SSE 1523

MATEMATIK UNTUK JURUUKUR

 Lecture 1
Matrix Operation
Algebraic Properties
Types of Matrices
 Linear System
• One of the most frequently recurring practical problems in
many fields of study such as geomatics is that of solving a
system of linear equations.
a1x1 + a2 x2 + ... + an xn = b

• If the linear system has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent.

• If it has a solution, it is called consistent. If b1=b2=…=bm=0,

then it is called a homogeneous system.

• To find solutions to a linear system, use the technique called

the method of elimination.

• One method of elimination is Matrices.

 Matrices
• What is a general meaning of MATRIX
– “A concise and useful way of uniquely representing and
working with linear transformations.”
• Notation ⎡ A11 A12 A13 ... ... A1m ⎤
⎢A A A ... ... A ⎥
⎢ 21 22 23 2m ⎥

⎢ A31 A32 A33 ... ... A3 m ⎥

A=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... ... ... ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... An −1, m −1 An −1, m ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ n1
A An2 A n3 ... An , m −1 A n ,m ⎥⎦
Matrix Operations - Matrix
Matrix Operations - Scalar • Matrix – Matrix
Scalar - Matrix – Transpose
Addition – Determinant
Subtraction – Matrix Addition
Multiplication – Matrix Multiplication
Division – Matrix Inverse
 • A matrix is a rectangular array of objects
(usually numbers).
• An m×n (“m by n”) matrix has exactly m
horizontal rows, and n vertical
columns.(sometimes use i row and j column
• An n×n matrix is called a square matrix, whose
order or rank is n (same number of row and
column, e.g. 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 matrices

A 3 rows ×2 columns matrix ⎡ A11 A12 ... A1n ⎤

⎢A A22 ... A2n ⎥⎥
⎡2 3 ⎤
⎢5 − 1⎥ A = ⎢ 21
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ... ... ... ... ⎥
⎢⎣7 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣A1n A2n ... Ann⎦
Examples
• These are valid matrices
⎡1 0⎤ ⎡a b⎤ ⎡1 2 3⎤
⎢0 ⎢c e ⎥⎦ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦
• These have problems ⎡ 11 ⎤
⎢ 7 ⎥
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢3 ⎥ ⎢5 6⎥ ⎢8 9⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 10 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
>> A can be constructs an (n x n) “identity” matrix.
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
>> A = ones(3,2) (ones(m,n) constructs an m x n array of 1’s)
A= 1 1
1 1
1 1
>> A = zeros(2,3)(zeros(m,n) constructs an m x n array of 0’s)
A=
0 0 0
0 0 0
 Matrix
Short notation

⎡ a11 a12 a13 ⎤

A3 X 3 = ⎢⎢a21 a22 a23 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ a31 a32 a33 ⎥⎦
This is the
Order = 3x3 2,3 element,
or element23

What are the dimensions of W? 3 x 4 or 4 x 3 …

⎛1 0 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜2 −3 4 ⎟
W =⎜
What is w32 + w21 ? 3 33 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 2 − 2⎟
Is it a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 ⎝ ⎠
w21 = 2
w32 = 3
A matrix with m rows and n columns is said to have ⎡ a11 a12 ⎤
SIZE m × n.. A matrix with only one column is a
A=⎢ ⎥ [ ]
= aij
⎣a21 a22 ⎦
COLUMN MATRIX, and a matrix with only one row is a
ROW MATRIX. Two matrices are EQUAL if they have the same
size and their corresponding elements are equal
Applications of Matrices ⎛ b1 ⎞
Many of applications, including: ⎜ ⎟
⎜ b2 ⎟
• Solving systems of linear b = ⎜ b3 ⎟
equations ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ... ⎟
• Computer Graphics, Image ⎜b ⎟
Processing ⎝ n ⎠
• Models within many areas of

cT = (c1 c2 c3 ... cn )
Computational Science &
Engineering
• Quantum Mechanics, Quantum
Computing
• Survey adjustment (network),
etc
 ROW AND COLUMN
VECTORS IN a11 a12 … a1n
MATRICES a21 a22 … a2n
Matrix Am x n = (aij)m x n = … … … …
a1j am am … am
Column vector j = a2j 1 2 n
…
Row vector i = ai1
amj
ai2
• Scalar matrix: diagonal
matrix with same non-zero ⎡5 0 0 ⎤ …
values on entire main ⎢0 5 0 ⎥ ain
diagonal
⎢ ⎥
⎡0 0 L 0⎤ ⎢⎣0 0 5⎥⎦
⎢0 0 L 0⎥⎥
Zero matrix Z =⎢
⎢M M O M⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 L 0⎦
 ⎡ λ1 0 ... 0 0⎤
⎢0 ⎡1 0 0⎤
Diagonal Matrix
⎢ λ2 ... 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢0 5 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
Diagonal matrix: one or λ = ⎢ ... ... ... ... ... ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 8 ⎥⎦
more non-zero values ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 ... λ n −1 0⎥
on main diagonal (top-
left to bottom-right); all ⎢⎣ 0 0 ... 0 λ n ⎥⎦
zeros on off-diagonal
⎡1 0 ... 0 0⎤
Identity Matrix ⎢0
⎢ 1 ... 0 0 ⎥⎥
„Unity or identity matrix is I = ⎢ ... ... ... ... ... ⎥
„special case of scalar matrix ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 ... 1 0⎥
„where diagonal values = 1 ⎢⎣ 0 0 ... 0 1 ⎥⎦

• Equality: two matrices of same order and with all

equal elements
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡1 x⎤
A=⎢ ⎥ B=⎢
2 ⎥⎦
– Assume and
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎣y

– Then A = B implies that x=2 and y=3

 ⎡ L11 0 0 ... ... ... 0 ⎤
Triangular Matrices - I ⎢L L22 0 ... ... ... 0 ⎥⎥
Lower Triangular Matrix ⎢ 21
⎢ L31 L32 L33 0 ... ... 0 ⎥
L=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... Ln −1,n − 2 Ln −1,n −1 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Triangular Matrices - II ⎢⎣ Ln1 Ln 2 ... ... ... Ln ,n −1 Ln ,n ⎥⎦

Upper Triangular Matrix

⎡U11 U12 U13 ... ... ... U1n ⎤

⎢ 0 U U 23 ... ... ... U 2 n ⎥⎥
⎢ 22

⎢ 0 0 U 33 U 34 ... ... U 3n ⎥
U=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ⎥
⎢ ... ... ... ... 0 U n −1,n −1 U n −1,n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ... ... ... ... 0 U n ,n ⎥⎦
Symmetric matrix Aij = A ji

Anti-symmetric matrix Aij = − A ji

Positive definite matrix xT Ax > 0

Positive semi-definite matrix xT Ax ≥ 0

Matrix transpose AijT = A ji

 The Inverse
A −1A = AA −1 = I
where A −1 is called the inverse of A

One often encounters formulae such as the following:

y = B −1 (I + 2 A )b
z = B − 1 ( I + 2 A )( C − 1 + A ) b + d

Simultaneous Row and Column Matrix Multiplication

⎡ ⎤
× → ⎢ ⎥ × × × × ×⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡
⎢ × → ⎥ ⎢× × × × ×⎥ ⎢× × × × ×⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ × → ⎥ ⎢↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓⎥ = ⎢× × × × ×⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢× ⎥
⎢ × → ⎥ × × × ×⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ × → ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣× × × × ×⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 Addition
1 2 5 6 6 8

3 4
+ 7 8
= 10 12

A + B = C
Addition Conformability
To add two matrices A and B:
• # of rows in A = # of rows in B
• # of columns in A = # of columns in B
• each nm elements added together to produce a new matrix of
same order
– Addition not defined for matrices of different orders
The SUM of two matrices of the same size, m × n, is an m × n
matrix whose elements are the sum of the corresponding
elements of the two given matrices. Addition is not defined for
matrices with different sizes.
Matrix addition is commutative, if:
A + B = B + A,
and associative, if: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
ADDITIVE IDENTITY: A + 0 = 0 + A = A
ADDITIVE INVERSE: A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0
A matrix with all elements equal to zero is called a ZERO
MATRIX.
Addition:
(aij) m × n + (bij) m × n = (aij+bij) m × n
(2 i + 3 j) + (4 i + 5 j) [2 3] +[4 5] = [6 8]
⎡a11 +b11 a12 +b12 ⎤
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥ [
= aij +bij ]
⎣a21 +b21 a22 +b22⎦
Exercise

⎛3 5 1/2 4⎞ ⎛−1 4 0 3⎞
A=⎜⎜ B=⎜⎜
⎝4 −1 2 0⎠ ⎝ 0 2 1 5⎠
⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 − 6⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜3 − 6 ⎟B = ⎜ 6 7 ⎟
⎜5 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜3 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝

⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 − 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜3 − 6 ⎟B = ⎜ 3 1 ⎟
⎜5 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠

From the above matrix elements, find the following

tasks:
A + B, B + A, 3A, 2B, (3A + 2B), (2B + 3A)
 COMBINED PROPERTIES

• LEFT DISTRIBUTIVE: A(B + C) = AB + AC

• RIGHT DISTRIBUTIVE: (B + C)A = BA + CA

EQUALITY

• ADDITION: If A = B then A + C = B + C.

• LEFT MULTIPLICATION: If A = B, then CA = CB.

• RIGHT MULTIPLICATION: If A = B, then AC = BC.

 Subtraction of matrices
• Example A-B=C ⎡4−(−1) −3−2 1−3 ⎤
⎢ 0−6 5−(−7) −2−9⎥
⎡4 −3 1 ⎤ ⎡−1 2 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 5 −2⎥ −⎢ 6 −7 9⎥ ⎢⎣ 5−0 −6−(−4) 0−8 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 −5 −2 ⎤
⎢⎣5 −6 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢ −6 ⎥
=
⎢ 12 − 11⎥
Subtraction Conformability ⎢⎣ 5 −2 − 8 ⎥⎦
• To subtract two matrices A and B:
• # of rows in A = # of rows in B
• # of columns in A = # of columns in B

each nm elements subtracted with each other to produce a

new matrix of same order
Addition not defined for matrices of different orders
 Alternate definition of subtraction of matrices:
„ If A and B are two
„ The definition of subtract
matrices of the same
of two real numbers a
dimensions, then:
and b is :
A – B = A + (-1)B,
a – b = a + (-1)b or a
where -1 is a scalar.
plus the opposite of b.

⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6⎤ ⎡1 2⎤
⎢3 4 ⎥ − ⎢ 7 8 ⎥ = ⎢3 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 5 6 ⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −5 −6⎤
+(−1) ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
⎣ 7 8 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −7 −8 ⎦
⎡ −4 −4 ⎤
⎢ −4 −4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Exercise
⎛3 5 1/ 2 4⎞ ⎛−1 4 0 3⎞
A=⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝4 −1 2 0⎠ ⎝ 0 2 1 5⎠
⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 − 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜3 − 6 ⎟B = ⎜6 7 ⎟
⎜5 ⎟ ⎜3 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠

⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 − 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜3 − 6 ⎟B = ⎜ 3 1 ⎟
⎜5 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠

From the above matrix elements, find the following tasks:

A - B, B - A, (3A - 2B), (2B - 3A)
Adding/subtracting a scalar k (a constant):

A = W + k = k+W means W with k added to each element

ie aij = wij + k eg ⎛ 1 2 3⎞ ⎛ 2 3 4⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 5 6⎠ ⎝ 5 6 7⎠
Matrix plus/minus a matrix: both must be of the same size and
we add each element together (point-by-point or point-wise
operation)
ie if C = A + B then cij = aij + bij

⎛ 1 2 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1+1 2 +1 3 +1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 3 4⎞
eg ⎜
⎜ 4 5 6 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ 2 2 2 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 4 + 2 5 + 2 6 + 2 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 6 7 8 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 Multiplication of a Row Matrix and a Column Matrix
• In general procedure of matrix multiplication, the concept of
the product of a row matrix by a column matrix is important.
• A row matrix consists of a single row of numbers while a
column matrix consists of a single column of numbers. If the
number of columns of a row matrix equals the number of rows
of a column matrix, the product of a row matrix and column
matrix is defined.
• Otherwise, the product is not defined. For example, a row
matrix consists of 1 row of 4 numbers so this matrix has four
columns. It has dimensions
• 1 X 4. This matrix can be multiplied by a column matrix
consisting of 4 numbers in a single column (this matrix has
dimensions 4X1.
 Matrix Product (Multiplication)
• If A is an m x p matrix and B is a p x n matrix, the matrix product of
A and B denoted by AB is an m x n matrix whose element in the ith
row and jth column is the real number obtained from the product of
the ith row of A and the jth column of B. If the number of columns of A
does not equal the number of rows of B, the matrix product AB is
not defined.

note: number of rows in A must equal the number of columns in B

note: A•B≠B•A
(aij) m × n . α = (aij . α)m × k (α is a constant)

(aij) m × n . (bij) n × k = (cij) m × k

where cij = ai1 . b1j + ai2 . b2j + .. + ain.bnj

„Matrix multiplication is not commutative AB ≠ BA
„Matrix multiplication is associative A(BC) = (AB)C
„For the matrix multiplication the zero factor property
does not hold.
Basic Operations

• Vector multiplication or Inner products of a row vector * column

vector (always of same orders): r1*c1 + r2*c2+ . . . rn*cn

⎡d ⎤
[a b c]⎢⎢ e ⎥⎥ = (a * d ) + (b * e) + (c * f ) = k
⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦

• Matrix*matrix multiplication:
– Inner product of First row (first matrix) * first
column (second matrix) → a1
– First row * second column → a2
– Second row * first column → b1
– Second row * second column → b2

⎡a b ⎤ ⎡ g i ⎤ ⎡ag + bh ai + bj ⎤
⎢c d ⎥ x⎢h =⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ j ⎦ ⎣ cg + dh ci + cj ⎥⎦
⎥
 Matrix-Constant Multiplication
if A=Bk = kB, where k is a constant: multiply all elements in B
by k ie
aij= kbij
⎛ 1 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1× 3 2 × 3 3 × 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 6 9 ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 5 6 ⎠ ⎝ 4 × 3 3 × 3 6 × 3 ⎠ ⎝12 15 18 ⎠
Multiplication Conformability
5 6 1 2 23 34
• Regular Multiplication
7 8
x 3 4
= 31 46
• To multiply two matrices A and B:

• # of columns in A = # of rows in B A x B = C
mxn nxp mxp
• Multiply: A (m x n) by B (n by p)
 MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY: AI = IA = A
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE:
If A is a square matrix and A-1 exists, then
AA-1 = A-1A = I.
Get A * B
Since A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 2
B matrix, the solution of product AB will
A be a 2 x 2 matrix.
⎡1 6⎤ 1. Multiply first row of A by first column of
⎢3 − 5 ⎥⎥
B:
⎡ 3 1 −1⎤ ⎢
⎢2 0 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ − 2 4 ⎥⎦ 3(1) + 1(3) +(-1)(-2)=8
⎣ ⎦
2. First row of A times second column of

⎡ ⎤
B:

AB =
8 9
⎢−4 24⎥
3(6)+1(-5)+ (-1)(4)= 9

⎣ ⎦ Get B * A . Give some comments

 Matrix-Matrix Multiplication
if A=BC, to get the value in the i’th row and j’th column in A, take
the i’th row in B, multiply each element by the corresponding
element in the j’th column in C, and add them together
⎛ 1 1 2⎞
⎛ 1 2 3⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎛ (1×1) + (2 × 2) + (3× 3) 1+ 2 + 3 2 + 4 + 6 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 2 1 2⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 5 6⎠⎜ 3 1 2⎟ ⎝ (4 ×1) + (5× 2) + (6 × 3) 4 + 5 + 6 8 +10 +12⎠
⎝ ⎠
n columns ⎛ 14 6 12 ⎞ m rows
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
n rows
⎝ 32 15 30 ⎠
p columns
so inner dimensions must match ie
n
(m x n) (n x p) Æ m x p Formula: aij = ∑ bik ckj
k =1
 Solution using matrix multiplication
• We represent the number of each model sold using a row
matrix (4X1) and we use a 1X4 column matrix to represent
the sales price of each model. When a 4X1 column matrix
is multiplied by a 1X4 row matrix, the result is a 1X1 matrix
of a single number. Example:

⎡12,500⎤
⎢11,800⎥
[10 5 8 3] ⎢⎢ ⎥ = [10(12,500) +5(11,800) +8(15,900) + 3(25,300)] = [387,100]
15,900⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣25,300⎦
 Solution using matrix multiplication

EXAMPLE: the product of a 2 x 4 matrix with a 4 x 3 will produce

result 2 x3 matrix . First, the number of columns of the matrix on
the left equals the number of rows of the matrix on the right so
matrix multiplication is defined. A row by column multiplication is
performed three times to obtain the first row of the product:
70 80 90.

(1x1+2x4+3x7+4x10): 1x1+2x5+3x8+4x11:1x3+2x6+3x9+4x12
Undefined matrix multiplication
• Why is this matrix multiplication not defined? The answer is
that the left matrix has three columns but the matrix on the
right has only two rows. To multiply the second row [4 5 6] by
the third column, 3 there is no number to pair with 6 to multiply,
i.e. 4 x 3, 5 x 7, 6 x ?
• Matrix*matrix multiplication:
– Multiplication only defined (conformable) if # columns in left
factor = # rows in right factor
– Multiplication not commutative (even subset of cases in
which conformable in both directions)
– Multiplication only defined (conformable) if # columns in left
factor = # rows in right factor

⎡1 2⎤ ⎡2⎤ ⎡ (1x2) + (2x3) ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤

⎢3 4⎥ x⎢3⎥ = ⎢(3x2) + (4x3)⎥ = ⎢18⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡2⎤ ⎡1 2⎤
BUT ⎢ ⎥ x⎢ ⎥ is not defined.
⎣3⎦ ⎣3 4⎦
 – Multiplication not commutative (even subset of
cases in which conformable in both directions)

⎡2 0⎤ ⎡2 1⎤ ⎡(2 x 2) + (0 x0) (2 x1) + (0 x5)⎤ ⎡4 2 ⎤

⎢3 ⎥ x⎢ ⎥ =⎢ =⎢
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣0 5⎦ ⎣ (3 x 2) + (2 x0) ⎥
(3 x1) + (2 x5) ⎦ ⎣6 13⎥⎦
⎡2 1⎤ ⎡2 0⎤ ⎡ (2 x 2) + (1x3) (2 x0) + (1x 2) ⎤ ⎡ 7 2 ⎤
⎢0 ⎥ x⎢ ⎥ =⎢ =⎢
⎣ 5⎦ ⎣3 2⎦ ⎣(0 x 2) + (5 x3) (0 x0) + (5 x 2)⎦ ⎣15 10⎥⎦
⎥

⎡1 2⎤ ⎡(1x2)+(2x1) (1x1)+(2x2) (1x0)+(2x2)⎤ ⎡4 5 4⎤

⎢2 ⎥ ⎡2 1 0⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 x⎢ ⎥ = (2x2)+(1x1) (2x1)+(1x2) (2x0)+(1x2) = 5 4 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎣1 2 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣3 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣(3x2)+(2x1) (3x1)+(2x2) (3x0)+(2x2)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣8 7 4⎥⎦
 • Recall scalar matrix; now we see why it is
interesting:

⎡2 0⎤ ⎡2 1⎤ ⎡(2x2)+(0x0) (2x1)+(0x5)⎤ ⎡4 2⎤
⎢0 ⎥x⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣0 5⎦ ⎣(0x2)+(2x0) (0x1)+(2x5)⎦ ⎣0 10⎦
– Multiplying by scalar matrix same as
multiplying by a scalar

• Recall identity matrix; now we see why it is interesting:

⎡1 0⎤ ⎡2 1⎤ ⎡(1x2)+(0x0) (1x1)+(0x5)⎤ ⎡2 1⎤
⎢0 ⎥x⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1⎦ ⎣0 5⎦ ⎣(0x2)+(1x0) (0x1)+(1x5)⎦ ⎣0 5⎦
– Multiplying by identity matrix same as multiplying by 1 in
regular algebra
 Get the following solutions of :
AB, BA. 2A +2B, Give comment on the results

⎛1 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛7⎞
A = ⎜3 4⎟ B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜5 ⎟ ⎝ 8⎠
⎝ 6⎠

⎛p q⎞ ⎛ s − q⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝r s⎠ ⎝− r p ⎠
Get the solution of IA and AI

⎛1 0⎞ ⎛ p q⎞
I = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 1⎠ ⎝ r s⎠
CLASS EXERCISE – GIVE SOME COMMENTS
 Transpose of a matrix
• If the rows and columns of a matrix are
interchanged, i.e.
– The first row becomes the first column,
– The second row becomes the second column,
– The third row becomes the third column etc,

• The new matrix so formed is called the

transpose of the original matrix.
• If A is the original matrix, its transpose is
denoted by A or AT.
 ⎡ 4 6⎤
If A = ⎢⎢7 9⎥⎥
⎢⎣2 5⎥⎦

⎡ 4 7 2 ⎤
Then AT: ⎢ 6 ⎥
⎣ 9 5 ⎦
Exercise:
⎡4 0⎤
⎡ 2 7 6⎤
Given:: A=⎢ ⎥ B = ⎢⎢3 7 ⎥⎥
⎣ 3 1 5⎦ ⎢⎣1 5⎥⎦

Then calculate A*B and (A*B)T: