THE PASSIVE VOICE INTRODUCTORY NOTES.

The passive is frequently used in English to express ideas that require a reflexive or impersonal construction in other languages, and in many cases is also used where the other languages use the active. It is assumed that students will already know how to construct the passive of the finite verb forms, but the non-finite forms may be less familiar Infinitive "erfect infinitive "articiple and gerund "erfect participle and gerund !ctive to choose to have chosen choosing having chosen "assive to be chosen to have been chosen being chosen having been chosen

#earing in mind that the passive is far commoner in English than in some other languages, students must know when to use it converting active into passive $and vice versa% may be useful for practice purposes, but the process is essentially an artificial one. The following observations may serve as a general guide &. 'hen the active form would involve the use of an indefinite or vague pronoun or noun as sub(ect, we generally prefer to use the passive $the agent with )by) is not expressed% a. I've been robbed! $someone has robbed me*% b. The building had to be demolished. $they had to demolish the building.% c. It is assumed that the Government will do something to relieve the situation . $"eople assume that the +overnment will do something to relieve the situation% ,. The passive provides a means of avoiding an awkward change of sub(ect in the middle of the sentence The Prime Minister arrived back in London last night, and was immediately besieged by re orters. $The "rime -inister arrived back in .ondon last night, and reporters immediately besieged him.% /. The passive may be used when we wish to make an statement sound impersonal $perhaps out of modesty, or when we have some unpleasant statement to make%. The management of a company might be quite happy to announce The new working methods that are to be introduced may result in some redundancies . 0imilarly, we may express more impersonally, and thus more forcibly, the order given in a below, by using the passive as in b a. 1ou must tidy up this room. b. This room must be tidied u . 2. The passive is not, therefore, simply an equivalent alternative to the active. 'hile both

forms of expressing an idea may be syntactically possible, we tend to choose the passive for one of the reasons described above, or if we are interested in what happened to )3) rather than what )1) did a. The esca ed convict was arrested two days later. $The police arrested the escaped convict two days later.% b. !everal trees were struck by lightning in last night's storm . $.ightning struck several trees in last night4s storm% In a, the passive is used because we are interested in what happened to the escaped convict5 and the agent is omitted, not, as in earlier examples, because it is a vague or indefinite noun, but because it is self-evident from the context. In b, the passive form is to be preferred to the active, even though the agent is neither vague nor self-evident, again because we are more interested in what happened to the trees than in what the lightning did. 6. 0ome ideas, however, may be expressed naturally and effectively in either the active or the passive form a. "rance beat #ngland in yesterday's rugby international. b. #ngland was beaten by "rance in yesterday's rugby international . In such sentences our choice will depend on what we regard as the )focus of interest) in the sentence. 0ome common verbs may be used in combination with adverbs to form )phrasal verbs) with idiomatic meanings put off 7 postpone. 0tudents should take care to retain the particle with such verbs in a passive construction. There is one particular construction in the passive that may appear strange to students. In a sentence like the following, there are two ob(ects, one direct and one indirect The crowd gave the $ing a great rece tion . If this is expressed in the passive, we generally make the indirect ob(ect the sub(ect, especially as the indirect ob(ect in this type of sentence is, more often than not, personal, and we tend to be more interested in persons than things. 8urthermore, the person will generally be more particulari9ed than the thing, and may, in the sub(ect position, help to establish the context of the sentence more readily The $ing was given a great rece tion by the crowd . There are occasions, however, when we wish to make the direct ob(ect the sub(ect $or, we might say, the )focus of interest)% of the passive construction. In such cases, we would be implying a greater interest in what is done than to whom it is done a. %e shall o&&er a high salary to a really suitable a licant . $active% b. ' high salary will be o&&ered to a really suitable a licant . $passive% !nother type of sentence that has two possible forms in the passive is that consisting of 0ub(ect:;erb $say, feel, expect, etc.%:<oun clause =b(ect $Impersonal "assive%

a. They say that he knows some very in&luential eo le . b. Peo le &elt that the social workers were doing valuable work . c. #veryone thought that the government had shown scant regard &or ublic o inion . The ideas expressed in these sentences would, for reasons of style, generally be presented in the passive. =ne possible construction is that where the sentence is introduced by the impersonal it a. It is said that he knows some very in&luential eo le . b. It was &elt that the social workers were doing valuable work. c. It was thought that the Government had shown scant regard &or ublic o inion . The use of this impersonal construction in the passive is preferable to the use of a vague or indefinite pronoun as sub(ect in the active. #ut in many cases a third construction is possible The sub(ect of the noun clause may be made the sub(ect of the whole sentence in the passive. ! special characteristic of this construction is that the verb in the noun clause takes the infinitive form a. (e is said to know very in&luential eo le. b. The social workers were &elt to be doing valuable work . c. The Government was thought to have shown scant regard &or ublic o inion . <ote 0entences )b) and )c) can, of course, be directly related to corresponding sentences in the active using the infinitive b. Peo le &elt the social workers to be doing valuable work . c. #veryone thought the Government to have shown scant regard &or ublic o inion . There are two points to note here, however &. In the active sentences, a construction with a that clause is commoner than the infinitive, whereas in the passive the infinitive is preferred where it is structurally possible. ,. The infinitive construction in the passive does not necessarily represent a transformation of a corresponding infinitive in the active. The form of the infinitive depends on whether or not the time reference of the verb in the noun clause is the same as that of the verb in the introductory $main% clause. If the time reference is the same, use the present infinitive It is said that he knows some very influential people. 7>e is said to know some very influential people. It was said that he knew 7>e was said to know some very influential people. If the verb in the noun clause has a time reference anterior to that of the verb in the main clause, use the )perfect infinitive) It is thought that he acted 7>e is thought to have acted very foolishly. It was thought that he had acted 7>e was thought to have acted very foolishly. Causative Passive: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

1. Intentional use ?ompare these sentences @I painted my house last monthA @I had !ot my house "ainted last monthA for me It means I did the work myself It means that someone else did the work

If you 4have something done4, you get somebody else to do something for you.

I4m going to have my hair cut. 0he4s having her house redecorated. I4m having a copy of the report sent to you

#et so$ethin! done suggests more effort than Have so$ethin! done %I)m going to the hotogra her)s to get my hotogra h taken) , but when we arrive, we say @I)ve come to have my hotogra h taken) *!ome grammars say +Get, is -ust more in&ormal than +(ave, in the causative &orm. In informal English, we can replace 4have4 by 4get4.

'e4re getting a new telephone system installed. They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can. I got the bill sent direct to the company.

&. Unintentional use. It is the same construction Things happen to us but we do not want them to ha en or ask &or them to be done The construction with Have suggests the sub(ect was quite innocent, with Get suggests that the sub(ect was partially responsible for what happened to him @I had my watch stolen last nightA $I didnAt have anything to do with it%. @I !ot my nose broken in a fightA $ I was also fighting and doing harm%. 'e can also use 4haveBgot something done4 in situations where something bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen.

Cohn had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom. 'e had our car damaged by a falling tree. I got my nose broken playing rugby.

1. '(ite in the "assive.

&. "eter bought the house ,. -ary will bring the wine /. -y friends are repairing the car 2. -ost students speak English in this class 6. !n elderly couple sheltered her D. ! policeman helped him E. 0he finished her work by nine o4clock F. <obody can repair this broken chair G. They carried him into the hospital &H.!re they typing the lettersI &&.They have not taken the car into the garage &,.0omeone has spilt some milk on the carpet &/.Jid anyone answer your questionI &2.They showed me the cathedral &6.They told the children to leave the room &D.They allowed her to go to the dining room &E.They didn4t tell me the truth &F.0omeone will give you a new notebook &G.0omeone is teaching him English ,H.They had offered me a (ob ,&.0omeone has read her the letter ,,.<obody has slept in this bed ,/.They looked after the baby ,2.They have been looking at her for hours ,6.They smiled at the girl as she walked by ,D."eople speak well of your friend ,E.'e must look for the key ,F."eople say that the president will arrive on -onday ,G."eople think that money is the most important thing in life /H.They thought that he was an artist /&.They think I come from Italy /,."eople feared that the criminals would escape //."eople hope that prices won4t go up this year /2."eople generally assume that the K0! is the richest country in the world &. '(ite in the a)tive: &. 'e are taught grammar by -s 0ullivan. ,. >e was praised by the teacher. /. The in(ured were taken to the hospital by the firemen. 2. The town was destroyed by an earthquake. 6. The teacher was pleased with the boyAs work. D. The building was damaged by the fire. E. #y whom were you taught 8renchI F. 1ou will be given a ticket by the manager. G. The streets were thronged with spectators. &H. 'e will be blamed by everyone. &&. The trees were blown down by the wind. &,. The thieves were caught by the police. &/. The letter was posted by !lice. &2. 'e were received by the hostess. &6. The snake was killed with a stick. &D. The minister was welcomed by the people.

&E. &F.

>e was found guilty of murder. This house was built by Cohn -athews in &GG&.

*. Co$"lete the senten)es +ith a "assive )onst(u)tion, usin! the ve(-s !iven in the .o($ su!!ested. &. -uch of .ondon $destroy% LLLLLLLLL by fire in the seventeenth century. $"ast 0imple% ,. The man who $bite%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL by a snake was given a serum. $"ast "erfect% /. ! leader should be a man who can $respect%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. $Infinitive% 2. -any slums $demolish% LLLLLLLLLLL to make way for new buildings. $"resent ?ontinuous.% 6. The police $instruct% LLLLLLLLLLL to take firm action against hooligans. $"resent "erfect% D. >e $save%LLLLLLLLLLLLLL from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. $"ast 0imple% E. ! cease-fire $expect% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL $declare% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL later this week. $"resent 0imple, Infinitive% F. ! great deal of research $do%LL LLLL into possible causes of cancer $"resent "erfect% G. The worker claimed that he $victimi9e%LLLLLLLLLLL by his employers. $"ast ?ontinuous% &H. The tenant $evict%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL for not paying his rent. $"ast 0imple% &&. It $think% LLLLLLLLLLLL that the +overnment would do something to help. $"ast "erfect% &,. Three hundred new houses $build% LLLLLLLLL by the end of next year. $8uture "erfect% &/. #ecause of a strike, work on the building had to $discontinue%LLL LLLLLLLL. $Infinitive% &2. The witness strongly ob(ected to $cross-examine%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. $+erund% &6. $Threaten%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL by a blackmailer, he immediately informed the police. $"erfect "articiple% &D. I am not accustomed to $treat%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL in that way. $+erund% &E. The passengers ought $inform% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL the train $withdraw% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL from service. $"erfect Infinitive. "ast "erfect% &F. ?ustomers $ask% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL to ensure that they $give% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL the correct change before leaving the shop, as mistakes cannot afterwards $rectify%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. $"resent 0imple, "resent "erfect, Infinitive% &G. 'as he very upset at $not offer%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL the (obI $+erund% ,H. The man was sent to prison for six months, $find% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL guilty of fraud. $"erfect "articiple% /. Co$"lete the senten)es +ith a "assive )onst(u)tion a.te( de)idin! the tense, usin! the ve(-s !iven &. In &GFE, an emergency decisiMn LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLafter the oilspill. $take% ,. This morning, aerosol sprays LLLLLLLLLLfrom the perfume department. $remove% /. <ext month this river LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. $clean up% 2. The 4hole4 in the o9one layerLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLby scientists for /H years. $ notice% 6. If cars LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLfrom the area, we will soon suffer from respiratory illnesses. $not ban% D. If a nuclear bomb exploded, the earthLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. $destroy% E. 0cientists say that the o9one layerLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLby chemicals. $destroy% 0. Re+(ite the senten)es in the "assive, $a1in! the +o(ds in itali)s the su-2e)t o. the senten)e o( )lause in +hi)h the3 a""ea(. &. They gave the oldest councilor the freedom of the city. ,. They denied access to the secret documents to all but a few. /. 0omeone showed the child how to use the telephone. 2. They declared him persona non grata and allowed him only forty-eight hours to leave the country. 6. They gave him artificial respiration.

D. 'hy didn4t they offer him the (obI E. Jidn4t they promise you a rise in salary at the beginning of the yearI F. 0omeone left him a legacy of &H.HHH. G. 'hen he looked at the stamps, he found they had sold him forgeries. &H. 'hat did they pay you for doing the (obI &&. 0omeone should tell him never to do that again. &,. They asked you to meet me here at && o4clock, not half past. &/. 'ill someone send me the detailsI &2. 'e shall send you the godos as soon as they are available. &6. 0omeone must teach that boy a lesson* 4. 5a1e 6uestions to +hi)h the unde(lined +o(ds a(e the ans+e(s: &. "eter was accused of murder ,. <o, it hasn4t been answered /. >e was arrested because he hit a man. 2. 8ew of the girls have been invited. 6. +eorge has been taken to hospital. D. It will be done next month. E. The first experiment was made in &G6H. F. It has been tried three times. G. 0he was punished by -r 'est. &H. >e has been asked to leave the house. &&. It was meant for >elen. &,. I was invited by Cohn. &/. 1es , it has already been completed. &2. This book has been translated into 6 languages. &6. It must be written in ink. &D. It was written by Cean. &E. The book was found under the table. &F. They have been told to come. &G. It was signed yesterday ,H. It was beautifully written. 7. Re+(ite these senten)es in an alte(native "assive .o($, -e!innin! 3ou( senten)es +ith the +o(ds in itali)s. &. It is said that he is an honest, hard-working man. ,. It is considered that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner. /. It is now thought that some redundancy in the Midlands is inevitable. 2. It was proved that the statements he had made were false. 6. It was understood that Mr !mith was willing to meet the #ritish "rime -inister. D. It is believed that the .hancellor is thinking of imposing special taxes to raise extra revenue. E. It is expected that the electricity su ly industry will be running into surplus capacity by next year. F. It is reported that several 'merican motor manu&acturers are planning to set up assembly plants overseas. G. It is expected that the brewers will raise the price of beer in the near future. &H. It was claimed that the drug produced no undesirable side-effects. &&. It is said that the olice acted with great restraint, despite provocation. &,. It was alleged that the Prime Minister had misled the >ouse &/. It is believed that the Government has had second thoughts on this problem. &2. It was believed that the e/ losion had been caused by a mine. &6. It is presumed that the shi 's radio e0ui ment was put out of the action during the fire.

&D. It was later admitted that the in&ormation had been obtained from unreliable sources. Causative Passive e8e()ises 1. Co$"lete the senten)es and $a1e )lea( that the "eo"le don9t the$selves. :The .i(st senten)e is !iven as an e8a$"le.; 1esterday, 2I 3 cut 3 my hair4 I had my hair cut didn9t do it

&. Every 8riday, $Coe B wash B his car% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL ,. Tomorrow, $she B repair B her shower% LLLLLLLLLLLL /. Each 0aturday, $we B deliver B a pi99a%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLto our home. 2. .ast year, $#ob B clean B his house%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL by a charwoman. 6. !s "hil had a broken arm, $he B type B his texts% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLby his secretary. D. $I B pick up B the goods% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLtomorrow in the afternoon. E. $we B redecorate B our walls% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLlast summer. F. 'henever ?lara is staying at this hotel, $she B carry B her bags%LLLLLLLLL into her room. G. $we B organi9e B our last party% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLby professionals.

&. Co$"lete the senten)es +ith the )o((e)t .o($ o. have and the ve(- in -(a)1ets. &. -y hair4s getting far too long. I need to LLLLLLL it LLLLLLL . $cut% ,. <oah hates LLLLLLL his photo LLLLLLL . $take% /. I4ve lost my key so I4d better LLLLLLL another one LLLLLLL . $make% 2. -y watch isn4t working properly. I ought to LLLLLLL it LLLLLLL . $repair% 6. I4m going to LLLLLLL my suit LLLLLLL as there4s a coffee stain on the sleeve. $dryclean% D. It4s time we LLLLLLL our car LLLLLL . $service% E. Natie can4t find a wedding dress she likes so she4s considering LLLLLLL one LLLLLLL . $make% F. !s this summer is expected to be really hot we4re planning on LLLLLLL air-conditioning LLLLLLL. $instal% G. Cenny4s worried she may have a high cholesterol level so she wants to LLLLLLL it LLLLLLL. $check out% &H. The police suspected the fugitive was hiding somewhere in the building so they LLLLLLL it LLLLLLL. $search% *. <ill the !a"s +ith have and the ve(- in -(a)1ets in thei( )o((e)t .o($s.

& 'e LLLLLLLLLLL the roof LLLLLLLLLLL last year. It cost us a packet. $repair% , / 2 6 D E F G &H && &, &/ &2 &6 !nne LLLLLLLLLLL her hair LLLLLLLLLLL every 8riday afternoon. $do% I LLLLLLLLLLL the brakes LLLLLLLLLLL three times a year. $check% The government LLLLLLLLLLL the whole town LLLLLLLLLLL yesterday. $evacuate% I LLLLLLLLLLL my hard drive LLLLLLLLLLL for a bigger one last week. $change% 'hen did you last LLLLLLLLLLL the airconditioning LLLLLLLLLLL I $service% 1ou don4t think .iv Tyler4s beautifulI* 1ou should LLLLLLLLLLL your eyes LLLLLLLLLLL . $test% !fter the plague of fleas, the boss LLLLLLLLLLL the office LLLLLLLLLLL . $disinfect% 1our cat4s coughing. 1ou need to LLLLLLLLLLL him LLLLLLLLLLL for parasites. $treat% Japhne LLLLLLLLLLL her legs LLLLLLLLLLL once a fortnight. $do% I normally LLLLLLLLLLL my suit dry LLLLLLLLLLL before a wedding. $clean% The headmaster LLLLLLLLLLL all the lockers LLLLLLLLLLL for the missing footballs yesterday. $search% >ave you LLLLLLLLLLL your house LLLLLLLLLLL I $double-gla9e% >ave you LLLLLLLLLLL that poster I bought you LLLLLLLLLLL yetI $frame% The house is in chaos. 'e4re LLLLLLLLLLL a new kitchen LLLLLLLLLLL in. $put%

/. Re+(ite these senten)es usin! have o( get. &. The mechanic changed the oil in my car. ,. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style. /. ! decorator has repainted our house. 2. ! friend of mine, whoOs an electrician, is going to repair my J;J player next week. 6. -y (acket is being cleaned at a specialist cleanerOs. D. The town hall has (ust been rebuilt for the council.

0. 5at)h a +o(d .(o$ 1=> +ith so$ethin! that is done -3 that "e(son o( in that "la)e. Then $a1e senten)es usin! all the in.o($ation and the ve(- in -(a)1ets. &. hairdresserOs ,. opticianOs /. dentistOs 2. doctorOs 6. vetOs D. garage E. architect vaccinate dogs $have% do annual accounts $have% service cars $get% test eyes $have% design new houses $have% cut hair $get% take out teeth $have%

F. accountant

take blood pressure

Example &. Tomorrow IOm going to the hairdresserOs to get my hair cut. ,. 1esterdayP /. This afternoonP 2. .ast weekP 6. <ext 0aturdayP D. The day before yesterdayP E. .ast yearP F. <ext weekP

?EY TO THE E@ERCISES:

1. '(ite in the "assive. &. The house was bought by "eter ,. The wine will be brought by -ary /. The car is being repaied by my friends 2. English is spokenin this class by most students. 6. 0he was sheltered by an elderly couple. D. >e was helped by a policeman E. >er work was finished by nine o4clock. F. This broken chair canAt be repaired. G. >e was carried into the hospital &H.!re the letters being typedI &&.The carhasnAt been taken into the garage &,.0ome milk has been spilt on the carpet &/. 'as your question answeredI &2. I was shown the cathedralB The cathedral was shown to me &6. the children were told to leave the room &D.0he was allowed to go to the dining room &E. I wasnAt told the truthB The truth wasnAt told to me &F. 1ou will be given a new notebookB ! new notebook will be given to you &G. >e is being taught English B English is being told to him ,H. I had been offered a (obB I (ob had been offered to me ,&. 0he has been read the letter B The letter has been read to her ,,.This bed hasnAt been slept in ,/.The baby was looked after ,2. 0he has been being looked at for hours ,6.The girl was smiled at as she walked by ,D.1our friend is wll spoken of ,E.The key must be looked for ,F.The president is said to arrive on -onday BIt is said $that% the president will arrive on -onday ,G.-oney is thought to be the most important thing in life B It is thought that money is the most important thing in life /H.It is thought that he was an artist B >e is thought to be an artist /&.It is thought I come from Italy B I am thought to come from Italy /,.It is feared that the criminals would escape BThe criminals are feared to escape //.It is hoped that prices won4t go up this year B "rices are hoped not to go up this year

/2.It is generally assume that the K0! is the richest country in the world B The K0! is generally assumed to be the richest country in the world &. '(ite in the a)tive: &. -s 0ullivan tea)hes us grammar. ,. The teacher "(aised him. /. The firemen too1 the in(ured to the hospital. 2. !n earthquake dest(o3ed the town. 6. The boyAs work "leased the teacher. D. The fire da$a!ed the building. E. 'ho tau!ht you 8renchI F. The manager +ill !ive you a ticket. G. 0pectators th(on!ed the streets. &H. Everyone +ill -la$e us. &&. The wind -le+ do+n the trees. &,. The police )au!ht the thieves. &/. !lice "osted the letter. &2. The hostess (e)eived us. &6. TheyBsomebody 1illed the snake with a stick. &D. The people +el)o$ed the minister. &E. They .ound him guilty of murder. &F. Cohn -athews -uilt this house in &GG&. *. Co$"lete the senten)es +ith a "assive )onst(u)tion, usin! the ve(-s !iven in the .o($ su!!ested. &. -uch of .ondon $destroy% LL+as dest(o3edLL by fire in the seventeenth century. $"ast 0imple% ,. The man who $bite%LLLhad -een -ittenLL by a snake was given a serum. $"ast "erfect% /. ! leader should be a man who can $respect%LLL -e (es"e)tedLL. $Infinitive% 2. -any slums $demolish% La(e -ein! de$olishedL to make way for new buildings. $"resent ?ontinuous.% 6. The police $instruct% LLhas -een inst(u)tedLL to take firm action against hooligans. $"resent "erfect% D. >e $save%LL+as savedLL from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. $"ast 0imple% E. ! cease-fire $expect% LLis e8"e)tedLL $declare% LLto be declaredLL later this week. $"resent 0imple, Infinitive% F. ! great deal of research $do%LLhas -een doneLLL into possible causes of cancer $"resent "erfect% G. The worker claimed that he $victimi9e%LL+as -ein! vi)ti$iAedLL by his employers. $"ast ?ontinuous% &H. The tenant $evict%LL+as evi)tedLL for not paying his rent. $"ast 0imple% &&. It $think% Lhad -een thou!htLL that the +overnment would do something to help. $"ast "erfect% &,. Three hundred new houses $build% LL+ill have -een -ou!htLL by the end of next year. $8uture "erfect% &/. #ecause of a strike, work on the building had to $discontinue%LL -e dis)ontinuedL. $Infinitive% &2. The witness strongly ob(ected to $cross-examine%LL -ein! )(oss=e8a$inedLL. $+erund% &6. $Threaten%LLHavin! -een th(eatenedLL by a blackmailer, he immediately informed the police. $"erfect "articiple%

&D. I am not accustomed to $treat%LLL-ein! th(eatenedLL in that way. $+erund% &E. The passengers ought $inform% LLto have -een in.o($edLL the train $withdraw% LLhad -een +ithd(a+nLL from service. $"erfect Infinitive. "ast "erfect% &F. ?ustomers $ask% La(e as1edLL to ensure that they $give% LLhave -een !ivenL the correct change before leaving the shop, as mistakes cannot afterwards $rectify%LL-e (e)ti.iedLL. $"resent 0imple, "resent "erfect, Infinitive% &G. 'as he very upset at $not offer%LLLnot -ein! o..e(edLL the (obI $+erund% ,H. The man was sent to prison for six months, $find% LL havin! -een .oundL guilty of fraud. $"erfect "articiple% /. Co$"lete the senten)es +ith a "assive )onst(u)tion a.te( de)idin! the tense, usin! the ve(-s !iven &. In &GFE, an emergency decisiMn LLL+as ta1enLLafter the oilspill. $take% ,. This morning, aerosol sprays Lhave -een (e$ovedLfrom the perfume department. $remove% /. <ext month this river LL+ill -e )leaned u" is -ein! )leaned u" is !oin! to -e )leaned u"LL. $clean up% 2. The 4hole4 in the o9one layerLLL has -een noti)edLLby scientists for /H years. $notice% 6. If cars La(e not -annedLLLfrom the area, we will soon suffer from respiratory illnesses. $not ban% D. If a nuclear bomb exploded, the earthLL +ould -e dest(o3edL. $destroy% E. 0cientists say that the o9one layerLL is -ein! dest(o3edLby chemicals. $destroy%. 0. Re+(ite the senten)es in the "assive, $a1in! the +o(ds in itali)s the su-2e)t o. the senten)e o( )lause in +hi)h the3 a""ea(. &. The oldest councilor was given the freedom of the city. ,. !ccess to the secret documents was denied to all but a few. /. The child was shown how to use the telephone. 2. >e was declared persona non grata and was allowed only forty-eight hours to leave the country. 6. >e was given artificial respiration. D. 'hy wasnAt he offered the (obB 'hy wasnAt the (ob offered to himI E. 'erenAt you promised a rise in salary at the beginning of the yearI F. >e was left a legacy of &H.HHH. G. 'hen he looked at the stamps, he found they he had been sold forgeries. &H. 'hat were you paid for doing the (obI &&. >e should told never to do that again. &,. 1ou were asked to meet me here at && o4clock, not half past. &/. 'ill I be sent the detailsI &2. The godos will be sent to you as soon as they are available. &6. That boy must be taught a lesson* 4. 5a1e 6uestions to +hi)h the unde(lined +o(ds a(e the ans+e(s: 5. %hat was Peter accused o& 6 murder 7. (as it been answered6 8. %hy was he arrested6 because he hit a man. 9. (ow many o& the girls have been invited6 "ew :. %here has George been taken to6 hos ital. ;. %hen will it be done6 ne/t month. <. %hen was the &irst e/ eriment made6 in 5=:>. ?. (ow many times has it been tried6 three times. =. %ho was she unished by6 Mr %est.

5>. %hat has hebeen asked6 to leave the house. 55. %ho was it meant &or6 (elen. 57. %ho was I invited by6 @ohn. 58. (as it already been com leted. 1es 59. (ow many languages has this book been translated into6 Into : languages. 5:. (ow must itbe written6 in ink. 5;. %ho was it written by6 @ean. 5<. %here was the book &ound6 under the table. 5?. %hat have they been told6 to come. 5=. %hen was it signed6 yesterday 7>. (ow was it written6 beauti&ully 7. Re+(ite these senten)es in an alte(native "assive .o($, -e!innin! 3ou( senten)es +ith the +o(ds in itali)s. 5. (e is said to be an honest, hardAworking man. 7. This surgeonis considered to be is a brilliant ractitioner. 8. !ome redundancy in the Midlandsis now thougt to be inevitable. 9. The statements he had made were roved to be were &alse. :. Mr !mith was understood to be willing to meet the British Prime Minister. ;. The .hancelloris believed to be thinking o& im osing s ecial ta/es to raise e/tra revenue. <. The electricity su ly industryis e/ ected tol be running into sur lus ca acity by ne/t year. ?. !everal 'merican motor manu&acturersare re orted to be lanning to set u assembly lants overseas. =. The brewersare e/ ected to raise the rice o& beer in the near &uture. 5>. The drug was claimed to roduce3have roduced no undesirable sideAe&&ects. 55. The olice is said to have acted with great restraint, des ite rovocation. 57. The Prime Minister was alleged to have misled the (ouse 58. The Government is believed to have had second thoughts on this roblem. 59. The e/ losion was believed to have been caused by a mine. 5:. The shi 's radio e0ui ment is resumed to have been ut out o& the action during the &ire. 5;. The in&ormation was later admitted to have been obtained &rom unreliable sources . Causative Passive E@ERCISE 1 5. #very "riday, @oe has his car washed. 7. Tomorrow, 2she is going to have her shower re aired. 8. #ach !aturday, 2we have a iCCa delivered to our home. 9. Last year, Bob had his house cleaned by a charwoman. :. 's Phil had a broken arm, 2he was having his te/ts ty ed by his secretary. ;. I Dm having the goods icked u tomorrow in the a&ternoon. <. %e had our walls redecorated last summer. ?. %henever .lara is staying at this hotel, she has her bags carried into her room. =. %e had our last arty organiCed by ro&essionals . E@ERCISE & 5.have 3 cut 7. having 3 taken 8. have 3 made 9. have 3 re aired

:. have 3 drycleaned

;. had 3 serviced <. having 3 made ?. having 3 installed

=. have 3 checked out

5>. had 3 searched

E@ERCISE * 5 %e had the roo& re aired last year. It cost us a acket. 2re air4 7 8 9 : ; < ? = 5> 55 57 58 59 5: 'nne has her hair done every "riday a&ternoon. 2do4 I have the brakes checked three times a year. 2check4 The government had the whole town evacuated yesterday. 2evacuate4 I had my hard drive changed &or a bigger one last week. 2change4 %hen did you last have the airAconditioning serviced6 2service4 1ou don't think Liv Tyler's beauti&ul6! 1ou should have your eyes tested. 2test4 '&ter the lague o& &leas, the boss had the o&&ice disin&ected. 2disin&ect4 1our cat's coughing. 1ou need to have him treated &or arasites. 2treat4 Ea hne have her legs done once a &ortnight. 2do4 I normally have my suit dryAcleaned be&ore a wedding. 2clean4 The headmaster had all the lockers searched &or the missing &ootballs yesterday. 2search4 (ave you had your house doubleAglaCed6 2doubleAglaCe4 (ave you had that oster I bought you &ramed yet6 2&rame4 The house is in chaos. %e're having a new kitchen ut in. 2 ut4

E@ERCISE / 5. I had the oil in my car changed. 7. I had my hair cut in a com letely new style. 8. %e have had our house re ainted. 9. IFm going to have my EGE layer re aired ne/t week by a &riend o& mine, who is an electrician. :. IFm having my -acket cleaned at a s ecialist cleanerFs. ;. The council have -ust had the town hall rebuilt. E@ERCISE 0 &. Tomorrow Im going to the hairdressers to get my hair cut . ,. 1esterday I ent to the o!ticians to have my eyes tested" /. This afternoon Im going to the dentist to have a tooth ta#en out" 2. .ast week I ent to the doctors to have my $%ood !ressure ta#en" 6. <ext 0aturday Im going to the vets to have my dog vaccinated" D. The day before yesterday I ent to the garage to get my car serviced" E. .ast year I sa the architect to have my ne house designed" F. <ext week Im ta%#ing my accountant to have my annua% accounts done" You )an .ind these e8e()ises and $an3 $o(e at the .ollo+in! lin1s: T>E "!00I;E $Theory%

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