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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lecture you should be able to correlate different reservoir units using various data set with an emphasis on well Logs.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Correlation Data 3. Correlation types 4. Correlation plan and tips 5. Conclusion
Log correlation
Correlation of logs involves the identification of
characteristic patterns or signatures within the logs, and then matching these to the same or similar patterns in neighboring boreholes (pattern recognition). Correlation or stratigraphic correlation is a geological term referring to the process by which two or more geological intervals are equated even through they are spatially separated. Stratigraphic Cross Section is the best demonstration of a correlation results.
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Correlation Data
Cuttings, cores and well logs constitute the main
data used for correlation, with well logs playing a special role because they are long, continuous recordings.
Additionally, they are useful because they are
unbiased physical measurements and often available in a large number of wells in a field or a basin.
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Correlation Logs
The best combination of logs for the correlation process will depend upon the nature of the rocks being correlated.
Most logs used are Neutron, Gamma ray, Density, Sonic,
Resistivity and SP. Many geologists prefer to use just the GR log or a combination of GR logs with SP logs, because they are commonly available and they carry a relatively strong lithological signal.
Correlation Logs
Nuclear Spectroscopy Logs (NGS) reflect lithology
Correlation Logs
Neutron logs
Their sensitivity to clay mineral content makes them particularly suited to correlating coal bearing strata.
Gamma ray
Since it the most frequently run measurement, recorded in all types of borehole conditions, and is a good lithology indicator (its response in marine bands covering large areas) it has an important role in correlation.
Correlation Logs
Density Some formations, notably coal, anhydrite and halite have density values that are usually diagnostic, giving excellent fingerprinting potential. Resistivity Guard logs have good vertical resolution and are relatively insensitive to borehole conditions, so they are potentially useful correlation logs.
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Types of Correlation
1.trace lateral continuity 2.Lithology - lithologic correlation (lithostratigraphy) 3. correspondence in age and in position (chronostratigraphy) 4.stratigraphic successions 5.fossil content (correlation of two fossil - bearing beds ) Biostratigraphy 6.chemical, petrophysical, magnetic, or geophysical properties
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In this photograph, we can be certain about the relationships of different beds, because we can visually trace each bed over long distances
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Rock properties
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3.Mineralogy:
Similarity of the mineral composition of rocks in
associated outcrops allows for their correlation, especially if distinctive or uncommon minerals are present.
4.Position in sequence:
Rock position in relation to distinctive rock units
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Fossil content
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Chronostratigraphic Vs Lithostratigraphic
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Stratigraphic correlation
The stratigraphic correlation can be divided into the four scale as follow: Done by methods of absolute age The worldwide scale; dating and/or
the regional scale; The oilfield scale.
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analysis of fossil assemblage. They are not used commonly for petroleum geologists.
type well; reference horizon (or key horizon/bed); sedimentary cycle; and the rule of facies change.
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Type well
It is the well, which is the most complete in stratigraphic
succession exposed, strata of the most thick, without strata loss and abnormal thinning or thickening caused by fault and erosion, with good quality and complete logging series, with system analysis data of core and test, clear of chronostratigraphy.
The type well is relative, it is chosen in the process of
stratigraphic correlation.
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steady on lithology, the thinner in thickness, the farther horizontal extension and easy to identify on the log curves.
Generally, the Reference horizon is isochronal. Reference horizon can be divided into main and secondary
Sedimentary cycle
It is geologic record left in the strata with periodic variation due to periodic variation of geologic agent. Periodic variation in the strata features (such as lithology,
thickness of bed, color, fossil, and lithology association etc.) can be expressed on the log curves except for rock color. Therefore, cycle can be studied comprehensively by log curve combined with lithology, rock texture, thickness and fossil. These features can be analyzed and plotted cyclic curve. (Transgressive Regressive (T - R ))
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Sedimentary cycle
According to the change of
with the aid of Walthers Law, to interpret lateral shifts of these environments. As a note of caution, however, such interpretations are only valid within relatively conformable successions of genetically related strata.
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Walther's Law
(Middleton, 1973): in a conformable succession the
only facies that can occur together in vertical succession are those that can occur side by side in nature.
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Walther's Law
(Posamentier and Allen, 1999): the same
succession that is present vertically also is present horizontal unless there is a break in sedimentation. In other words, a vertical change of facies implies a corresponding lateral shift of facies within a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata.
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2. The sequence stratigraphic framework is constructed by correlating the key sequence stratigraphic surfaces (chronostratigraphic markers)
3. Sequence stratigraphic cross section, showing key surfaces, withintrend facies contacts, and paleodepositional environments. Within-trend facies contacts, marking lateral changes of facies, are placed on the cross-section after the sequence stratigraphic framework is constructed. Facies codes: A--meandering system; B--braided system; C--estuarymouth complex; D--central estuary; E--delta plain; F--upper delta
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coal
C81
C82
Thin volcanic tuff interval with high AC , high GR and low DEN
and look for correlation as shown below or if no begin to slide one of the logs.
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maximum flooding.
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individual well, make zonation based on electro facies then define all markers and zones of interest. Indicates any missing and repetition section. Carry out a detail correlation of objective reservoirs. For reservoir connectivity indication use also fluid contents and contacts, pressure data and production performance data Prepare a good tabulation (database) of geologic data such as depth of top & bottom of reservoir, net & gross thickness, faults depth etc.
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Repeated Sections
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LATIHAN
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LATIHAN
WELL #456
OIL OIL
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WELL #123
LATIHAN
OIL
OWC
OIL
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WELL #123
LATIHAN
OIL
OWC
OIL
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CORRELATION
PROBABILISTIC to DETERMINISTIC Modeling
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Conclusion
Wells correlation studies permit accurate subsurface mapping and the determination of different reservoir parameters. Cuttings, cores and well logs constitute the main data used
for correlation, but the latter is the most useful because its consistency and availability. Reservoir units can be correlated according to their lithology, age and in position, stratigraphic successions, fossil content and other chemical or petrophysical properties.
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Conclusion
Correlation is a tedious process planning and steps to be
followed are important with precautions of repeated and missed sections, which are due to dipping and different structures. Modern correlation is done using Artificial Neural Network (ANN),Dynamic Programming (DP), etc. Sequences predicted from well logs have to be linked to seismic data; with VSP, synthetic seismogram; to make the correlation basin wide.
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