College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
February 5 Homework Solutions
2.5 Bourdon gages (see Video V2.2 and Fig. 2.1! are
commonl" used to measure pressure. #hen
such a gage is attached to the closed $ater tan%
of Fig. &2.5 (copied from the te't at the right!(
the gage reads 5 psi. #hat is the a)solute
pressure in the tan%* +ssume standard
atmospheric pressure of 1,.- psia.
The absolute pressure at the gage is is psi ! 1"#7
psi $ 19#7 psia# The %act that the gage is & in abo'e
the measuring line is irrele'ant# The only (i%%erence
in (epth that contributes the pressure at the gage is
the 12 in (i%%erence bet)een the gage le'el an( the
air# Thus )e can )rite that pair $ 19#7 psia ! )ater*12
in+# ,sing )ater $ &2#" lb%-%t
.
%rom Table 1/ on the
insi(e %ront co'er gi'es the %ollo)ing result %or the
air pressure#
( )
3
3
3 2
1728
12
4 . 62 7 . 19
in
ft
in
ft
lb
in
lb
p
f f
air
+
pair = 20.1 psia
2.11 .n a certain li/uid at rest measurements of the specific $eight at 0arious depths sho$ the
follo$ing 0ariation1
h(ft! 2 12 22 2 ,2 5 32 -2 42 52 122
3
ft
lb
f

-2 -3 4, 51 5- 122 12- 112 112 11, 115

6he depth( h 7 2( corresponds to a free surface at atmospheric pressure. Determine(
through numerical integration of E/. 2.,( the corresponding 0ariation in pressure and
sho$ the results on a plot of pressure (in psf! 0ersus depth (in feet!.
0e ha'e to numerically integrate (p-(1 $ / or p $ p0 2

z
z
dz
0
3 )here p0 $ 0 *gi'en+# 0e can
use a simple trape1oi( rule
( ) ( ) ( )

1
1
]
1

+ + +

b
a
N
k
b f x k a f a f
x
dx x f
1
1
2
2
) (
)here N $ *b 2
a+-4#
5acaran(a *6ngineering+ .... 7ail Co(e 8hone: 818#&77#&""8
6/mail: lcaretto9csun#e(u 8."8 :a4: 818#&77#70&2
In this problem the 'ariable o% integration is 1 an( the step si1e3 1 $ 210 %t# The 'alues o% %*1+
are the speci%ic )eight ta;en %rom the table# Some e4ample integrations gi'e the %ollo)ing
results:
2 3 3
10
730 76 70
2
10
0
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
p
f f f
ft

1
1
]
1

2 3 3 3
20
1540 84 76 2 70
2
10
0
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
p
f f f f
ft

1
1
]
1

,
_

2 3 3 3 3
30
2405 91 84 76 2 70
2
10
0
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
p
f f f f f
ft

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

The complete results an( graph3 (one in 64cel3 are sho)n belo)#
h*%t+ *lb%-%t
.
+ p *ps%+
0 70 0
10 7& 7.0
20 8" 1.0
.0 91 2"0
"0 97 .."
0 102 "."0
&0 107 .8
70 110 &"70
80 112 780
90 11" 8710
100 11 98
5acaran(a *6ngineering+ .... 7ail Co(e 8hone: 818#&77#&""8
6/mail: lcaretto9csun#e(u 8."8 :a4: 818#&77#70&2
:ebruary home)or; solutions 8age .
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
2.23 + 89tu)e manometer contains oil( mercur"( and $ater
as sho$n in Fig. &2.23 (copied at the right!. For the
column heights indicated $hat is the pressure
differential )et$een pipes + and B*
0e see that there is a line o% e<ual pressure near the
bottom o% the ,/tube at the lo)er arro) %or the (imension o%
the 12 in# =esignating the t)o e<ual pressures on either
si(e o% the manometer at this point as ple%t an( pright allo)s
us to )rite the %ollo)ing e<uations#
( ) ( )
( ) in in p p
in in p p
O H B right
Hg oil A left
12 3
12 7
2
+ +
+ +
Ta;e the (ata %or speci%ic )eights %rom table 1/ on the
insi(e %ront co'er *assuming the oil is S>6 .0 )eight oil an( ignoring (i%%erences in temperature+
are )ater $ &2#" lb%-%t
.
3 ?g $ 8"7 lb%-%t
.
3 an( oil $ 7#0 lb%-%t
.
# @earranging the e<uation to sol'e %or
pA 2 p> an( substituting the (ata gi'es#
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f
f f f
O H Hg oil A B
lb
in psia
in
ft
in
ft
lb
in
ft
lb
in
ft
lb
in in in in p p
1
1728
15
4 . 62
12
847
7
0 . 57
12 3 12 7
2
3
3
3 3 3
2

1
1
]
1

+
+ +
pB pA = 5.57 psi
2.,2 6he differential mercur" manometer of Fig.
&2.,2 (copied at the right! is connected to
pipe + containing gasoline (S: 7 2.35!( and
to pipe B containing $ater. Determine the
differential reading( h( corresponding to a
pressure in + of 22 %&a and a 0acuum of
152 torr ;use torr instead of mm <g= in B.
Call the pressure at the gasoline/mercury
inter%ace p1 an( the pressure at the )ater/
mercury inter%ace p2# The (i%%erence bet)een
these t)o pressures is (ue to the column o%
mercury )ith height h#
h p p
Hg
+
2 1
0e can relate p1 an( p2 to the pressures in > an( A as %ollo)s#
( ) ( ) m h p p m h p p
water B gasol A
3 . 0 3 . 0
2 1
+ + + +
Combining the t)o e<uations abo'e gi'es the %ollo)ing e4pression %or p> 2 pA:
( ) ( ) m h m h p p p p
gasol water B A
3 . 0 3 . 0
2 1
+ +
p1
p2
:ebruary home)or; solutions 8age "
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
:rom the %irst e<uation )e ha'e p1 2 p2 $ ?gh# Substituting this result into the e<uation abo'e %or
p> 2 pA gi'es#
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
gasol water gasol water Hg
gasol water Hg B A
m h
m h m h h p p
+
+ +
3 . 0
3 . 0 3 . 0
Sol'ing this e<uation %or h gi'es
( ) ( )
gasol water Hg
gasol water B A
m p p
h

+ +

3 . 0
The (ata %or speci%ic )eights o% )ater an( mercury are ta;en %rom table 1/& on the insi(e %ront
co'er *ignoring (i%%erences in temperature+: )ater $ 9#80 ;N-m
.
an( ?g $1.. ;N-m
.
# The gasoline
has a speci%ic gra'ity o% 0#& an(3 assuming that its re%erence speci%ic )eight is that o% )ater Bust
%oun(3 )e %in( the gasoline speci%ic )eight as *SC+*)ater+ $ *0#&+*9#80 ;N-m
.
+ $ &#.7 ;N-m
.
#
The pressure in > is a gage pressure# The pressure in A is gi'en as a 'acuum o% 10 mm ?g# >
'acuum is the (i%%erence bet)een the atmospheric pressure an( the absolute pressure# Ay
(e%inition3 p'acuum $ patmospheric 2 pabsolute an( pgage $ 2p'acuum# Thus the 10 torr 'acuum is a gage
pressure o% 2*10 torr+*101#.2 ;8a+-*7&0 torr+ $ 220#00 ;8a# Substituting this pressure %or pA3
the gi'en 'alue o% p> $ 20 ;8a3 an( the speci%ic )eight (ata %rom the pre'ious paragraph into the
e<uation %or h gi'es
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] ( )
3 3 3
3 3 2
37 . 6 81 . 9 133
37 . 6 81 . 9
3 . 0 20 20
3 . 0
m
kN
m
kN
m
kN
m
kN
m
kN
m
m kPa
kN
kPa kPa
m p p
h
gasol water Hg
gasol water B A

,
_

+ +

+ +

h = 0.384
:ebruary home)or; solutions 8age
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
2.,2 6he manometer fluid in the manometer of Fig. &2.,2
(copied at the right! has a specific gra0it" of .,3.
&ipes + and B )oth contain $ater. .f the pressure in
pipe + is decreased )" 1. psi and the pressure in
pipe B increases )" 2.5 psi( determine the ne$
differential reading of the manometer.
There is a common pressure on both si(es o% the
manometer at the point o% the lo)er )ater/gage/%lui(
inter%ace# 0riting the t)o e<ual pressures at this point in
terms o% the pressures in > an( A gi'es the %ollo)ing
e<uations#
rigfht water water B right
gage gage left water water A left
h p p
h h p p
,
,
+
+ +
:or the con%iguration sho)n abo'e3 h)ater3le%t $ 2 %t3 hgage $ 2 %t3 an( h)ater3right $ 1 %t# 0e can sol'e
this e<uation %or pA 2 p> to obtain the %ollo)ing result#
right water water gage gage left water water A B
h h h p p
, ,
+
,se the speci%ic )eight o% )ater as &2#" lb%-%t
.
%rom Table 1/ on the insi(e %ront co'er %or both the
'alue o% )ater an( the re%erence speci%ic )eight %or the gage %lui(# This gi'es the speci%ic )eight o%
the gage %lui( as *.#"&+*&2#" lb%-%t
.
+ $ 21#9 lb%-%t
.
# Substituting these 'alues an( the original gage
rea(ings into the e<uation %or pA 2 p> gi'es
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 3
2 . 494
1
4 . 62
2
9 . 215
2
4 . 62
ft
lb
ft
ft
lb
ft
ft
lb
ft
ft
lb
p p
f f f f
A B
+
The ne) 'alue o% pA 2 p> is %oun( as %ollo)s#
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
, ,
0 . 811
144
3 . 1
144
9 . 0 2 . 494
ft
lb
ft
in
in
lb
ft
in
in
lb
ft
lb
p p p p p p p p p p
f f f f
A B old A B A old A B old B new A B

+
+ + +
0ith the increase( 'alue o% pA3 the )ater/gage/%lui( inter%ace on the le%t )ill become lo)er by a
'alue o% h so that the ne) 'alue o% h)ater3le%t )ill become 1 %t ! h# This change )ill be re%lecte(
throughout the manometer system# The )ater/gage/%lui( inter%ace on the right )ill rise by the
same 'alue h so that h)ater3righy becomes 2 %t 2 h# Aoth o% these (i%%erences )ill change the
height o% the gage %lui( by 2h to a ne) 'alue o% hgage $ 2 %t ! 2h# Substituting these ne) 'alues
o% the gage heights an( the ne) 'alue o% pA 2 p> into the original e<uation %or pA 2 p> gi'es
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) h ft
ft
lb
h ft
ft
lb
h ft
ft
lb
ft
lb
p p
f f f f
new A B
+ + + 1
4 . 62
2 2
9 . 215
2
4 . 62 0 . 811
3 3 3 2
The pro(ucts o% speci%ic )eights an( heights on the right/si(e o% the e<uation are seen to be
simply the original 'alues %or pA 2 p> $ "9"#2 lb%-%t
2
# This gi'es the %ollo)ing steps %or obtaining
h#
:ebruary home)or; solutions 8age &
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
3 3 3 3 2 2 2
9 . 215 4 . 62 4 . 62 9 . 215
2
8 . 316 2 . 494 0 . 811
ft
lb
h
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
h
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
f f f f f f f

,
_

Sol'ing this e<uation gi'es h $ 1#0. %t# >((ing t)o times this 'alue to the original 'alue o% hgage $
2 %t gi'es the re<uire( ans)er#
hgage!ne" = 4.0# $%
2.,3 Determine the change in
ele0ation of the mercur" in
the left leg of the
manometer of Fig. &2.,3
(copied at the right! as a
result of an increase in
pressure of 5 psi in pipe +
$hile the pressure in pipe B
remains constant.
The mercury pressures are
e<ual at the mercury/)ater
inter%ace an( the point in the
incline that is at the same le'el as this inter%ace# These t)o e<ual pressures can be )ritten as
%ollo)s# *In this e<uation )e use a 'ariable height %or the %ollo)ing (istances in the (iagram:
h)ater$ 18 in3 hoil $ 12 in3 an( D?g $ & in $ the (i%%erence bet)een the )ater/mercury an( the oil/
mrecury inter%aces#+
o
Hg Hg oil oil B right water water A left
h p p h p p 30 sin + + +
Sol'ing %or the pressure (i%%erence gi'es
water water
o
Hg Hg oil oil B A
h h p p + 30 sin
0hen the pressure in > increases to p>3ne)3 the )ater/mercury inter%ace )ill (rop by a 'alue h
an( the mercury/oil inter%ace )ill rise a (istance3 D along the incline( length# These changes )ill
cause h)ater to increase by h an( hoil to (ecrease by D sin.0
o
# The 'ertical (i%%erence in the
mercury column )ill increase by the sum o% h an( D sin.0
o
# 6'en )ith all these changes )e )ill
still ha'e the same relationship bet)een the pressure (i%%erence an( manometer measurements#
This )ill gi'e the e<uation belo)#
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) h h h h p p
water water
o
Hg Hg
o
oil oil B new A
+ + + + 30 sin 30 sin
,

I% )e subtract the e<uation %or the original pressure (i%%erence %rom this e<uation )e obtain the
%ollo)ing result %or the increase in pressure in >#
( ) h h p p
water
o
Hg
o
oil A new A
+ + 30 sin 30 sin
,

0e appear to ha'e t)o un;no)ns3 h an( D# ?o)e'er these t)o are relate( because the
'olume o% the mercury is constant# 0hen the mercury (rops by a height change o% h3 a 'olume
o% mercury e<ual to r)ater
2
is (isplace( %rom the 'ertical tube to the incline( tube# The 'olume3 E3
o% %lui( in an cylin(er incline( at an angle )ith the hori1ontal plane is gi'en by the e<uation E $
:ebruary home)or; solutions 8age 7
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
r
2
*D ! r-tan+3 )here D is the (istance %rom the bottom o% the cylin(er to the closest location o% the
incline( plane#
1
I% the 'alue o% D is change( by D3 ;eeping r an( constant3 the (i%%erence in
'olume is simply r
2
D3 Bust as it )oul( be %or a 'ertical cylin(er# 6<uating the t)o (isplace(
'olumes gi'es the %ollo)ing relationship bet)een h an( D#
4 25 . 0
125 . 0
2 2
2 2

,
_

,
_

in
in
r
r
h r h r
water
Hg
Hg water
Ae%ore substituting this result into our e<uation %or the pressure change3 )e ha'e to get the
necessary (ata# Table 1/ in the insi(e %ront co'er gi'es the 'alues %or )ater $ &2#" lb%-%t
.
an( ?g $
8"7 lb%-%t
.
# The oil has a speci%ic gra'ity o% 0#9 so )e %in( its speci%ic )eight using the 'alue o%
)ater $ &2#" lb%-%t
.
Bust %oun(: oil $ 0#9*&2#" lb%-%t
.
+r $ &#1& lb%-%t
.
# 0e can no) substitute the
e<uation h $ D-" into the pressure increase e<uation3 set sin.0
o
to its 'alue o% 0#3 an(
substitute the speci%ic )eights Bust obtaine( to get the solution %or h#
( ) ( ) h h h h p p
water Hg oil water
o
Hg
o
oil A new A
+ + + 3 2 30 sin 4 30 sin 4
,
( )
ft
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft
lb
ft psi
lb
psi
p p
h
f f f
f
water oil Hg
A new A
304 . 0
4 . 62 16 . 56
2
847
3
144
5
2 2
3 3 3
2
,

&he ercur' le(el dr)ps 0.304 $%.
1
Ta;en %rom http:--)))#lmnoeng#com-Eolume-Incline(Cyl#htm )eb site accesse( 5anuary 193
2008#