Chapter 3.

1 Classification of Matter Name: ______________________(

CHAPTER MAP & OVERVIEW CHAPTER 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

) Class: ______ Date: ____________

States of Matter

Kinetic Particle Theory Used to explain Chapter 3.1.4 Change of State

Melting Solid Freezing Liquid

Boiling Gas Condensation

Chapter 3.1.3 Molecular Model

Wan Yong, L., & Kwok Wai, L. (2013). All About Physics 'O' Level. Malaysia: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd., pages 162 to 164,

M. Heyworth Rex, & J G R Briggs. (2013). All About Chemistry 'O' Level. Malaysia: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd., pages 30 to 43,

Learning Outcomes 3.1 Classification of Matter Pupils are expected to: (a) describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules (b) describe the relationship between the motion of molecules and temperature (c) use of Kinetic Particle Theory (kinetic model of matter) to explain changes of states and the three states of matter (d) understand that the internal energy of a body consists of kinetic and potential energy (e) describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its kinetic energy (f) describe a change in state of a body in terms of its potential energy and without a change in temperature (g) show understanding that Brownian motion provides evidence for Kinetic Particle Theory (kinetic model of matter) (h) infer from Brownian motion experiment the evidence for the movement of molecules (i) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and tea or coffee particles in water (j) understand general interpretation of graphs of change of states e.g. melting, boiling, freezing, condensation Advanced Topics (a) Describe two additional states of matter (plasma and Bose Einstein Condensate) and explain their inter-conversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory

What is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. All matter can exist in 3 physical states: solid, liquid & gas, depending on the temperature and pressure of their surroundings. States of Matter When you leave a dish of water in a corner of a room it disappears after a few hours. When you leave a few copper(II) sulfate crystals on the bottom of a glass of water the crystals disappear on their own and the water becomes blue. There is obviously a movement of particles of water and copper(II) sulfate crystals that we cannot see. How do we explain this? Consider the differences among solids, liquids and gases. A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. Normally it is hard and rigid and a large force is required to change its shape. It is not compressible. A liquid has a fixed volume but it does not have a fixed shape. It can flow and takes the shape of its container. A liquid has a definite surface. It is not compressible. A gas has no shape, no surface and no fixed volume. It can flow and spread easily to fill any vessel it is in. It also takes the shape and volume of its container. It is highly compressible.

Kinetic Particle Theory (Kinetic Model of Matter) The Kinetic Particle Theory states that matter is made of large number tiny particles (atoms or molecules), which are in continuous and random motion (Energy due to movement is known as kinetic energy.) Evidences of particles in continuous motion: These molecules are too small to be seen directly. However, the existence of particles in continuous motion has been demonstrated by Brownian motion and diffusion . X-ray diffraction patterns of crystals and the striking photographs of crystals taken with electron microscopes provide further evidence of the particulate nature of matter. Brownian Motion Brownian motion is the constant and random motion of small solid particles in fluids (liquids and gases). Brownian motion provided the evidence of molecular motion & proved the existence of particles that cannot be observed with a normal microscope. Further information Brownian motion is first observed in 1827 by Robert Brown. Through the microscope, he observed the motion of pollen grains suspended in water. However, it was not until 1905 that Einstein (making his first major contribution to science) was able to explain it. He suggested that the irregular or random motion of the smoke particles was the result of being hit by unseen fast-moving air molecules. Brownian motion, therefore, provides evidence for the kinetic theory of matter. If heat is supplied, the motion of the smoke particles becomes more vigorous. Careful observations also show that the smaller the smoke particles, the more rapid their motion. Brownian motion can also be observed by placing pollen grains or chalk powder in water. In this case the zigzag motion of the pollen grains is due to bombardment by water molecules.

Diffusion In diffusion, particles move randomly from a region of high concentration to lower concentration. Examples of Diffusion: If a bottle of perfume is opened in one corner of a room, we can smell it in another corner after a very short time. Evidently the perfume molecules have travelled from the bottle to your nose through the air. The spreading of molecules by their own accord without any external aid is called diffusion. Another example of diffusion is that of gases in the atmosphere. Air is a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Even though carbon dioxide is denser than the others, it does not sink down to form a separate layer. This is because all the gas molecules are moving randomly all the time and they move into any space that is available. Hence the gas molecules stay mixed and do not separate out.

Bromine vapour can be used to show diffusion of gases. Bromine is a red brown liquid at room temperature but it evaporates easily to form a brown vapour. When a little bromine vapour is released into a vacuum, the brown vapour spreads through the vacuum almost at once. This indicates that the bromine molecules are moving at very high speed. If bromine vapour is released into a similar space full of air, the brown vapour still spreads quickly through the space but very much slower than in a vacuum. This is because the bromine molecules keep hitting the air molecules which get in the way. Note: Bromine vapour is harmful. The rate of diffusion of gases depends on: 1) The temperature of the gases The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion. 2) The density of the gases The greater the density of the molecules, the slower the rate of the diffusion. For example, dense carbon dioxide diffuses more slowly than light hydrogen gas. Gases can also diffuse through walls which have pores slightly bigger than the size of the gas molecule. Diffusion also takes place in liquids, though at a very much slower rate. Even if you do not stir a cup of coffee after you have added milk, it will become uniformly coloured after many hours. In the school laboratory, diffusion of liquids can be shown using copper (II) sulfate solution and water as shown in the figure below. The two layers become uniformly mixed after a while.

Molecular Model of the Three States of Matter Particles in a Solid Solid Diagram

Arrangement Movement

Closely packed together in a fixed, regular pattern This results in solids having high densities Cannot move freely but vibrate about fixed positions. Held in position by very strong attractive forces This explains why solids have fixed volumes and shapes

Particles in a Liquid Liquid Diagram

Arrangement Movement

Randomly arranged with the particles slightly further apart as compared to that of solids. This results in liquids having relatively high densities Particles slide past one another Free to move about but confined within the vessel containing it. Have attractive forces between particles. This explains why liquids have fixed volume but will take the shape of vessels containing them.

Particles in a Gas Gas Diagram

Arrangement Movement

Very far apart. Particles are randomly arranged and will occupy any available space. This results in gases having relatively very low densities Particles have very little attraction between them and move about randomly at a very high speed. This explains why gases have no fixed volume and shape, and why they are highly compressible.

Advanced: (Taken from http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html)

Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) Other than solids, liquids, gases, there are two more states of matter: Plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)

Plasma Basics Plasmas are a lot like gases, but the atoms are different, because they are made up of free electrons and ions of an element such as neon (Ne). Plasma is different from a gas, because it is made up of groups of positively and negatively charged particles. In neon gas, the electrons are all bound to the nucleus. In neon plasma, the electrons are free to move around the system.

Example of Plasma: 1. Fluorescent light bulbs.Inside the long tube is a gas. Electricity flows through the tube when the light is turned on. The electricity acts as an energy source and charges up the gas. This charging and exciting of the atoms creates glowing plasma inside the bulb. The electricity helps to strip the gas molecules of their electrons. Find out more about fluorescent light at http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/plasmadisplay1.htm

2.

Neon sign. Just like a fluorescent lights, neon signs are glass tubes filled with gas. When the light is turned on, the electricity flows through the tube. The electricity charges the gas and creates plasma inside of the tube. The plasma glows a special color depending on what kind of gas is inside. Inert gases are usually used in signs to create different colors. Noble gases such as helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), and Xenon (Xe) are all used in signs.

Bose-Einstein Condensate Basics Bose-Einstein condensate consists of unexcited and cold atoms.

The BEC happens at very low temperatures. At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. When temperature is very low, a BEC can be created with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb). When the temperature decreases to near absolute zero, something special happens. Atoms begin to clump. When the temperature becomes that low, the atomic parts can't move at all. They lose almost all of their energy. Since there is no more energy to transfer (as in solids or liquids), all of the atoms have exactly the same level. The result of this clumping is the BEC. The group of rubidium atoms sits in the same place, creating a "super atom." There are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities and, for our purposes, become one blob.

Change of State (Explained using the Kinetic Particle Theory) When a pot of cold soup is heated over a stove, it gradually becomes hot. Thermal energy is transferred from the heating element to the soup. The hot soup contains more energy now than when it was cold. The energy contained inside the soup is known as internal energy. The internal energy of a body is the combination of the total kinetic energy and potential energy of the molecules in a body. Kinetic energy is due to the vibration of molecules. It is directly related to temperature. Potential energy is due to the stretching and compressing of the inter-molecular forces as the molecules vibrate. Melting (Solid to Liquid) When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat. The particles gain kinetic energy and start to vibrate faster and move further apart. At a certain temperature known as the melting point, the particles have enough potential energy to overcome the strong inter-molecular forces holding the particles together in the solid. The particles start to break away from one another and the solid becomes a liquid. At the liquid state, the particles start to slide past over one another. Freezing (Liquid to Solid) When a solid is cooled, the particles release heat energy. The particles lose kinetic energy and vibrate slower. At a certain temperature known as the freezing point, the particles no longer have enough potential energy to overcome the strong inter-molecular forces holding them together. The particles start to come together in a regular arrangement and the liquid becomes a solid. Boiling (Liquid to Gas) Particles in a liquid are held by strong attractive forces. When a liquid is heated, the particles absorb heat. The particles gain kinetic energy and slide over each other more rapidly. Eventually, the particles gain sufficient potential energy to overcome the strong intermolecular forces between the particles and move far apart rapidly in all directions. Lets think! A liquid expands and changes into gas during boiling. Does it mean that the particles in a liquid become bigger and change their shape?

Summary

Kinetic Particle Theory

states that Matter is made of large number of tiny particles (atoms or molecules), which are in continuous and random motion. Evidence?

Diffusion What is this? Particles move randomly from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Brownian Motion What is this? Constant and random motion of small solid particles in fluids (liquids and gases).

Visible/evident in?
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Solid

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Liquid

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Gas

Melting

Boiling

Freezing
Vibrate about in fixed position Very closely packed Orderly and in regular arrangement Strong forces of attraction between particles !"#$%&'($)'*% $($+,-% 9'8+4)$%#0"1$+% 2"+*$#%"3% 4))+4*)'"(%5600% )7$%54+)'*0$#%84*&% Randomly arranged with the particles slightly further apart Relatively high densities Slide past one another Free to move about but confined within the vessel Attractive forces between particles. Fixed volume but will take the shape of vessels

Condensation
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Vibrates at all temperature except at absolute zero (0 K)