Demand Side Management (DSM)

DSM Definition
What is DSM DSM is one of the strategies capable of offering a supplementary mode of action for SEBs that enables them to effectively manage increasing demands for electricity. DSM Objective The major long-term objectives of a utility's, DSM programme are to improve financial performance and customer relations
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DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Peak clipping Reduce peak demand at specific periods Reduces the need for installing additional power plants and reduce the operation costs of power stations. Direct control on equipment or through tariff. One of the most traditional means for load management
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DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Valley filling Increasing the load during off-peak hours. The long-term marginal production costs are less than the selling price of electricity. Increase energy consumption during off-peak hours; thermal storage facilities, special rates during off-peak hours. traditional means for load management
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DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Load shifting Shifting peak period loads to off-peak hours. Measures are related to heating and air-conditioning. Shifting load demands associated with thermal storage involves load shifting related to conventional electricity applications (building heating by electric convectors). traditional means for load management
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DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Strategic Conservation A load management activity, involves a decrease in sales as well as modifications in the way electricity is used. SEBs are unlikely to want a decrease in their sales. Non-traditional approaches.
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DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Strategic Growth Overall increase in sales through the development of new application (electric cars, microwave, automation). Non-traditional approaches. 7

DSM Tools & Techniques (Load (Load-Curve Modification)

Flexible load shape Can curtail a consumers load demand if needed. The customer must then produce his own electricity or use other energy sources to meet his demands. 8 Non-traditional approach.

Implication of DSM in utilities

First three traditional forms of load management is to level the load curve of general electricity demands. Three non-traditional approaches to load management share the same objective : making the load profile as consistent as possible. However, it should be noted that these methods cannot be systematically applied to all situations.

Implication of DSM in utilities

DSM offers a wide variety of program either to increase or decrease the load. DSM program can be classified under the following three categories : Energy conservation program : promote the application of energy efficiency measures, equipment such as lighting, airconditioning, motors in different customer segments. These program are especially designed to reduce energy consumption and indirectly to reduce the peak demand. Load management program : control, curtail or shift the load demand periodically on a daily or seasonal basis according to peak demand requirement or constraints. Theses programs normally result in a decrease in peak demand and may or may not result in a decrease in consumption. Increased electricity demand program : may be used periodically on daily or seasonal basis in order to fill the valleys when the network is fed by run-of-river power stations. They are generally referred to as strategic power increase or surplus consumption measures.
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DSM Potential in India

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DSM applications : scope and potential in India

Industrial sector The industrial sector accounts for about 45% of the total commercial energy used in the country and 31 % of the total electricity consumption. The end-use of electricity in the industry can be categorized into four main groups: electric motors, lighting, chemical processes such as electrolysis, and miscellaneous uses such as electric-heating Commercial sector Residential sector Agriculture sector
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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Indicative distribution of electricity by end-use in the industrial sector

Lighting 9% Chemical Process 10% 7%

Motors 74%
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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Scope for Energy Conservation in Energy Intensive Industries
Data

Aluminium

Textile

Chloralkali

Petro chemical s

Fertilizer

Sugar

Paper

Cement

Energy consumpti on (million cal) Energy cost as a % of manufactu ring Scope of energy conservati on

30.1

52.5

20.0

5.8

112

100

26

67

40

13

3035

60

12

25

40

15-20

2025

15

15

10

20

20

10

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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

The key to DSM industries : Electric motors

Energy-efficient motors Improved motor rewinding practices

Lighting
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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Commercial Sector Potential Savings (%) Estimates
End use Energy-efficiency measures De lamping; low-wattage fluorescent lamps; compact fluorescent lamps; high-pressure sodium lamps; electronic ballasts; aluminum and silver film reflectors; daylight dimming; occupancy sensors; day lighting design in new buildings Heat pumps; high-efficiency chillers; chiller capacity modulation and downsizing; window treatments; radiant barriers; economizers; proper equipment operation and maintenance Variable air volume systems; low-friction air distribution designs; energy-efficient motors; variable speed drives; heating; cooling, and lighting improvements; proper equipment operation and maintenance Building shell improvements; window treatments; heat recovery; proper operation and maintenance; heat pumps integrated with water heating system Technical potential savings estimate (%)

Lighting

20-50

Cooling

> 15 without efficient lighting measures; 80 with efficient lighting measures; average is 30

Ventilation

50

Heating

15-40

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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Commercial Sector Potential Savings (%) Estimates (Cont.)

End use

Energy-efficiency measures

Technical potential savings estimate (%)

Refrigeration

Multiplex unequal parallel compressors; advanced compressor cycles; variable-speed compressor controls

15-40

Water heating

Low-flow devices; insulation; heat traps; heat pump water heaters; heat recovery systems; integrated heat pump systems (with space conditioning equipment)

40-60

Miscellaneous

High-efficiency office equipment; high-efficiency motors and adjustable speed drives for elevators and escalators

10-30 17

DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Residential sector savings estimates
End use Energy-efficiency measures Technical potential savings estimate (%) 20 50 15 50 15 40 20 30 70 10 20

Lighting Cooling/ ventilation Refrigeration Water-heating equipment Electric ranges/ ovens Miscellaneous equipment (TV sets)

Compact fluorescent lamps High-efficiency fan motors; whole house fans; programmable controllers High-efficiency refrigerators Efficient water heater tanks; increased tank insulation; low-flow devices thermal traps; heat pumps and solar water heaters Increased insulation; seals; improved heating elements, reflective pans; reduced thermal mass; reduced contact resistance Solid state television sets that use efficient electronic devices

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DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India Saving Potential in Agriculture Through Retrofitting
Reduction in energy consumption (%) (kWh per pump per year)

Code

Scope of rectification

R1

Low resistance foot-valve and low friction suction pipe of proper diameter

20%-25% (1000-1250 kWh)

R2

R1 + low friction delivery pipe

30%-35% (1500-1750 kWh)

R3

R2 + replace pump by one of higher efficiency

40%-45% (2000-2500 kWh)

R4

R3 + replace motor by one of lower rating

50%- 60% (2500-3000 kWh) 19

DSM applications : Scope and Potential in India

Energy Saving Potential

End-use type Potential energy savings (MkWh)

Motors and drive systems (industrial and agriculture sectors)

80000

Lighting (domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors) Energy-intensive industries Total

10000

5000 95000
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DSM Programme Planning, Design, Implementation and Evaluation

DSM Programme Planning

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Establish load-curve Objectives

Conduct market research Audits Metering Survey Group discussions

DSM Programme Planning

Identify measures

Choose Measures

Formulate programme concepts

Estimate costs / benefits of the programme and choose the portfolio

Design a detailed programme

Programme implementation Pilot programme Large-scale programme Management and follow-up Programme evaluation Process Market Impact

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DSM Programme Planning

Major Steps for DSM Planning
Establishing load-curve modification objectives
Measurable Specific needs for users / utilities

Market research
Analysis of consumption and demand forecast How energy is being used

Evaluating and selecting DSM measures.

Set harmony with to load curve modifications Weigh the measures
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DSM Programme Planning

Institutional Environment
Who will be directly responsible for DSM activities? What kind of performance indicators will be used? What motivational factors and incentives are required to change the conventional management patterns of a company? What additional organization changes, training program or resources are required for the new services?
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DSM Programme Planning

Load Curve modification objectives for end-users in the residential sector

End-uses Heati ng Aircond itioni ng Dom estic wate r heati ng Light ing Refri gerat ion Coo king Dish and clothe s washin g __ __ __ Heatin g and filterin g of swim ming Pool Water S __ O Misc ellan eous

Load-curve Modification Objectives

Peak clipping Valley Load shifting Strategic conservation Strategic increase Modulation

S _ _

S O S S O S

__ __ __

__ __ __

__ __ __

O O
O

O
O

S O O

S
O

O
__ __

O
__ __

O
O __

O
__ __

O
__ __

O
O O

S : Strongly recommended; O : Occasionally Recommended; -- : Not or rarely recommended 25

DSM Programme Planning

Selecting Potential Technologies

Once the targeted end-users list is prepared. An inventory of the appropriate technologies to be used for each of the end-users in order to meet the established load objectives. This component is essential because a particular technology can be totally appropriate for a particular type of end-use and not necessarily produce the desired effects on the load-curve modification objectives. Once the most suitable technologies strategies are identified, complement available information about them with additional market survey Market survey will help to prepare an inventory of the technologies available on the local market, including information on how they are distributed
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Benefits of DSM

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Benefits of DSM
Utility economic benefits
Reduction in excess cost for meeting peak load requirement Reduction in Line Losses Increase in effective system capacity

Customer economic benefits

Reduction in Energy Consumption Low Operating Cost Better equipment performance Longer equipment life

ESCO economic benefits

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CASE STUDY

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About Industrial Area

No of HT services Total CMD (67 units) No of transformers Total transformer capacity Range Total no of units studied : : : : : 105 40.4 MVA 9 211.5 MVA 5 to 50 MVA 33/11 kV & 132/33 kV : 30

Detailed Energy Audit :

Preparation of Load curve Capacitor survey Motor load survey Efficiency evaluation of key load Comparison with PG/rated values Bring out SEC norms for regular monitoring Identification of ENCON measures & scope for EETs Preparation & presnetation of study report 30

Overview of applicable DSM measures

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Power factor improvement at plant substation Conventional ballast's on FTLs by low loss ballast's GLS lamps by CFLs HPMV Vs HPSV Lighting voltage controller Soft starter/Energy saver Replacement of pump by high efficiency pump Replacement of fan by high efficiency fan
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Overview of applicable DSM measures

9)Application of VSDs 10)Replacement of single stage compressors by two stage compressors 11)Reciprocating air compressor by screw compressor 12)Reciprocating refrigeration compressor by centrifugal compressor 13)VCRs by VARs Water Lithium bromide Aqua Ammonia 14)No Load energy saver for welding set
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SM Measure : PF improvement at Plant S/S

No of Units : 23 , Total rating : 2390 kvar Base Load : 14,166 kW, 15,859 kVA ,Average pf : 0.85 to 0.95 Mixed dielectric & Static VAR compensation Device life : 1,20,000 hrs Cost : 700 Rs/kvar for mixed dielectric, 2,500 Rs/kvar static VAR,

User Savings Load reduction : 938.3 kVA Cost savings : Rs .12.39 la/yr Investment : Rs..28.99 la/yr SPB : 2.3 yr

Utility Savings Load reduction : 938.3 kVA Measure cost : Rs .35.60 Lakh CSC : 2663 Rs/kva

System Peak reduction T & D Loss reduction

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