Question 1 1. (a) Explain how materials may be affected by the environment that may end in failure.

Failure happens in almost every material. Material may be affected by the harsh environment that leads to failure. Corrosion is one of the si nificant causes that happen in the environment that affected the material. From the definition! corrosion is a deterioration of materials resultin failure in materials! mostly metals. "here are pittin from chemical reaction in environment. "here are many form of corrosion that will lead to corrosion! erosion# corrosion! stress corrosion! inter ranular corrosion and uniform attac$ of corrosion. Chemically! all of this corrosion be ins with the reaction of the material with the environment! mean that%s process of oxidation and reduction occurs. "his phenomenon depends on the type of the metals! surface area of effects and chemical properties of those materials.

(b) &n oil tan$er san$ because the hull of the tan$er corroded. "he oil company has as$ed you to su protection would you su est a method of corrosion protection to ma$e sure this does not happen to future vessels. 'hat method of corrosion est( 'hy are other methods less suitable(

"here are several methods available in corrosion protection. "he suitable corrosion protection for the oil tan$er is cathodic protection. "his is because this techni)ue used to control the corrosion of the metal surface by ma$in it%s the cathode of an electrochemical cell. "his simple method connects the protected metal! for this case the hull of the tan$er to a more easily corroded sacrificial metal to act as the anode. "he sacrificial metal then will corrode instead of the hull of the tan$er. External *C electrical power source can be provided if flow of electron is not ade)uate. "he other methods seem not suitable because the condition of environment that exists for metals and this

method last lon er. 'e only need to replace the sacrificial metal for a certain period.

+. (a) Explain the creep phenomena and discuss why there are materials that may creep at room temperature. Creep is a pro ressive deformation of a material under constant temperatures with constant stress or load but it is time dependant. ,t happens as result of lon term exposure to hi h level stresses that are below the yield stren th of the material. "his type of failure is more severe in materials that are sub-ected to heat for lon periods! and near their meltin point. .ood to $now that creep always increases with temperature. "he temperature ran e in creep deformation is differs in various materials. "here are some materials that may creep at room temperature because it ran es of meltin room temperature. point near the ambient temperature. /ome materials li$e plastic are more prone to creep at

(b) 'hat is the carbon percenta e of 0i h /tren th 1ow &lloy /teel (0/1&)( 2riefly explain why the 0/1& is more similar importance to aluminium in automotive parts. 0i h /tren th 1ow &lloy (0/1&) steel is type of alloy steel that provided many benefits over ordinary steels alloy. composition includin ,ts carbon composition is low approximately about 3.14 5. ,s also contains several other elements in its copper! vanadium! chromium and other several elements. 6owadays! the type of steel is importance compared to aluminium used in automotive parts. "here are several reasonable -ustifications about its usa e. 0/1& is more resistant to rust due to leas pearlite and cementite. ,t is also hi hly formidable and weldable. &lso! this type of steel is more li htly compared to conventional alloy steel because percenta e of the carbon in its composition. "hese steels were developed in automotive industry to reduce

wei ht without losin its stren th. "his is important parameters why 0/1& is used in automotive industry.