PRECAST TERRAZZO PARTITIONS
533 Rates for precast partitions include for reinforcement,
polishing on all exposed faces and edges and for
chromium plated brass overhead channels, brackets,
bolts and supports.
534 38mm terrazzo nib 150 x 1800mm high no 206.92 262.53 197.31 239.14 241.86 217.92
535 38mm terrazzo mullion 300 x 1800mm high no 246.44 306.29 219.23 265.71 266.05 298.20
536 38mm terrazzo division 1800 x 1650mm high no 843.30 1,203.27 817.87 996.43 846.51 837.27
537
ROOFING
538 Rates include for all laps, fixings and accessories.
Rates for tiles and include for battens to suit 900mm
span.
539 MEMBRANES
540 Rates include for dressing around pipes, turn-ups,
angles, fillets and protection.
541 Cellular foamed concrete screed laid to falls m3 346.26 * 328.85 527.00 314.42 367.02
542 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base
sheet and two layers 0.907kg fibreglass m2 43.67 47.53 37.82 63.55 43.53 51.61
543 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base
sheet and layer of Cintafort HS and layer of 0.907kg
fibreglass m2 46.79 * 44.97 76.21 43.53 51.61
544 Extra for two coats aluminium paint to surface membrane
m2 9.36 13.13 9.41 15.89 7.01 10.32
545 Extra for coarse river gravel laid in heavy coat of hot
bitumen m2 8.32 * 8.00 13.95 7.50 9.75
546 Extra for Thermatile concrete paving slabs set in heavy
coat of hot bitumen m2 44.71 * 40.01 74.92 39.91 43.58
547 Butynol m2 38.43 * * 55.54 41.12 40.14
548 STEEL
549 0.48mm zincalumed corrugated fixed to timber m 21.96 31.94 24.06 32.03 24.19 27.53
550 Zincalumed coated ribbed decking fixed to timber:
551 0.66mm thick m2 26.36 35.88 26.31 39.65 29.02 34.41
552 0.76mm thick m2 30.75 47.69 34.51 43.40 31.44 39.00
553 Extra for colour coating m2 6.04 4.48 5.23 8.91 6.41 6.88
554 Extra for PVC coating m2 13.73 * 13.70 20.80 13.79 14.91
555 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 19.76 24.61 18.83 25.19 18.14 20.64
556 Barge or fascia capping m 18.72 22.64 16.44 24.67 18.14 20.64
557 Extra over roof sheeting for additional labour in fixing to
walls m2 3.12 3.06 4.49 4.52 2.54 3.44
558 ALUMINIUM
559 0.70mm ribbed decking fixed to timber m2 38.43 * 35.08 55.15 39.91 43.58
560 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 23.92 * 21.92 39.01 20.56 26.38
561 Barge or fascia capping m 22.88 * 21.92 37.33 20.56 22.94
562 FIBRE CEMENT
563 Shingles fixed to timber battens, including barge and ridge
capping m2 50.51 * 49.33 78.79 54.42 45.88
$ $ $ $ $ $
564 Note: See Woodwork for flat fibre cement wall lining.
565 TILES
566 Standard profile and colour concrete tiles fixed to timber
battens m2 31.19 37.74 30.33 45.21 36.28 32.11
567 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 12.48 21.33 12.55 Inc. Inc. Inc.
568 French pattern standard colour glazed terra cotta tiles
fixed to timber battens m2 46.79 73.29 44.97 58.90 48.37 48.17
569 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 16.03 27.35 17.78 Inc. Inc. Inc.
570 Extra over standard for manganese glazed terra cotta tiles
m2 5.20 * 5.70 * 5.93 7.46
571 INSULATION AND SARKING
572 Foil sarking:
573 Sisalation 423 m2 4.39 5.58 5.23 8.14 4.60 4.36
574 Sisalation 453 m2 5.60 * 5.37 8.53 5.93 5.73
575 Fibreglass batts or blanket:
576 50mm thick m2 8.79 10.94 8.88 17.31 9.67 9.18
577 75mm thick m2 12.08 13.13 11.29 21.44 12.70 12.04
578 FLASHINGS
579 Rates for flashings include for laps, angles and
junctions.
580 0.60mm zincalumed steel m2 25.26 26.69 27.40 42.37 28.18 32.00
581 0.80mm zincalumed steel m2 37.43 59.94 36.61 48.83 32.65 34.41
582 Extra over zincalumed steel for:
583 Colour coating m2 11.53 8.12 11.51 17.44 12.09 12.62
584 PVC coating m2 26.36 * 25.76 33.84 * 30.28
585 Other flashings:
586 0.70mm aluminium m2 32.94 35.88 36.61 67.17 34.47 36.13
587 0.60mm copper m2 133.97 52.62 131.54 226.04 139.07 141.07
588 0.50mm stainless steel m2 90.05 60.16 85.50 157.58 * 97.49
589 10kg lead m2 60.40 33.80 66.87 112.38 64.09 75.70
590 20kg lead m2 106.52 44.41 106.33 166.63 108.84 108.96
591 20kg lead flashing to:
592 50mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 51.61 54.69 52.62 95.58 60.47 51.61
593 100mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 54.91 60.16 55.90 103.33 66.51 53.91
594 GUTTERS AND DOWNPIPES
595 Rates for gutters and downpipes include for all
brackets straps, stays, hangers and other fixings,
bends, shoes, junctions, angles, stop ends,
expansion joints, outlets and connections.
596 Eaves gutters:
597 115 x 0.66mm zincalumed steel quadrant m 23.92 31.72 23.01 31.65 24.19 22.02
598 140mm deep standard profiled zincalumed steel fascia
gutter m 23.61 38.29 26.15 34.88 26.60 24.66
599 125 x 0.70mm aluminium quadrant m 33.27 48.13 32.42 42.37 36.28 32.00
600 150 x 91 x 80mm m 85.65 * 87.85 152.42 81.02 84.87
601 125 x 0.5mm stainless steel quadrant m 68.63 100.09 66.94 93.00 * 57.35
602 Box gutters:
603 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 40.55 51.41 39.74 63.94 34.47 40.14
604 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.76mm zincalumed steel m 46.79 68.59 46.02 67.17 42.33 42.44
605 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.66mm galvanised steel m 39.20 * 39.46 73.63 42.33 45.88
606 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm aluminium m 54.07 71.10 52.29 87.83 48.37 49.89
607 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 120.79 131.27 131.78 188.58 114.88 189.24
608 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 160.13 175.02 154.79 213.13 145.12 212.18
609 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel m 87.41 111.58 93.08 136.92 * 87.17
610 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel
m 109.81 148.77 117.14 161.46 * 110.11
611 Valley gutters:
612 Rates include for cutting to end profiles only.
613 450mm girth x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 20.80 36.10 19.87 27.77 16.93 18.92
614 450mm girth x 0.70mm aluminium m 26.00 47.04 25.10 34.10 20.56 21.79
615 450mm girth x 0.80mm copper m 81.26 89.70 87.85 120.13 79.81 126.16
616 Downpipes:
617 Allow one fitting per 6m length.
618 150mm diameter rigid PVC m 26.36 33.91 29.60 39.78 30.23 30.97
619 100 x 65mm rigid PVC m 28.08 40.47 25.21 37.72 26.60 26.38
620 150mm diameter galvanised steel screwed tube m 80.07 * * 133.04 72.56 68.82
621 100 x 50 x 0.60mm zincalumed steel m 20.21 28.44 23.01 36.04 21.77 24.09
622 150 x 100 x 0.80mm zincalumed steel m 31.19 42.66 30.33 47.28 25.40 30.97
623 150 x 100 x 0.70mm aluminium m 40.55 49.22 36.17 54.38 40.51 41.29
624 100 x 50 x 0.80mm sheet copper m 74.87 89.70 73.21 114.96 71.35 73.40
625 150 x 100mm sheet copper m 107.62 111.58 103.54 153.71 107.63 106.67
626 100mm diameter stainless steel m 73.83 123.61 72.17 105.92 60.47 60.79
627 150mm diameter stainless steel m 101.90 169.55 99.36 144.67 90.70 88.31
628 SUMPS
629 Rates for the following sumps include for jointing to
gutter, outlet for and jointing to downpipe and
crimped wire mesh guard.
630 Patent cast iron 90 degree side type funnel shaped
sump rainwater outlet with domed grating and joint to
downpipe:
631 100mm no 266.19 389.42 258.33 362.96 235.81 244.30
$ $ $ $ $ $
632 150mm no 300.51 437.55 291.80 419.79 260.00 294.76
633 Sump:
634 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel
no 109.18 156.97 106.68 143.38 102.79 98.64
635 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel
no 122.70 191.98 119.23 161.46 108.84 106.67
636 300 x 300 x 150mm x 0.80mm aluminium no 134.14 165.18 130.73 209.25 126.98 119.28
637 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 169.11 225.34 173.61 248.00 166.88 175.48
638 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 193.27 286.60 201.85 267.38 199.53 201.86
639 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel no 150.77 213.85 146.42 193.75 181.40 126.16
640 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel
no 179.89 265.81 174.66 244.13 205.58 154.84
641
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
642 The rates are based upon a 600mm deep galvanised
steel suspension system and include for trimming
around light fittings, air conditioning registers and for
perimeter trims.
643 Suspension system:
644 Fully concealed m2 27.04 31.72 26.15 36.17 36.28 22.94
645 Pre-finished one way exposed m2 24.96 29.53 24.06 37.46 32.65 20.64
646 Pre-finished two way exposed m2 20.80 24.07 20.92 29.06 30.23 18.35
647 Linings
648 Flush plasterboard ceiling m2 26.36 31.72 24.12 37.46 30.23 22.94
649 Plasterboard ceiling tiles m2 19.77 24.89 18.63 25.83 24.19 20.64
650 40mm perforated acoustic fibrous plaster insulated tiles
m2 37.43 39.60 36.61 47.79 54.42 36.70
651 13mm prefinished plasterboard tiles m2 24.96 28.33 * 30.35 30.23 22.94
652 15mm pre-finished perforated acoustic tiles m2 26.36 33.91 25.21 30.35 31.44 27.53
653 15mm mineral fibre tiles m2 24.16 28.33 23.02 28.42 30.23 25.23
654 Pre-finished perforated acoustic insulated metal pans m2 65.89 76.57 55.43 67.17 66.51 43.58
655
WINDOWS
656 METAL WINDOWS
657 Rates for windows are based upon standard
catalogue sizes and include for clear float glass and
glazing, standard hardware, flashings and fixing in
position.
658 Clear Anodised Aluminium:
659 Fixed lights m2 230.61 382.86 252.06 332.14 253.95 253.47
660 Horizontal sliding sashes 50% opening m2 285.51 437.55 303.30 385.29 302.33 330.32
661 Awning sashes 50% opening m2 340.42 601.63 370.24 478.29 362.79 348.67
662 Double hung sashes 50% opening m2 362.38 623.51 388.02 478.29 386.98 372.76
663 100 pivot sashes 50% opening m2 373.36 711.02 422.53 531.43 399.07 422.07
664 Extra over clear anodising for Kalcolor colour anodising
m2 30.75 * 29.28 39.86 30.23 34.41
665 Extra over single glazed aluminium window for:
666 Double glazing with integral miniature venetian blind m2 217.32 437.55 210.22 239.14 181.40 194.98
667 Sealed double glazing m2 174.69 328.16 169.43 186.00 157.21 176.63
668 Light duty aluminium sliding flyscreen m2 60.40 109.39 65.89 79.71 60.47 64.23
669 For alternative types of glass refer to Glazing.
670 1 Hr fire rated metal window 1 2 m2 m2 * 2,734.69 * 1,594.29 1,209.30 1,204.29
671 METAL LOUVRE FRAMES AND LOUVRES
672 Rates for louvres include for frames, clips, weather
stripping and clear float glass blades with ground
edges but exclude sub-frames.
673 Galvanised steel with 150mm blades m2 297.39 546.94 288.66 346.76 266.05 258.06
674 Clear anodised aluminium with 150mm blades m2 336.90 656.33 327.36 374.66 290.23 309.67
675 Standard fixed louvre unit having 150mm surround
and Z type blades, spaced at approximately 200mm
centres in:
677 Aluminium m2 419.05 689.14 406.84 495.56 362.79 424.37
678 TIMBER WINDOWS
679 Rates for windows are based upon standard
catalogue sizes and include for clear glazing,
aluminium core jamb and sill flashings, protective
clear priming and standard hardware with spiral
balances or friction stays as required.
680 Western Red Cedar (Eastern States) and Jarrah
(Western Australia)
681 Double hung 100% opening 1200 x 600 m2 329.44 492.24 314.81 * 314.42 309.67
682 Double hung 40% opening 1200 x 600 m2 274.53 437.55 281.34 * 290.23 275.27
683 Awning 100% opening m2 256.84 437.55 248.92 * 217.67 252.33
684 Awning 50% opening m2 239.16 421.14 232.18 * 205.58 217.92
685 CURTAIN WALLING
686 Curtain wall clear anodised fixed panes with
spandrels of:
687 6mm clear glass m2 439.25 765.71 470.64 584.57 435.35 487.45
688 6mm coloured glass m2 461.21 820.41 504.11 644.36 459.53 527.59
689 6mm safety glass m2 505.14 820.41 526.07 656.31 495.81 539.06
$ $ $ $ $ $
690 Steel enamel sheet m2 351.40 * 334.68 * 380.93 407.16
691 Anodised aluminium sheet m2 491.84 875.10 476.92 653.66 386.98 504.65
692 Extra over last for:
693 Colour anodising m2 27.45 54.69 28.24 37.20 24.19 21.79
694 PVF2 finish m2 * * * 55.80 * 45.88
695 Double glazing m2 175.73 437.55 170.48 195.30 120.93 131.90
696 Single glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 203.81 437.55 197.67 209.91 157.21 164.01
697 Double glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 328.58 656.33 318.99 378.64 253.95 277.56
698 Single glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 175.70 328.16 184.07 209.91 157.21 158.28
699 Double glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 333.78 656.33 324.22 378.64 266.05 290.18
700 Integral venetian blinds m2 98.83 164.08 97.27 112.93 82.23 91.76
701 Structural framing system m2 154.93 328.16 150.61 155.44 120.93 120.43
702 CURTAINS
703 Rates for curtains include an allowance for fullness.
704 Acrylic scrim curtain (PC $11.00m 1500mm wide) m2 49.42 76.57 48.11 46.50 47.16 50.47
705 Extra for cotton lining m2 13.18 22.97 14.64 13.29 17.53 16.63
706 Cotton print curtain (PC $8.00m 1200mm wide with cotton
lining m2 59.27 120.33 57.52 47.83 52.00 55.05
707 Aluminium track hand drawn m 19.77 37.19 18.83 14.61 18.74 18.35
708 Cord drawn m 24.16 44.85 23.01 18.60 21.16 21.79
709 Vertical blinds 2.4m drops (PC $50 m2) m2 126.86 142.20 123.41 146.14 126.98 123.87
710
DOORS
711 FIRE DOORS AND FRAMES
712 Rates for fire doors and frames include for hinges and
closer but exclude lock and furniture.
713 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour timber door and frame no 1,218.93 1,132.16 1,150.96 1,494.64 1,330.23 1,124.00
714 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour veneer faced timber door
and metal frame no 1,251.87 1,244.83 1,205.77 1,527.86 1,342.33 1,204.29
715 Pair of 2040 x 1600mm overall 2 hour veneer faced
timber doors and metal frame no 2,251.17 2,789.39 2,411.54 2,989.29 2,600.00 2,179.18
716 TIMBER DOORS
717 Rates for doors are based upon a standard 2040 x
820mm size and include for 100mm steel butts and
hanging.
718 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced for paint finish
no 76.87 95.50 70.15 95.66 81.02 79.14
719 35mm solid core, faced for paint finish no 131.78 206.09 126.06 163.41 139.07 131.90
720 35mm honeycomb core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer
faced for clear finish no 123.74 231.25 119.23 126.21 104.00 105.52
721 35mm solid core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer faced for
clear finish no 164.72 341.84 178.84 213.90 151.16 149.10
722 35mm honeycomb core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for
clear finish no 112.01 241.86 124.46 134.19 112.47 107.81
723 35mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear
finish no 225.12 352.34 177.58 216.56 159.63 158.28
724 40mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear
finish no 247.08 374.42 223.82 245.79 201.95 189.24
725 40mm honeycomb core, resin bonded rotary cut ply wood
faced for paint finish no 109.81 113.00 98.65 128.87 108.84 103.22
726 40mm solid core, resin bonded rotary cut plywood faced
for paint finish no 219.63 228.07 184.07 219.21 183.81 177.78
727 Extra for 10mm Pacific Maple vertical edge strip no 21.96 42.55 23.01 25.24 21.89 20.64
728 Extra over solid core door for:
729 600 x 600mm opening glazed with 4mm clear glass no 85.27 205.32 82.62 75.73 67.72 63.08
730 Cutting opening and supplying and fixing anodised
aluminium return air grille 600 x 300mm no 83.46 155.74 90.99 102.30 89.49 87.17
731 45mm hardwood framed and glazed door with 6mm clear
glass, 100mm stiles and top rail and 200mm bottom rail
no 296.50 328.16 263.08 365.36 326.51 309.67
732 ROLLER SHUTTERS AND GRILLES
733 Industrial roller shutter door manually operated:
734 3000 x 3000mm high galvanised steel no 1,427.57 1,750.20 1,566.72 1,753.71 2,418.60 1,462.35
735 5000 x 4000mm high galvanised steel no 2,964.95 3,555.10 3,172.13 3,540.64 4,837.21 2,982.04
736 3000 x 3000mm high aluminium no 2,031.54 2,351.84 2,238.17 2,504.36 3,627.91 2,150.51
737 5000 x 4000mm high aluminium no 3,074.77 3,894.20 3,424.18 3,739.93 5,441.86 3,245.84
738 Extra for Colorbond finish one side of steel door m2 11.44 16.41 11.50 13.29 24.19 8.03
739 Extra over manually operated roller shutter for electrical
operation no 1,284.81 1,367.35 1,150.96 1,594.29 1,451.16 1,261.63
740 Colour anodised aluminium standard pattern roller grille
m2 378.86 437.55 339.81 465.00 393.02 401.43
741 METAL DOOR FRAMES
742 1.2mm standard knock down type steel door frame to
suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 68.08 79.33 66.94 86.36 68.93 71.11
743 Extra for zincanneal finish no 17.57 20.78 16.73 19.93 17.29 17.20
744 1.2mm wide welded pressed steel rebated door frame to
suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 142.76 134.44 125.50 159.43 133.02 131.90
745 Extra for zincanneal finish no 18.67 20.78 16.73 21.26 17.29 18.35
746
FINISHES
$ $ $ $ $ $
747 Rates for plastering, etc., include an allowance for
narrow work and for all labours.
748 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES EXTERNAL
749 13mm cement render in one coat with wood float
finish to:
750 Masonry walls m2 30.15 40.25 29.60 37.20 36.28 28.67
751 Concrete walls m2 31.19 41.02 29.60 37.20 38.70 28.67
752 Isolated columns m2 39.51 50.59 40.56 37.20 54.42 36.70
753 Concrete soffit m2 38.47 44.19 40.56 37.20 54.42 40.14
754 Extra over 13mm render for 19mm render in two coats m2 12.48 9.08 12.06 13.29 18.14 17.20
755 Extra over 13mm render for waterproofing m2 3.07 3.39 3.29 3.99 3.39 4.59
756 Extra over 13mm render for permanent colouring m2 4.06 3.39 3.29 3.99 3.63 4.59
757 16mm tyrolean render comprising 10mm
waterproofed render coat and 6mm sprayed white
tyrolean finish to:
758 Masonry walls m2 41.59 53.05 38.37 46.50 48.37 *
759 Concrete walls m2 41.59 53.87 38.37 46.50 50.79 *
760 Isolated concrete columns m2 50.95 62.68 46.04 53.14 66.51 *
761 Concrete soffit m2 49.91 57.05 46.04 53.14 66.51 *
762 EXPOSED AGGREGATE RENDER
763 16mm epoxy or acrylic resin based exposed
aggregate waterproof render comprising 13mm
waterproofed render coat and 3mm exposed
aggregate finish to:
764 Masonry walls m2 71.38 90.57 89.88 106.29 82.84 75.70
765 Concrete walls m2 74.67 90.57 89.88 106.29 84.05 79.14
766 Cement based exposed aggregate waterproof render
comprising 13mm waterproofed render coat and 6mm
exposed aggregate finish to:
767 19mm to masonry walls m2 69.18 82.64 92.08 106.29 79.81 72.26
768 19mm to concrete walls m2 70.28 83.79 92.08 106.29 82.23 74.55
769 16mm to isolated concrete columns m2 94.44 112.12 111.81 119.57 99.16 88.31
770 19mm to isolated concrete columns m2 101.90 118.90 117.29 132.86 97.95 90.61
771 16mm to concrete soffit m2 90.05 112.12 111.81 126.21 95.53 89.46
772 19mm to concrete soffit m2 102.94 118.90 117.29 132.86 100.37 97.49
773 Extra over 19mm cement base exposed aggregate
waterproof render for 25mm thickness m2 15.37 20.24 18.63 19.93 16.33 16.06
774 Extra over external render for expanded metal lathing,
power fixed to walls and columns m2 16.64 20.24 16.44 19.93 18.14 16.06
775 Granotrowel 2mm thickness on concrete m2 30.75 36.10 28.50 37.20 35.07 28.67
776 Granotrowel 4mm thickness on blockwork m2 37.34 40.47 37.65 46.50 48.37 35.56
777 granoplast 10 12mm thick m2 27.45 36.10 30.69 * * 29.82
778 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES INTERNAL
779 13mm cement render in one coat with sand finish to:
780 Masonry walls m2 29.12 40.20 29.60 26.57 36.28 28.67
781 Concrete walls m2 30.15 41.02 29.60 26.57 38.70 28.67
782 Isolated concrete columns m2 39.51 50.59 40.56 33.21 54.42 36.70
784 Sides and soffits of concrete beams m2 39.51 44.19 40.56 35.87 54.42 40.14
785 Extra over 13mm render for:
786 16mm render in two coats m2 11.44 9.08 11.50 13.29 18.14 13.76
787 19mm render in two coats m2 13.52 10.17 12.06 15.94 18.14 17.20
788 Extra over sand finish for steel trowel finish m2 3.29 3.39 4.38 3.99 3.63 4.59
789 Granoplast 10 12mm thick m2 * 36.10 31.79 * * 26.38
790 16mm hard plaster in three coats comprising 13mm
cement render in two coats and 3mm setting coat of
hard plaster with steel trowel finish to:
791 Masonry walls m2 39.51 42.66 40.56 37.20 48.37 48.17
792 Concrete walls m2 39.51 42.66 40.56 37.20 50.79 48.17
793 Isolated concrete columns m2 45.75 45.94 46.04 39.86 66.51 50.47
795 Vermiculite Plaster:
796 10mm fire rating 2 hr to concrete soffit m2 29.12 33.36 29.60 37.20 30.23 32.11
797 10mm fire rating 2 hr to sides and soffit of concrete
beams m2 33.27 37.74 35.08 39.86 36.28 32.11
798 50mm fire rated to sides and soffit of steel beams m2 * 81.49 76.35 99.64 90.70 74.55
799 METAL LATHING
800 Expanded metal lath in small areas, including pricking up
coat m2 18.67 18.60 19.73 26.57 22.25 19.50
801 Corner bead m 9.55 9.84 9.87 13.29 10.28 10.32
802 PLASTERBOARD, FIBROUS PLASTER, PLASTER
ACOUSTIC TILES AND SIMILAR
803 10mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 26.00 24.50 31.79 35.87 30.23 22.94
804 13mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 29.12 25.82 33.98 42.51 33.86 26.38
805 10mm plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mm battens
at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 39.51 38.07 43.85 49.16 42.33 40.14
806 16mm one hour fire rated plasterboard to wall framing m2 35.35 35.99 39.46 46.50 42.33 32.11
$ $ $ $ $ $
807 32mm one hour fire rated lining comprising two layers
16mm p[plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mm
battens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 59.30 65.30 64.67 79.71 78.60 69.96
808 Fibrous Plaster/Plasterglass
809 13mm fibrous plaster to wall framing m2 38.47 * 40.56 42.51 48.37 *
810 13mm fibrous plaster on and including 50mm x 38mm
battens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 48.87 * 51.52 53.14 60.47 *
811 Cornice mould up to 200mm girth m 13.18 14.71 14.25 19.93 13.91 17.20
812 TILE, SLAB, BLOCK OR SHEET FINISHES, PAVINGS
AND CARPETS
813 WALL TILING
814 Rates for wall tiles include for backing coat and an
average proportion of narrow work.
815 150 x 150mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30 per m2
supplied m2 96.70 133.45 93.17 119.57 102.79 97.49
816 200 x 100mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 99.82 133.45 96.46 119.57 102.79 103.22
817 Mosaic tiles in sheets PC $35.00 per m2 supplied m2 105.02 141.44 99.75 132.86 108.84 108.96
818 FLOOR TILING
819 Rates for floor tiling include for mortar beds and
laying.
820 225 x 225 x 20mm quarry tile paving m2 103.98 161.68 109.62 112.93 102.79 97.49
821 150 x 150 x 15mm quarry tile paving m2 105.02 161.68 109.62 112.93 102.79 100.93
822 100 x 100mm ceramic floor tiles PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 108.14 161.68 120.58 119.57 102.79 103.22
823 200 x 200mm ceramic floor tiles PC $35.00 per m2
supplied m2 114.38 169.77 126.06 126.21 108.84 108.96
824 Ceramic mosaic floor tiles in sheets PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 106.06 161.68 116.19 112.93 102.79 103.22
825 300 x 300mm Terra Cotta paving tiles m2 108.14 177.76 115.10 106.29 108.84 103.22
826 150mm high vitreous tile skirting m 27.04 48.13 26.15 26.57 24.19 28.67
827 300mm wide quarry tile step tread m 39.53 48.13 43.85 46.50 42.33 45.88
828 Cork
829 6mm cork floor tiles with clear plastic finish m2 57.10 73.84 62.48 86.36 60.47 72.26
830 Steel
831 300 x 300 x 3mm cold rolled steel floor tiles, including
50mm mortar bed m2 175.73 240.65 * 212.57 157.21 *
832 Parquetry
833 10mm brush box mosaic parquetry flooring including
polishing m2 124.78 185.96 126.06 159.43 84.65 154.84
834 20mm blue gum block parquetry flooring with square
edges including polishing m2 150.77 224.24 153.46 186.00 108.84 189.24
835 Vinyl
836 2mm flexible vinyl floor tiles m2 38.47 35.11 37.65 73.07 33.86 36.70
837 2mm flexible sheet vinyl to floors m2 39.51 39.60 38.37 66.43 36.28 39.00
838 2mm conductive welded vinyl floor sheeting m2 82.36 96.26 76.73 106.29 84.65 84.87
839 1.50mm flexible sheet vinyl to walls m2 38.47 41.57 37.65 53.14 42.33 41.29
840 100mm high feather edged skirting m 9.55 9.30 9.87 19.93 8.47 11.47
841 Cement Based Paving
842 25mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish
m2 26.00 24.07 29.60 33.21 24.19 32.11
843 50mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish
m2 31.19 28.33 32.88 39.86 30.23 41.29
844 25mm cement sand paving with wood float finish m2 24.96 25.16 28.50 29.23 21.77 32.11
845 25mm granolithic paving with steel trowel finish m2 30.15 36.10 33.98 37.20 24.19 36.70
846 25mm granolithic to treads, risers, strings, etc, including
all labours m2 68.08 98.45 80.02 79.71 72.56 86.02
847 Extra over 25mm granolithic for waterproofing m2 4.39 4.38 3.84 5.31 3.87 5.73
848 Extra over 25mm granolithic for permanent colouring
excluding green m2 5.49 6.56 5.48 5.31 5.56 6.88
849 Extra for incorporating 25 x 13mm carborundum inserts
m 7.69 7.66 8.37 7.97 7.86 13.76
850 100mm high coved granolithic skirting m 27.04 29.43 29.60 29.23 29.02 32.11
851 Terrazzo Paving
852 25mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 228.76 382.86 197.31 318.86 181.40 258.06
853 38mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 243.32 393.80 236.37 345.43 205.58 269.53
854 25mm precast terrazzo tile paving m2 162.21 213.31 147.98 186.00 181.40 183.51
855 150 x 19mm in-situ terrazzo coved skirting m 47.83 79.31 65.77 86.36 72.56 59.64
856 300 x 38mm precast terrazzo stair tread with
carborundum inserts m 115.42 153.14 111.91 132.86 120.93 137.63
857 125 x 19mm precast terrazzo stair riser m 75.91 87.51 74.26 106.29 84.65 80.29
858 425mm girth precast terrazzo combined stair tread and
riser with carborundum inserts m 209.00 185.96 211.27 398.57 302.33 *
859 25 x 3mm brass division strip m 24.16 32.82 25.21 27.90 30.23 32.11
860 Carpet on Supergrade Underfelt:
861 48oz 80/20 carpet m2 51.61 56.61 52.62 66.43 54.42 55.05
862 Pure wool commercial grade carpet m2 54.91 62.24 60.29 79.71 54.42 64.23
863 Synthetic commercial grade carpet m2 43.93 41.02 39.46 53.14 42.33 50.47
864 Synthetic commercial grade carpet tiles with foam backing
m2 56.15 71.10 54.39 73.07 54.42 66.52
$ $ $ $ $ $
865
PAINTING
866 Rates for painting include for all preparatory work.
867 PLASTERED AND SIMILAR WALL AND CEILING
SURFACES
868 Two coats cement based paint Boncote m2 9.36 12.03 8.77 10.08 10.88 10.90
869 Seal and two coats acrylic paint m2 9.36 12.03 8.77 10.08 9.67 10.32
870 Seal and one undercoat and two coats of enamel m2 9.88 13.13 10.96 12.40 12.09 11.47
871 Three coats sprayed vinyl m2 18.12 20.35 17.54 21.31 18.14 18.35
872 Extra for filler coat to rough surfaces m2 4.39 5.47 4.38 5.81 4.84 4.59
873 METAL SURFACES
874 One coat primer m2 3.62 4.38 3.29 4.91 3.63 3.56
875 Touch up shop primer and one coat enamel m2 5.49 6.56 5.48 6.98 6.05 5.73
876 Extra for each additional coat m2 3.29 4.38 3.29 4.13 3.63 4.59
877 Prime and two coats enamel on:
879 Galvanised eaves gutters, downpipes and large
plumbing pipes generally m 5.49 5.69 5.23 9.04 6.05 4.59
880 Copper pipes up to 50mm diameter m 5.49 5.69 5.23 9.04 6.05 4.30
881 TIMBER SURFACES
882 Prime and two coats enamel on general surfaces m2 12.48 13.13 11.50 23.90 12.09 10.32
884 Prime and two coats enamel on surfaces up to 300mm
girth m 4.94 4.38 4.18 5.94 6.05 4.59
885 Two coats clear plastic finish on general surfaces m2 7.69 9.84 8.77 9.17 9.67 8.03
887 Extra for staining m2 3.73 4.38 3.14 5.04 3.63 4.01
888 SPECIAL FINISHES
889 Granotex finish with acrylic base to walls m2 19.77 29.53 20.83 20.67 18.14 20.64
890 Granotex finish with epoxy base to walls m2 24.16 32.82 25.21 29.71 24.19 22.94
891 Finish on metalwork (undercoat) m2 26.36 28.33 25.21 32.81 25.40 21.79
892 Finish on plastered walls Faux m2 21.96 22.64 20.83 30.23 20.56 20.64
893 Anti-graffiti treatment to walls m2 9.88 16.41 9.87 11.88 9.67 9.18
894 SIGNWRITING
895 Signwriting 50mm high letter Each 4.61 6.56 4.93 5.94 6.05 4.82
896 Signwriting 100mm high letter Each 5.71 8.75 6.03 7.23 5.80 5.85
897 PAPER HANGING
898 Wallpaper PC $7.50 per m2 supplied m2 23.06 22.97 27.40 25.19 24.19 24.09
899 Vinyl fabric PC $20.00 per m2 supplied m2 39.53 51.41 43.85 64.58 38.70 41.29
900 Suede/wool type fabric PC $30.00 per m2 supplied m2 57.10 71.10 60.29 83.96 55.63 55.05
901
HYDRAULICS
902 PIPEWORK
903 Rates for pipework include for all jointing and fixings
and except where items for such fittings are given
separately for all reducers, bends, tees, junctions and
inspection openings.
904 SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES
905 PVC pipe:
906 32mm m 28.00 28.17 26.15 36.43 26.60 27.53
907 40mm m 29.10 28.17 26.15 30.61 26.60 29.82
908 50mm m 31.30 34.46 29.28 35.00 30.23 33.26
909 65mm m 32.39 43.48 33.47 44.30 31.44 34.41
910 80mm m 40.08 48.68 39.74 54.64 37.49 42.44
911 100mm m 50.51 57.98 48.11 64.07 47.16 51.61
912 Cast iron pipe:
913 100mm m 103.22 156.42 114.00 184.67 96.74 105.52
914 150mm m 162.52 225.34 168.39 267.04 143.91 160.57
915 Copper pipe:
916 32mm m 41.73 51.96 38.70 50.09 38.09 42.44
917 40mm m 48.32 59.07 44.97 57.00 43.53 48.17
918 50mm m 57.10 74.38 54.39 73.07 50.79 53.91
919 65mm m 76.87 89.15 66.94 85.03 62.88 69.96
920 80mm m 84.56 126.89 86.81 120.90 79.81 84.87
921 100mm m 113.11 170.64 119.23 162.09 108.84 119.28
922 WATER PIPES
923 Galvanised steel pipe:
924 15mm m 37.43 48.13 * 46.63 38.70 *
925 20mm m 38.47 50.32 * 47.56 39.91 *
926 25mm m 43.67 61.26 41.83 59.79 48.37 *
927 32mm m 49.91 81.49 49.16 61.91 54.42 *
928 40mm m 57.19 95.17 55.43 75.73 60.47 *
929 50mm m 68.63 113.76 66.94 90.34 72.56 *
930 Copper pipe:
931 15mm m 26.36 41.02 21.92 20.19 22.98 25.23
932 20mm m 30.20 43.21 26.31 28.30 27.81 29.82
933 25mm m 33.49 48.13 30.69 43.71 31.44 34.41
934 32mm m 42.28 77.12 43.93 49.69 37.49 40.14
935 40mm m 47.77 95.17 52.29 58.19 47.16 48.17
936 50mm m 59.30 111.03 63.80 74.40 55.63 60.79
937 65mm m 76.32 124.70 77.39 91.67 72.56 76.84
$ $ $ $ $ $
938 80mm m 85.65 152.05 92.04 120.90 81.02 86.02
939 100mm m 113.11 196.90 121.32 151.46 105.21 115.84
940 150mm m * 284.41 177.80 193.97 158.42 172.04
941 Chromium plated copper pipe:
942 15mm m 48.87 76.02 47.06 71.74 42.33 43.58
943 20mm m 73.83 158.61 71.12 118.24 48.37 51.61
944 32mm m 52.16 * 71.25 * 60.47 57.35
945 40mm m 69.18 * 81.12 * 72.56 68.82
946 50mm m 81.26 * * * 84.65 81.43
947 PVC coated pre-lagged copper pipe:
948 15mm m 29.10 46.49 31.38 44.69 33.86 29.82
949 20mm m 37.43 54.69 36.61 53.09 36.28 33.26
950 25mm m 45.75 68.91 44.97 69.88 42.33 40.14
951 Extra over copper pipe for:
952 100mm 90 degree bend no 77.97 48.68 70.15 58.99 74.98 84.87
953 150mm 90 degree bend no 150.44 140.02 137.02 * 139.07 167.45
954 100mm tee no 82.36 59.07 58.10 71.74 70.14 79.14
955 100 x 80mm tee no 84.56 99.00 64.67 71.74 71.35 80.29
956 150mm tee no 158.13 161.89 139.21 204.60 157.21 174.33
957 150 x 100mm tee no 155.93 223.15 168.39 232.50 157.21 174.33
958 Ductile cement lined pipe in trench (fittings extra):
959 100mm m 101.58 74.38 85.50 89.01 97.95 107.81
960 150mm m 148.25 118.69 117.29 148.80 139.07 150.25
961 Extra over ductile cement lined pipe for cement lined
cast iron:
962 100mm 90 degree bend no 192.17 216.59 186.17 239.14 193.49 204.16
963 150mm 90 degree bend no 303.08 300.27 271.93 337.46 290.23 291.32
964 100mm tee no 245.98 237.37 213.75 267.04 229.77 260.36
965 100 x 80mm tee no 237.20 237.37 213.75 267.04 223.72 260.36
966 150mm tee no 353.60 339.65 315.85 427.80 314.42 347.52
967 150 x 100mm tee no 318.46 339.65 310.62 427.80 314.42 347.52
968 Lagging
969 25mm thick standard sectional pipe insulation to:
970 25mm pipe m 38.98 23.52 26.31 32.15 34.47 35.56
971 32mm pipe m 40.08 27.35 32.42 37.86 36.88 37.85
972 40mm pipe m 42.28 33.91 32.88 42.12 40.27 40.14
973 50mm pipe m 44.47 39.38 38.37 49.02 43.53 48.17
974 TRAPS
975 50mm brass trap no 102.94 180.49 100.40 140.83 90.70 87.17
976 75mm brass trap no * * 88.90 * 96.74 112.40
977 40mm copper universal type trap no 71.93 98.45 75.30 103.63 84.65 76.84
978 50mm copper universal type trap no 79.61 117.04 82.62 94.33 90.70 84.87
979 40mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 117.50 185.96 114.00 197.96 108.84 92.90
980 50mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 133.10 204.56 128.64 212.57 120.93 110.11
981 40mm PVC universal type trap no 54.36 68.91 77.39 74.40 48.37 45.88
982 50mm PVC universal type trap no 57.65 86.42 58.57 95.66 54.42 52.76
983 100 x 50mm Pallazzi type brass floor gully with brass riser
and chromium plated brass screw in grating no 231.71 360.43 246.83 353.40 229.77 242.00
984 100 x 50mm PVC floor gully with PVC riser and PVC
screw in grating no 127.38 101.18 112.95 170.06 114.88 134.19
985 COCKS AND VALVES
986 15mm brass hose cock no 37.89 52.51 34.51 30.56 35.07 39.00
987 20mm brass hose cock no 35.69 61.26 38.70 45.17 36.28 41.29
988 15mm brass stop cock no 36.79 35.00 32.88 38.79 33.86 36.70
994 15mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 64.24 65.09 53.34 74.40 43.53 57.35
995 20mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 75.22 78.21 66.87 90.34 68.93 84.87
996 15mm chromium plated brass cistern cock no 68.63 39.38 46.02 49.42 43.53 55.05
997 25mm bronze gate valve no 74.12 66.18 63.58 89.01 68.93 80.29
1003 100mm bronze gate valve no 919.20 859.79 871.44 1,461.43 786.05 817.77
1004 150mm bronze gate valve no 1,304.98 1,291.87 1,150.96 2,212.07 1,330.23 1,189.38
1005 40mm chromium plated brass hand operated flusherette
valve no 428.27 * 437.17 670.93 411.16 471.39
1006 Concrete pipe pit for stop cock complete with cast iron
path box no 155.93 78.89 129.69 178.03 151.16 167.45
1007 TAPS
1008 Rates for taps are based upon chromium plated brass
easy clean style and include for jointing to pipework.
1009 15mm hose cock no 78.52 57.98 80.53 140.83 90.70 84.87
1010 15mm bib cock no 93.58 118.69 90.99 155.44 90.70 81.43
$ $ $ $ $ $
1011 15mm pillar cock no 99.82 135.09 96.22 167.40 90.70 84.87
1012 15mm washing machine cock no 86.31 115.95 83.67 124.89 84.65 82.58
1013 15mm vanity basin combination set with plain fixed spout
no 281.12 416.77 312.72 507.51 302.33 298.20
1014 15mm sink combination set with 230mm plain swivel
spout no 314.07 447.94 343.05 528.77 338.60 337.20
1015 15mm laundry combination set with 610mm telescopic
arm no 237.20 321.05 254.15 361.37 278.14 247.74
1016 15mm shower combination set with shower arm and
75mm anti-splash swivel hose no 362.90 528.89 352.46 577.93 362.79 291.32
1017 Extra for aerator no 21.41 20.24 19.87 24.05 22.98 22.94
1018 Raymor shower mixing tap complete with regulating
valves no 456.82 518.50 446.59 635.06 459.53 484.01
1019 FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT
1020 Rates for sanitary fixtures include for installation
complete with plugs, grated waste outlets, brackets
and all fixings including jointing to pipes but to not
include for pipework, traps, cocks or outlet fittings.
1021 Stainless Steel:
1022 1200mm single bowl sink and drainer no 367.87 416.77 395.34 507.51 483.72 489.74
1023 1500mm single bowl sink and drainer no 411.80 536.55 429.85 643.03 435.35 422.07
1024 1800mm double bowl sink and drainer no 543.57 726.88 614.97 874.20 725.58 595.26
1025 1200mm single bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 367.87 444.11 380.70 507.51 471.63 378.49
1026 1800mm double bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 543.57 754.23 610.79 854.27 689.30 595.26
1027 Laundry tub and cabinet with:
1028 Single 68 litre compartment no 499.65 662.89 482.31 704.14 568.37 489.74
1029 Two 68 litre compartments no 834.58 1,170.45 800.19 1,182.43 919.07 898.05
1030 Urinal with concealed sparge pipe built in between
walls:
1031 1200mm slab type no 1,891.44 2,666.87 1,835.50 3,367.93 1,451.16 1,808.72
1032 1800mm slab type no 2,348.96 3,566.04 2,278.95 3,826.29 2,176.74 2,167.71
1033 10 litre automatic cistern with flush pipe no 557.35 436.46 540.72 789.17 846.51 711.10
1034 Drinking fountain with bubbler, wall mounted no 777.79 1,077.47 754.07 912.73 1,027.91 805.15
1035 Wash trough 1800mmm long x 420mm wide anti-splash
wall mounted type with 100mm back skirting no 1,106.37 1,846.47 1,074.11 1,493.31 1,088.37 917.55
1036 White Vitreous China
1037 500 x 400mm splashback wall basin no 456.48 708.83 442.40 810.43 362.79 422.07
1038 500 x 350mm self rimming counter top vanity basin no 247.08 290.97 267.74 338.79 290.23 360.14
1039 525 x 400mm cleaners sink with hinged grating no 1,000.31 1,010.74 970.57 1,303.33 1,330.23 966.87
1040 300 x 300mm laboratory sink no 478.32 901.36 463.32 591.21 507.91 409.46
1041 475 x 400mm laboratory sink no 700.84 956.05 679.82 1,024.33 882.79 607.88
1042 Single wall hung urinal stall with integral trap no * 1,673.63 * 1,999.50 1,729.30 1,812.16
1043 Slophopper with hinged grating no * 2,417.47 * 2,816.57 2,176.74 2,580.61
1044 Pull chain urinal cistern with flush pipe no 422.78 528.34 479.01 554.01 846.51 446.16
1045 Push button WC cistern with flush pipe and pan connector
no 424.25 555.69 411.03 624.43 544.19 360.14
1046 WC pan with seat and flap no 344.81 366.45 356.64 550.03 423.26 353.26
1047 Low down WC suite complete with seat flap and flush
pipe no 616.62 731.80 598.24 838.33 906.98 520.71
1048 795 x 370mm recessed combined water dispenser and
drinking fountain no 1,846.73 * 1,791.58 1,832.10 3,627.91 1,710.09
1049 Miscellaneous
1050 Push button plastic WC cistern with flush pipe and
pan connector:
1051 Wall mounted no 173.50 204.56 192.44 267.04 253.95 211.04
1052 Concealed type no 300.51 262.53 291.80 427.80 447.44 347.52
1053 White porcelain enamelled bath:
1054 1524mm cast iron no 1,187.48 2,680.00 1,151.50 * * 793.68
1055 1676mm cast iron no 1,218.67 2,680.00 1,182.88 * 1,269.77 867.09
1056 1524mm pressed steel no 411.80 527.25 444.50 564.64 580.47 446.16
1057 HOT WATER UNITS
1058 Mains pressure storage water heater with glass lined
steel cylinder:
1059 50 litre no 625.93 642.11 596.15 710.79 725.58 629.67
1060 135 litre no 922.43 1,050.12 873.30 1,077.47 919.07 935.90
1061 270 litre no 1,109.11 1,349.30 986.54 1,367.10 1,209.30 1,176.76
1062 180 litre storage solar water heater with standard panels
and electric booster no 2,185.28 2,474.35 2,316.61 3,100.89 2,660.47 2,601.26
1063
DRAINAGE
1064 Rates for pipes include for laying in trench and
jointing but do not include fittings, excavation and
backfilling.
1065 PIPEWORK TRENCH EXCAVATIONS
1066 All excavation is by machine in other than rock unless
otherwise stated. The term rock shall be taken to
mean hard material requiring use of compressors.
Excavation rates include for planking and strutting,
backfilling and removal of surplus material.
$ $ $ $ $ $
1067 Excavate trench for drain pipe not exceeding 225mm
diameter:
1068 Average 600mm deep m 23.06 21.88 19.73 24.58 20.56 25.23
1069 Average 1200mm deep m 32.94 35.00 28.50 30.16 35.07 37.85
1070 Average 2100mm deep m 54.36 80.95 60.66 61.78 71.35 69.96
1071 Excavate trench for drain pipe 300 or 375mm diameter
1072 Average 600m deep m 25.26 22.97 20.83 25.91 22.98 27.53
1073 Average 1200mm deep m 35.14 46.49 34.51 31.49 38.70 42.44
1074 Average 2100mm deep m 74.87 121.42 75.63 69.09 71.35 72.26
1075 Extra over trench for excavating in rock using
compressors m3 170.21 130.17 137.02 211.24 163.26 180.07
1076 20mm gravel or crushed stone in backfilling to drain
trench m3 63.69 88.60 78.92 82.37 60.47 74.55
1077 AGRICULTURAL DRAINS
1078 100mm earthenware pipe including backfilling with rubble
m 29.65 32.27 25.10 * 21.77 30.97
1079 Extra for bend no 23.06 19.69 19.73 * 16.93 25.23
1080 100mm corrugated slotted PVC pipe including backfilling
with rubble m 28.55 26.25 24.06 29.89 21.77 26.38
1081 STORMWATER DRAINS
1082 Class X reinforced concrete pipes with spigot and
socket rubber ring joints:
1083 100mm m 36.24 * 30.69 * 30.23 40.14
1084 150mm m 48.32 * 36.17 * 38.70 49.32
1085 225mm m 57.10 92.98 60.66 77.06 50.79 65.38
1086 300mm m 82.15 106.11 76.73 106.29 78.60 79.14
1087 Extra for:
1088 100mm bend no 39.53 * 31.79 * 33.86 43.58
1089 150mm bend no 64.79 * 55.43 * 60.47 65.38
1090 225mm bend no 99.38 99.54 86.81 * 93.12 99.78
1091 300mm bend no 164.29 159.71 * * 241.86 149.10
1092 100 x 100mm junction no 53.81 * 44.97 * 49.58 52.76
1093 150 x 100mm junction no 74.67 * 70.07 * 87.07 81.43
1094 225 x 100mm junction no 121.66 137.28 126.06 * 157.21 112.40
1095 300 x 100mm junction no 172.61 218.23 * * 217.67 149.10
1096 PVC PIPES
1097 Pipes with solvent welded joints:
1098 90mm m 26.36 28.44 23.01 21.44 25.40 29.82
1099 150mm m 37.34 34.46 33.47 37.59 35.07 42.44
1100 Extra for:
1101 90mm bend no 26.36 19.69 18.83 14.21 21.77 27.53
1102 150mm bend no 45.02 29.53 32.88 41.08 41.12 44.73
1103 90 x 90mm junction no 42.83 25.16 27.19 20.54 29.02 37.85
1104 150 x 90mm junction no 63.69 39.93 47.13 71.17 49.58 57.35
1105 SOIL DRAINS
1106 PVC Pipes
1107 100mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 28.55 26.25 25.10 30.48 27.81 33.26
1108 150mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 40.63 46.49 36.61 36.30 39.91 44.73
1109 Extra for 100mm bend no 28.55 15.31 20.92 17.70 26.60 30.97
1110 Extra for 150mm bend no 49.42 38.29 41.83 49.73 43.53 50.47
1111 Cast Iron Pipes
1112 100mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 93.34 92.43 87.85 127.54 96.74 99.78
1113 150mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 121.89 122.40 126.55 201.94 145.12 136.49
1114 Extra for:
1115 100mm bend no 104.32 111.58 93.08 146.14 76.19 92.90
1116 150mm bend no 200.96 197.44 180.94 268.37 193.49 180.07
1117 100 x 100mm junction no 149.35 155.88 135.96 220.54 114.88 136.49
1118 150 x 100mm junction no 238.29 249.40 218.59 372.00 181.40 211.04
1119 100mm inspection opening no 73.03 57.43 65.89 106.29 60.47 76.84
1120 150mm inspection opening no 108.71 87.51 89.88 148.80 93.12 104.37
1121 Encasing to Pipes
1122 Concrete bed and surround to:
1123 100mm pipe m 46.67 59.07 43.85 58.86 48.37 52.76
1124 150mm pipe m 56.55 70.56 55.43 66.03 54.42 64.23
1125 225mm pipe m 68.63 89.15 64.67 90.34 72.56 79.14
1126 MANHOLES
1127 Rates for manholes include for excavation, 150mm
concrete bottom and sides, formwork, reinforcement,
benching, channels and step irons.
1128 In-situ concrete manhole with medium duty cover:
1129 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 999.30 1,215.30 909.81 * 991.63 1,176.76
1130 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,702.10 2,456.85 1,753.85 * 1,874.42 1,981.91
1131 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,910.05 4,935.58 3,177.36 * 3,023.26 3,344.47
1132 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,455.02 1,928.51 1,434.94 * 1,451.16 1,672.24
1135 Precast concrete manhole with precast cover:
1136 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 845.56 * 739.90 * 761.86 990.96
$ $ $ $ $ $
1137 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,427.57 * 1,425.00 * 1,572.09 1,858.04
1138 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,196.26 * 2,356.73 * 2,539.53 2,725.13
1139 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,153.04 1,410.01 975.58 907.41 1,040.00 1,375.18
1140 1200mm diameter and 2000mm deep no 1,866.82 1,820.76 1,644.23 2,145.64 1,813.95 2,353.52
1141 1200mm diameter and 3000mm deep no 2,525.70 2,236.43 2,630.77 2,922.86 3,023.26 3,096.73
1142
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1143 Switchboards
1144 Main switchboard small to medium installation no 25,257 22,632 21,686 19,929 24,186 30,681
1145 Main switchboard major installation or high rise no 181,192 169,764 133,402 119,571 145,116 147,267
1146 Distribution board small to medium installation no 3,294 2,833 3,132 2,657 3,628 5,161
1147 Distribution board major or high rise installation no 11,530 9,057 9,208 6,643 12,093 9,818
1148 Consumer mains three phase circuits:
1149 50 amps m 35.14 33.95 33.98 29.23 36.28 41.29
1150 100 amps m 63.69 67.91 64.67 46.50 60.47 68.82
1151 150 amps m 138.36 135.82 146.88 79.71 96.74 137.63
1152 200 amps m 170.21 164.10 152.37 106.29 120.93 166.31
1153 500 amps m 417.29 396.11 395.71 318.86 362.79 389.96
1154 Lighting Installation
1155 Circuits Small to Medium Installation Point 71.38 67.91 74.54 49.16 60.47 74.55
1156 Circuits Major or High Rise Installation Point 102.13 87.51 105.23 49.16 72.56 92.90
1157 Luminaires small to Medium Installation no 181.19 181.08 189.63 126.21 133.02 184.66
1158 Luminaires Major or High Rise Installation no 217.43 203.71 219.23 166.07 187.44 245.44
1159 Power Installation
1160 Circuits Single phase Small to Medium Installation
Point 91.14 96.20 89.88 93.00 84.65 92.90
1161 Circuits Single phase Major or High Rise Installation
Point 117.50 113.17 116.19 106.29 96.74 104.37
1162 Circuits three phase Small to Medium Installation Point 356.89 339.53 365.02 192.64 302.33 393.40
1163 Circuits three phase Major or High Rise Installation
Point 494.16 452.70 474.63 192.64 362.79 516.12
1164 ATC backbone cabling and conduit Point 142.76 135.82 152.37 166.07 145.12 160.57
1165 Television installation Point 131.78 113.17 189.63 126.21 133.02 184.66
1166 Background Music Point 129.58 101.86 116.19 76.39 108.84 98.64
1167 Nurse Call System Point 205.35 203.71 196.21 139.50 139.07 183.51
1168 Clock system Point 177.90 158.45 178.67 192.64 181.40 270.68
1169 Security system Small to Medium Installation m2 7.69 7.92 10.96 5.31 8.47 9.18
1170 Security system Major or High Rise Installation m2 19.76 13.59 20.92 7.97 14.51 17.20
1171 Emergency Evacuation Small to Medium Installation
m2 8.46 9.06 12.06 7.31 7.26 9.18
1172 Emergency Evacuation Major or High Rise Installation
m2 10.76 12.45 14.25 11.29 10.88 13.76
1173 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY
1174 Diesel standby alternator with automatic start system
and silencer:
1175 60 kVA no 54,907 56,588 66,640 46,500 48,372 61,361
1176 340 kVA no 186,682 192,399 212,033 132,857 157,209 147,267
1177 900 kVA no 329,439 400,311 374,604 292,286 314,419 368,167
1178
COSTS PER SQUARE METRE
1179 Rates per square metre are average prices for typical
buildings within metropolitan areas. They include
profit but exclude special equipment, special
allowances, WST and GST.
1180 Accommodation
1181 Suburban Motel m2 95.54 131.27 95.37 86.36 84.65 92.90
1182 Suburban Hotel m2 104.32 142.20 117.29 99.64 96.74 116.99
1183 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 148.25 218.78 149.08 128.87 120.93 166.31
1184 Car Parks
1185 Basement car park m2 31.85 43.76 30.69 24.58 24.19 34.41
1186 Multi-storey car park m2 28.55 32.82 30.69 21.92 21.77 30.97
1187 Civic Buildings
1188 Civic Centre m2 94.44 153.14 105.23 93.00 96.74 111.25
1189 Town or City Hall m2 119.70 196.90 121.67 109.61 114.88 142.22
1190 Library m2 119.70 164.08 127.15 116.25 133.02 160.57
1191 Court House m2 118.60 175.02 129.35 122.89 114.88 147.96
1192 Police Station m2 118.60 175.02 129.35 122.89 114.88 147.96
1193 Educational
1194 Primary Schools m2 82.36 153.14 88.79 79.71 78.60 98.64
1195 Secondary Schools m2 104.32 164.08 112.90 109.61 102.79 129.60
1196 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 137.27 175.02 152.37 152.79 139.07 172.04
1197 Health
1198 District Hospital m2 181.19 328.16 196.21 192.64 175.35 233.98
1199 General Hospital m2 227.31 404.73 237.87 245.79 229.77 307.38
1200 Industrial
1201 Factories m2 56.55 76.57 61.38 49.16 48.37 56.20
1202 Multi-storey warehouses m2 54.36 65.63 59.19 62.44 54.42 67.67
1203 Offices
1204 Suburban low rise m2 88.95 120.33 101.94 93.00 78.60 86.02
1205 Central Business District (CBD) low rise m2 103.22 153.14 110.71 106.29 90.70 98.64
1206 Central Business District (CBD) high rise m2 127.38 240.65 134.83 122.89 114.88 116.99
1207 Recreational
$ $ $ $ $ $
1208 Social Sports Club m2 79.61 120.33 86.60 79.71 78.60 86.02
1209 Basketball centre m2 64.24 87.51 69.06 62.44 54.42 74.55
1210 Community recreational centre m2 75.22 87.51 85.50 62.44 72.56 80.29
1211 Cinema m2 116.40 131.27 121.67 122.89 114.88 129.60
1212 Residential
1213 House of medium standard m2 32.39 54.69 38.37 24.58 36.28 37.85
1214 Home units low rise m2 51.06 65.63 69.06 43.18 42.33 56.20
1215 Home units high rise m2 56.55 76.57 86.60 49.16 48.37 61.93
1216 Hostel m2 54.36 98.45 61.38 49.16 48.37 49.32
1217 Shopping
1218 Shop or showroom m2 60.95 125.80 67.96 61.11 58.05 67.67
1219 Suburban supermarket m2 74.12 98.45 85.50 57.13 66.51 80.29
1220 Regional shopping centre m2 80.71 109.39 105.23 61.11 72.56 92.90
1221 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 93.34 131.27 116.19 67.76 78.60 111.25
1222 Miscellaneous
1223 Tavern m2 94.44 142.20 110.71 86.36 84.65 111.25
1224 Aged persons home m2 108.71 120.33 105.23 79.71 78.60 122.72
1225 Church m2 82.36 131.27 98.65 67.76 72.56 74.55
1226 Amenities block m2 * 109.39 66.87 62.44 60.47 80.29
1227
MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS
1228 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING UNITS
1229 Costs given are for the unit only, all other associated
items including ductwork and pipework are not
included.
1230 Reverse cycle roof top type:
1231 14kW no 8,565 8,488 9,865 7,108 8,223 9,414
1232 60kW no 29,650 28,294 34,090 25,575 29,023 28,490
1233 Cooling type plant room type with cooling tower
(tower not included)
1234 14kW no 6,918 7,356 7,513 5,580 6,651 7,680
1235 60kW no 19,217 21,164 21,205 17,936 19,349 23,040
1236 COSTS PER SQUARE METRE
1237 Rates are average prices per square metre A/C area
for typical buildings within metropolitan areas. They
include profit but exclude special equipment, special
allowances, WST and GST.
1238 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
1239 Car Parking
1240 Basement car park m2 56.00 65.63 59.19 43.18 54.42 52.76
1241 Multi-storey car park m2 53.81 50.32 59.19 39.86 48.37 44.73
1242 AIR CONDITIONING
1243 Accommodation
1244 Suburban Motel (package unit) m2 142.76 185.96 158.94 146.14 139.07 161.72
1245 Suburban Hotel m2 182.29 306.29 196.21 159.43 157.21 205.30
1246 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 247.08 382.86 252.12 186.00 193.49 278.71
1247 Civic Buildings
1248 Civic Centre m2 267.94 295.35 291.58 229.18 253.95 298.20
1249 Town or City Hall m2 311.87 360.98 329.94 312.21 320.47 371.61
1250 Library m2 221.82 360.98 268.56 222.54 235.81 272.97
1251 Court House m2 296.50 404.73 311.31 312.21 314.42 340.64
1252 Police Station m2 247.48 382.86 255.40 199.29 193.49 309.67
1253 Educational
1254 Primary Schools (heating only) m2 184.49 295.35 194.02 199.29 163.26 174.33
1255 Secondary Schools m2 195.47 295.35 200.60 205.93 175.35 198.42
1256 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 247.08 360.98 255.40 219.21 223.72 236.27
1257 Health
1258 District Hospital m2 307.48 459.43 340.90 292.29 290.23 347.52
1259 General Hospital m2 367.87 481.31 377.08 318.86 314.42 409.46
1260 Offices
1261 Suburban low rise m2 192.17 262.53 208.27 166.07 157.21 229.39
1262 Central Business District (CBD) low rise m2 252.57 306.29 268.56 232.50 193.49 229.39
1263 Central Business District (CBD) high rise m2 307.48 415.67 316.79 285.64 253.95 275.27
1264 Recreational
1265 Social sports club m2 318.46 295.35 303.63 259.07 223.72 272.97
1266 Cinema m2 461.21 612.57 462.58 524.79 459.53 520.71
1267 Residential
1268 House of medium standard m2 120.79 240.65 121.67 122.89 108.84 123.87
1269 Home units low rise m2 131.78 196.90 140.31 122.89 108.84 167.45
1270 Home units high rise m2 142.76 196.90 146.88 149.46 133.02 174.33
1271 Hostel m2 142.76 153.14 152.37 122.89 108.84 149.10
1272 Shopping
1273 Shop or showroom m2 148.25 273.47 158.94 136.18 120.93 167.45
1274 Suburban supermarket m2 148.25 218.78 158.94 122.89 120.93 167.45
1275 Regional shopping centre m2 186.68 251.59 189.63 172.71 163.26 198.42
1276 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 206.45 404.73 208.27 199.29 187.44 198.42
1277 Miscellaneous
1278 Tavern m2 285.51 437.55 303.63 232.50 260.00 322.29
1279 Aged persons home m2 261.36 229.71 268.56 152.79 217.67 260.36
1280
EXTERIOR ELEMENTS
$ $ $ $ $ $
1281 LANDSCAPING
1282 Level and grade areas to falls m2 2.75 3.12 2.74 2.52 2.42 2.87
1283 Imported top soil placed in garden beds m3 47.22 61.26 43.85 53.14 43.53 51.61
1284 Top dress with 75mm of fertilised loam and seed for grass
m2 6.59 6.78 6.58 5.98 6.05 6.88
1285 Top dress with 50mm of fertilised loam and turf m2 9.88 10.94 8.77 9.96 8.47 9.18
1286 Mulching, 100mm m2 5.49 7.44 * 5.98 5.44 5.73
1287 Hydroseeding, not less than 2000 m2 m2 1.98 1.48 1.57 1.99 1.81 1.72
1288 Plants small no 13.73 10.94 14.25 13.29 12.09 13.76
1289 Plants advanced no 54.91 87.51 58.57 59.79 54.42 68.82
1290 Irrigation plastic piping treated area m2 8.32 16.41 7.32 9.30 6.05 6.88
1291 Concrete crib block wall m2 192.17 262.53 164.42 186.00 175.35 189.24
1292 Timber crib wall m2 159.23 * * 186.00 163.26 154.84
1293 Sleeper retaining wall m2 158.05 229.71 * 199.29 133.02 137.63
1294 ROADWORKS
1295 Rates for all paving include for excavation required
for depth of formation but exclude excavation in bulk
or in rock.
1296 150mm compacted crushed rock or gravel road bed m2 10.40 11.92 13.15 11.96 10.40 10.90
1297 Two coats of bitumen and gravel surfacing including
priming m2 9.88 10.39 9.32 5.98 9.19 10.32
1298 25mm asphaltic concrete including priming m2 13.18 10.94 13.15 11.29 12.70 16.06
1299 100mm unreinforced concrete path including joints,
formwork and lightly brushed surface m2 30.75 38.29 32.88 39.86 42.33 34.41
1300 600 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving and
75mm compacted sand bed under m2 36.24 54.69 37.27 53.14 37.49 45.88
1301 601 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving with
exposed aggregate finish and 75mm compacted sand bed
under m2 50.51 61.26 50.42 59.79 50.79 74.55
1302 Brick-on-edge paving (bricks at $220.00 per thousand)
laid on 50mm compacted sand bed m2 49.42 66.73 49.33 46.50 45.95 63.08
1303 220 x 110 x 50mm concrete cobble paving laid on 50mm
sand bed m2 43.93 57.76 49.33 53.14 45.95 68.82
1304 CONCRETE KERBS, GUTTERS ETC.
1305 In-situ concrete kerb including excavation, formwork
and finish:
1306 150 x 250mm m 38.43 52.51 43.85 25.24 33.38 40.14
1307 525 x 250mm m 46.12 87.51 49.33 50.49 45.95 48.17
1308
FIRE PROTECTION
1309 EXTINGUISHERS
1310 Fire extinguisher and bracket:
1311 2kg CO2 no * 350.04 297.03 431.79 386.98 275.27
1312 9 litre air foam no 251.64 240.65 225.81 372.00 260.00 269.53
1313 9 litre water foam no 248.52 360.98 241.60 345.43 229.77 240.86
1314 BOOSTER VALVE ASSEMBLY
1315 100mm mains model fire hydrant booster no 4,194.65 2,942.53 4,070.53 3,321.43 10,883.72 3,468.34
1316 HOSE REELS
1317 Fire hose reel with 36m of 19mm hose and wheel head
brass mill cock no 527.10 508.65 727.85 863.57 507.91 719.13
1318 FIRE INDICATOR BOARDS
1319 Indicator board to small to medium building no 10,432.24 12,448.33 11,071.15 * 12,093.02 11,148.24
1320 Indicator board to major or high rise building no 29,100.47 33,951.77 29,157.69 * 30,232.56 29,728.65
1321 COST PER SQUARE METRE
1322 Rates per square metre are based on the area actually
having the service and not on total floor area.
1323 Water sprinkler system m2 38.43 38.83 41.65 48.31 54.42 48.17
1324 Thermal detector system m2 14.56 13.67 19.73 15.11 18.14 13.76
1325 Smoke detector system m2 14.56 16.96 16.44 16.53 18.14 13.76
1326 Void sprinklers m2 19.76 21.33 26.31 22.09 24.19 19.50
1327 CO2 gas system to computer areas (3m ceiling height)
m2 * * 395.71 265.71 338.60 309.67
1328 Fire alarm system excluding indicator board m2 12.48 14.22 14.25 13.95 12.09 12.62
1329 Emergency warning system m2 12.48 14.22 14.25 13.95 12.09 12.62
1330
LIFT SERVICE
1331 PASSENGER LIFTS
1332 Hydraulic 10 passenger lift serving three floors no 126,285 98,449 117,727 138,171 131,814 131,898
1333 Variable speed AC rheostatic 13 passenger lift with a
speed of 0.65m per second serving five floors no 197,664 196,898 192,813 170,057 175,349 206,449
1334 Extra for each additional floor served no 9,664 9,845 9,537 9,300 9,070 9,749
1335 Geared variable speed AC 13 passenger lift with a speed
of 1.0m per second serving five floors no 230,607 229,714 229,206 256,414 229,767 240,857
1337 Void
1338 Geared variable voltage 13 passenger lift with a speed of
1.5m per second serving eight floors and complete
interconnected operation system equipment no 263,551 273,469 257,048 318,857 278,140 275,265
$ $ $ $ $ $
1340 Gearless variable voltage 15 passenger lift with a speed
of 2.5m per second serving ten floors and complete with
interconnected operation system equipment
no 417,290 410,204 426,623 398,571 374,884 435,837
no 439,252 448,490 467,838 498,214 435,349 458,776
no 494,159 503,184 526,044 531,429 483,721 516,122
1343 Extra for each additional floor served no 11,530 10,939 11,400 * 11,488 12,043
1344 Extra for each floor by passed (low rise floors or express
travel zone in high rise lift well) no 7,687 8,204 8,988 9,300 8,465 8,029
1345 GOODS LIFT
1346 Variable speed AC rheostatic 3 tonne lift with a speed of
0.5m per second serving four floors no 263,551 300,816 269,215 298,929 266,047 286,735
1348 DUMB WAITER
1349 Chain or rope drive 90kg load dumb waiter with a speed
of 0.25m per second serving two floors no 36,238 32,816 32,994 33,214 32,651 28,673
1351 ESCALATORS
1352 Rates include for balustrade to well opening, finish to
soffit, power supply to plant room and venting to
carriage way.
1353 Escalator with a speed of 0.45m per second serving
one floor 3.5m rise one way complete with standard
balustrades:
1354 30% pitch 800mm wide no 197,664 164,082 211,010 199,286 189,860 206,449
1355 30% pitch 1000mm wide no 208,645 175,020 198,952 232,500 201,953 217,918
1356 Extra for each additional metre rise on:
1357 800mm wide escalator no 14,276 13,127 14,140 13,286 12,093 15,484
1358 1000mm wide escalator no 15,374 14,220 17,758 15,943 14,995 17,778
1359 Extra for weatherproofing no 15,374 27,347 15,456 * 14,995 18,351
1360 Extra for glass balustrades no 17,570 * 17,758 * 16,930 20,645
1361 MOVING WALKWAYS
1362 Horizontal moving walkway 25m long and 1m wide no 340,421 273,469 327,202 332,143 314,419 355,551
1363 Extra cost per additional metre no 13,178 13,127 12,935 13,286 12,093 12,616
1364 Extra for weatherproofing no 17,570 32,816 19,317 * 18,381 18,351
1365
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1366 The following rates are for civil Engineering work in
large quantities under average working conditions
within approximately 80km of capital city centres. All
excavation is in other than rock or sand unless
otherwise stated.
1367 EXCAVATIONS
1368 Surface excavation to reduce levels using scraper and
cart overland not exceeding 1km, deposit in layers m3 4.61 4.54 4.38 5.68 6.05 5.73
1369 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.21 1.09 1.21 1.55 1.21 1.38
1370 Extra for compacting to 90% max, dry density m3 3.29 3.39 3.29 4.13 4.84 3.73
1371 Surface excavation to reduce levels and removal from
using public roads distance not exceeding 3km and
depositing in spoil heap m3 8.35 6.78 8.22 10.85 9.67 16.06
1372 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.21 1.09 1.10 1.55 1.21 1.38
1373 Extra for spreading in layers and compacting to 90% max
dry density m3 4.06 4.38 4.49 4.39 5.44 4.01
1374 Borrow pit excavation for filling including delivery to site
not exceeding 3km and compacting in embankment
m3 8.89 9.08 8.66 12.14 11.79 10.32
1375 Extra over excavation for excavating top soil average
100mm thick and stockpile for reuse m2 0.99 0.88 1.05 1.42 1.21 1.15
1376 Trimming excavation to batter m2 1.98 1.86 1.92 2.20 1.81 2.06
1377 Trimming filling to batter m2 1.98 1.86 1.92 2.20 1.81 2.06
1378 Top soil stockpile excavation, spreading and grading
to:
1379 Profile average 100mm thick m2 1.54 1.59 1.86 2.07 1.57 1.84
1380 Batter average 100mm thick m2 1.87 1.97 1.97 2.45 1.93 1.95
1381 Extra over excavation for ripping in rock m3 16.47 16.41 15.35 18.86 21.77 18.35
1382 Extra over for blasting in rock m3 32.94 * 33.98 37.72 38.70 40.14
1383 PILING
1384 Sheet piling
1385 Provide all necessary plant and equipment, supply
handle pitch and drive the following in maintaining
sides of excavation or filling and include for
extraction of piles and removal of plant and
equipment on completion.
1386 Piling in lengths not exceeding 10m m2 296.50 328.16 252.12 290.63 253.95 *
$ $ $ $ $ $
1387 Piling in lengths exceeding 10m and not exceeding 15m
m2 340.42 382.86 285.00 317.75 302.33 *
1388 Extra for corner pile m 49.42 109.39 52.29 40.43 42.33 *
1389 Burning hole through sheet piling no 25.26 27.35 23.02 27.00 24.19 *
1390 Extra over driven piling for piling left in m2 82.36 * 71.25 89.13 78.60 *
1391 Bored Piling
1392 Rates are for piling in good soil conditions and in
relatively large quantities.
1393 Rates for piling include for site establishment costs,
setting out, setting up boring rigs and removal of
excavated material.
1394 Concrete cast in-situ fill (steel shell driven and
withdrawn) to:
1395 Bearing capacity of 41 tonnes m 131.78 262.53 144.33 143.38 126.98 137.63
1396 Bearing capacity of 91 tonnes m 153.74 284.41 163.16 161.46 157.21 160.57
1397 Cut off and trim head of pile no 77.99 109.39 98.65 68.46 90.70 63.08
1398 ROADS AND PAVINGS
1399 Trimming and consolidating formations to falls and
required profile m2 2.75 3.12 2.52 2.84 2.78 2.87
1400 150mm layer approved crushed stone base course m2 10.98 11.92 10.96 9.56 9.31 11.47
1401 100mm layer dry-lean concrete (18.1) base spread over
sub-base m2 13.18 14.11 12.55 18.60 13.30 13.76
1402 100mm layer bitumen bound base spread over sub-base
m2 10.98 * 11.51 13.05 12.09 16.06
1403 25mm hot rolled asphaltic concrete wearing course
including primer coat m2 11.53 10.94 11.50 14.98 10.88 16.06
1404 150mm reinforced concrete (30Mpa/18mm) paving course
m2 38.47 46.82 37.65 33.71 54.42 43.58
1405 Keyed contraction joint including filler and hot bitumen
sealant m 20.80 30.63 19.87 20.28 18.14 25.23
1406 Dowelled expansion joint, including dowels, filler and
sealant m 26.36 44.85 27.40 28.42 27.81 28.67
1407 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE
1408 Class X concrete pipe including excavation average
1.5m deep under roadway:
1409 450mm diameter m 120.79 153.14 115.10 135.63 133.02 126.16
1410 600mm diameter m 153.74 196.90 153.46 175.67 157.21 166.31
1411 750mm diameter m 214.14 328.16 213.75 236.38 223.72 223.65
1412 Concrete headwall to suit pipe up to 750mm diameter no 713.79 765.71 657.69 807.29 822.33 779.92
1413 PLANT HIRE CHARGES
1414 Discounts of between 10% and 20% are available for
items hired by the week.
1415 Small Plant
1416 The following rates exclude operator, transportation
charges and fuel.
1417 Compressor with silencer 35 litres per second Day 119.70 120.33 116.09 98.31 169.30 149.10
1420 Heavy breaker or drill with 18m hose and point Day 58.23 54.69 56.48 74.40 67.72 86.02
1421 Scabbing pick needle gun Day 49.42 32.82 49.16 67.76 59.26 74.55
1422 50mm Flexible shaft pump with vibrator motor Day 68.08 71.10 62.75 43.44 114.88 55.05
1423 Kango 900 demolition hammer and point Day 66.55 65.63 64.84 82.37 96.74 74.55
1424 5 kVA petrol generator Day 80.16 54.69 60.29 54.21 84.65 68.82
1425 20KVA diesel generator Day 170.21 142.20 144.33 128.87 223.72 154.84
1426 Mobile aluminium tower scaffold nominally 2400 x
1200:
1427 2400mm high Day 82.36 54.69 59.19 47.43 45.95 51.61
1428 3600mm high Day 93.34 87.51 71.25 54.21 58.05 59.64
1429 Heavy Plant
1430 The following rates include operator and
transportation charges.
1431 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 931 Day 676 679 * * * 688
1432 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 943 Day 742 860 800 542 726 918
1433 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 953 Day 804 917 833 1,084 1,088 1,055
1434 Rubber tyred 1 m3 front end loader Day 738 645 570 651 568 826
1435 Fordson Major tractor with back hoe and loading bucket
Day 468 547 482 474 460 608
1436 Tip truck 10 tonne Day 604 487 438 542 423 596
1437 15 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,285 1,050 1,054 1,003 1,209 1,422
1438 20 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,285 1,138 1,149 1,125 1,391 1,514
1439 Favco 750 tower crane maximum capacity 24 tonne
(excluding set up, maintenance, jumping and dismantling)
Day 2,943 1,094 1,545 * 1,209 *
$ $ $ $ $ $
1
BUILDING COST PER SQUARE METRE
OF GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)
2 Costs given are average prices for typical buildings
within metropolitan areas. They include profit and
preliminaries but EXCLUDE land cost, external works,
external services more than 3.0m from the outside
face of the building, landscaping, special equipment
and legal and professional fees.
3 Cost of the office buildings and the like EXCLUDE car
parking areas, fitout and loose furniture and
equipment.
4 Costs are based on the total floor area of all levels
measured between the inner faces of external walls.
5 ACCOMMODATION
6 Motels
7 Single or double storey motel standard
accommodation with toilet facilities and unit air
conditioning, dining room, 40 beds m2 1,697 2,078 1,791 2,391 1,509 1,548
8 Cost per bedroom unit 45,694 * 56,186 71,344 45,268 44,731
9 Hotels
10 Suburban single or double storey hotel limited
accommodation, large bar areas, partly air
conditioned m2 1,958 2,188 2,058 2,405 1,625 1,663
11 Medium to high rise city (CBD) hotel mainly
accommodation, fully serviced, with restaurants and
bars etc, high class finish to reception areas,
restaurants and bars, standard finishes to rooms, 180
beds, 3 star m2 2,481 3,172 2,315 3,614 2,846 2,409
12 Cost per bedroom unit 185,389 * 156,244 244,590 194,030 172,041
13 CAR PARKS
14 Open car park bitumen areas, line marking, lighting,
drainage, wheel stops m2 75 88 87 93 87 75
15 Cost per car 2,212 3,063 3,048 3,056 2,438 2,122
16 Undercover car parking m2 546 602 570 797 517 493
17 Basement car parking under office block (suburban)
m2 945 1,203 1,205 1,116 987 975
18 Multistorey car park with low speed passenger lifts,
minimum finish m2 564 684 579 810 696 596
19 Cost per car 16,358 23,929 17,360 22,586 19,732 16,860
20 CIVIC BUILDINGS
21 Municipal Centres
22 Civic centre 500 person capacity main hall, no air
conditioning m2 1,555 1,860 1,663 1,940 1,720 1,434
23 Civic centre 750 person capacity main hall, lesser
hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,189 2,625 2,375 2,830 2,270 1,950
24 Town hall 1000 person capacity main hall, lesser
hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,650 3,063 3,008 3,202 2,545 2,409
25 City hall 2000 person capacity main hall, lesser hall,
library, air conditioning m2 2,880 3,829 3,436 4,132 3,233 2,638
26 Library
27 Library up to three storeys good standard finish, air
conditioning, no fit out m2 1,958 2,735 2,296 2,763 1,995 1,835
28 Court House
29 Court house up to three storeys good standard
finish, air conditioning, security m2 3,225 3,172 3,008 3,335 2,587 3,039
30 Police Station
31 Single storey suburban police station small cell
block, standard finish, no air conditioning m2 1,901 2,953 2,058 2,684 1,940 2,409
32 EDUCATIONAL
33 Schools
34 Primary school up to three storeys standard finishes,
no air conditioning m2 1,236 1,313 1,303 1,329 1,393 1,376
35 Cost per pupil 7,027 * * 8,636 8,357 5,849
36 Secondary school up to three storeys standard
finishes, no air conditioning m2 1,567 1,422 1,547 1,847 1,451 1,606
37 Cost per pupil 12,096 * * 14,614 11,607 12,272
38 School laboratory block up to three storeys standard
finishes, including fittings and services, no air
conditioning m2 1,786 2,297 1,873 2,684 1,683 2,064
39 Technical College
40 Adult further education technical college up to three
storeys standard finishes, excludes fit out, no air
conditioning m2 1,747 2,078 1,596 2,405 1,625 2,007
41 University
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page C-1
$ $ $ $ $ $
42 Residential college standard finishes, no air
conditioning or lifts m2 1,816 2,078 1,889 2,405 1,741 1,778
43 Cost per student * * 40,714 56,730 * 37,888
44 Administration block including air conditioning, lifts
m2 1,883 2,407 1,791 2,591 1,799 2,064
45 Tutorial and lecture room block including air
conditioning, lifts m2 2,095 2,516 2,117 2,617 2,031 2,179
46 Lecture theatre (300 seats) including air
conditioning, seats included m2 2,304 3,063 2,524 3,149 2,321 2,638
47 Library maximum three storeys including air
conditioning, no fit out m2 1,928 2,953 2,117 2,963 2,089 1,950
48 Laboratory and science block maximum three storeys
including air conditioning m2 3,171 3,829 3,325 3,893 2,870 3,326
49 HEALTH
50 Hospitals
51 Single storey district hospital 20 bed, operating
theatre and partial air conditioning m2 2,734 3,719 2,577 3,335 2,438 2,810
52 Cost per bed 110,588 * 135,238 157,436 121,875 126,163
53 Multi storey general hospital 200 bed including air
conditioning and lifts and full hospital facilities m2 3,560 4,485 3,664 4,451 3,192 3,670
54 Cost per bed 278,686 * 358,286 381,034 255,357 332,612
55 Multi storey maternity hospital 100 bed including air
conditioning and lifts m2 2,995 4,157 3,339 4,079 3,018 3,556
56 Cost per bed 158,173 * 175,886 198,223 150,893 166,306
57 Medical Centre
58 Single storey medical centre consultants rooms,
reception area, surgery and small theatre, no air
conditioning m2 1,728 2,625 1,900 2,033 1,940 1,892
59 Child care centres m2 1,452 1,313 * 1,754 1,393 2,007
60 Community care centres m2 1,444 1,641 1,390 1,581 1,552 1,720
61 INDUSTRIAL
62 Single storey factory with small span for light industry
including toilets and office accommodation
m2 574 602 651 784 667 539
63 Single storey factory with large span for heavy
industry including toilets and administration area m2 744 711 814 890 813 619
64 Single storey warehouse m2 679 656 570 943 580 539
65 Multi storey warehouse up to six storeys high
including toilets and office areas and goods lift m2 1,152 * 1,189 1,461 * *
66 OFFICES
67 Suburban
68 Suburban office building up to three storeys air
conditioned, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,452 1,750 1,510 1,847 1,277 1,720
69 Suburban bank up to three storeys standard
finishes, air conditioned, bank fittings, no parking, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 2,919 * 1,852 3,162 2,800 *
70 Central Business District (CBD)
71 Low rise office building up to three storeys air
conditioning, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,825 * 1,661 2,777 1,567 2,237
72 Medium high rise office building up to fifteen storeys
air conditioning, medium speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 2,262 2,407 1,963 3,986 2,177 2,466
73 High rise office building up to thirty five storeys air
conditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 2,679 2,899 2,292 4,265 2,419 *
74 High rise office building over thirty five storeys air
conditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 3,577 3,282 3,079 5,925 * *
75 NOTE: Increase above rates by 10% for office
buildings of a prestigious nature with high standards.
Parking refer CAR PARKS for costs.
78 RECREATIONAL
79 Sporting
80 Social sports club up to two storeys air conditioned,
administration area, bars, kitchen and dining, dance
area, limited car parking m2 1,785 2,078 1,887 2,391 1,720 1,943
81 Single storey sports pavilion with toilets and change
rooms standard finish m2 1,506 1,860 1,585 1,887 1,444 1,495
82 Basketball centre public seating, public toilets,
change rooms, standard finish m2 1,000 1,313 1,026 1,236 871 1,032
83 Squash court standard finish m2 1,060 1,313 1,156 1,408 929 972
84 Squash court high standard, viewing areas m2 1,265 1,641 1,384 1,647 1,351 1,270
85 Bowling alley including fitout, air conditioning,
standard finish m2 1,378 2,078 1,384 * * 1,115
$ $ $ $ $ $
86 Single storey community recreation centre average
standard m2 1,032 1,203 1,017 * 871 1,041
87 50 metre open air suburban Olympic standard pool
with eight lanes including filtration and pool
siteworks but excluding enclosures, heating and
ancillary buildings (Total Cost) 738,141 1,039,184 728,333 * * *
88 Grandstand with three tiers reinforced concrete with
roof seating and standing areas, change rooms,
public toilets, standard finish m2 2,260 * * * * *
89 Cost per person 7,909 6,563 6,514 * * *
90 Grandstand, single tier reinforced concrete with roof,
seating, change rooms, public toilets, standard finish
m2 1,130 * * * * *
91 Cost per person 2,373 2,844 1,791 * * *
92 Cinema
93 Cinema including seating and air conditioning m2 2,260 * 2,311 2,126 1,973 1,835
94 Cost per person 6,327 9,845 5,770 8,370 5,339 5,161
95 RESIDENTIAL
96 Housing
97 House of standard design m2 798 875 831 996 754 918
98 Medium standard individual house m2 1,106 1,313 961 1,488 962 1,376
99 High standard house no air conditioning, good
standard finish and built in fittings m2 1,506 2,625 1,583 2,205 1,451 1,720
100 Two storey medium standard town house m2 1,244 1,313 1,384 * 1,393 1,376
101 Flats
102 One and two bedroom units up to three storeys high
medium standard, (lift not included, see "Lift Services"
section) m2 1,358 1,531 1,270 1,634 1,393 1,606
103 Cost per unit 126,285 * 86,477 122,096 90,536 103,224
104 One and two bedroom units multi storey, lift,
medium standard m2 1,696 1,969 1,425 2,312 1,741 1,835
105 Cost per unit 218,873 * 95,475 145,877 121,875 143,367
106 One and two bedroom units multi storey, lifts, high
standard, ancillary facilities m2 2,034 2,407 1,646 3,082 2,070 2,753
107 Cost per unit 265,128 * 241,412 274,217 206,965 246,592
108 Hostels
109 Hostel up to three storeys central kitchen, dining,
toilet and shower facilities, minimum finish, (lift not
included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,506 2,188 1,629 2,059 1,746 1,720
110 Cost per head 24,856 * 26,871 30,026 * *
111 SHOPPING
112 Single storey retail shop or showroom no air
conditioning, no fitout m2 829 1,094 945 903 871 688
113 Single storey suburban supermarket of large chain
with large open areas including air conditioning,
excluding fitout m2 1,168 1,531 1,303 1,488 1,161 1,121
114 Regional complex up to three storeys including air
conditioning, malls, public toilets and rest rooms,
standard finishes, escalators and lifts, shopfronts,
excluding shop fitouts and car parking m2 1,606 1,860 1,615 2,059 1,567 1,376
115 Central Business District (CBD) store medium rise
air conditioned, escalators and lifts, shop fronts,
excluding store fitout m2 2,260 2,188 2,138 2,777 1,857 1,720
116 MISCELLANEOUS
117 Single storey tavern including air conditioning m2 2,226 2,407 1,824 3,228 * *
118 Single storey service station including toilets and
service area with driveway and canopy over (Cost per
m2 based on building area only) m2 1,205 1,422 1,287 1,740 * *
119 Single storey aged persons home infirmary m2 1,612 1,422 1,922 1,873 1,940 1,606
120 Cost per bed 58,750 * 64,491 66,694 62,090 45,878
121 Single or double storey aged person housing units
including special central care units m2 1,416 1,750 1,563 1,940 1,741 1,835
122 Cost per unit 69,295 * 51,789 96,321 87,054 91,755
123 Church hall, standard finish m2 943 1,313 896 1,129 871 918
124 Church basic design m2 1,506 2,188 1,140 1,461 1,161 1,376
125 Church high quality m2 2,260 4,376 2,361 3,056 1,915 2,242
126 Standard amenities block minimum finishes m2 1,672 1,969 1,954 * 1,567 1,376
127 Refurbishment of existing building (up to three storey)
m2 * * * * * *
128 Builders work only, excludes services, electrical
and air conditioning:
129 Paint out m2 20 * 29 * 23 19
130 Paint out and replace partitions m2 264 * 317 * 232 206
131 Gut and replace m2 791 * 1,010 * 754 665
PROFESSIONAL RISK SERVICES
Proudly associated with:
Professional Indemnity & General Insurance
Risk Management Advice and Seminars
Contract Reviews in respect to insurance issues
Specialised Claims Advice
Extensive Insurance Market Access
Ph: 1800 810 972
pienquiries@raiains.com.au
www.plannedins.com.au
CONTACT US
Professional ff Inde
Risk Management Advice a
eviews in respect to ins
dvice
t Access
Contrac
Specialised Claims
urance Mar
oudly associated with:
Extensive
PROPOSAL AVAILABLE AT
You design the future,

we manage the risk.
PROFESSIONAL INDEMNITY INSURANCE
AIQS Preferred Supplier
RISK MANAGEMENT
COST MANAGEMENT
DOCUMENT CONTROL
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
NEGOTIATION
EMBARKING ON CONSTRUCTION
IS A RISKY JOURNEY?
Dont leave without a Quantity Surveyor to guide you safely home
www.aiqs.com.au

The Building Economist March 2008

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Building Economist March 2008

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

March 2008 March 2008 March 2008

You might also like