CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4. MICROCONTROLLER 5. OVERVIEW 6. RELAY 7. ULN 2803 8. LCD 9. POWER SUPPLY 10.

CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to the live phase only. This feat is achieved with AT89C52 MCU. This controller continuously checks for live condition of all the phases connected to it, and the controller connects the load the load to the active phase Relay, live phase, controller, rectifier, using a relay. The relay is driven with a transistor. If two or three phases are live, the phase will be connected to the phase that is ON only and automatically transferred to the phase that is ON in the event of a main outage or from generator back to main when restored. An LCD is provided to display the status of the phase condition. Contrast control preset is given for LCD contrast control.. Furthermore the project uses a regulated 12V, 500mA power supply. Bridge type full-wave rectifier was used to rectify the a.c output of the secondary 230/12V step down transformer.

INTRODUCTION

The invention of electricity and its advancements in the field of electrical engineering has made electrical energy so vast in its applications. A modern house today, cannot be said to be one if it has no use for electricity .This is because most of the items required for making life fit and comfortable in a home functions with electricity. Electrical appliances like water heaters, radios, televisions, fans, water pumps e.t.c all have absolute need for electricity. Unfortunatetly though the poor availability of public utility power in Nigeria has pushed her citizens to seek alternatives and in dependent means of electricity .This has resulted in individuals buying wind turbines,solar panels,generating sets and so on . Unavoidably this requires careful selection of the one to be ON to their use alternative power or public power utility. Sequel to this, phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry,home or office. Many times one or two phases may not be live in the three phase supply, because of this ;some electrical appliances will be ON in one room and OFF in another room. This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to the live phase only. This feat is achieved with AT89C52 MCU [1]. This controller continuosly checks for live condition of all the phases connected to it, and the controller connects the load the load to the active phaseusing a relay. The relay is driven with a transistor. If two or three phases are live, the phase will be connected to the phase that is ON only and automatically transferred to the phase that is ON in the event of a main outage or from generator back to main when restored. An LCD is provided to display the status of the phase condition. [2] Conrast control preset is given for LCD contrast control.Furthermore the project uses a regulated 12V,500mApower supply. Bridge type full-wave rectifier was used to rectify the a.c output of the secondary 230/12V step down transformer [3]. In addition due to problems
3

incurred over interrupted power supply, this led to the discovery of three-phase intelligent switching system which makes the selection process a lot stress free,efficient and cost effectuive.The three-phase intelligent switching system makes our network infrastructure smarter. Intelligent switching systems are in a giving phase in that companies are continually developing solutions that will make network systems smarter in the future [4]. The demand for sensitive systems which are able to monitor the violent and devastating effect of fire and vandals at homes,offices etc have increased. This led to the idea of an intelligent switching system which has the ability to monitor, control and switch between phases. It also provides the comfort of starting a standby generator when there is power faliure from the mains (PHCN) without the aid of an operator. The switching between the mains and the generator occurs in micro seconds.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OVERVIEW The different modules of three-phase smart switching system are presented here. These include:

THE VOLTAGE REFERENCE/COMPARATOR UNIT This is the decision making unit of the system. Sample voltages are compared based on the reference values set. The unit has variable resistor used as potential zener diodes for voltage references, operational amplifiers as voltage comparators and industrial relays for interfacing the D.C outputs with the A.C inputs [5]. The voltage reference settings are Zener diode D13 = 3V, Zener diode D14 =4.7V, Zener diode D15= 10V, Potentiometer VR1 = 13V, and the d.c. output from each phase after filtration equals 18V. In the design, as seen in fig 1 the reference voltage for the IC comparator is from VR1 potentiometer. Once the input source at pin 3 of the IC is greater, a high output is produced at its pin terminal 6 to energize relay RLA. The energized relay immediately closes on the phase one supply to the A.C load- Bulb BL. But when phase two has higher voltage than phase one, the reference voltage at pin 2 of IC1 increases to make the operational amplifier go low, and deenergizes relay RLA. Phase one supply is then shifted to the comparator two i.e. IC2. The reference voltage for IC2 is from the output of IC1. As far as output voltage of IC1 is high, pin 2 terminal of the second comparator will remain greater than the input value at pin 3 of IC2. This will make it impossible for the second relay, RLB to be energized. But one, IC1 goes low, voltage at pin 2 of IC2 immediately gets to OV, comparator 2 is pushed to energize relay RLB. Phase two
6

supply can only be connected to the load when the other two phases are out of supply. Then, the reference of 10V from the diode D15 will be at the terminal 3 of IC3. The positive difference resulting from the two inputs of the comparator puts relay RLC in active form.

8051 MICROCONTROLLER DESCRIPTION The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high -density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications

Pin configuration

INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC Supply voltage. +5.0V

GND Ground.

Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance Inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

10

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the highorder address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

11

ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALEpulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

12

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. RAM MEMORY SPACE ALLOCATION IN THE 8051

The 8051 microcontroller has a total of 128 bytes of RAM which are assigned address 00 to 7FH.These 128 bytes are divided into 3 different groups as follows.

13

I.

A total of 32 bytes from location 00 to 1FH are set aside for register banks and the stack.

II.

. A total of 16 bytes from location 20H to 2FH are set aside for bit addressable read/write memory.

III.

A total of 80 bytes from location 30H to 7FH are used for read and write storage, or what is normally called a scratch pad. These 80 locations of RAM are widely used for the purpose of storing data and parameters by 8051 programmers.

4 Register Banks

14

BASIC POWER CIRCUIT OF AT89C51

Programming the flash Verifying the flash

15

RELAY Working of Relays What is a relay? We know that most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working. But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application of relays.

Why is a relay used? The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

16

Relay Design There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

Electromagnet Movable Armature Switch point contacts Spring

The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay.

It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts. These parts

17

are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay becomes de-energized. How relay works? The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given below.

The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit.
18

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its initial position. This force will be lmost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity. Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a phenomenon called arcing.

Relay Basics The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 pin relay shown below. There are two colours shown. The green colour represents the control circuit and the red colour represents the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch is connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us take the different steps that occour in a relay.

19

Energized Relay (ON) As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by

pins 1 and 3 causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and 4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load circuit, it is used to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the relay in energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.

De Energized Relay (OFF) As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the switch opens and

thus the open circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-energized and thus in off position.

20

In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet activates, causing a magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close the pins 2 and 4 causing a closed circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1, there will be no electromagnetic force and thus no magnetic field. Thus the switches remain open.

Pole and Throw Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay is said to switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly three ways. They are

Normally Open Contact (NO) NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes the circuit when the relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive. Normally Closed Contact (NC) NC contact is also known as break contact. This is opposite to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the relay is deactivated, the circuit connects.

21

Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts This type of contacts are used to control two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact with a common terminal. According to their type they are called by the names break before make and make before breakcontacts.

Relays are also named with designations like

Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) This type of relay has a total of four terminals. Out of these two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two terminals are needed for the coil. Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) This type of a relay has a total of five terminals. Out f these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to either of two others. Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) This relay has a total of six terminals. These terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPSTs which are actuated by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two o f them are coil terminals. Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) This is the biggest of all. It has mainly eight relay terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over terminals. They are designed to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single coil.

Relay Applications

Relays are used to realize logic functions. They play a very important role in providing safety critical logic.

Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open and delay close of contacts.

Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals. Similarly they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.
22

They are also used as protective relays. By this function all the faults during transmission and reception can be detected and isolated.

Relay Selection You must note some factors while selecting a particular relay. They are

Protection Different protections like contact protection and coil protection must be noted. Contact protection helps in reducing arcing in circuits using inductors. Coil protection helps in reducing surge voltage produced during switching.

Look for a standard relay with all regulatory approvals. Switching time Ask for high speed switching relays if you want one. Ratings There are current as well as voltage ratings. The current ratings vary from a few amperes to about 3000 amperes. In case of voltage ratings, they vary from 300 Volt AC to 600 Volt AC. There are also high voltage relays of about 15,000 Volts. Type of contact used Whether it is a NC or NO or closed contact. Select Make before Break or Break before Make contacts wisely. Isolation between coil circuit and contacts

23

ULN 2803 INTRODUCTION IC ULN2803 consists of octal high voltage, high current Darlington transistor arrays. The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. Features Eight Darlingtons with Common Emitter.

Opencollector outputs. Free wheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression. Output Current to 500 mA. Output Voltage to 50 V. Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify board layout.

24

Pinout

Working The ULN 2803 IC consists of eight NPN Darlington connected transistors (often called a Darlington pair). Darlington pair consists of two bipolar transistors such that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second to get a high current gain or hFE. The figure shown below is one of the eight Darlington pairs of ULN 2803 IC.

25

Now 2 cases arise:Case 1: When IN is 0 volts. Q1 and Q2 both will not conduct as there is no base current provided to them. Thus, nothing will appear at the output (OUT).

Case 2: When IN is 5 volts. Input current will increase and both transistors Q1 and Q2 will begin to conduct. Now, input current of Q2 is combination of input current and emitter current of Q1, so Q2 will conduct more than Q1 resulting in higher current gain which is very much required to meet the higher current requirements of devices like motors, relays etc. Output current flows through Q2 providing a path (sink) to ground for the external circuit that the output is applied to. Thus, when a 5V input is applied to any of the input pins (1 to 8), output voltage at corresponding output pin (11 to 18) drops down to zero providing GND for the external circuit. Thus, the external circuit gets grounded at one end while it is provided +V cc at its other end. So, the circuit gets completed and starts operating.
26

LCD Working: We always use devices made up of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) like computers, digital watches and also DVD and CD players. They have become very common and have taken a giant leap in the screen industry by clearly replacing the use of Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT). CRT draws more power than LCD and are also bigger and heavier. All of us have seen an LCD, but no one knows the exact working of it. Let us take a look at the working of an LCD.

The article below is developed as two sections:1. Basics of LCD Displays 2. Working Principle of LCD

Note:- If you are looking for a note on technical specifications of LCD Displays for Interfacing it with micro controllers:- here we have a great article on the same:A Note on Character LCD Display.If you want to know about the invention

27

history of LCD go through the article:- Invention History of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) We get the definition of LCD from the name Liquid Crystal itself. It is actually a combination of two states of matter the solid and the liquid. They have both the properties of solids and liquids and maintain their respective states with respect to another. Solids usually maintain their state unlike liquids who change their orientation and move everywhere in the particular liquid. Further studies have showed that liquid crystal materials show more of a liquid state than that of a solid. It must also be noted that liquid crystals are more heat sensitive than usual liquids. A little amount of heat can easily turn the liquid crystal into a liquid. This is the reason why they are also used to make thermometers.

Basics of LCD Displays:The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of having a low power consumption than the LED. It is typically of the order of microwatts for the display in comparison to the some order of milliwatts for LEDs. Low power consumption requirement has made it compatible with MOS integrated logic circuit. Its other advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDs are additional requirement of light source, a limited temperature range of operation (between 0 and 60 C), low reliability, short operating life, poor visibility in low ambient lighting, slow speed and the need for an ac drive.

Basic structure of an LCD A liquid crystal cell consists of a thin layer (about 10 u m) of a liquid crystal sandwiched between two glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on their inside faces. With both glass sheets transparent, the cell is known
28

as transmittive type cell. When one glass is transparent and the other has a reflective coating, the cell is called reflective type. The LCD does not produce any illumination of its own. It, in fact, depends entirely on illumination falling on it from an external source for its visual effect

Types of LCD/Liquid Crystal Displays. Two types of display available are dynamic scattering display and field effect display. When dynamic scattering display is energized, the molecules of energized area of the display become turbulent and scatter light in all directions. Consequently, the activated areas take on a frosted glass appearance resulting in a silver display. Of course, the unenergized areas remain translucent. Field effect LCD contains front and back polarizers at right angles to each other. Without electrical excitation, the light coming through the front polarizer is rotated 90 in the fluid. Now, let us take a look at the different varieties of liquid crystals that are available for industrial purposes. The most usable liquid crystal among all the others is the nematic phase liquid crystals.

Nematic Phase LCD The greatest advantage of a nematic phase liquid crystal substance is that it can bring about predictable controlled changes according to the electric current passed through them. All the liquid crystals are according to their reaction on temperature difference and also the nature of the substance. Twisted Nematics, a particular nematic substance is twisted naturally. When a known voltage is applied to the substance, it gets untwisted in varying degrees according to our requirement. This in turn is useful in controlling the passage of
29

light. A nematic phase liquid crystal can be again classified on the basis in which the molecules orient themselves in respect to each other. This change in orientation mainly depends on the director, which can be anything ranging from a magnetic field to a surface with microscopic grooves. Classification includes Smectic and also cholesteric. Smectic can be again classified as smectic C, in which the molecules in each layer tilt at an angle from the previous layer. Cholesteric, on the other hand has molecules that twist slightly from one layer to the next, causing a spiral like design. There are also combinations of these two called Ferro-electric liquid crystals (FLC), which include cholesteric molecules in a smectic C type molecule so that the spiral nature of these molecules allows the microsecond switching response time. This makes FLCs to be of good use in advanced displays. Liquid crystal molecules are further classified into thermotropic and lyotropic crystals. The former changes proportionally with respect to changes in pressure and temperature. They are further divided into nematic and isotropic. Nematic liquid crystals have a fixed order of pattern while isotropic liquid crystals are distributed randomly. The lyotropic crystal depends on the type of solvent they are mixed with. They are therefore useful in making detergents and soaps.

Making of LCD

Though the making of LCD is rather simple there are certain facts that should be noted while making it.

The basic structure of an LCD should be controllably changed with respect to the applied electric current.

The light that is used on the LCD can be polarized. Liquid crystals should be able to both transmit and change polarized light. There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
30

To make an LCD, you need to take two polarized glass pieces. The glass which does not have a polarized film on it must be rubbed with a special polymer which creates microscopic grooves in the surface. It must also be noted that the grooves are on the same direction as the polarizing film. Then, all you need to do is to add a coating of nematic liquid crystals to one of the filters. The grooves will cause the first layer of molecules to align with the filters orientation. At right angle to the first piece, you must then add a second piece of glass along with the polarizing film. Till the uppermost layer is at a 90-degree angle to the bottom, each successive layer of TN molecules will keep on twisting. The first filter will naturally be polarized as the light strikes it at the beginning. Thus the light passes through each layer and is guided on to the next with the help of molecules. When this happens, the molecules tend to change the plane of vibration of the light to match their own angle. When the light reaches the far side of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules. The light is only allowed an entrance if the second polarized glass filter is same as the final layer. Take a look at the figure below.

31

WORKING OF LCD: The main principle behind liquid crystal molecules is that when an electric current is applied to them, they tend to untwist. This causes a change in the light angle passing through them. This causes a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to it. So little light is allowed to pass through that particular area of LCD. Thus that area becomes darker comparing to others. For making an LCD screen, a reflective mirror has to be setup in the back. An electrode plane made of indium-tin oxide is kept on top and a glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom side. The entire area of the LCD has to be covered by a common electrode and above it should be the liquid crystal substance. Next comes another piece of glass with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be noted that both of them are kept at right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LCD it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a temporary battery the current from it will cause
32

the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passing through. Thus that particular rectangular area appears blank.

Colour Liquid Crystal Display Colour LCDs are those that can display pictures in colours. For this to be possible there must be three sub-pixels with red, green and blue colour filters to create each colour pixel. For combining these sub-pixels these LCDs should be connected to a large number of transistors. If any problem occurs to these transistors, it will cause a bad pixel. One of the main disadvantages of these types of LCDs is the size. Most manufacturers try to reduce the height than gain it. This is because more transistors and greater pixels will be needed to increase the length. This will increase the probability of bad pixels. It is very difficult or also impossible to repair a LCD with bad pixels. This will highly affect the sale of LCDs.

33

Regulated Power Supply

Having a bench power supply in your workplace is an essential for an electronics engineer or anyone doing DIY electronics projects. You can use it in powering up basic circuits, microcontrollers, etc. It is most of the time assigned as a project for students taking up electronic engineering and alike. Here is a basic tutorial of how to make a +/- 5V power supply from scratch. Step 1: Materials

34

Collect the materials. Most of the materials used for this tutorial are really easy to find because of it are passive components and are actually cheap wherever you buy it.

Here is an approximation of how much will you spend for this project:

Voltage regulator 7805 and 7905 = P30 Case = P50 Center tapped Transformer (6V-0-6V 750mA) = P150 AC Cord = P20 x4 Diodes 1N4001 = P5 Electrolytic Capacitors (the black/blue ones) 470uF x2 (any value more than 10V) 0.1 uF x2 (any value more than 10V) = P25-30 Jumper wires = P20 Breadboard (for trial) = P70 Switch 50V SPST = P30 Binding posts = P50 TOTAL:P455!

If you are required or you want to place it on a PCB:

Soldering Lead (buy those that are in tubes) = P25 Soldering Gun (even a disposable one) = P100 Ferric Chloride = P30 Presensitized PCB = P70 TOTAL: P455+P225 = P680

35

Step 2: Component analysis:

36

37

Refer to the images to see each component's schematic symbol. LED This component acts as an indicator once the DC supply is opened. Dont forget to put a resistor next to its cathode so that the filament wont burn up easily. It acts like a diode but it differently has a light output. Switch (SPST) There are not only one kind of switch in electronics. Some of the switches used are the SPST or single pole single throw and SPDT single pole double throw. For this tutorial, you shall use the SPST since it acts as a simple switch for ON and OFF function.

7805 and 7905 voltage regulators The VRs are used for converting input voltages into a certain voltage output. The 7805 and 7905 converts an input voltage of 6-12V into an output of +5V and -5V respectively.

Diodes

This component is used for rectifiying the signal. This only means that they cut your AC signal into two parts, the positive and negative. This is by means of a wheatstone bridge. Capacitors This component is for removing noise and making the input signal smoother. You will see how important these capacitors on the next steps. A note is, an
38

electrolytic capacitor is entirely different from other capacitors. Since electrolytic capacitors have polarities unlike the others

Step 3: Simulation

Understand the theory before proceeding to any other step. This is important since you wont be able to build one correctly if you cant troubles hoot if there is anything wrong with your circuit. Here is a few things you need to understand with the theory regarding the power supply: From the photo above, you will be able to see the first part which is the 220V AC signal to the transformer. In this step, you are actually converting a 220V AC voltage into an 6V AC Signal. This is done by the transformer depending on its number of turns. Most transformers have labels so you dont have to worry that much.

39

The next part is the full wave rectifier using a wheatstone bridge. This configuration recitifies or cuts the signal into two parts, the positive and negative. This is now done by the diodes forming a bridge-like circuit. Capacitors C1 - C4 acts as signal cleaners. What do I mean? They make the signal smoother so that once it reaches the regulators, they would be able to convert it easier. Lastly, C5-C6 acts as noise removers as they remove noise from the output voltages. Also, the LED acts as an indicator. Taking the voltages at the positive and ground node, you shall receive +5V and -5V for negative and ground. Once you take the voltages at the positive and negative node, you shall read more like +- 10V depending on how your probes are used. NOTE: This simulation is done using Multisim. You can download it for free by searching for it on google. It is mostly used for students for simulations as a precaution for not harming any electronic component before an experiment. Step 4: Trial Circuit

40

41

42

43

If this is your first time making a power supply, Im sure youd be afraid of making this circuit. So before doing any soldering, we shall try it out on a breadboard. The photo above actually explains everything on how to use a breadboard. As you can see, the rail (as we shall now call it), at the left and right part of the breadboard are all connected. And the center holes are connected horizontally. Now, lets go to our power supply. I want you to connect your diodes like this and refer to the schematic I showed you above: This is your wheatstone bridge. Next, you must connect the capacitors. One end of capacitor is always connected to the ground and the other one is connected to the polarity it is used. Again, refer to the schematic since you must also learn on how to read a schematic on your own. Continue until you arrive to a circuit that looks like this: Now, solder the two wires of your AC cord to your transformer and add wires on the +6V, 0 and -6V of your transformer so you can use it to connect to the breadboard. The red jumper wires refer to the + signal and black for -. The grounds are indicated by the white and gray jumper wires. All the rails are used for the ground. Once you are finished, your set-up should now look like the photo above. The image above does not include the soldered wires of the transformer for tutorial purposes. Now, if you are confident enough, plug in your power supply to a 220V AC socket and see what happens.

44

TROUBLESHOOTING: If at this point a capacitor blew up, replace it and make sure you replace it by putting it in with the right polarity. Try touching your VRs. If the VRs are getting hot, that means that you placed it incorrectly. Check out the pin configurations again and put it back once you get it. Now, once you have finished checking out the problems, try measuring the output voltages using a multimeter. The read voltages should be like these: + and GND: +5.00V + and - : 10.06V - and GND: - 5.0v4 Once you have your desired voltage readings, you are done with your power supply circuit! Lets proceed with preparing a case for it.

45

CONCLUSION Unfortunatetly though the poor availability of public utility power in the developing countries has pushed her citizens to seek alternatives and dependent means of electricity .This has resulted in individuals buying wind turbines,solar panels,generating sets and so on . Unavoidably this requires careful selection of the one to be ON to their use alternative power or public power utility. Sequel to this, phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry,home or office. Many times one or two phases may not be live in the three phase supply, because of this ;some electrical appliances will be ON in one room and OFF in another room. This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to the live phase only. In addition due to problems incirred over interrupted power supply, this led to the discovery of threephase smart switching system which makes the selection process a lot stress free,efficient and cost effectuive.The three-phase smart switching system makes our network infrastructure smarter. Intelligent switching systems are in a giving phase in that companies are continually developing solutions that will make network systems smarter in the future. The demand for sensitive systems which are able to monitor the violent and devastating effect of fire and vandals at homes,offices etc have increased. This led to the idea of an intelligent switching system which has the ability to monitor, control and switch between phases. It also provides the comfort of starting a standby generator when there is power faliure from the mains(PHCN) without the aid of an operator.The switching between the mains and the generator occurs in micro seconds.

46

References 1. C. N. Gary building A Microcontroller ( E.F.M.Spon ltd,London) 2003. 2. M. E. Rajash K. E. Malhorta Electronic Projects For The Computer ( business bureau, Delhi) 1980 3. R. J. Maddock,D. M. Calcutt electronics- A Course For Engineers (Longman London.) 1988 4. F. B. Fredrick, F..C. Robert Solid Atate Devices And Applications ( McGraw Book Company, USA.) 1975 5. J. E. Angello electronics:FETS,BJTS and Micro-circuits ( McGraw Book Company , USA) 1960. 6. P. J. Hurst Analysis And Design of Analogue Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition ed. New York) 2001. 7. E. I. Owen Origins of the Inverter (IEEE Industrial application magazine) 1996 8. B. M. Weedy electric Power Systems ( Wiley and sons London) 1972. 9. C. I. Daykin Design and Construction of Instrument (Johnes Delhi) 1987 10. J.B. Calvertthree Phase Intelligent ( John Wiley and sons press new york) 2001. 11. R. Edwards Optimizing The Zilog Z8 Forth Microcontoller For Rapid Prototyping ( Taylor press USA) 1987. 12. F. I. Radha building Automatic Phase Changer ( Chemical press, India) 2002 13. R. M. Norbert Electronic Circuits: Analysis ,Simulation And Design ( Englewood cliffs new jersey) 1995.

47