State V Waddyza

Dyer, Keith 2/24/2014 For Educational Use Only
State v. Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424 (1992) 588 N.E.2d 819
KeyCite Red Flag - Severe Negative Treatment Rehearing Granted, Opinion Recalled by State v. Waddy, December 6, 1994
Ohio,
behavior was directly relevant to his history, character and background, which sentencing jury was required to consider. R.C. 2929.04(B). 5 Cases that cite this headnote [2] Criminal Law Joint or Separate Trial of Separate Charges Law favors joinder; in order to prevail on claim that joinder denied him fair trial, defendant must show that trial court abused its discretion by joining indictments. 7 Cases that cite this headnote [3] Criminal Law Joint or Separate Trial of Separate Charges Joinder of murder charge with charges involving defendant's crimes against other persons did not deprive defendant of fair trial; all charges involved similar evidence and similar modus operandi. 6 Cases that cite this headnote [4] Criminal Law Reasonable doubt Criminal Law Province of jury or trial court When defendant challenges legal sufficiency of State's evidence,
63 Ohio St.3d 424 Supreme Court of Ohio. The STATE of Ohio, Appellee, v. WADDY, Appellant. No. 9022. | Submitted Jan. 7, 1992. | Decided April 15, 1992. Defendant was convicted in the Court of Common Pleas of aggravated murder, and was sentenced to death. The Court of Appeals for Franklin County affirmed, and further appeal was taken. The Supreme Court, Alice Robie Resnick, J., held that: (1) evidence supported conviction; (2) witnesses did not violate separation order; (3) prosecutor's closing argument was not reversible error; and (4) death sentence was warranted. Affirmed.
West Headnotes (37) [1] Criminal Law Joint or Separate Trial of Separate Charges Joinder of crimes against other persons with murder charge did not prejudice defendant in penalty phase; defendant's record of criminal
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relevant question is whether, after viewing evidence in light most favorable to prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found essential elements of crime beyond reasonable doubt; weight and credibility of the evidence are left to trier of fact. 180 Cases that cite this headnote [5] Homicide Miscellaneous particular circumstances Homicide Confessions and declarations Murder conviction was sufficiently supported by evidence that defendant had boasted of killing, that red fibers matching those in defendant's gloves were found at murder scene and other crime scenes tied to defendant, that piece of white tape found at murder scene was torn from roll found in defendant's house, and that defendant had victim's credit card in his possession. [7]
Robbery Identity of accused Aggravated assault, aggravated robbery, and burglary convictions were supported by victim's identification of defendant's voice, evidence that fibers found at crime scene matched those in defendant's gloves, and evidence that defendant was in possession of victim's stolen car keys. 2 Cases that cite this headnote Criminal Law Reception of evidence Any error in failing to strike irrelevant testimony which did not prejudice defendant was harmless.
[8]
Criminal Law Materiality and probable effect of information in general Failure to disclose exculpatory evidence is error only if evidence is material; evidence is material only if there is reasonable probability that, had evidence been disclosed to defense, result of proceeding would have been different. 3 Cases that cite this headnote
[6]
Assault and Battery Aggravated or felony assault Burglary Effect of possession accompanied by other evidence Robbery Effect of possession of stolen property [9]
Criminal Law
Statements of witnesses or prospective witnesses Even if witness' failure to pick murder defendant out of photographic array was exculpatory, Brady evidence, such evidence was not so favorable that State's failure to disclose could undermine confidence in conviction, given other evidence of defendant's guilt, and thus failure to disclose was not reversible error. 44 Cases that cite this headnote [10] Criminal Law What constitutes violation of rule One witness' out-of-court conversation with another, prior to time that either had testified, did not violate court's separation order. 18 Cases that cite this headnote [11] Criminal Law Evidence as to fact of making declarations and not as to subjectmatter Newspaper articles giving particulars concerning murder were not hearsay, were offered only to prove that public did not know method of killing, thereby rendering defendant's statement inculpatory, rather than for truth of any matter asserted therein. Rules of Evid., Rule 801(C).
2 Cases that cite this headnote [12] Witnesses Interest in criminal prosecution of person injured, prosecutor, informer, or detective or other officer Member of prosecutor's staff could properly testify concerning newspaper coverage of murder; no Disciplinary Rule forbid prosecutor from calling employee to testify and cross-examination could have exposed any bias on employee's part. 3 Cases that cite this headnote [13] Criminal Law Particular statements, comments, and arguments Prosecutor's improper characterization of murder defendant's claim that someone else might have been killer as a standard defense was not reversible error; though argument invited jury to substitute prosecutor's experience for its own evaluation, comment was isolated in argument that otherwise concentrated on evidence. 5 Cases that cite this headnote [14] Criminal Law
Comments on evidence or witnesses, or matters not sustained by evidence Prosecutor's inaccurate summary of witness' testimony was not reversible error; summary was reasonable inference from witness' testimony and jury was instructed to draw upon its own memory as to what testimony was. 10 Cases that cite this headnote [15] Criminal Law Comments on other misconduct by accused Prosecutor could properly argue to jury that charges against defendant were not separate and distinct; prosecutor was entitled to use other acts to show defendant's identity, and he specifically stated that he was not asking the jury to take all counts collectively and decide whether defendant was guilty of them collectively. 3 Cases that cite this headnote [16] Criminal Law Necessity of Objections in General Unobjected-to errors are reversible only if they amounted to plain error, i.e., if defendant would clearly have been acquitted but for alleged error.
23 Cases that cite this headnote [17] Criminal Law Misconduct of or Affecting Jurors Evidence that jurors were playing cards while waiting for delivery of typed copy of instructions was insufficient to establish misconduct warranting new trial.
[18] Constitutional Law Effect of improper pretrial identification When witness has been confronted with suspect before trial, due process requires court to suppress her identification of suspect if confrontation was unnecessarily suggestive of suspect's guilt and identification was unreliable under all circumstances. 151 Cases that cite this headnote [19] Criminal Law Identity of Accused Procedure used in obtaining rape and burglary victims' identification of defendant's voice was not unduly suggestive; though victims heard only two voices, one recognizably that of a black male and the other that of a white male, victims had ample
opportunity to hear defendant talk at time of crimes. 25 Cases that cite this headnote [20] Searches and Seizures Warrants, issuance and execution To successfully attack veracity of facially sufficient search warrant affidavit, defendant must show by preponderance of evidence that affiant made false statement, either intentionally or with reckless disregard for truth; even if affidavit is so tainted, warrant based on affidavit is still valid unless, with affidavit's false material set to one side, affidavit's remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause. 47 Cases that cite this headnote [21] Searches and Seizures Probable or Reasonable Cause Probable cause for issuance of search warrant may be based on knowledge of more than one officer. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 4. 3 Cases that cite this headnote [22] Searches and Seizures Plain View from Lawful Vantage Point Searches and Seizures
Nature of items seized; nexus Under plain view doctrine, officer may seize item without warrant if initial intrusion leading to item's discovery was lawful and it was immediately apparent that item was incriminating. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 4. 112 Cases that cite this headnote [23] Searches and Seizures Objects in plain view; inadvertent discovery Adhesive tape and red gloves found in murder defendant's home were properly seized under plain view doctrine; though not named in warrant, incriminating nature of items was apparent to officer familiar with crime scene. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 4. 73 Cases that cite this headnote [24] Searches and Seizures Plain View from Lawful Vantage Point Police investigating one crime when they execute search warrant may properly seize evidence of other crimes under plain view doctrine. 13 Cases that cite this headnote [25] Criminal Law
Sufficiency, consistency Trial court's failure to state its essential findings of fact on defense motion to suppress evidence was not error where record was sufficient to allow full review of suppression issues. Rules Crim.Proc., Rule 12(E). 18 Cases that cite this headnote [26] Criminal Law Evidence calculated to create prejudice against or sympathy for accused Despite argument that evidence of victim's relationship was irrelevant, prejudicial appeal to jury's emotions, murder victim's boyfriend's testimony concerning his relationship with victim was admissible to establish foundation for his testimony that he had called victim and received no answer, which was in turn offered to narrow down time of victim's death. 1 Cases that cite this headnote [27] Criminal Law Photographs arousing passion or prejudice; gruesomeness Arguably gruesome photographs of murder victim were admissible as corroborative of coroner's conclusions regarding time and cause of death. [28] Criminal Law Introduction of documentary and demonstrative evidence Repeated playing at trial of taped conversation between defendant and extortion victim was not error, in prosecution for crimes against several victims; playing of tape for voice identification by each victim had probative value. 6 Cases that cite this headnote [29] Criminal Law Necessity and Admissibility of Best Evidence in Criminal Prosecutions Use of transcripts to help jurors follow taped conversations between defendant and extortion victim did not violate best evidence rule; transcripts were not admitted into evidence and, in any event, were accurate. Rules of Evid., Rule 1002. 28 Cases that cite this headnote [30] Sentencing and Punishment Hearing Capital murder defendant, who did not waive jury trial, was not entitled to have existence of sentence enhancing specification, that he had previously been convicted of offense of violence, tried to three6
judge panel, even though noncapital crimes had been joined with the murder charge. R.C. 2929.022, 2941.143.
[31] Sentencing and Punishment Instructions Being principal offender is element of felony-murder aggravating circumstance supporting death penalty, and court may so instruct; court may not, however, indicate that being principal offender is, by itself, additional aggravating circumstance. 1 Cases that cite this headnote [32] Sentencing and Punishment Homicide, mayhem, and assault with intent to kill Prosecution was not required to allege, before penalty phase, which of two murder convictions would be submitted to jury for sentencing, where court merged convictions before handing down sentence. 4 Cases that cite this headnote [33] Sentencing and Punishment Determination and Disposition Possibility that jury, in considering two counts of aggravated murder, each containing same two aggravating specifications supporting death penalty, may
have improperly weighed four specifications against defendant was not supported by record; jury was clearly instructed to consider two specifications as to each count and State's closing argument referred consistently to two aggravating circumstances, not four. 18 Cases that cite this headnote [34] Sentencing and Punishment Dual use of evidence or aggravating factor Sentencing and Punishment Other Offenses, Charges, Misconduct Felony-murder defendant was not entitled to have aggravating specifications supporting death penalty of aggravated burglary and kidnapping merged, for sentencing purposes, in that aggravated burglary and kidnapping were not allied offenses of similar import. 20 Cases that cite this headnote [35] Sentencing and Punishment Harmless and reversible error Sentencing court's improper characterization of lack of substantial capacity mitigating factor as an insanity defense was harmless in capital murder sentencing; court specifically found that defendant did not suffer from
mental disease or defect, and such disease or defect was necessary element of mitigating factor of lack of substantial capacity. R.C. 2929.04(B)(3). 2 Cases that cite this headnote [36] Sentencing and Punishment Proportionality Court of Appeals reviewing death sentence was not required to include in its proportionality review cases in which life sentences were imposed.
**822 *425 Appellant, Warren Waddy, was convicted of the aggravated murder of Paula Mason and sentenced to death. He was also convicted of numerous crimes, including rape, burglary, and extortion, against three other victims. Waddy's first victim was Carolyn Wilson. Like all of Waddy's victims, she lived on the East Side of Columbus. Early on May 18, 1986, she awoke to find a man in her bedroom. He covered her eyes with his hands and said, Don't say anything, bitch. I will kill you. * * * Wilson recognized the voice as that of Waddy, an acquaintance she knew only as D.C. Waddy blindfolded Wilson with a shirt and tied her hands behind her back. She felt a sharp object against her neck. He then pushed her down on the bed and attempted vaginal intercourse; failing at this, he performed cunnilingus on her and made her perform fellatio on him. After raping Wilson, Waddy tied her feet with a telephone cord and proceeded to rob her, asking, What do you have, bitch? He stole car keys, cash, and a bank card from Wilson's purse. He made her tell him the bank card's secret code number, threatening to come back and stab her to death if it was wrong. Finally, Wilson heard a car leave. She freed herself and summoned help. Later that day, Columbus police found her car on Bryden Road, about a ten-minute walk from Waddy's
[37] Sentencing and Punishment Killing while committing other offense or in course of criminal conduct Sentencing and Punishment Escape or other obstruction of justice Aggravating circumstances outweighed mitigating factors, justifying imposition of death penalty; murder was committed while defendant was committing, attempting, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit aggravated burglary and kidnapping. 11 Cases that cite this headnote
address at 801 Oak Street. The next day, someone made five unauthorized withdrawals from her bank account. Waddy's next victim was Julie Jackson. Early in the morning of June 23, 1986, Jackson went to bed, leaving her window open about two inches. Her apartment's sole entrance was locked. She was awakened by a knife against her neck. Like Wilson, she never saw the intruder. Waddy said, Bitch, if you say anything, I will kill you. He ordered her to lie on her stomach, then tied her hands behind her back, turned on the bathroom light, and threw a sheet over her head. Waddy searched a drawer, complaining that it contained no money; he warned Jackson that the money isn't worth your life. He asked her for credit cards, but she had none. By now, Jackson had worked herself into a partly sitting position. Waddy came over and began to beat her, then pushed her down and throttled her until she passed out. When Jackson woke up, Waddy was gone. Her hands were still tied, and her ankles had also been tied. The window was still partly open, the apartment door was still locked from the inside. Jackson's purse was missing; *426 so were her car keys, which were attached to a keychain bearing the Westinghouse emblem. Jackson freed her legs and went for help. After talking to police, Jackson went to the hospital, where she was treated for a stab wound to her left breast and a cut finger. At that
time she had no bruises on her neck, but bruises appeared later. The emergency room doctor testified that such late-appearing bruises were more consistent with throttling by gloved hands than by bare hands. Jackson, while not acquainted with Waddy, was able to identify his voice for the police. Paula Mason was murdered on the morning of July 18, 1986. On the night of July 17, she dined with some coworkers. Allen Boster took her home to her apartment at the Jeffersonian Apartments, located on Jefferson Avenue near East Broad Street. **823 A few minutes later, at approximately 12:10 a.m., Boster left the apartment. Mason phoned her boyfriend, Travis Lyon, at work, but he could not come to the phone. Lyon called her about seven hours later. She did not answer. At 6:10 a.m., July 18, Karen Martin saw a medium- to dark-skinned black male driving Mason's car west on Broad Street (i.e., away from Mason's residence) in downtown Columbus. The man drove to Gay Street and Pearl Alley, where he parked. Several banks are located nearby, including a BancOhio with an Anytime Bank machine. When Mason's car was later found, her Anytime Bank card was in the glove compartment. When Mason failed to show up for work that morning, Ron Edgington, another coworker, became worried and went to her apartment around 11:30 a.m. Mason's car was gone. Edgington pounded on her door but got no response. He noticed that a corner of
her kitchen window was broken, with putty hanging loose. Edgington returned twice, getting more worried each time. At 10:00 p.m., he summoned the apartment manager, Steven Titus, and showed him the window. Titus observed that the screen and part of the frame were missing. (The missing screen was later found next door.) Both men went into Mason's apartment. They found her body in the bedroom and called the police. Police found Mason lying on her stomach on the bed with her hands tied behind her back and her feet tied together. She had been beaten, then strangled. A rope was wrapped tightly around her neck and knotted. The rope had apparently been cut from a jump rope: pieces of a jump rope were found on the bedroom floor, and a knife was found between the mattress and bed frame. A washcloth with white tape stuck to it lay on the floor. After Detective John Sears arrived, Titus gave him two Phillips screwdrivers which he had found earlier that day. The screwdrivers had been lying in *427 the grass between the apartment complex and the Center for New Directions next door. A few days later, a plastic box was found on the porch of the Center. Waddy's fingerprint was on it. Mason had owned the same kind of box, keeping jewelry and change in it. Her box was missing from the apartment, though her niece had seen it there only two weeks before.
Waddy tried to give Mason's Visa card to his friend Allen Russell, Jr., but Russell refused it, so Waddy gave it to another friend, Greg Jefferson. Jefferson and another person tried to use the card, but the merchant kept it and called the police. On July 25, one week after the murder, Michael Milligan found a window screen in his house split open. His black nylon briefcase had been stolen. Milligan received several phone calls from Waddy. Identifying himself as the burglar, Waddy demanded money in return for the briefcase. When Milligan seemed to balk, Waddy threatened him with torture and death. On July 28, during another such conversation, Waddy asked Milligan if he knew what had happened at Jefferson and Broad. Waddy said: Real pretty, 23, all tied up and strangled. And who do you think did it? * * * Me. Waddy bragged that he had done her, and all of those other bitches. In a later call he warned Milligan that the police can't protect you forever. On August 6, 1986, a Franklin County municipal judge issued a warrant to search Waddy's residence, 801 Oak Street, for evidence of the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes. Police executed the warrant that day and seized a pair of red Arizona Glory brand gloves for laboratory analysis. The analysis showed the gloves were made of three types of fiber: nylon, wool, and another animal hair, probably rabbit. According to the manufacturer, 23,000 similar pairs are sold in the United States per day.
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Red fibers were found in the knot of the rope around Mason's neck. Red fibers were also found in the knots of Mason's bindings, under her fingernails, in her car, on one of the screwdrivers found by Titus, and stuck to the tape on the washcloth in Mason's bedroom. Red fibers were found on Wilson's jeans, in the knot of the shirt **824 Waddy had blindfolded her with, and also in the knots of Jackson's bindings. All these fibers were consistent with the gloves: they were all nylon, wool, or the other animal hair dyed red. Other incriminating evidence was found at Waddy's residence. A roll of white hospital chart tape was on a closet shelf with the gloves. Microscopic comparison showed that the piece of adhesive tape on the washcloth in Mason's bedroom had been torn from that roll: the ends matched perfectly. Moreover, only one hospital in the Columbus areaGrant Hospital, where *428 Waddy's girlfriend workedused that particular kind of chart tape. Police also found Milligan's briefcase, some of its contents, and Jackson's keychain and keys. The Franklin County Grand Jury indicted Waddy in the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes, charging him with five counts of aggravated burglary, two counts each of rape, felonious assault, and aggravated robbery, and one count each of robbery, attempted rape, theft, and extortion. (Case No. 86CR09 2754.) Later, the grand jury returned another indictment charging Waddy with two counts of the aggravated murder of Mason, each with four death specifications, and two counts each
of aggravated burglary and kidnapping. (Case No. 86CR103182.) The indictments were tried together over vigorous defense objection. Waddy was convicted of both aggravated murder counts and two R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death specifications (burglary-murder and kidnapmurder) as to each. He was convicted of all but two other counts. After the sentencing hearing, he was sentenced to death. The court of appeals affirmed.
Attorneys and Law Firms S. Michael Miller, Pros. Atty., and Alan C. Travis, for appellee. Tyack, Wright, & Turner, Carol A. Wright and Harry R. Rinehart, for appellant. Opinion ALICE ROBIE RESNICK, Justice. I Joinder In his first and second propositions of law, Waddy challenges the joinder of the fifteencount indictment with the six-count Paula Mason indictment. [1] Waddy argues, in his first proposition, that the joinder of the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes with the murder prejudiced
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him in the penalty phase. The court of appeals found no prejudice because the trial court specifically instructed the jury * * * not to consider in any way the evidence pertaining to crimes committed by the defendant against other persons. However, Waddy argues that the instruction could not erase the evidence of the other crimes from the minds of the jurors. Waddy assumes that the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes are irrelevant to whether he should be executed for murdering Mason. His assumption is erroneous. Waddy's record of criminal behavior is directly relevant to his history, character and background, R.C. 2929.04(B), which a sentencing jury *429 must consider. Accordingly, Waddy's first proposition of law must be overruled. [2] In his second proposition of law, Waddy claims joinder denied him a fair trial. It is well settled that the law favors joinder; therefore, in order to prevail, Waddy must show that the trial court abused its discretion by joining the indictments. See State v. Franklin (1991), 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 122, 580 N.E.2d 1, 5. [3] The state argues that, had the offenses not been joined, evidence of each crime joined at trial would have been admissible at the trial of each of the others, pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B). See, e.g., State v. Benner (1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 301, 306, 533 N.E.2d 701, 708. Here, the evidence of the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes was relevant to Mason's murder. Red fibers like those found in Mason's apartment, in her car, and on the screwdriver apparently used to open her window were also found in
Wilson's and Jackson's apartments. All these fibers were consistent with the red gloves in Waddy's closet. Thus, if Waddy raped Wilson and robbed **825 Jackson, leaving red fibers in their apartments, that evidence tends to prove that he also murdered Mason and left red fibers in her apartment and car. Additionally, the Wilson and Jackson crimes share a similar modus operandi with the murder. In each case, Waddy entered a woman's apartment at night; he bound the victim's wrists behind her back and tied her ankles; he used a knife; he called each victim a bitch (cf. State v. Broom [1988], 40 Ohio St.3d 277, 282, 533 N.E.2d 682, 690); he took the victim's car or car keys; and he stole or demanded bank cards or credit cards. The crimes occurred within a three-month period and within walking distance of each other. Cf. State v. Jamison (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 186, 552 N.E.2d 180, 184. Waddy points out that the crimes differ in some ways; however, such differences go to weight, not admissibility. Id., 49 Ohio St.3d at 187, 552 N.E.2d at 185. The Milligan crimes were admissible for a different reason. Milligan testified that Waddy, during a phone call, boasted of killing Mason. Both the call and the boast were part of Waddy's extortion plot against Milligan; without the whole story of the extortion, the jury could not have understood Milligan's highly probative testimony.
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Finding no abuse of discretion, we conclude that joinder was proper, and overrule Waddy's second proposition of law.
II Evidentiary Sufficiency In his thirteenth proposition of law, Waddy asserts that the state failed to prove his guilt of the counts involving Mason. In his fifteenth, he makes the same assertion about the counts involving Jackson.
tactic. See, e.g., State v. Cooey (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 20, 25, 544 N.E.2d 895, 905; Jamison, supra, 49 Ohio St.3d at 191, 552 N.E.2d at 189; State v. Tyler (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 24, 33, 553 N.E.2d 576, 589. We once again state that [n]ot even in a capital case may we sit as a thirteenth juror, * * * as to a judgment of conviction. (Citation omitted.) Id. at 33, 553 N.E.2d at 589. With that in mind, we turn to Waddy's contentions. Waddy asserts that all the evidence tying him
to Mason's murder was circumstantial 1 and argues that the evidence is not irreconcilable with any reasonable theory of * * * innocence, citing State v. Kulig (1974), 37 Ohio St.2d [4] *430 When a defendant challenges the 157, 66 O.O.2d 351, 309 N.E.2d 897, syllabus. legal sufficiency of the state's evidence, the However, our recent decision in State v. Jenks relevant question is whether, after viewing the (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, evidence in the light most favorable to the paragraph one of the syllabus, overruled Kulig. prosecution, any rational trier of fact could Circumstantial and direct evidence are now have found the essential elements of the crime subject to the same standard of proof. beyond a reasonable doubt. (Emphasis sic.) Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307, 319, [5] The evidence of Waddy's guilt includes 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573. The his boast to Milligan that he had strangled a weight and credibility of the evidence are left young woman at Jefferson and Broad. This to the trier of fact. State v. DeHass (1967), 10 statement inculpates Waddy in two ways. First, Ohio St.2d 230, 39 O.O.2d 366, 227 N.E.2d the state introduced evidence that the manner 212, paragraph one of the syllabus. of Mason's death had not been released to the We reiterate these basic principles, not just for the sake of analytic completeness, but also because litigants too frequently ignore them. In several propositions of law, including these, Waddy in effect asks us to resolve evidentiary conflicts in his favor and substitute our evaluation of witness credibility for the jury's. This is not the first case to employ this public; thus, **826 only the killer would have known that Mason had been strangled. (Waddy points out that one witness testified that the manner of Mason's death was common knowledge in the neighborhood. But that, as we have noted, is a jury question. DeHass, supra.) Second, even had the details of the killing been widely known, Waddy's statement
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that he killed Mason obviously has independent probative force as an admission. *431 Another key element in the state's proof was trace evidence. Red fibers kept turning up where Waddy had been. Waddy had a pair of red gloves in his closet, and he left red fibers at the scenes of his other crimes. Thus, when red fibers found in Mason's apartment and car proved consistent with Waddy's gloves and with the fibers at the Jackson and Wilson crime scenes, the jury could infer that they came from Waddy. Moreover, one of the screwdrivers found near the Jeffersonian Apartments had on its handle not only a red fiber but a blue fiber that matched the material of a blue stocking hat found in Waddy's closet. Other physical evidence firmly tied Waddy to the murder. His fingerprint was found on a plastic jewelry box left near Mason's residence. Mason owned an identical box, which was missing from her apartment after the murder. And the torn edge of the piece of white tape on the washcloth was an exact match with the edge of a similar roll of white tape found in Waddy's house. Thus, a reasonable jury could find that the piece of tape had been torn off that roll. According to Greg Jefferson and Allen Russell, Waddy had Mason's credit card in his possession. A black male was seen shortly after Mason's death, driving Mason's car to Gay Street and Pearl Alley, near a bank that accepted Anytime Bank cards. Additionally, an Anytime Bank card was found in Mason's car. (Part of Waddy's modus operandi was
stealing credit cards and bank cards, as shown by the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan cases.) 2 Although the defense tried to blame Jefferson for the murder, the witness who saw the car testified that Jefferson was not the driver. Finally, in addition to the red fibers, Mason's murder had several other features in common with the Wilson and Jackson crimes (see our discussion, supra, of Waddy's second proposition of law), indicating that a single individual committed all three. On this evidence, a rational jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Waddy murdered Paula Mason. Waddy's thirteenth proposition is overruled. [6] In his fifteenth proposition of law, Waddy alleges that the evidence was legally insufficient to convict him of aggravated assault, aggravated robbery, and burglary in the Jackson case. *432 Jackson identified Waddy's voice as the burglar's. Police found red fibers in the knots of Jackson's bindings; these fibers, like those found in Mason's and Wilson's apartments, were consistent with the red gloves found in Waddy's closet. Moreover, in the same closet were Jackson's car keys with their unique keychain. Jackson positively identified the keys and keychain. Waddy testified that his daughter found the keys outdoors. He points out that the keys, which were not rusty when stolen, had rusted by the time police found them. Waddy claims
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that they could have become rusty only if left outdoors, but the record contains no evidence of that. Waddy also tries to discredit Jackson's identification testimony by pointing to a minor memory lapse of hers and citing testimony of other witnesses. Again, we refuse to second-guess the jury's credibility determination. Based upon the evidence a rational jury could have believed Jackson despite Waddy's possible impeachment of **827 her testimony. Therefore, Waddy's fifteenth proposition fails. In his fourteenth and sixteenth propositions of law, Waddy contends that these convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Since we do not review appeals on that basis, see, e.g., Cooey, supra, 46 Ohio St.3d at 26, 544 N.E.2d at 905906, we must overrule these propositions of law.
Maryland (1963), 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215, and Crim.R. 16(B)(1)(f). Prosecution witness Karen Martin testified that, on the morning of July 18, she saw a medium- to dark-skinned black male driving Mason's car. Martin did not identify Waddy, but she specifically testified that Greg Jefferson (who she saw leaving the courtroom just before she testified) was not the driver. On cross-examination, Martin testified that, when she reported the incident, detectives showed her a photographic array, but she could not pick out the driver. After Martin stepped down, the defense moved for a mistrial, arguing that her failure to pick Waddy out of the array (assuming his picture was in it) was evidence favorable to the defense which the state should have disclosed before trial. The trial court denied a mistrial and a motion to strike Martin's *433 testimony, but ordered the prosecution to reconstruct the array for defense counsel to examine. The next day, Sergeants Nash and Sears, Columbus homicide detectives, testified outside the jury's presence that they had never shown Martin a photo array. The defense renewed its motion to strike Martin's testimony, which was again denied. Waddy argues that, if Martin did see a photo array, the defense had a right to examine it. If Waddy's photo was in the array, he argues, Martin's inability to identify him was favorable evidence, and the array should have been presented to the jury. But Sears and Nash
III Prosecutorial Misconduct A Brady Issues In his ninth proposition of law, Waddy contends that the prosecution illegally withheld evidence favorable to him and material to guilt or punishment, in violation of Brady v.
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testified that they did not show Martin an arraythus supporting the trial court's finding that there was no Brady violation. Since the record supports this finding, we cannot say it was wrong; resolving such factual disputes are within the sound discretion of the trial court. [7] Waddy argues that, if the trial court believed that Martin did not see an array, it should have stricken her testimony regarding the photo identification as irrelevant under Evid.R. 104(B). This argument is academic, since Martin's testimony regarding the array that she did not see the driver of Mason's car in itclearly could not have harmed Waddy. Waddy also complains that the jury was not allowed to hear Nash and Sears testify that they showed no photo array to Martin. We disagree. Although the detectives testified outside the jury's presence in the motion hearing, the state later called both men to testify before the jury. Waddy asked about the photo array on cross-examination. See Staff Note to Evid.R. 611(B) (cross-examination not limited to scope of direct). [8] Even if Martin saw a photo array with Waddy's photo in it, we cannot conclude that the array was material either to guilt or to punishment. Brady, supra, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. at 1197, 10 L.Ed.2d at 218. The evidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome. United States v. Bagley (1985), 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 3383, 87 L.Ed.2d 481, 494. [9] We think the array, if it existed at all, fails Bagley 's materiality test. Martin did not eliminate Waddy as the driver of **828 Mason's car; she merely failed to identify him. This does little to refute the inference that Waddy was the driver. Indeed, some courts hold that a witness's failure to identify the defendant is not exculpatory evidence at all. See McMullin v. State (Ala.Crim.App.1983), 442 So.2d 155, 158; Johnson v. United States (D.C.App.1988), 544 A.2d 270, 275; but, see, Evans v. Janing (C.A. 8, 1973), 489 F.2d 470, 476, *434 quoting United States v. Ash (1973), 413 U.S. 300, 318319, 93 S.Ct. 2568, 2578, 37 L.Ed.2d 619, 632; State v. Reddick (1985), 197 Conn. 115, 120121, 496 A.2d 466, 470. We need not go so far; Martin's failure to pick Waddy out of an array might be favorable evidence, but it would clearly not be so favorable that the state's failure to disclose it could undermine confidence in the result, given the evidence of Waddy's guilt. Waddy's ninth proposition is without merit.
B Separation of Witnesses In his tenth proposition of law, Waddy contends that Detective Sears spoke to Allen Russell before Russell testified, and thus violated the trial court's order for separation
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of witnesses. On cross-examination, Russell testified that Sears had discussed the case with him the previous day when Russell was in the prosecutor's office for fifteen to twenty minutes with Assistant Prosecutor David Johnson. Russell quoted Sears as saying: I want the same thing said that was said in the very beginning of this case. Testifying outside the jury's presence, Sears characterized the discussion differently. Sears testified that he told Russell that he explained some facts back in July and August of 1986, and I expected him to explain those same facts to Mr. Johnson [assistant prosecutor]. Sears and Russell both testified that Sears told Russell to tell the truth. Johnson also told Russell over and over and over to tell the truth. Russell described Sears's manner as aggressive and assertive. Sears admitted he raised his voice during the conversation. Apparently Sears did not technically violate the separation order: so far as the record shows, he was not in the courtroom when Russell testified. However, Waddy claims that Sears's out-of-court contact with another witness violated the purpose of the order. [10] The purpose of a separation order is so that [witnesses] cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, Evid.R. 615, and tailor their own testimony accordingly. Thus, a spectator or witness may not tell a prospective witness what has taken place in court if the judge has ordered separation of witnesses. State v. Spirko (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 1, 14, 570 N.E.2d 229, 246. However, at the time of their conversation,
neither Sears nor Russell had yet testified. There is no evidence that Sears disclosed any witness's testimony to Russell, nor does Waddy so claim. Thus, Sears violated neither the letter nor the spirit of the separation order. *435 Waddy also charges that Sears sought to influence Russell's testimony with intimidation and threats. However, both Sears and Johnson repeatedly insisted that Russell tell the truth, as Russell conceded. Yet Russell did not explain how Sears wanted him to testify (except that Sears wanted him to stay consistent with earlier statements, which are not in the record). We find no merit in Waddy's tenth proposition.
C Testimony by Prosecutor's Staff State's Exhibits PM24 and PM25 are Columbus Dispatch articles about Mason's murder, introduced to show that the public did not know Mason was strangled. This was relevant because Waddy told Milligan that Mason was strangled; the state claimed Waddy could not have learned that from the newspapers. Carmelina Conti of the Franklin County Prosecutor's Office identified PM24 and PM25 as the only articles about the murder she found in two public libraries. [11] Waddy's twelfth proposition of law asserts that the articles were hearsay. **829 However, they were not introduced for the truth
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of any matter asserted therein. See Evid.R. 801(C).
argument invited the jury to substitute the prosecutor's *436 experience for its own evaluation. Cf. State v. Greer (1988), 39 [12] Waddy further suggests the state violated Ohio St.3d 236, 252, 530 N.E.2d 382, 401. the Code of Professional Responsibility by However, a prosecutor's conduct is generally having a member of the prosecutor's staff not reversible error unless it robs the defendant testify. However, he cites no Disciplinary Rule of a fair trial. State v. Maurer (1984), 15 Ohio forbidding an attorney to call an employee to St.3d 239, 266, 15 OBR 379, 402, 473 N.E.2d testify. None exists. Under DR 5101(B) and 768, 793. We do not think the prosecutor's 5102, a lawyer generally may not represent comment did so here. It was not repeated, and a client if he or a lawyer in his firm ought the prosecution's argument concentrated on the to be called as a witness * * *. (Emphasis evidence. Isolated passages of a prosecutor's added.) But the record does not show Conti argument, billed in advance to the jury as a was a lawyer. Moreover, cross-examination matter of opinion[,] not of evidence, do not could expose any bias on Conti's part. This reach the level of a due process violation. proposition therefore lacks merit. Donnelly v. DeChristoforo (1974), 416 U.S. 637, 646, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 1873, 40 L.Ed.2d 431, 438. D Closing Argument In his seventeenth proposition of law, Waddy complains of eight alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct in the guilt phase of the trial. Waddy objected to four, preserving them for review. [14] The prosecutor also described some testimony inaccurately. He said: Allen Russell testified that Warren Waddy tried to get him to use the Bank One [Visa] card with Paula Mason's name on it. The trial court overruled an objection, but instructed: The jury can draw upon their own memories as to what the testimony was.
The prosecutor's statement, while an inaccurate [13] When Waddy's counsel argued to the jury summary of Russell's testimony, was a that Greg Jefferson or Allen Russell might be reasonable inference from that testimony. the killer, the prosecutor rebutted by arguing Russell testified that Waddy offered him a that this was a standard defense. chance to make some money on a particular card. Although Russell never specifically said Waddy's contention that this statement was this was Mason's card, he did indicate that it improper has some merit. The prosecutor was the same card Waddy later gave to Greg suggested that such defenses are common Jefferson, which the state proved was indeed and implied that they are usually bogus. His Mason's.
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The prosecutor also said that Jefferson had no access to Waddy's home at the time of the murder, and thus could not have worn the red gloves found in Waddy's closet. According to the prosecutor, Jefferson did not visit 801 Oak Street until after Russell moved there, five days after the murder. Again, the defense objected and the court instructed the jurors to draw upon your own memories. The state concedes this statement was incorrect. Of course, a prosecutor may not deliberately misstate evidence or argue facts not in the record. But reversal is not the remedy for every trivial factual error in a prosecutor's argument. Dunlop v. United States (1897), 165 U.S. 486, 498, 17 S.Ct. 375, 379, 41 L.Ed. 799, 803. The errors were corrected by the trial court's instruction to the jurors to rely on their own memories. The prosecutor's mistakes did not render the trial fundamentally unfair, and thus cannot be made a ground of error * * *. Maurer, supra. [15] Waddy also complains that the prosecutor argued that all of these crimes were not separate and distinct, and that the evidence reveal[ed] a pattern. The prosecutor also said that he did not spend the last two weeks trying **830 four separate cases, but trying one man who committed four separate cases. This was not misconduct. The prosecution was entitled to use other acts to show the accused's identity. Evid.R. 404(B). Considered in that light, the *437 cases were not separate and distinct. As the prosecutor himself said, he was not asking the jury to take all of the
counts collectively and decide whether or not the defendant is guilty of all collectively. That can't be so. [16] Other alleged errors were not objected to. They are reversible only if they amounted to plain errorthat is, if Waddy would clearly have been acquitted but for the alleged error. See, e.g., State v. Williford (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 247, 252, 551 N.E.2d 1279, 1284. We find no plain error, and therefore hold that Waddy's claims are waived. We overrule his seventeenth proposition of law.
IV Jury Misconduct In his nineteenth proposition of law, Waddy argues that the trial court should have granted his new trial motion. Waddy's motion was based on two alleged incidents involving the jury. At the motion hearing, an employee of Waddy's attorney testified that Mason's mother had cried in front of five or six jurors while waiting for an elevator after penalty-phase closing argument. But Mason's mother and another witness contradicted this testimony. The trial judge specifically found that, although Mason's mother boarded an elevator at the same time as a juror, she did not cry at any time in the juror's presence. The testimony supports these findings.
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[17] Waddy further accuses the jury of misconduct because four jurors allegedly played cards during deliberations. In the mitigation phase, the trial court delivered instructions orally. The jury was apparently told that typed copies of the instructions would be supplied as well. The jury retired to deliberate. It took a long time to type and copy the instructions; the jury twice signaled the court to ask when the instructions would be ready. The bailiff responded both times. The second time, the bailiff saw four jurors playing cards. Once the written instructions were delivered, the jury was out two or three hours before reaching a verdict. These facts do not amount to juror misconduct. There is no evidence that any jurors played cards during deliberations. Rather, the testimony and findings support an inference that the card game took place while the jurors had suspended deliberations to wait for written instructions. Waiting for the written instructions indicates conscientiousness, not carelessness. Because the record does not support Waddy's misconduct assertions, his nineteenth proposition is overruled.
Suggestive Voice Identification On August 5, 1986, police had Wilson listen to a taped conversation between Waddy and Milligan. She identified Waddy's voice as that of D.C., who had raped her. On August 19, police played the same conversation for Jackson. She identified Waddy's voice as that of the man who burglarized her home and robbed her. The prosecution also played the conversation to both women in court during trial; again they identified Waddy's voice. In his third proposition of law, Waddy claims that police used unduly suggestive procedures to get Wilson and Jackson to identify Waddy's voice. Accordingly, he claims, the identifications were unreliable and should have been suppressed. [18] When a witness has been confronted with a suspect before trial, due process requires a court to suppress her identification of the suspect if the confrontation was unnecessarily suggestive of the suspect's guilt and the identification was unreliable under all the circumstances. **831 Neil v. Biggers (1972), 409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401; Manson v. Brathwaite (1977), 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140. 3
*438 V Suppression Issues A
[19] Under Neil 's two-pronged test, the first question is whether the identification procedure was unnecessarily suggestive. Wilson and Jackson, both of whom were attacked by a black male, heard only two voices, one recognizably that of a black male (Waddy),
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the other that of a white male (Milligan). That is certainly a suggestive procedure. Moreover, in Jackson's case there was no emergency or exigent circumstance, Manson, supra, 432 U.S. at 109, 97 S.Ct. at 2250, 53 L.Ed.2d at 151, requiring use of the tape. Waddy had been arrested nearly two weeks before. He plausibly argues that police could have asked Jackson to pick her assailant from a voice lineup of exemplars by *439 similarsounding speakers. 4 Thus, the procedure used was unnecessarily suggestive. Wilson's case is different, however, because Waddy was not in custody on August 5. Had police asked him for an exemplar, they would have tipped him off to the rape investigation, allowing him to destroy evidence (police did not search Waddy's house until August 6) or intimidate Wilson (the rapist knew where she lived). Thus, police had to use the Waddy Milligan tapes with Wilson. Cf. Chambers v. State (Ind.1981), 422 N.E.2d 1198, 12011202. Theoretically, perhaps, at great cost in time and effort, police might have created several exemplars identical to the WaddyMilligan conversation for a lineup. But the Constitution does not require police to jump through such hoops. Thus, we do not find the procedure used with Wilson unnecessarily suggestive. Since the identification procedure used with Jackson was unnecessarily suggestive, we must apply the second part of the Neil test. The question is whether, under all the circumstances, the identification was reliable, i.e., whether suggestive procedures created a very substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification. Simmons v. United States (1968), 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247, 1253, quoted in Neil, 409 U.S. at 198, 93 S.Ct. at 381, 34 L.Ed.2d at 410. Key factors are the witness's opportunity to view (in the case of a voice identification, to hear) the defendant during the crime, the witness's degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the suspect, the witness's certainty, and the time elapsed between the crime and the identification. Neil, 409 U.S. at 199200, 93 S.Ct. at 382, 34 L.Ed.2d at 411. Jackson had an excellent opportunity to hear the burglar's voice. He was in her home for half an hour and spoke several times. She thoroughly described the burglar's manner of speaking and remembered what he said, indicating a high attention level. After Jackson identified the voice, a detective told her to make sure that was the same voice that I heard the night that I was attacked; she did not waver in her identification. Like the victim in Neil, 409 U.S. at 200, 93 S.Ct. at 382, 34 L.Ed.2d at 412, Jackson was no casual observer, but the victim of a protracted invasion of her home coupled with a physical assault. *440 Two negative factors exist. Jackson's fear could have distorted her auditory perception. See Thigpen v. Cory (C.A. 6, 1986), 804 F.2d 893, 897; 1 LaFave & Israel, Criminal Procedure (1984) 551, Section 7.1(b). Also, nearly two months elapsed **832 between crime and identification; however, in Neil factors favoring reliability outweighed a sevenmonth gap. On balance, we find no very
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substantial likelihood of misidentification. Neil, 409 U.S. at 198, 93 S.Ct. at 381, 34 L.Ed.2d at 410. Jackson's identification of the burglar's voice on the tapes was therefore admissible. (Wilson's identification is even more reliable, since she knew Waddy. See State v. Parker [1990], 53 Ohio St.3d 82, 87, 558 N.E.2d 1164, 1169.) Waddy's third proposition is overruled.
The Fifth Amendment does not bar volunteered statements. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436, 478, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1630, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, 726. Officer Mason's uncontroverted testimony shows that Waddy's statements were volunteered, not elicited. Waddy does not deny this; he simply argues that we should not believe Officer Mason. This proposition of law is overruled.
B Fifth Amendment Issue In his fourth proposition of law, Waddy claims that his statements to police should have been suppressed because the state failed to show that he voluntarily waived his Fifth Amendment rights. Finding Waddy's claim utterly unsupported by the record, we overrule it. The sole witness at the suppression hearing was Officer Neal Mason, who kept an eye on Waddy while police searched Waddy's house. Officer Mason testified that a detective read Waddy his rights and Waddy refused to make a statement. Despite this, Waddy spontaneously made several statements to Mason over the next ninety minutes to two hours. Additional statements were made by Waddy on the trip to the police station in the presence of Officer Mason. No officer asked Waddy questions, nor did anyone comment about the evidence in Waddy's presence.
C Validity of Search In his twenty-eighth proposition of law, Waddy asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence found at 801 Oak Street during execution of a search warrant. According to Waddy, the warrant was invalid and police seized more than it authorized.
*441 1 Validity of Warrant [20] Waddy challenges the warrant's validity by alleging that one misrepresentation and several omissions tainted the affidavit. To successfully attack the veracity of a facially sufficient search warrant affidavit, a defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the affiant made a false statement, either intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth. Franks v. Delaware (1978), 438 U.S.
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154, 155156, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 2676, 57 L.Ed.2d 667, 672. Reckless disregard means that the affiant had serious doubts of an allegation's truth. United States v. Williams (C.A. 7, 1984), 737 F.2d 594, 602. Omissions count as false statements if designed to mislead, or * * * made in reckless disregard of whether they would mislead, the magistrate. (Emphasis deleted.) United States v. Colkley (C.A. 4, 1990), 899 F.2d 297, 301. Even if the affidavit contains false statements made intentionally or recklessly, a warrant based on the affidavit is still valid unless, with the affidavit's false material set to one side, the affidavit's remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause * * *. Franks, supra, 438 U.S. at 156, 98 S.Ct. at 2676, 57 L.Ed.2d at 672. The affidavit, signed by Detectives Sears and Martin, stated that Waddy had been convicted of various crimes including burglary. Waddy points out that he was never convicted of burglary; however, he introduced no evidence that the affiants knew this or seriously doubted the allegation's truth. Rather, Detective Sears testified that he mistook a burglary arrest noted on Waddy's rap sheet for a conviction. This was negligent, but negligence is insufficient to traverse the affidavit. Franks, supra, 438 U.S. at 171, 98 S.Ct. at 2684, 57 L.Ed.2d at 682. **833 The affidavit stated, based on the affiant's years of experience as a criminal investigator, that burglars conceal stolen property at their homes. Waddy attacks this statement as misleading. The Milligan burglary
was twelve days old when the affidavit was sworn; Waddy claims burglars generally do not keep stolen goods in their homes that long. However, the affidavit gave the date of the Milligan burglary; the judge could therefore evaluate for himself the likelihood that the goods were still at Waddy's residence. [21] Waddy also argues that the affidavit was signed by both Sears and Martin, and it is unclear which one knew that burglars generally keep stolen goods at home. But probable cause may be based on the knowledge of more than one *442 officer. Benner, supra, 40 Ohio St.3d at 308, 533 N.E.2d at 710. Thus, it is irrelevant which officer had a particular bit of information. The affidavit said Waddy, a felon, listed Kay Drake as his sponsor and 801 Oak as his address on his registration. Waddy argues that the affidavit should have mentioned other facts tending to show that Waddy no longer lived there. This reasoning is flawed. The record shows that Waddy did in fact live at 801 Oak at the time the affidavit was sworn; therefore, the alleged omissions could not mislead the judge and are not material. Moreover, even had the omitted information been included, the affidavit would have stated probable cause to order a search of 801 Oak. According to the affidavit, a call to Milligan had been traced to a phone at that address registered to Waddy's sponsor, Kay Drake. We find no material omissions, no evidence of perjury, no reckless disregard of the truth. We
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must therefore conclude that the warrant was valid.
2 Scope of Search Waddy also argues that items not named in the warrant but seized in its execution should have been suppressed. He specifically challenges the seizure of three items: the red Arizona Glory gloves, the homemade ski mask, and the roll of chart tape. The state argues that these were properly seized under the plain view doctrine. [22] Under this doctrine, an officer may seize an item without a warrant if the initial intrusion leading to the item's discovery was lawful and it was immediately apparent that the item was incriminating. Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971), 403 U.S. 443, 466, 91 S.Ct. 2022,
5
at the murder scene did. The fuzz was similar in color to the gloves. Sears knew that Waddy had boasted to Milligan of strangling a young woman at Jefferson and Broad. The gloves were hidden inside a paper *443 bag with a Halloween mask and the ski mask. The gloves' proximity to the masks gave Sears additional reason to believe that the gloves were burglar's tools. As for the ski mask, the circumstances of its discovery support Sears's conclusion that it too was a burglar's tool. In any case, the mask was the least significant item of the state's evidence. Only one blue fiber was introduced and connected with the mask. Compared to the more numerous red fibers, the fingerprint on the jewelry box, and Waddy's admission to Milligan, the mask played so small a part in the case against Waddy that we can **834 confidently say its admission was nonprejudicial beyond a reasonable doubt.
[24] Waddy argues that, however 2038, 29 L.Ed.2d 564, 583. Since police were incriminating the items may have been in the executing a valid warrant, the intrusion was Mason murder, police could not seize them lawful. Waddy contends, however, that the because they had no probable cause at that time incriminating nature of the items seized was not to connect them to the Wilson and Milligan crimes on which the warrant was based. immediately apparent. Waddy's argument lacks merit. Although the [23] The immediately apparent police were investigating the Wilson and requirement * * * is satisfied when police Milligan crimes when they executed the have probable cause to associate an object with warrant, they could seize evidence of other criminal activity. State v. Halczyszak (1986), crimes under the plain view doctrine. See 25 Ohio St.3d 301, 25 OBR 360, 496 N.E.2d LaFave, supra, at 237238, Section 3.4(k). 925, paragraph three of the syllabus. Sears had Therefore, we overrule this proposition of law. probable cause to connect the tape and gloves with Mason's murder. The tape had red fuzz adhering to it, as Sears knew the tape found
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D Failure to State Factual Findings [25] In his fifth proposition of law, Waddy complains that the trial court erred by refusing to state its essential findings of fact, Crim.R. 12(E), on defense motions to suppress evidence. See Bryan v. Knapp (1986), 21 Ohio St.3d 64, 21 OBR 363, 488 N.E.2d 142. However, we think the record sufficient to allow full review of the suppression issues. See State v. Brewer (1990), 48 Ohio St.3d 50, 60, 549 N.E.2d 491, 501. We reject this proposition of law.
Columbus about six months before her death, but they continued to see each other. *444 Lyon also testified that, at 7:00 a.m., July 18, 1986 he tried to telephone Mason, but got no answer. A coworker of Lyon then testified that between midnight and 12:15 a.m., July 18th, Mason called Lyon at his workplace, but Lyon could not come to the phone. [26] Waddy claims that Lyon's testimony was irrelevant. We disagree; it narrowed down the time of Mason's death. As for the personal details about Mason's history, they established a foundation for Lyon's testimony. Lyon's relationship to Mason explains why they called each other, which corroborates his testimony. Ron Edgington, a college classmate, exboyfriend, and coworker of Mason's, also testified. Waddy complains that Edgington testified about such matters as Mason's hometown, employment history, and apartment in Columbus, how she walked to work, and how she was furthering her education. But Edgington also testified that Mason had a plastic box in her apartment similar to State's Ex. PM17A, which had Waddy's fingerprint on it, that she owned a jump rope (she was strangled with a jump rope), and that her kitchen window had a flimsy screen with cracks and gaps in it. Edgington further testified that, when Mason failed to show up for work on July 18, he got concerned and went to her apartment. After work, Edgington returned; this time he noticed that her blinds were shut, even though Mason hardly ever shut them. He went back a third time and found Mason's body.
VI Inflammatory Evidence A Evidence of Victim's Character In his sixth proposition of law, Waddy asserts that the guilt-phase testimony of Mason's boyfriend, Travis Lyon, was an irrelevant, prejudicial appeal to the jury's emotions, tainting the conviction and sentence. Lyon testified he met Mason in Somerset, Ohio, about a year and a half or two years before her death. He testified that Mason moved to
25
Edgington's testimony about Mason, like Lyon's, corroborated and laid a foundation for his later testimony. His relationship with Mason explained his going to her apartment on July 18 and his familiarity with her apartment, possessions, and habits. We find the testimony of Lyon and Edgington relevant and therefore reject Waddy's sixth proposition of law.
how tight it was. Ex. PM1DD is a full-face shot of Mason, showing her bruised lips, black eye, and blood on her face. These injuries corroborate the deputy coroner's conclusion that Mason was beaten before being strangled. These photographs are neither repetitive nor cumulative (indeed, the state showed unusual restraint). Their probative value is high, and their potential for prejudice relatively low, since only one focuses on Mason's facial injuries. We conclude that they were properly admitted. Waddy's seventh proposition is overruled.
B Gruesome Photos [27] In his seventh proposition of law, Waddy complains that gruesome photographs of Paula Mason's corpse prejudiced him. Such photographs are admissible, however, if their probative value outweighs **835 the danger of material prejudice to the defendant and they are not repetitive or cumulative. State v. Maurer, supra, paragraph seven of the syllabus. Eleven photographs showed parts of Mason's corpse. Only three are even arguably gruesome: Ex. PM1BB, PM1CC, and PM1DD, which show Mason's battered face. However, only one focuses on the face. Ex. PM1BB shows Mason's body lying on its back after being turned over. It shows the body's lividity (discoloration from blood settling to the lowest *445 part of the body), which the deputy coroner used to estimate time of death. Ex. PM1CC shows how the rope around Mason's neck was knotted and indicates
C Tape Recordings [28] In his eighth proposition of law, Waddy contends that the trial court should have prevented the repeated playing of taped conversations between Milligan and Waddy. The tapes were played during the testimony of Wilson, Jackson, Milligan and Jefferson. Waddy does not contest admissibility, but claims the repetition was prejudicial. However, a trial court need not exclude evidence simply because it is cumulative. See Staff Note to Evid.R. 403. We agree with the court of appeals that [e]ach playing of the tape had probative value * * * distinct from the others * * *. Thus, the first part of this proposition lacks merit.
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[29] Waddy also attacks the use of transcripts to help the jurors follow the tapes. He claims this violated Evid.R. 1002, the best evidence rule. However, the transcripts were not admitted into evidence, so Evid.R. 1002 is irrelevant. See Jacobs, Ohio Evidence: Objections and Responses (1989) 287289, Section 10022(D). Moreover, Waddy conceded the transcripts's accuracy at trial. We have compared the tapes and transcripts ourselves and find the latter accurate. Where there are no material differences between a tape admitted into evidence and a transcript given to the jury as a listening aid, there is no prejudicial error. State v. Holmes (1987), 36 Ohio App.3d 44, 50, 521 N.E.2d 479, 486. Accord United States v. Smith (C.A. 6, 1976), 537 F.2d 862, 863864. Waddy urges us to reject Holmes and find prejudice based on overemphasis or the incorrect implication caused by trying to establish something with both an original and an additional aid. Waddy cites no authority for his *446 proposed rule. More important, he does not explain how an accurate transcript could create any incorrect implication. We reject his argument, and his eighth proposition of law.
[30] Each count of the first indictment (the Wilson, Jackson, and Milligan crimes) contained a sentence-enhancing specification that Waddy had previously been convicted of an offense of violence. See R.C. 2929.11(D). Under R.C. 2941.143, a defendant in a jury trial may request that the trial judge * * * determine the existence of the specification * * *. The trial judge offered Waddy a choice between having the specifications determined by the judge or jury. Waddy chose the jury. In his eleventh proposition of law, Waddy argues that he should have been allowed to have a three-judge panel determine the specifications because the noncapital crimes were joined with a capital crime. **836 Waddy's position is both meritless and frivolous. R.C. 2941.143 offers a defendant only two options: he may have the specification determined by the jury or the trial judge. No provision for a three-judge panel exists. Waddy cites R.C. 2929.022, but R.C. 2929.022 simply offers the same options as R.C. 2941.143: a capital defendant in a jury trial may have the existence of relevant prior convictions tried to the jury or the trial judge. A capital defendant may be tried by a three-judge panel only if he waives a jury. R.C. 2945.06; R.C. 2929.022(A). No statute allows him to try some issues to a jury and others to a panel. Waddy's eleventh proposition is overruled.
D Offense of Violence Specification VII
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Instructions on Principal Offender In his twenty-second proposition of law, Waddy argues that the prosecutor's guilt-phase closing argument and the trial court's penaltyphase instructions erroneously implied that being a principal offender is an aggravating circumstance.
must elect, before the penalty phase, which count shall be submitted to the jury for sentencing. Since the trial judge merged the two aggravated murder convictions before handing down the sentence, we reject this argument. See State v. Poindexter (1988), 36 Ohio St.3d 1, 5, 520 N.E.2d 568, 572.
[33] Waddy further argues that the jury, in considering two counts of aggravated murder, [31] Being a principal offender is an element each containing the same two aggravating of the felony-murder aggravating circumstance specifications, may have collectively and defined by R.C. 2929.04(A)(7). Obviously a improperly weighed four specifications against trial court may so instruct. State v. Holloway him. This argument is speculative. The trial (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 239, 243244, 527 court's instructions clearly told the jury to N.E.2d 831, 836. The court must not indicate consider two specifications as to Count One that being a principal offender is, by itself, and two specifications as to Count Two. an additional aggravating circumstance. Id. at We must presume the jury did so. State v. 244, 527 N.E.2d at 836, fn. 2. However, no Henderson (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 24, 33, reasonable juror could have so understood 528 N.E.2d 1237, 1246. Moreover, the state's the trial court's *447 instruction or the closing argument in the penalty phase referred consistently to two aggravating circumstances, prosecutor's argument. 6 Waddy's contrary not four. Thus, as in Poindexter, supra, contention is baseless. the record contains no basis for Waddy's speculation that the jury may have doublecounted aggravating circumstances. VIII [34] In his twenty-third proposition of law, Waddy argues that the felony-murder Merger specifications based on aggravated burglary should have been merged with the felony[32] In his eighteenth proposition of law, murder (kidnapping) specifications **837 Waddy reminds us that, where a defendant based on kidnapping, leaving one specification who kills only one victim is convicted of two instead of two on each aggravated murder aggravated murder counts, the trial court may count. sentence on only one count. R.C. 2941.25(A); State v. Huertas (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 22, *448 If aggravated burglary and kidnapping 28, 553 N.E.2d 1058, 1066. Relying on R.C. are allied offenses of similar import, merger 2941.25(A), Waddy argues that the prosecution
2014 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 28
was required. See State v. Jenkins (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 15 OBR 311, 473 N.E.2d 264, paragraph five of the syllabus, and id. at 197, 15 OBR at 339, 473 N.E.2d at 295, fn. 27. Allied offenses of similar import are those offenses whose elements correspond to such a degree that the commission of one offense will result in the commission of the other. State v. Mitchell (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 416, 418, 6 OBR 463, 464, 453 N.E.2d 593, 594. If a defendant is convicted of allied offenses of similar import, the court must examine his conduct to determine whether the offenses were committed separately or with a separate animus as to each. Id. Waddy was convicted of two R.C. 2929.04(A) (7) aggravating circumstances: aggravated burglary and kidnapping. Burglary consists of trespassing in an occupied structure by force, stealth, or deception with purpose to commit a theft offense or felony. If, inter alia, the burglar inflicts physical harm on another, or the structure is a habitation in which any person was present, the offense is aggravated burglary. R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) and (3). Obviously aggravated burglary is not implicit within kidnapping. Also, kidnapping is not implicit within aggravated burglary. Unlike robbery or rape, burglary does not inherently require the victim's restraint. Cf. Jenkins, supra, 15 Ohio St.3d at 198, 15 OBR at 340, 473 N.E.2d at 295, fn. 29; State v. Logan (1979), 60 Ohio St.2d 126, 14 O.O.3d 373, 397 N.E.2d 1345. Nor does inflicting physical harm, as required for aggravated burglary under R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), necessarily require
the victim's restraint; even if it did, Waddy imposed further restraint on Mason by tying her up. Thus, aggravated burglary under either R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) or (3) is not an allied offense of similar import to kidnapping. The trial court correctly refused merger. This proposition is overruled.
IX Sentencing Errors Waddy's twenty-fourth proposition of law attacks the trial court's sentencing opinion on various grounds. First, Waddy argues that the trial court misunderstood the verdict. The trial court stated that Waddy had been convicted of Specifications One and Two as to each count, when in fact he was convicted of Specifications Three and Four. But on the first page of his opinion, the trial judge correctly set forth the elements of the specifications Waddy was convicted of. Cf. State v. Wiles (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 90, 571 N.E.2d 97, 120. The judge understood the verdict; his error was inconsequential. [35] *449 Second, Waddy complains that the trial judge misapplied R.C. 2929.04(B)(3). This provision creates a mitigating factor if the offender, because of a mental disease or defect, lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
29
The trial judge said: This is for all intents and purposes an insanity defense. No such defense was made. As Waddy points out, R.C. 2929.04(B)(3), which requires a lack of substantial capacity, is not the same as the insanity defense, which exculpates a defendant who completely lacks capacity. State v. Van Hook (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 256, 263, 530 N.E.2d 883, 890; State v. Lawrence (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 24, 29, 541 N.E.2d 451, 457. But the trial court specifically found that the defendant does not suffer from a mental disease [or] defect. A disease or defect is a necessary element of R.C. 2929.04(B)(3). Van Hook, supra. Thus, even applying the correct standard, the trial judge could not have found this mitigating factor. In these circumstances, the error is plainly harmless. Third, Waddy argues that the trial judge weighed each mitigating factor individually instead of collectively against the aggravating circumstances. Waddy cites the sentencing opinion's statement that insanity was not shown by evidence outweighing the aggravating circumstances * * *. **838 Waddy misinterprets this passage, in which the court determined which individual mitigating factors existed. When one examines the part of the opinion where the court weighed aggravation against mitigation, it becomes clear that mitigating factors were weighed collectively and not individually against aggravating circumstances. The opinion says: Comparing the aggravating circumstances to the claimed mitigating factors the Court finds * * * that the aggravating circumstances are
sufficient to outweigh any claimed mitigation * * *. The trial judge did not err. Fourth, Waddy complains that the judge did not specify Waddy's criminal record to support the judge's apparent conclusion that Waddy had a significant history of prior criminal convictions and delinquency adjudications. R.C. 2929.04(B)(5). But Waddy did not attempt to prove this factorprobably wisely, given his prior conviction of carrying a concealed weapon and the convictions mentioned in the search warrant affidavit. Thus, he failed to carry his burden of proving that this factor existed. See Jenkins, supra, 15 Ohio St.3d at 171172, 15 OBR at 317318, 473 N.E.2d at 275. 7 *450 Finally, Waddy claims that the trial court did not consider the testimony of his witnesses. But the trial court noted that Waddy's brother and Kay Drake testified, giving a brief history of his life as a child and his life with * * * Drake. Thus, the judge considered this evidence; Waddy's real complaint is simply that the judge was not impressed. That complaint is a fit subject for our independent review, but is not a valid ground of error. The trial judge committed no prejudicial error. Had he done so, our independent reweighing would correct it. State v. Lott (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 170, 555 N.E.2d 293, 304. This proposition is overruled. In his thirtieth proposition of law, Waddy contends that the court of appeals failed to articulate the reasons why the aggravating
30
circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors, as R.C. 2929.05 requires. See Maurer, supra, paragraph four of the syllabus. However, the court did give its reasons. Waddy had adduced childhood spankings as a mitigating factor; the court pointed out that Waddy and his siblings were punished only if they had misbehaved. * * * And it noted that many grow up in as bad or even far worse conditions without turning to criminal conduct. The court observed that Waddy's list of goals, adduced in mitigation, expresses no remorse even though * * * purportedly written a mere four days after the murder. The court further noted that the list is centered around defendant's desires with little or no concern for anyone else * * *. In discussing a 1969 psychiatric evaluation of Waddy, the court said: Even at that time, defendant had little or no conscience and was found to be difficult to rehabilitate. The court found a 1969 social history report worth little because it contained minimal information on defendant. The court of appeals adequately explained why aggravating circumstances outweighed mitigating factors. Moreover, had the court of appeals erred, our independent review would cure that error. Lott, supra; State v. Clark (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 252, 263, 527 N.E.2d 844, 855856. [36] In his twenty-ninth and thirtieth propositions of law, Waddy also argues that the court of appeals should have included in
its proportionality review cases in which life sentences were imposed. This contention lacks merit. See State v. Steffen (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 31 OBR 273, 509 N.E.2d 383, paragraph one of the syllabus.
X Settled Issues In his twenty-ninth proposition of law, Waddy presents numerous boilerplate arguments **839 against the Ohio death penalty statutes. All have been *451 rejected many times. See, generally, Jenkins, supra, 15 Ohio St.3d at 167179, 15 OBR at 314324, 473 N.E.2d at 272281. See, also, Walton v. Arizona (1990), 497 U.S. 639, , 110 S.Ct. 3047, 3055 3056, 111 L.Ed.2d 511, 525527 (plurality opinion); Blystone v. Pennsylvania (1990), 494 U.S. 299, 110 S.Ct. 1078, 108 L.Ed.2d 255; Steffen, supra, 31 Ohio St.3d at 124 125, 31 OBR at 284285, 509 N.E.2d at 395396; Henderson, supra, 39 Ohio St.3d at 2829, 528 N.E.2d at 12421243; State v. Buell (1986) 22 Ohio St.3d 124, 135 141, 22 OBR 203, 213218, 489 N.E.2d 795, 806810. They are summarily overruled, as are Waddy's twentieth, 8 twenty-first, 9 twentyfifth, 10 twenty-sixth, 11 and twenty-seventh 12 propositions of law.
XI
31
Independent Review [37] We now independently consider whether aggravating circumstances outweigh mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt and whether the death sentence is disproportionate to sentences in similar cases. R.C. 2929.05(A). Waddy was convicted of two aggravating circumstances. The jury found that Waddy, as a principal offender, committed the murder while committing, attempting, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit (1) aggravated burglary, and (2) kidnapping. He presented three mitigating factors: his troubled childhood, his redeeming qualities, and his low I.Q. Waddy grew up in a family of nine children. Both parents and both maternal grandparents lived in the home. Waddy's father drove a truck, spending much of his time on the road. Waddy's brother Aubry testified that, when their father got home, he would get the reports on the children's behavior and spank those who had misbehaved with a strap or extension cord. According to a social history of Waddy (compiled in 1969 in connection with a juvenile charge), his mother also spanked him for teasing his siblings. *452 Waddy's parents had below-average intelligence. The social worker who compiled the 1969 social history described the family as lower class, culturally-deprived and matriarchal. Waddy's father seemed to have
no interest in the family other than providing their basic material needs. A 1969 psychiatric evaluation quotes Waddy calling his father a cold lover. Waddy claims that his childhood home was unstructured and relatively abusive. Spanking is not necessarily child abuse. The evidence shows that the children were spanked only when bad and does not show excessive force. Moreover, Waddy's brother, raised in the same environment, is a law-abiding citizen. Aubry Waddy, at the time of trial, was an Army sergeant with a highly responsible position in the 101st Division. He finished high school, entered college, and was studying for an associate degree. Thus, Waddy's childhood environment does little to explain his crime and has virtually no mitigating value. Kay Drake lived with Waddy for nine years and is the mother of Waddy's daughter Natalie. She testified that Natalie is very fond of Waddy. Waddy has treated Natalie well, taken her places, played with her, and baby-sat her while Drake worked. Waddy did not expose Drake or Natalie to his drug use. Drake testified that Waddy was beaten up badly in the fall of 1985. After the **840 beating, Waddy stayed home and developed an interest in real estate. He began reading real estate books and self-motivation books. On July 22, 1986 (four days after the murder), Waddy wrote a list of goals entitled My Personal Commitment to Myself in which he pledged
32
to have a net worth of $250,000 within the next two years, which he stated would allow him to retire. Waddy also tried to better himself by attending welding school and business college. Drake's testimony about Waddy's good qualities is entitled to some weight. On her showing, Waddy was an attentive and loving father who at least made some effort to reform himself. While her testimony may have been biased, it was also uncontradicted. On the other hand, we give Waddy's Personal Commitment little weight. It does indicate Waddy's desire to rehabilitate himself, make an honest living, stop committing crimes and taking drugs, and help his family and community. But his goals are so grandiose and unrealistic as to cast doubt on Waddy's rehabilitative prospects. For instance, Waddy vows to buy at least four houses and accumulate $40,000 equity in each one. He expects to have $250,000 in two years and generate a yearly cash flow of $125,000 from that sum. *453 The 1969 psychiatric evaluation diagnosed borderline mental retardation associated with environmental deprivation. Waddy's I.Q. dropped about ten points after he left school in 1966; in 1969, it was measured at 72. The evaluation also states that Waddy has a poorly developed conscience and presents a real problem for rehabilitation. Waddy's low I.Q. has some mitigating weight. However, the relevance of the psychiatric evaluation is limited because it deals with Waddy's 1969
condition, not his 1986 condition. We agree with the courts below that Waddy failed to prove a mental disease or defect. Waddy tied Paula Mason up and murdered her while burglarizing her home. He bears sole responsibility for this crime. Few mitigating factors exist. We find that the aggravating circumstances outweigh them beyond a reasonable doubt. The death sentence is therefore appropriate. We also find it proportionate, for we have upheld several death sentences involving murder during aggravated burglaries and kidnappings. See Wiles, supra, 59 Ohio St.3d at 95, 571 N.E.2d at 124125, and cases cited therein, for cases of burglary-murder; and see, e.g., State v. Roe (1989), 41 Ohio St.3d 18, 535 N.E.2d 1351; Brewer, supra; State v. Jells (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 22, 559 N.E.2d 464, for cases of kidnap-murder. The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed. Judgment affirmed.
MOYER, C.J., and SWEENEY, HOLMES, DOUGLAS, WRIGHT and HERBERT R. BROWN, JJ., concur. Parallel Citations 588 N.E.2d 819
33
Footnotes This is not so; Waddy's admission to Michael Milligan is direct, not circumstantial, evidence of guilt. 1 Milligan gave the following testimony regarding Waddy's interest in bank and credit cards: 2
* * * And he said it would have been a whole lot easier for me if I had answered the phone calls the first time around * * *. Basically, he said if I had given the numbers for a bank machine for my Visa * * * and a bank card * * * he could have gone down to the little machine and gotten the bucks, and I would have gotten the stuff back a whole lot sooner. Citing United States v. Albergo (C.A. 2, 1976), 539 F.2d 860, the state suggests that this rule does not apply to voice, as opposed to visual, identifications. However, we recently applied Neil 's due process standard to a voice identification. State v. Parker (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 82, 8788, 558 N.E.2d 1164, 11691170. Neil itself involved a voice identification as well as a visual one, see id., 409 U.S. at 195, 93 S.Ct. at 380, 34 L.Ed.2d at 409, and did not suggest that a different standard applied to the former. Moreover, the Second Circuit seems to have backed away from Albergo. See United States v. Moore (C.A. 2, 1978), 571 F.2d 76, 91, and Brown v. Harris (C.A. 2, 1981), 666 F.2d 782, 786787. Other courts have recognized the desirability of voice lineups. See State v. Johnson (1983), 207 Mont. 214, 222, 674 P.2d 1077, 1081; Harris v. State (1978), 268 Ind. 12, 17, 373 N.E.2d 149, 152 (concurring opinion). See, also, White v. State (Alaska App.1989), 773 P.2d 211, 214. We emphasize that we are not requiring voice lineups; we simply note that they are less suggestive than the method used here. The discovery need not be inadvertent. Horton v. California (1990), 496 U.S. 128, 110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112. The trial judge instructed the jury that each count of aggravated murder had two aggravating circumstances. He then explained what those aggravating circumstances were, as follows: Number one, that the aggravated murder was committed while Warren Waddy was committing, attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit aggravated burglary, and the defendant personally committed each act which constituted the aggravated murder, including the strangling that caused the death of Paula Mason. Number two, that the aggravated murder was committed while Warren Waddy was committing, attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit kidnapping, and the defendant personally committed each act which constituted the aggravated murder, including the strangling that caused the death of Paula Mason. * * * (Emphasis added.) Waddy presented no evidence of his criminal record, did not ask for a presentence investigation, and did not argue this factor to the judge or jury. We note that the trial judge specifically disavowed any affirmative reliance on Waddy's criminal record in determining whether the sentence of death should be imposed. See, e.g., State v. Williams (1986), 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 2122, 23 OBR 13, 1819, 490 N.E.2d 906, 912. State v. Roe (1989), 41 Ohio St.3d 18, 25, 535 N.E.2d 1351, 13601361. See Lockhart v. McCree (1986), 476 U.S. 162, 106 S.Ct. 1758, 90 L.Ed.2d 137. See, e.g., State v. Esparza (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 8, 1314, 529 N.E.2d 192, 198. Accord Brown v. Dixon (C.A. 4, 1989), 891 F.2d 490, 496498, overruling Brown v. Rice (W.D.N.C.1988), 693 F.Supp. 381. See, e.g., Esparza, supra, 39 Ohio St.3d at 13, 529 N.E.2d at 197198.
5 6
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State v. Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424 (1992) 588 N.E.2d 819

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of any matter asserted therein. See Evid.R. 801(C).

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*438 V Suppression Issues A

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