UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MAL

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Authors full name : AYSIA Date of birth Title : : MOHAMAD ABDUL RAHIM B. MOHD NORDIN 01ST SEPTEMBER 1990 INTERLEAVED DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER WITH SMALL INPUT VOLTAGE Academic Session : 2012/2013

I declare that this thesis is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED

(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)* (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)* I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text)

OPEN ACCESS

I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: 1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by:

SIGNITURE 900901-03-5619 (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) Date: 24th JUNE 2013

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR DR AHMAD SAUDI SAMOSIR (NAME OF SUPERVISOR) Date: 24th JUNE 2013

NOTES :

* If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical).

Signature Name Date

: .............................................. : DR AHMAD SAUDI SAMOSIR : 24 JUNE 2013

INTERLEAVED DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER WITH SMALL INPUT VOLTAGE

MOHAMAD ABDUL RAHIM B MOHD NORDIN

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2013

ii

I declare that this report entitled Interleaved Boost DC-DC Converter with Large Conversion Ratio is the result of my own project except as cited in the references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

SIGNATURE NAME DATE

: ........................................ : MOHAMAD ABDUL RAHIM B. MODH NORDIN : 24 JUNE 2013

iii

To my beloved family and friends

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am grateful to Allah the Almighty, for his bless and guidance toward finishing the final year project. This project is finishing sharp on schedule. I also would like to give my gratitude to my beloved and respected supervisor, Dr Ahmad Saudi Samosir. With his guidance, this final year project can be finish. I also would like to give thanks to all my friends, laboratory staffs and to those whom directly or indirectly guiding and helping me in this project.

Lastly, my special gratitude towards my parents, brothers, and sisters for always be there for me through these four years in UTM. Thank you all.

ABSTRACT

In this thesis, the analysis of interleaved boost converter is discussed. Nowadays, step up power conversion is widely used in many applications and power capability demands. The applications of step up power conversion may be seen in electric vehicles, photovoltaic (PV) system, uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), and fuel cell power system. Boost converter is one type of DC-DC step up power converter. Step up power converters is quite popular because it can produce higher DC voltage output from low voltage input. Converters are controlled by interleaved switching signals, which have the same switching frequency but shifted in phase. By paralleling the converters, the input current can be shared among the inductors so that high reliability and efficiency in power electronic systems can be obtained. The control circuit of this converter is control by using the analogue controller which is IC FAN9612. This controller can produce two PWM signal at a time.

vi

ABSTRAK

Dalam

thesis

ini,

analisis

Interleaved

rangsangan

penukar

dibincangkan. Kini, peningkatan penukaran kuasa digunakan secara meluas dalam banyak aplikasi dan keupayaan permintaan kuasa. Aplikasi langkah penukaran kuasa boleh dilihat dalam kenderaan elektrik, sistem photovoltaic (PV), bekalan kuasa uninterruptable (UPS), dan sel bahan api sistem kuasa. Peningkat penukar adalah salah satu jenis DC-DC penukar langkah kuasa. Meningkatkan kuasa penukar agak popular kerana ia boleh menghasilkan voltan DC yang lebih tinggi dari input voltan rendah. Penukar dikawal oleh isyarat bertukar Interleaved, yang mempunyai frekuensi pensuisan yang sama tetapi dipindahkan dalam fasa. Dengan selari dengan penukar, input semasa boleh dikongsi antara pengaruh supaya kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi dan kecekapan dalam sistem elektronik kuasa boleh diperolehi. Litar kawalan penukar ini adalah kawalan dengan menggunakan pengawal analog iaitu IC FAN9612. Pengawal ini boleh menghasilkan dua PWM isyarat pada satu masa.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER DECLARATION DEDICATION

TITLE

PAGE

iii iv v vii x xi xiii xiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 General Background Problem Statement Objectives Project Scope Project Methodology 1 2 2 3 3

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 DC-DC Converter Application Boost Converter 2.3.1 2.4 Analysis of Boost Converter 5 6 6 7 12 13

Interleaved Converter

2.4.1

Interleaved Boost Converter

viii 2.4.2 2.4.3 Interleaved Boost Converter Topology Circuit Analysis 14 15

SIMULATION OF INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction Boost Converter Interleaved Boost Converter Comparison of Output Voltage Ripple for Boost Interleaved boost converter 17 17 20 22 24

converter and 3.5

Input current ripple for converters

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 4.2 Introduction Hardware Development 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 Power Circuit Control Circuit IC FAN9612 26 27 27 29 31

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction Boost Converter Interleaved boost converter Experimental Results 5.4.1 5.5 5.6 Interleaved Boost Converter 33 33 35 38 38 40 40

Troubleshoot Summary

ix

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 6.2 Conclusion Recommendation 42 42

REFERENCES

44

APPENDICES

xv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

TITLE Boost converter parameters The results of the simulation Interleaved boost converter parameters The results of the simulation Results of the load resistance on the output voltage ripple

PAGE 18 19 21 21 22

3.6

The value of the output voltage ripple

22

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 Boost converter Switch is close

TITLE

PAGE

6 7 7 8 9 11 14 15 18 20 23 23 24 24 28 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 34

Inductor current and voltage Switch is open Inductor current and voltage. CCM operation Interleaved Boost Converters Ideal Inductors Current Waveform Boost Converter Interleaved boost converter Output voltage ripple for boost converter Output voltage ripple for interleaved boost Input current ripple for boost Input current ripple for interleaved boost Interleaved boost converter power circuit layout PCB circuit layout Interleaved boost converter power circuit layout Control circuit layout PCB control circuit layout control circuit Ic FAN9612 complete circuit of interleaved boost converter PWM and input current waveforms

5.2

Output voltage waveform

34

xii 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Output voltage ripple PWM waveform Input current and inductor current waveforms Output voltage waveform Output voltage ripple waveform PWM waveform Input voltage Output voltage waveform 35 36 36 37 37 38 39 39

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DC PCB D AC IC SMPS MOSFET

Direct current Printed circuit board Duty cycle Alternating current Integrated circuit Switch mode power supply Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

IGBT CCM DCM PWM V kHz A W SOIC L C R

Insulated gate bipolar transistor Continuous current mode Discontinuous current mode Pulse width modulation Volt Ohm kiloHertz Ampere Watt small-outline integrated circuit Inductor Capacitor Resistor

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

TITLE FAN 9612 MOSFET

PAGE xv xx

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL BACKGROUND

DC-DC converters are an important component nowadays as power electronic interfaces for renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic power system and fuel cells. Most renewable sources have quite low voltage output and they require voltage booster in order to provide enough voltage output [1]. Renewable energy sources are wonderful options compared to non-renewable energy sources because they are limitless and they do not pollute our air and water like the way burning fossil fuel does. To make any renewable energy system efficient, they need to have the suitable converter. The interleaved boost converter are one option for these application [2].

By using the interleaved boost converter, the system can has high voltage step up and smaller ripple at the output voltage and input current. The switching loss for this circuit also low and it has faster transient response [2]. However, the interleaved boost converter has the additional inductors and power switches [1].

2 1.1 Problem Statement

Nowadays, the DC-DC boost converter is the common step up power converter used in many applications because it can convert from low input voltage to high output voltage by controlling the duty cycle of the power switch. But for the conventional boost DC-DC converter, it produce large output current ripple and input current ripple. For an ideal circuit, the ripple must be avoided so that any application can perform at its optimum performance. The ripple can reduce efficiency and thus reduce the Therefore to overcome this problem, the interleaved

performance itself.

technique is introduced to the circuit of the DC-DC boost converter. Interleaving is a technique where a strategic interconnection of multiple switching cells that will increase the effective pulse frequency by synchronizing several smaller sources and operating them with relative phase shift. The phase difference between phases is 180. In this project, the analysis of the ripple output voltage and ripple input current of the conventional boost converter and the interleaved boost converter will be discussed.

1.2

Objective

The main objective of this project is to simulate, design and implement the interleaved boost converter. The simulation and designation of the interleaved boost converter will be done by using MATLAB. From the simulation we are going to analyse the output voltage, the inductor current, the output voltage ripple and the input current ripple. The effect of load The

resistance on the output voltage ripple also will be analyzed.

implementation of the interleaved boost converter will be done on the PCB. The laboratory test by using the interleaved boost converter will be done, and the result for output voltage, inductor current, output voltage ripple and the input current ripple will be taken. This result then will be verified by comparing with the data from simulation.

3 1.3 Project Scope

The scope of this project will be focusing on the simulation and hardware implementation of interleaved boost converter. The main

parameters in this converter such as power switch, inductor, capacitor, diode and resistor are studied. For the power switch, the device chooses for this project is the Mosfet. This is because the Mosfet can apply to the high frequency low power application. The other components such as inductor, capacitor, diodes and resistor are chose by its rating and the value of the components are taken from the simulation. The duty cycle uses to find the output voltage of the interleaved boost converter are from 10% to 90%. While for the purpose of finding the effect of load resistance on the output voltage ripple, the duty cycle is fixed for 50%. The value of load resistance used are 2, 50, 100 and 200. This duty cycle also use to compare the input current ripple of the boost and interleaved boost converter.

1.4

Project Methodology

To achieve the objectives of this project, there are some methodologies that need to be done. First, the theories of the conventional boost converter and the interleaved boost converter will be studied from several sources such as journal papers, conference papers, articles and books. From the theoretical studies of the converters, we can know the advantages and disadvantages of DC-DC boost converter. Then, after understanding the theoretical parts of this converter, the circuit of the boost converter and interleaved boost converter will be design and develop by using the suitable software. For this project, the proposed software to simulate the circuit of interleaved boost converter is MATLAB. By using MATLAB, the output voltage, inductor current, output voltage ripple and the input current ripple of interleaved boost converter will be analyzed. Then, the prototype model of interleaved boost converter will be developed on PCB. The circuit of the

4 interleaved boost converter will be developed by referring to the MATLAB simulation. After the circuit is being completely installed, the circuit will be tested. The experimental results from the circuit such as output voltage, inductor current, output voltage ripple and input current ripple will be taken. Then, the experimental results will be compared with the simulation result in order to verify that the prototype is success. If the experimental results do not meet the expectation, the prototype will be troubleshooting until the expected results are obtained.

CHAPTER 2

LITERARURE REVIEW

2.1

DC-DC Converter

DC-DC converters are power electronic circuits that convert only dc voltage to a different dc voltage level, often providing a regulated output [3]. The converter can be classified into two types, which are general converter and switch-mode power supply (SMPS) converter. Examples for the general converter such as buck converter boost converter, and buck-boost converter. This converter also called the non-isolated converter. While the example of SMPS converter such as fly back converter, forward converter and bridge converter. These type of converter is called the isolated converter [4].

This isolation refers to the existence of an electrical barrier between the input and output of the DC-DC converter. Although low cost and simple, these converters suffer from one disadvantage in that there is an electrical connection between the input and output. An isolated DC-DC

converter will have a high frequency transformer providing that barrier. This barrier can withstand anything from a few hundred volts to several thousand volts, as is required for medical application [5].

6 2.2 Application

For the non-isolated converter, such as buck converter, it is widely used for the adapter such as laptop adapter, battery charger and so on. This converter can step down the high input voltage to the low output voltage. For the boost converter, it is widely used in renewable energy sources system such as photovoltaic power system and fuel cells. This converter is convenient to produce high output voltage from low input voltage.

2.3

Boost Converter

A boost converter can convert low input voltage to high output voltage. This converter is operates by periodically opening and closing an electronic switch. Circuit of boost converter is shown in the figure 2.1. For a boost converter, the parameters that need to be in the circuit are power switch, diode, inductor, capacitor and resistor. The power switch in converter must have quick turn on and off. The devices that can be used for the power switch is the semiconductor switches such as MOSFET, and IGBT. These power switches can perform in high frequency low power application[4].

Figure 2.1: Boost converter

7 2.3.1 Analysis of boost converter

Boost converter operates at two conditions. The first condition is when the switch is close and second condition is when the switch is open. When switch is closed, the diode become reverse biased and inductor current is equal to input current. The inductor voltage will be equal to input voltage. When switch is close, the inductor will be charging. The time for the switch is closed is DT. Figure 2.2 shows the circuit of boost converter when the witch is closed. Figure 2.3 show the inductor current and voltage.

Is

Figure 2.2: Switch is close

Figure 2.3: Inductor current and voltage

8 When switch is closed during DT, 2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

The switch is opened at time (1-D) T. Figure 2.4 shows the circuit when the switch is opened. Figure 2.5 shows the inductor current and voltage.

Figure 2.4: Switch is open

Figure 2.5: Inductor current and voltage.

When switch is opened at time (1-D) T, 2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

For steady state operation, the net change in inductor current must be zero, 2.9

2.10

2.11

10 From the equation, we know that the output voltage of interleaved boost convert is controlled by the duty cycle, D. The value of duty cycle must be less than

For the average inductor current, 2.12

2.13

2.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

The maximum and minimum inductor current is given by equation,

2.18

The output voltage ripple is given by equation, 2.19

11 Figure 2.6 shows the waveform when CCM operation,

Figure 2.6: CCM operation

When CCM, 2.20

2.21

2.22

12 2.4 Interleaved Converter

Interleaving also called as multiphasing is a technique which is useful for reducing the size of filter component [3]. In a interleaved circuit there will more than one power switch. The phase difference for two switches is 180. Interleaving technique is a strategic interconnection of multiple switching cells that will increase the effective pulse frequency by synchronizing several smaller sources and operating them with relative phase shift.

Interleaved method is used in order to improve converter performance in the aspects of efficiency, size, and conducted electromagnetic emission. Interleaved also has benefits such as high power capability,

modularity, and improved reliability. But, having interleaved may cost on additional inductors, power switching devices, and output rectifiers. When the size of inductor increases, the power loss in a magnetic component will decrease although both the low power loss and small volume are required [1].

In the power electronics, application of interleaving technique can be found back to early days especially in high power application. The voltage and current stress can easily go beyond the range that power device can handle in high power application. One solution to this problem is by

connecting multiple power devices in parallel or in series. But, instead of paralleling power devices, it is better to parallel the power converters. By paralleling the power converters, the interleaving technique will comes naturally. Interleaving can cancel the harmonics, increase the efficiency,

better thermal performance and the high power density can be obtained [6].

13 2.4.1 Interleaved Boost Converter

Interleaved boost converter consists of n single boost converters that are connected in parallel. For the interleaved with two switch, the

switching signals operate 180 phase shift between them. The interleaved is formed by two independent boost switching units. For each boost switch unit, there are two switching stages which are switch close and switch open stages. When the switch is closed, the current in the inductor start to rise while the diode is blocking. The inductor starts charging. When the switch is opened, the inductor starts to discharge and transfer the current through diode to the load [7].

The following are the most important parameters used to study the steady-state analysis of interleaved boost converter.

1. -

Duty ratio The duty ratio of the interleaved boost converter is same as the conventional boost converter.

Where Vo is the output voltage, Vd is the input voltage and D is the duty ratio.

2. -

Input current To calculate the input current, we can use the input power and the input voltage.

14

3.

Inductor current ripple

The inductor current ripple amplitude is same with the conventional

boost converter.

Where f is the switching frequency is the inductance value, D is duty cycle, Vd is the input voltage.

2.4.2

Interleaved Boost Converter Topology

Figure 2.7 shows the standard circuit topology of the interleaved boost converter. For this circuit, the parameters consists of two inductor LI and L2, two switch S1 and S2, two diode D1 and D2, capacitor C and resistor R. The value of inductors are same L1=L2=L and the duty cycle also same D1=D2=D. Figure 2.8 shows the ideal waveforms of the currents in the inductor L1 and L2 for interleaved boost converter during CCM operation.

Figure 2.7: Interleaved Boost Converters

15

Figure 2.8: Ideal Inductors Current Waveform

2.4.3

Circuit Analysis

For the interleaved boost converter, there are 4 stages of operations. The first stage is when both S1 and S2 closed, second stage S1 closed S2 opened, third stage S1 opened S2 closed and lastly both S1, S2 opened. During (1-D) T. , the change of time is DT. During , the change of time is

1. -

S1 and S2 closed. When S1 and S2 are closed, the inductors L1 and L2 both will start charging. At this point, the value of inductors current will increase.

16

2. -

S1 closed,S2 opened When S1 is closed and S2 is opened; only inductor L1 is charging. At this point the current of inductor L1 is increase, while the current of inductor L2 is decrease. Inductor L2 is discharge.

3. -

S1 opened,S2 closed During this point, L1 become discharging while L2 is charging. Inductor current is decreasing and is increasing.

4. -

S1 and S2 opened Both inductors are discharging. decreasing. Both inductors current also

CHAPTER 3

SIMULATION OF INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

3.1

Introduction

In this chapter, we will be focusing on the simulation of the boost converter and interleaved boost converter by using MATLAB. The

simulation of the boost converter also will be done to find the output voltage, inductor current, output voltage ripple and input current ripple. The

simulation of the load resistance effect on the output voltage ripple also will be analysed. For the simulation of the output voltage and the ripple of output voltage for both boost and interleaved boost, the duty cycle is from 10% to 90%. For simulation of the effect of the load resistance on output voltage ripple, the resistance chose are equal to 2, 50, 100 and lastly 200 at fixed duty cycle equal to 50%. For the input current ripple, the duty cycle use to compare boost and interleaved boost is fixed at 50%.

3.2

Boost Converter

The circuit of the boost converter is shown at the figure 3.1 below. The circuit is designed by using MATLAB. The power switch use in this circuit is Mosfet. The value of the input voltage, inductor, capacitor and resistor are shown in table 3.1.

18

Figure 3.1: Boost Converter

Table 3.1: Boost converter parameters Parameters Input voltage, Vi Switching frequency,f Inductor ,L Capacitor,C Resistor ,R 1 1 20 mH F 20 kHz Value 15 Unit V

The theoritical value of the output voltage can be calculate by using equation as follows, 3.1 The value of the inductor current maximum and minimum can calculate by using equation as follows,

19 Maximum inductor current, 3.2 Minimum inductor current, 3.3 The output voltage ripple are calculate by using the equation, 3.4

The results of the simulation are as shown in the table 3.2 below. Table 3.2: The results of the simulation
D(%) Vo(simulation), V 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 15.90 17.95 20.55 24.65 28.80 36.85 48.90 74.55 148.65 Vo(theory), V 16.67 18.75 21.43 25.00 30.00 37.50 50.00 75.00 150.00 0.013 0.031 0.071 0.950 0.130 0.170 0.250 0.450 0.880 1.24 1.62 2.14 2.93 4.15 6.38 10.98 23.02 69.12 1.14 1.42 1.85 2.48 3.66 5.80 10.33 22.31 68.54 1.19 1.52 2.00 2.71 3.90 6.08 10.66 22.67 68.83 Vo,V IL max,A Ilmin,A Ilave,A

20 3.3 Interleaved Boost Converter

For the interleaved boost converter, the value of the parameters is same with the boost converter. The circuit for the interleaved boost converter is shown in the figure 3.2. The values of the parameters of interleaved boost converter are shown in table 3.3.

Figure 3.2: interleaved boost converter

21 Table 3.3: Interleaved boost converter parameters Parameters Input voltage, Vi Switching frequency,f Inductor ,L1=L2=L Capacitor,C Resistor ,R Value 15 20 1 1 20 Unit V kHz mH F

The results of the simulation of interleaved boost converter are shown in the table 3.4 below.

Table 3.4: The results of the simulation

D 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Vo(simulation) 16.05 17.85 20.25 24.55 29.50 37.05 49.55 74.90 149.50 Vo 0.005 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.003 0.028 0.060 0.150 0.380 Is 1.20 1.80 2.10 2.90 4.00 6.19 11.00 24.00 82.00 IL max 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.55 2.10 3.25 5.95 12.50 42.0 ILmin 0.55 0.75 0.85 1.25 1.80 1.90 5.00 11.50 41.00 Ilave 0.63 0.73 1.03 1.43 2.00 3.10 5.47 12.00 41.75

For the analysis of the effect of the load resistance on the output voltage ripple, the results are recorded in he table 3.5 below. The duty cycle is fixed at 50%.

22 Table 3.5: Results of the load resistance on the output voltage ripple

Resistance ,R(ohm) 2 50 100 200

Vo(simulation) 0.004 0.0032 0.0034 0.0035

3.4

Comparison of Output Voltage Ripple for Boost converter and

Interleaved boost converter

The value of the output voltage ripple from boost converter and interleaved boost converter are compared based on the table 3.6 below. Figure 3.3 and 3.4 shows the waveform of the output voltage ripple for duty cycle 50%.

Table 3.6: The value of the output voltage ripple D 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 Vo(boost),V 0.013 0.071 0.130 0.880 Vo(interleaved boost),V 0.005 0.011 0.003 0.380

23

Figure 3.3: Output voltage ripple for boost converter

Figure 3.4: Output voltage ripple for interleaved boost

24 3.5 Input current ripple for converters

The ripple of the input current between boost and interleaved boost are compared in order to verify that the ripple for interleaved boost is reduced. We can see that the input current ripple is reduced from 0.5A to 0.0002A from figure 3.5 and 3.6.

Figure 3.5: Input current ripple for boost

Figure 3.6: Input current ripple for interleaved boost

25 From figure 3.5, the input current ripple for boost converter is 0.5A. But, from figure 3.6, the input current ripple for interleaved boost converter is 0.0002A. This shows the reduction of ripple for input current by using the interleaved boost converter.

CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1

Introduction

On this chapter, the components selection and hardware designs are discussed. The hardware is implemented in order to justify the simulation results. The results of the hardware implementation should be same with the results from simulation. The circuit have to be troubleshoot in order to

specify the problem if the results are not matching with the simulations result.

To complete the hardware implementation, first the parameters of the circuits have to be calculated. Then, the selection of components that need to be use in the circuit after calculated their values were done. Lastly, the design circuit is implemented to the printed circuit board.

For the interleaved boost converter, two main circuits have to be design. The first one is the control circuit. The control circuit is circuit that use in order to control the gate signal of the switching device which is mosfet. The gate signal can be control by adjusting the duty cycle by varying the variable resistor. The control circuit is connected to the power circuit which consists of main parameters of interleaved boost converter such as power switches, power diodes, inductors, capacitors and loads.

27 4.2 Hardware Development

Firstly, the layouts of the circuits are designed by using software called Proteus. The layouts then are printed using white and thick glossy paper. The printed layouts then were stacked to the PCB board. The PCB then undergoes itching process until only copper need for the circuits were leaved on the PCB. After that, the PCB will be drilled accordingly and lastly the components will be soldered on the PCB.

4.2.1

Power Circuit

Figure 4.1 shows the power circuit layout of the interleaved boost converter. In this circuit, it consists of two coupling inductors, two power diodes, two Mosfets, resistors and capacitors. The PCB layout in figure 4.2 is design based on power circuit layout in figure 4.1. The circuit also must have connections from the control circuit.

28

Figure 4.1: Interleaved boost converter power circuit layout

Figure 4.2: PCB circuit layout

29
From control circuit Mosfet 1 Mosfet 2 To output

L1

L2

Figure 4.3: Interleaved boost converter power circuit layout

Figure 4.3 shows the hardware of the power circuit for the interleaved boost converter. The diameter of core of the coupling inductor is 2cm. The diameter of the cooper used to winding the core is 0.4mm. The primary winding of the core is 20, and the secondary winding is 3. The power diodes are used in this circuit because it can handle the high frequency application. Two Mosfets are used for the switching device. Mosfet IRF 540N is used in this circuit.

4.2.2

Control Circuit

The control is important in order to give PWM signal to the Mosfets and to control the duty cycle. For the control circuit, the analogue controller is used. IC FAN9612 is choose in order to control the PWM. The control circuit layout in figure 4.5 is designed based on figure 4.4.

30

Figure 4.4: Control circuit layout

Figure 4.5: PCB control circuit layout

31

To power circuit

Input

IC FAN9612

Figure 4.6: control circuit

Figure 4.6 shows the control circuit of the interleaved boost converter. The alternating input voltage is flow through the full bridge rectifier first in order to produce the direct input voltage. The external supply is used for the IC FAN9612.

4.2.3 IC FAN9612

Ic FAN9612 is used as the analogue controller because it is convenient to produce PWM signal for both Mosfets. It means that, this ic can produce two gate signal at one time. The input voltage for this ic is 12V and it operates between 16.5KHz and 525KHz frequency. Therefore it is suitable for interleaved boost converter. This ic is a SOIC type of ic. Figure 4.7 shows the Ic FAN9612.

32

Figure 4.7: Ic FAN9612

Figure 4.8: complete circuit of interleaved boost converter

CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1

Introduction

This chapter will discuss about the result which obtained from simulation and hardware implementation in chapter 3 and 4. The results from hardware circuit are taken after it was finish designed. The PWM and the output voltage waveform are taken by using the oscilloscope in power electronic laboratory.

These results from hardware implementation are compared with the results from simulation in order to justify. Troubleshoots will be done if the results are not same with the simulation results.

5.2.

Boost Converter

The results of the boost converter such as output voltage, inductor current and output voltage ripple are obtained from the simulation in MATLAB. The output voltage waveforms are taken for duty cycle 50%. PWM waveforms for the boost converter are also taken.

34

Figure 5.1: PWM and input current waveforms

From figure 5.1, the maximum output current is 3.2A and the minimum output current is 2.7A. The average input current is 2.95A. From the waveform, the input current ripple is 0.5A. The input current is equal to inductor current.

Figure 5.2: Output voltage waveform

35 From figure 5.2, the output voltage for the boost converter is 28.9V. Compare to calculation result, it differ about 2V. The calculation result for 15V input 50% duty ratio is 30V.

Figure 5.3: Output voltage ripple

The output voltage ripple for boost converter is 0.1V.

5.3

Interleaved boost converter

Figure 5.4 shows the PWM waveform of the switches. Signal 2 is 180 out of phase with signal 1.

36

Figure 5.4: PWM waveform

Figure 5.5: Input current and inductor current waveforms

From figure 5.5, the input current is 3A, and current ripple is 0. The input current ripple is cancelled from the inductors current. Compared to boost converter, the input current is same, but there is current ripple for boost converter. The maximum inductor current is 2.4A and the minimum inductor current is 1.6A.

37

Figure 5.6: Output voltage waveform

From figure 5.6, the value of output voltage is 29V. Slightly same with the output voltage of boost converter, only differ about 0.1V.

Figure 5.7: Output voltage ripple waveform

From figure 5.7, the output voltage ripple is about 0.02V. Compare to the output voltage ripple of the boost converter which about 0.1V, the interleaved boost converter shows that it can reduce the output voltage ripple.

38 5.4 Experimental Results

The testing of the hardware circuit is done at the Power Electronic Laboratory. The gate signals of the Mosfets are taken in order to make sure it is functioned and received signal from the control circuit. The output voltage waveform is taken in order to compare the experimental result and the simulation result. In case the output signal is not matching with the

simulation result, troubleshoot is done so that the problem can be detect.

5.4.1

Interleaved Boost Converter

The results for the interleaved boost converter are shown in this section. These results will be used in order to justify the results taken from simulation.

Figure 5.8: PWM waveform

39 Figure 5.8 shows the PWM waveform of the Mosfets 1 and 2. The waveform is same with the simulation where signal 2 is 180 out of phase with signal 1.

Figure 5.9: Input voltage

The input voltage is 14.6V. It differs from the simulation which is 15V. This shows there is voltage drop in the circuit.

Figure 5.10: Output voltage waveform

40 The output voltage taken from the hardware is 1.79V. This value is not matching with the simulation result. This shows that there is something wrong with the circuits and the components. The Mosfets signal is normal, but the output voltage is not correct at all. The troubleshooting has be done so that the problem of the circuit can be detect.

5.5

Troubleshoot

The circuit has been analyzing in order to specify the problems. The mosfets work very well as it can produce PWM waveforms. Therefore the only problem of this circuit is the coupling inductors. The core of the

coupling inductor should small so that the flux saturation will be less. The size of the copper also influences the inductor. By using thick area of copper, it will increase the resistance value of the copper. Thus, only allow small amount of current flow through the copper.

The primary and secondary winding of the copper also should be replaced by the ratio of 50:1. For this circuit, it is better to use the readymade inductor which can avoid from malfunction of the circuit.

5.6

Summary

In this chapter, the advantages of the interleaved boost converter can only be discussed from the simulation result. From the simulation result, it shows that the interleaved boost converter is superior to the conventional boost converter.

41 The input current of the interleaved boost converter has no ripple compared to boost converter. This is good because it can contribute to the efficiency of the system. Besides that, the output voltage ripple also can be reduce by using the interleaved boost converter.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1

Conclusion

For the conclusion, the objectives of this project have been fulfilled through the simulation analysis. Because of the hardware implementation having some errors, the analysis cannot be done. From the analysis of the simulation of the interleaved boost converter, the project is success. It can conclude that, by using the interleaved boost converter, the output voltage ripples can be reduced. Most importantly, the input current has no ripple. By using two switch on the circuit, it can reduce the switching losses because it can alternate the turning on between these two switches.

6.2

Recommendation

For the future work by uisng the interleaved boost converter, it is easier and safe to use the microcontroller in order to control the gate signal of the Mosfets. By using the microcontroller, the duty cycle can be control easily.

43 Besides that, these converters also can be improving further by using another power switch such as IGBT. For high frequency application, the IGBT is suitable because it can handle high frequency.

44 References

1- Samosir, A.S., Anwari, M., Yatim, A.H.M.; Dynamic Evolution Control of Interleaved Boost DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Application, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2- Arango, E.; Modelling and Control of an Asymmetric Interleaved DC to DC Switching Converter, Rovira I Virgili University. 3- Betten, J., Kollman, R.; Interleaving dc/dc converters boost efficiency and voltage, Texas Instruments. 4- Ranoyca N. A. L. Silva; Gustavo A. L. Henn; Paulo P. Praa; Raphael A. da Cmara; Demercil S. Oliveira Jr; Luiz H. S. C. Barreto; Soft Switching Interleaved Boost Converter With High Voltage Gain, Federal University of Cear. 5- Shin, H. B., Park, J. G., Chung, S. K., Lee, H. W., and Lipo, T. A.; Generalized steady-state analysis of multiphase interleaved boost converter with coupled inductors, IEE Proc. -Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005. 6- Kosai, H.,UES Inc.; McNeal, S., Jordan, B., Scofield, J., Collier, J., Air Force Research Laboratory; Ray, B., Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Design and Implementation of a Compact Interleaved Boost Converter. 7- Brett A. Miwa, David M. Otten, Martin F. Schlecht (1992). High Efficiency Power Factor Correction Using Interleaving Techniques. IEEE.

8- Gyu-Yeong Choe, Byoung-Kuk Lee, Jin Hur, Dong-Wook Yoo (2009).Comparative Analysis of CCM and DCM Modes of Interleaved Boost Converters for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles. IEEE.

45 9- Dr. Zainal Salam and Dr. AwangJusoh (2009). Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEM. Power Electronics and drives, Faculty of Electrical Engineering: Lecture notes. 10- F. Liccardo, P. Marino, M. Triggianse. Interleaved DC-DC Converters for Photovoltaic Modules. Seconda Universta degli Studi di Napoli. 11- Michael T. Zhang, Milan M. Jovanovi, Fred C. Y. Lee (1998). Analysis and Evaluation of Interleaving Techniques in Forward Converters. IEEE. 12- Liccardo, F., Marino, P., Triggianese, M.; Interleaved dc -dc Converters for Photovoltaic Modules, Seconda Universit degli Studi di Napoli, Aversa (CE). 13- Evandro A. Soares da Silva, Thiago A. M. Oliveira, Fernando. L. Tofoli, Ren P. T.Bascop, Demercil S. Oliveira Jr (2007). A Novel Interleaved Boost Converter With High Voltage Gain For UPS Applications. Power Electronic Conference.

xv APPENDIX A

xvi

xvii

xviii

xix

xx APPENDIX B