Pseudo-Manifold Geometries with Applications

Linfan Mao
(Chinese Academy of Mathematics and System Science, Beijing 100080, P.R.China) E-mail: maolinfan@163.com

Abstract: A Smarandache geometry is a geometry which has at least one

Smarandachely denied axiom(1969), i.e., an axiom behaves in at least two dierent ways within the same space, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways and a Smarandache n-manifold is a nmanifold that support a Smarandache geometry. Iseri provided a construction for Smarandache 2-manifolds by equilateral triangular disks on a plane and a more general way for Smarandache 2-manifolds on surfaces, called map geometions for cases of n 3 are found on the journals. As a kind of Smarandache geometries, a general way for constructing dimensional n pseudo-manifolds are presented for any integer n 2 in this paper. Connection and principal ber bundles are also dened on these manifolds. Following these constructions, nearly all existent geometries, such as those of Euclid geometry, LobachevshyBolyai geometry, Riemann geometry, Weyl geometry, K ahler geometry and Finsler geometry, ...,etc., are their sub-geometries. tries was presented by the author in [9] [10] and [12]. However, few observa-

Key Words:

Smarandache geometry, Smarandache manifold, pseudo-

manifold, pseudo-manifold geometry, multi-manifold geometry, connection, curvature, Finsler geometry, Riemann geometry, Weyl geometry and K ahler geometry.

AMS(2000): 51M15, 53B15, 53B40, 57N16 1. Introduction Various geometries are encountered in update mathematics, such as those of Euclid geometry, Lobachevshy-Bolyai geometry, Riemann geometry, Weyl geometry, K ahler geometry and Finsler geometry, ..., etc.. As a branch of geometry, each of them has been a kind of spacetimes in physics once and contributes successively to increase humans cognitive ability on the natural world. Motivated by a combinatorial notion for sciences: combining dierent elds into a unifying eld, Smarandache introduced 1

neutrosophy and neutrosophic logic in references [14] [15] and Smarandache geometries in [16]. Denition 1.1([8][16]) An axiom is said to be Smarandachely denied if the axiom behaves in at least two dierent ways within the same space, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways. A Smarandache geometry is a geometry which has at least one Smarandachely denied axiom(1969). Denition 1.2 For an integer n, n 2, a Smarandache n-manifold is a n-manifold Smarandache geometries were applied to construct many world from conservation laws as a mathematical tool([2]). For Smarandache n-manifolds, Iseri constructed Smarandache manifolds for n = 2 by equilateral triangular disks on a plane in [6] and [7] (see also [11] in details). For generalizing Iseris Smarandache manconvinced us that these map geometries are really Smarandache 2-manifolds. Kuciuk and Antholy gave a popular and easily understanding example on an Euclid plane in [8]. Notice that in [13], these multi-metric space were dened, which can be and their relations with existent manifolds in dierential geometry are found on the journals. The main purpose of this paper is to give general ways for constructing dimensional n pseudo-manifolds for any integer n 2. Dierential structure, connection and principal ber bundles are also introduced on these manifolds. Following these constructions, nearly all existent geometries, such as those of Euclid geometry, Lobachevshy-Bolyai geometry, Riemann geometry, Weyl geometry, K ahler geometry and Finsler geometry, ...,etc., are their sub-geometries. Terminology and notations are standard used in this paper. Other terminology and notations not dened here can be found in these references [1], [3] [5]. For any integer n, n 1, an n-manifold is a Hausdor space M n , i.e., a space also seen as Smarandache geometries. However, few observations for cases of n 3 ifolds, map geometries were introduced in [9] [10] and [12], particularly in [12]

that support a Smarandache geometry.

neighborhood Up , p Up M n and a homeomorphism p : Up Rn or Cn , respectively. Considering the dierentiability of the homeomorphism : U Rn enables us 2

that satises the T2 separation axiom, such that for p M n , there is an open

to get the conception of dierential manifolds, introduced in the following. with a C r dierential structure A = {(U , )| I } on M n for an integer r with (1) {U ; I } is an open covering of M n ; or U U = but the overlap maps
U )

An dierential n-manifold (M n , A) is an n-manifold M n , M n =

iI

Ui , endowed

following conditions hold.

(2) For , I , atlases (U , ) and (U , ) are equivalent, i.e., U

U =

1 : (U

1 (U ) and : (U

U )

(U )

are C r ; A, then (U, ) A. (3) A is maximal, i.e., if (U, ) is an atlas of M n equivalent with one atlas in An n-manifold is smooth if it is endowed with a C dierential structure. It

n 2n is well-known that a complex manifold Mc is equal to a smooth real manifold Mr

with a natural base , i | 1 i n} i x y n n n n for Tp Mc , where Tp Mc denotes the tangent vector space of Mc at each point p Mc . { 2. Pseudo-Manifolds These Smarandache manifolds are non-homogenous spaces, i.e., there are singular or inection points in these spaces and hence can be used to characterize warped spaces in physics. A generalization of ideas in map geometries can be applied for constructing dimensional n pseudo-manifolds. Construction 2.1 Let M n be an n-manifold with an atlas A = {(Up , p )|p M n }. mapping : p Rn action on p by

For p M n with a local coordinates (x1 , x2 , , xn ), dene a spatially directional

: p p (p) = (p (p)) = (1 , 2 , , n ), i.e., if a line L passes through (p) with direction angles 1 , 2 , , n with axes e1 , e2 , , en in Rn , then its direction becomes 3

2 n 1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , , n + n 2 2 2 after passing through p (p), where for any integer 1 i n, i i (mod4 ), 1 i 0 and , if 0 i < 2, i = 0, if 2 < i < 4.

called an n-dimensional pseudo-manifold, denoted by (M n , A ). (p) = (2k1 , 2k2, , 2kn ) with ki 1(mod2) for 1 i n.

A manifold M n endowed with such a spatially directional mapping : M n Rn is Theorem 2.1 For a point p M n with local chart (Up , p ), p = p if and only if Proof By denition, for any point p M n , if p (p) = p (p), then (p (p)) =

p (p). According to Construction 2.1, this can only happens while (p) = (2k1 , 2k2, , 2kn ) with ki 1(mod2) for 1 i n. Denition 2.1 A spatially directional mapping : M n Rn is euclidean if for any

point p M n with a local coordinates (x1 , x2 , , xn ), (p) = (2k1 , 2k2, , 2kn ) with ki 1(mod2) for 1 i n, otherwise, non-euclidean. Denition 2.2 Let : M n Rn be a spatially directional mapping and p hyperbolic in direction ei , 1 i n if o i < 2 , i = 2 or 2 < i < 4 . Then we get a consequence by Theorem 2.1. Corollary 2.1 Let (M n , A ) be a pseudo-manifold. Then p = p if and only if every point in M n is euclidean. Theorem 2.2 Let (M n , A ) be an n-dimensional pseudo-manifold and p M n .

(M n , A ), (p)(mod4 ) = (1 , 2, , n ). Call a point p elliptic, euclidean or

If there are euclidean and non-euclidean points simultaneously or two elliptic or hyperbolic points in a same direction in (Up , p ), then (M n , A ) is a Smarandache n-manifold. Proof On the rst, we introduce a conception for locally parallel lines in an n-manifold. Two lines C1 , C2 are said locally parallel in a neighborhood (Up , p ) of 4

a point p M n if p (C1 ) and p (C2 ) are parallel straight lines in Rn .

a given line is Smarandachely denied since it behaves in at least two dierent ways, innite parallels.

In (M n , A ), the axiom that there are lines pass through a point locally parallel

i.e., one parallel, none parallel, or one parallel, innite parallels, or none parallel, If there are euclidean and non-euclidean points in (Up , p ) simultaneously, not loss of generality, we assume that u is euclidean but v non-euclidean, (v )(mod4 ) =
1 There is only one line Cu locally parallel to p (L) passing through the point u since

(1 , 2 , , n ) and 1 = 2 . Now let L be a straight line parallel the axis e1 in Rn . there is only one line p (Cq ) parallel to L in Rn by these axioms for Euclid spaces. However, if 0 < 1 < 2 , then there are innite many lines passing through u locally
1 parallel to p (L) in (Up , p ) since there are innite many straight lines parallel L

in Rn , such as those shown in Fig.2.1(a) in where each straight line passing through the point u = p (u) from the shade eld is parallel to L.

Fig.2.1
1 But if 2 < 1 < 4 , then there are no lines locally parallel to p (L) in (Up , p )

since there are no straight lines passing through the point v = p (v ) parallel to L in Rn , such as those shown in Fig.2.1(b).

Fig.2.2 5

 If there are two elliptic points u, v along a direction O , consider the plane P determined by (u), (v ) with O in Rn . Let L be a straight line intersecting with the line uv in P . Then there are innite lines passing through u locally parallel to
1 p (L) but none line passing through v locally parallel to p (L) in (Up , p ) since

there are innite many lines or none lines passing through u = (u) or v = (v ) parallel to L in Rn , such as those shown in Fig.2.2. Similarly, we can also get the conclusion for the case of hyperbolic points. Since there exists a Smarandachely denied axiom in (M n , A ), it is a Smarandache manifold. This completes the proof.
n

case, we abbreviate (Rn , A ) to (Rn , ).

For an Euclid space R , the homeomorphism p is trivial for p Rn . In this

points simultaneously or two elliptic or hyperbolic points in a same direction in (Rn , ), then (Rn , ) is an n-dimensional Smarandache geometry. Particularly, Corollary 2.2 partially answers an open problem in [12] for establishing Smarandache geometries in R3 .

Corollary 2.2 For any integer n 2, if there are euclidean and non-euclidean

simultaneously elliptic or hyperbolic in a same direction of R3 , then (R3 , ) is a Smarandache space geometry.

but (q )(mod4 ) = (2k1 , 2k2, 2k3 ), where ki 1(mod2), 1 i 3 or p, q are

Corollary 2.3 If there are points p, q R3 such that (p)(mod4 ) = (2, 2, 2 )

ture A and a C r spatially directional mapping . A C Smarandache n-manifold (M n , A ) is also said to be a smooth Smarandache n-manifold. According to Theorem 2.2, we get the next result by denitions. Theorem 2.3 Let (M n , A) be a manifold and : M n Rn a spatially directional for an integer r 1 if the following conditions hold: (2) is C r ; mapping action on A. Then (M n , A ) is a C r dierential Smarandache n-manifold (1) there is a C r dierential structure A = {(U , )| I } on M n ;

(M n , A ) is a Smarandache n-manifold (M n , A ) endowed with a dierential struc-

Denition 2.3 For any integer r 1, a C r dierential Smarandache n-manifold

(3) there are euclidean and non-euclidean points simultaneously or two elliptic or hyperbolic points in a same direction in (Up , p ) for a point p M n . and conditions (2), (3) ensure (M n , A ) is a dierential Smarandache manifold by denitions and Theorem 2.2. Proof The condition (1) implies that (M n , A) is a C r dierential n-manifold

M n R is said smooth if for p M n with an chart (Up , p ),

1 n f ( : ( p) p )(Up ) R

For a smooth dierential Smarandache n-manifold (M n , A ), a function f :

is smooth. Denote by p all these C functions at a point p M n . p M n . A tangent vector v at p is a mapping v : p R with these following conditions hold. (1) g, h p , R, v (h + h) = v (g ) + v (h); (2) g, h p , v (gh) = v (g )h(p) + g (p)v (h). Denote all tangent vectors at a point p (M n , A ) by Tp M n and dene addiDenition 2.4 Let (M n , A ) be a smooth dierential Smarandache n-manifold and

tion + and scalar multiplication for u, v Tp M n , R and f p by (u + v )(f ) = u(f ) + v (f ), (u)(f ) = u(f ).

Then it can be shown immediately that Tp M n is a vector space under these two operations + and .

as those shown in Fig.2.3, in where these bold lines represent tangent lines.

In (M n , A ), there are four possible cases for tangent lines on at the point p, such

Let p (M n , A ) and : (, ) Rn be a smooth curve in Rn with (0) = p.

Fig.2.3 7

By these positions of tangent lines at a point p on , we conclude that there is one tangent line at a point p on a smooth curve if and only if p is euclidean in (M n , A ). This result enables us to get the dimensional number of a tangent vector space Tp M n at a point p (M n , A ). Theorem 2.4 For any point p (M n , A ) with a local chart (Up , p ), p (p) =

point , then the dimension of Tp M n is

0 (x,1 x0 2 , , xn ), if there are just s euclidean directions along ei1 , ei2 , , eis for a

dimTp M n = 2n s with a basis | p | 1 j s} xij + | , |p | 1 l n and l = ij , 1 j s}. p xl xl

Proof We only need to prove that | p | 1 j s} xij + , |p | 1 l n and l = ij , 1 j s} (2.1) xl xl

is a basis of Tp M n . For f p , since f is smooth, we know that

n

f (x) = f (p) +
i=1 n

(xi x0 i)

i f (p ) xi i f j f + Ri,j,,k xi xj

i,j =1

0 (xi x0 i )(xj xj )

for 1 j s and l should be deleted for l = ij , 1 j s. Now let v Tp M n . By Denition 2.4(1), we get that
n

0 0 Ri,j,,k contains (xi x0 i )(xj xj ) (xk xk ), l {+, } for 1 l n but l = ij

for x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) p (Up ) by the Taylor formula in Rn , where each term in

v (f (x)) = v (f (p)) + v (
i=1 n

(xi x0 i)

i f (p)) xi i f j f ) + v (Ri,j,,k ). xi xj

+ v(

i,j =1

0 (xi x0 i )(xj xj )

Application of the condition (2) in Denition 2.4 shows that

n

v (f (p)) = 0,
i=1 n

v (x0 i) x0 j)

f (p ) = 0 , xi
i

v( and

i,j =1

(xi

x0 i )(xj

f j f )=0 xi xj

v (Ri,j,,k ) = 0. Whence, we get that

n

v (f (x)) =
i=1

v (xi )

i f (p ) = xi

v (xi )
i=1

i |p (f ). (2.2) xi

The formula (2.2) shows that any tangent vector v in Tp M n can be spanned by elements in (2.1). All elements in (2.1) are linearly independent. Otherwise, if there are numbers
+ + a1 , a2 , , as , a+ 1 , a1 , a2 , a2 , , ans , ans such that s

aij
j =1

i i + a | p = 0, xij i=i1 ,i2 ,,is ,1in i xi

where i {+, }, then we get that

s

aij = (
j =1

aij

i i + a )(xij ) = 0 xij i=i1 ,i2 ,,is ,1in i xi

for 1 j s and
s
i a i = (

aij

j =1

i i + a )(xi ) = 0 xij i=i1 ,i2 ,,is ,1in i xi

Tp M n at the point p (M n , A ).
n

for i = i1 , i2 , , is , 1 i n. Therefore, (2.1) is a basis of the tangent vector space Notice that dimTp M = n in Theorem 2.4 if and only if all these directions are

euclidean along e1 , e2 , , en . We get a consequence by Theorem 2.4. Corollary 2.4([4]-[5]) Let (M n , A) be a smooth manifold and p M n . Then

dimTp M n = n with a basis { |p | 1 i n}. xi

vector space at p.

Denition 2.5 For p (M n , A ), the dual space Tp M n is called a co-tangent

a dierential operator d : p R, is dened by df = v (f ).

Denition 2.6 For f p , d Tp M n and v Tp M n , the action of d on f , called

Then we immediately get the following result. Theorem 2.5 For any point p (M n , A ) with a local chart (Up , p ), p (p) =

point , then the dimension of Tp M n is

0 (x,1 x0 2 , , xn ), if there are just s euclidean directions along ei1 , ei2 , , eis for a

dimTp M n = 2n s

with a basis

{dxij |p | 1 j s} where dxi |p ( for i {+, }, 1 i n.

+ l {d xl p , d x |p | 1 l n and l = ij , 1 j s},

i i i i i | ) = and d x | ( |p ) = j p p j xj xj

3. Pseudo-Manifold Geometries Here we introduce Minkowski norms on these pseudo-manifolds (M n , A ).

10

such that

Denition 3.1 A Minkowski norm on a vector space V is a function F : V R (1) F is smooth on V \{0} and F (v ) 0 for v V ;

(2) F is 1-homogenous, i.e., F (v ) = F (v ) for > 0; 2 F (y ) y i y j

(3) for all y V \{0}, the symmetric bilinear form gy : V V R with gy (u, v ) =
i,j

is positive denite for u, v V . Denote by T M n =

p(M n ,A )

Tp M n .

dowed with a Minkowski norm F on T M n . Then we get the following result.

Denition 3.2 A pseudo-manifold geometry is a pseudo-manifold (M n , A ) en-

Theorem 3.1 There are pseudo-manifold geometries. Proof Consider an eucildean 2n-dimensional space R2n . Then there exists a Minkowski norm F (x) = |x| at least. According to Theorem 2.4, Tp M n is Rs+2(ns) norms on each chart of a point in (M n , A ). if (p) has s euclidean directions along e1 , e2 , , en . Whence there are Minkowski Since (M n , A) has nite cover {(U , )| I }, where I is a nite index set,

by the decomposition theorem for unit, we know that there are smooth functions h , I such that h = 1 with 0 h 1.

Choose a Minkowski norm F on each chart (U , ). Dene F = for p (M n , ). Now let

h F , if 0, if

p U , p U

F =
I

F . 11

Then F is a Minkowski norm on T M n since it satises all of these conditions (1) (3) in Denition 3.1. Although the dimension of each tangent vector space maybe dierent, we can also introduce principal ber bundles and connections on pseudo-manifolds. Denition 3.3 A principal ber bundle (PFB) consists of a pseudo-manifold (P, A 1 ), a projection : (P, A 1 ) (M, A0
( )

group G, denoted by (P, M, , G) such that (1), (2) and (3) following hold.
dieomorphism Rg : (P, A 1 ) (P, A1 ) with Rg (p ) = p g for p (P, A1 ) such

), a base pseudo-manifold (M, A0

( )

) and a Lie

(1) There is a right freely action of G on (P, A 1 ), i.e., for g G, there is a

that p (g1 g2 ) = (p g1 )g2 for p (P, A 1 ), g1 , g2 G and p e = p for some

p (P n , A 1 ), e G if and only if e is the identity element of G. (2) The map : (P, A 1 ) (M, A0
( )

1 = 0 , and regular on spatial directions of p, i.e., if the spatial directions of p and | 1 ( (i ))| is a constant number independent of p for any integer i, 1 i n. (3) For x (M, A0
( )

) is onto with 1 ( (p)) = {pg |g G},

are (1 , 2 , , n ), then i and (i ) are both elliptic, or euclidean, or hyperbolic ) there is an open set U with x U and a dieomor-

( ) phism Tu : ( )1 (U () ) U () G of the form Tu (p) = ( (p ), su (p )), where

su : 1 (U () ) G has the property su (p g ) = su (p )g for g G, p 1 (U ).

We know the following result for principal ber bundles of pseudo-manifolds. Theorem 3.2 Let (P, M, , G) be a PFB. Then (P, M, , G) = (P, M, , G) if and only if all points in pseudo-manifolds (P, A 1 ) are euclidean.
only if p = p for p (P, A1 ). According to Theorem 2.1, by denition this is Proof For p (P, A 1 ), let (Up , p ) be a chart at p. Notice that = if and

equivalent to that all points in (P, A 1 ) are euclidean.

Denition 3.4 Let (P, M, , G) be a PFB with dimG = r . A subspace family H = {Hp |p (P, A 1 ), dimHp = dimT (p) M } of T P is called a connection if conditions (1) and (2) following hold. (1) For p (P, A 1 ), there is a decomposition 12

Tp P = Hp

Vp

and the restriction |Hp : Hp T(p) M is a linear isomorphism.

(2) H is invariant under the right action of G, i.e., for p (P, A 1 ), g G, (Rg )p (Hp ) = Hpg .

Similar to Theorem 3.2, the conception of connection introduced in Denition 3.4 is more general than the popular connection on principal ber bundles. Theorem 3.3(dimensional formula) Let (P, M, , G) be a P F B with a connection H . For p (P, A 1 ), if the number of euclidean directions of p is P (p), then dimVp = (dimP dimM )(2dimP P (p)) . dimP

in (M, A1

By denition is regular, we know that (e1 ), (e2 ), , (eP (p) ) are also euclidean
( )

Proof Assume these euclidean directions of the point p being e1 , e2 , , eP (p) . ). Now since

1 ( (e1 )) = 1 ( (e2 )) = = 1 ( (eP (p) )) = = constant, we get that P (p) = M , where M denotes the correspondent euclidean directions in (M, A1
( )

). Similarly, consider all directions of the point p, we also get that

dimP = dimM . Thereafter M = (3.1)

dimM P (p ). dimP Now by Denition 3.4, Tp P = Hp Vp , i.e.,

dimTp P = dimHp + dimVp . (3.2) Since |Hp : Hp T(p) M is a linear isomorphism, we know that dimHp =

dimT(p) M . According to Theorem 2.4, we have formulae dimTp P = 2dimP P (p) 13

and dimT(p) M = 2dimM M = 2dimM Now replacing all these formulae into (3.2), we get that 2dimP P (p) = 2dimM That is, (dimP dimM )(2dimP P (p)) . dimP We immediately get the following consequence by Theorem 3.3. dimVp = Corollary 3.1 Let (P, M, , G) be a P F B with a connection H . Then for p (P, A 1 ), dimM P (p) + dimVp . dimP dimM P (p ). dimP

dimVp = dimP dimM if and only if the point p is euclidean. Now we consider conclusions included in Smarandache geometries, particularly in pseudo-manifold geometries. Theorem 3.4 A pseudo-manifold geometry (M n , ) with a Minkowski norm on T M n is a Finsler geometry if and only if all points of (M n , ) are euclidean.
n Proof According to Theorem 2.1, p = p for p (M , ) if and only if p

is eucildean. Whence, by denition (M n , ) is a Finsler geometry if and only if all points of (M n , ) are euclidean.

Corollary 3.1 There are inclusions among Smarandache geometries, Finsler geometry, Riemann geometry and Weyl geometry:

{Smarandache geometries} {pseudo manif old geometries} {F insler geometry } {Riemann geometry } {W eyl geometry }.

14

Proof The rst and second inclusions are implied in Theorems 2.1 and 3.3. Other inclusions are known in a textbook, such as [4] [5]. Now we consider complex manifolds. Let z i = xi + 1y i. In fact, any complex

n n n for Tp Mc at each point p Mc . Dene a Hermite manifold Mc to be a manifold n p Mc , where J is a mapping dened by

n manifold Mc is equal to a smooth real manifold M 2n with a natural base { x i , y i }

n n Mc endowed with a Hermite inner product h(p) on the tangent space (Tp Mc , J ) for

J(

|p ) = i |p , J ( i |p ) = i |p i x y y x

n at each point p Mc for any integer i, 1 i n. Now let

h(p) = g (p) +

m 1(p), p Mc .

n Then a K ahler manifold is dened to be a Hermite manifold (Mc , h) with a closed

satisfying
n n (X, Y ) = g (X, JY ), X, Y Tp Mc , p Mc .

Similar to Theorem 3.3 for real manifolds, we know the next result.
n Theorem 3.5 A pseudo-manifold geometry (Mc , ) with a Minkowski norm on n T M n is a K ahler geometry if and only if F is a Hermite inner product on Mc with

all points of (M n , ) being euclidean.

n Proof Notice that a complex manifold Mc is equal to a real manifold M 2n .

Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.3, we get the claim. geometries.

As a immediately consequence, we get the following inclusions in Smarandache

Corollary 3.2 There are inclusions among Smarandache geometries, pseudo-manifold geometry and K ahler geometry:

{Smarandache geometries} {pseudo manif old geometries} {K a hler geometry }. 15

4. Further Discussions Undoubtedly, there are many and many open problems and research trends in pseudo-manifold geometries. Further research these new trends and solving these open problems will enrich ones knowledge in sciences. Firstly, we need to get these counterpart in pseudo-manifold geometries for some important results in Finsler geometry or Riemann geometry. 4.1. Storkes Theorem Let (M n , A) be a smoothly oriented manifold with the T2
n1 axiom hold. Then for A0 (M n ),

Mn

d =

M n

by (M n , A ), what will happens? Answer this question needs to solve problems following. (1) Establish an integral theory on pseudo-manifolds. (2) Find conditions such that the Storkes formula hold for pseudo-manifolds. 4.2. Gauss-Bonnet Theorem Let S be an orientable compact surface. Then Kd = 2(S ),

This is the well-known Storkes formula in Riemann geometry. If we replace (M n , A)

where K and (S ) are the Gauss curvature and Euler characteristic of S This formula is the well-known Gauss-Bonnet formula in dierential geometry on surfaces. Then what is its counterpart in pseudo-manifold geometries? This need us to solve problems following. (1) Find a suitable denition for curvatures in pseudo-manifold geometries. (2) Find generalizations of the Gauss-Bonnect formula for pseudo-manifold geometries, particularly, for pseudo-surfaces. For a oriently compact Riemann manifold (M 2p , g ), let = (1)p i ,,i2p 11 i i i2p1 i2p , 2 p p 2 p! i1 ,i2 ,,i2p ,,2p 1 2

where ij is the curvature form under the natural chart {ei } of M 2p and 16

i ,,i2p 11 ,,2p

1, 0,

1, if permutation i1 i2p is odd, otherwise.

if permutation i1 i2p is even,

Chern proved that[4][5] = (M 2p ).

M 2p

Certainly, these new kind of global formulae for pseudo-manifold geometries are valuable to nd. 4.3. Gauge Fields Physicists have established a gauge theory on principal ber bundles of Riemann manifolds, which can be used to unite gauge elds with gravitation. Similar consideration for pseudo-manifold geometries will induce new gauge theory, which enables us to asking problems following. Establish a gauge theory on those of pseudo-manifold geometries with some additional conditions. (1) Find these conditions such that we can establish a gauge theory on a pseudomanifold geometry. (2) Find the Yang-Mills equation in a gauge theory on a pseudo-manifold geometry. (2) Unify these gauge elds and gravitation.

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