KTH, Energy Technology 2014

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Stockholm-
Smarter City-
Smarter People 2030



The Case Study in
MJ2410
Energy Management
2014

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THE PROJECT IN MJ2410, ENERGY MANAGEMENT, 2014
Detailed Instructions

Background
The case this year will deal with the future potential for 14 districts in
Stockholm. Which part of Stockholm could be considered to be
transformed as an internationally renowned landmark eco-city district
highlighting Swedish Clean tech solutions in 2030? Hopefully it will be
yours! 7 sustainability focus areas have been selected for the project and
consequently for each group to consider.

1. Sustainable and smart urban functions and people
2. Sustainable Ecological environment
3. Sustainable and smart energy system (smart grid, local production)
4. Sustainable Water resources management
5. Smart and Sustainable Solid waste disposal
6. Greener and smarter traffic
7. Sustainable Building renovation and design

Similar approaches have been taken in the 10 guiding principles listed in
the WWF project One planet living.
(http://www.oneplanetliving.org/index.html) The proposed WWF 10 Guiding
Principles that can be used as inspiration are:

1. Zero carbon (we will however allow between 1 to 2 ton per capita to
be reasonable)
2. Zero Waste (recycle, gasification, etc)
3. Sustainable Transport (no petrol cars etc)
4. Local and Sustainable Materials
5. Local and Sustainable Food
6. Sustainable Water (water desalination etc)
7. Natural Habitat and wildlife
8. Culture and heritage
9. Equity and fair trade
10. Health and happiness

You can use these as inspiration in our project with a special focus on the
challenges posed by four of them: 1, 2, 3 and 6. These matches rather
well the 7 put up by for Stockholm. The rest can be used as inspiration
when you develop your part of Stockholm.

Other inspirational material can be found in the solar cities movement, for
example: http://www.solarcitiesscotland.org.uk/. Or check out the Clinton climate
initiative: http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/clinton-climate-initiative/. Or
why not the most recent, The carbon war room:
http://www.carbonwarroom.com/.


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The size of the group is 6-7 students.

In the Stockholm-case 2014 we assume that the Swedish Government
(via Swedish Energy Agency) and the city of Stockholm have decided to
support a preliminary study of the transition to a more energy efficient
city and the assessment performed here is undertaken in order to select
a part of Stockholm for the full scale demonstration proj ect. We
also assume that your group have been selected as consultant to
produce the first draft solutions for one of the parts in a competition, not
an unlikely scenario within a few years anyway. In fact, the Swedish
government is already using part of Stockholm as a show-case for
Swedish clean tech innovations (Royal Seaport and Hammarby Sjostad).

Therefore each group should include and highlight at least five
Systemic Swedish Clean- Tech innovations into the proposed
solution.

The draft proposal from each group will be evaluated by Technical and
Economical Assessment Panel (TEAP). Based on the evaluation by TEAP,
the conditions for financial support will be determined.


The task in more detail
You are about to analyse, redesign and improve one of 14 districts in
Stockholm. The new city district is expected to be ready for evaluation in
2030 (everything new should be implemented and up and running).

The project aims at:
Lower the net-primary energy demand per capita delivered from
outside of the system (beyond the system boundary), regardless of
its renewable energy or fossil, to an average of 2 or 1.5 kW per
capita depending on the district which is selected (Check your
district to find out what the target is for your district, 1.5 or 2 kW).
Increase the fraction of renewable energy used in the system to at
least 75%.
Discuss the economic balance within the system between addition of
locally harvested (or imported) renewable energy and energy
efficiency improvements
Present the result using the two measures of system performance
described above, one related to energy use (kW/capita) and the
other related to the fraction of renewable energy used. The first one
is a per capita measure. These two numbers shall be given in the
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final report as before (today) and after (in 2030). Further to this
CO
2
per capita can be used
1

The definition of 2 kW/capita is as follows:


pmu cncg suppIcd
no oI pcopIc 8760 hous
j
wh
cup h
= Wcap[

In addition to achieving the two targets mentioned, the students should
discuss at least two more sub-goals and plan to achieve these goals.
Please consider that the sub-goals are set in order to make smart districts
and consequently make the whole Stockholm smarter and more
sustainable. The sub-goals can concern;
Environmental quality such as improved air and water quality,
Improving access to energy services
Smart, active and engaged users
Smart Economy and Smart Governance
2

Business models matter
From a management point of view your job is to figure out how
organizations, companies and the citizens of your district can become
prosumers, i.e. both producing and using energy carriers. What should
the business model for this look like? One benefit of this, seen from the
district as a whole, could be a lower peak energy demand. Another benefit
is an increased fraction of renewable energy which is one of the project
goals. Bear in mind that the best way to increase this ratio require a
balance between energy efficiency improvements and addition of
renewable energy sources such as solar PV, biogas etc..

District heating
If there is a district heating network today you can assume it is opened
for third party access in 2030 (se district heating report in project folder
on Bilda). This means that everybody can sell heat to the grid provided
you can deliver at a useful temperature level and provided there is a
need elsewhere. In order to facilitate this, changes in the local grid
temperature levels within the district can be assumed if motivated by
technical improvements, lowered district heat demand etc. If you want to
export heat over the system boundary to other districts you have to reach
the standard temperature as given in the above mentioned report.




1
Even though we do not require a full upstream analysis (with primary energy factors) . Make sure assumptions
such as CO
2
/kWh electricity is well motivated.
2
These are very vague and multi-sided concepts. So the challenge for you would be how to describe or interpret
them.
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Building stock
The building stock is slowly changing. Most buildings exist today, some
new will be added. These could be of low energy type, near zero type or
even so called + buildings. Existing buildings can be refurbished. It is up
to the group to decide on the possibilities and create a future scenario.

Renewable energy technologies
The renewable energy technologies considered can be solar PV; solar
thermal, wind power, biomass or biogas fired co-generation, heat pumps,
free cooling etc. It is up to the group to investigate the best alternatives
and decide on the possibilities and create a future scenario. For heat
pumps the harvest of renewable energy is calculated according to the EU
RES directive unless the driving energy (carrier) is produced within the
system in a polygeneration set up. It could be a direct coupled heat pump
directly on the shaft of a biogas fired energy for example.

The added new energy production system must be designed to meet the
energy demand with hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal variations under
given climatic constraints together with imported energy over the system
boundary. A climate file for Stockholm will be generated and provided in
excel format and placed on Bilda. Questions or issues with weather files
can be directed to nelson.sommerfeldt@energy.kth.se.

Waste handling and water management
Waste handling is assumed to be handled in the system at large.
Incineration brings back heat through the DH network. The sewage
system, together with waste fractionation, allows the possibility to
produce biogas. Each city part can claim their share of these possibilities.
A dematerialization may lead to diminishing streams of waste. The effects
of the second WWF guiding principle Zero Waste needs to considered.
The so-called Hammarby model below can be used as inspiration.

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Figure 1, The Hammarby model
(http://www.hammarbysjostad.se/inenglish/pdf/HS_miljo_bok_eng_ny.pdf)

Transportation
Data on transportation can be found in the given references. The number
of cars, average driving distances and so on. A transition to electric or
hybrid vehicles is inevitable. It it obviously difficult to forsee how fast the
transition will be. You can decide to speed it up by providing charging
poles, free parking spaces etc. A scenario can be created. Some new
subway lines are already in the planning phase and new routes for biogas
buses can be easily adapted to offset the need for private cars. Carpooling
is another option. It is up to each group to consider these possibilities.

The districts
The city parts considered in the project are (see map):

Bromma
Enskede-rsta-Vantr
Farsta
Hgersten-Liljeholmen
Hsselby-Vllingby
Kungsholmen
Norrmalm

Rinkeby-Kista
Skarpnck
Skrholmens
Spnga-Tensta
Sdermalm
lvsj
stermalm

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Figure 2. Districts in Stockholm in the project

In order to design the energy system for the town-district the energy
end- use patterns must thus be found. This pattern is caused by the city
activities, housing, transport, use of information technologies etc. Most of
these are driven by both our lifestyles and improvements in product
performance and It is your job to define how the life in your city district
will be in 2030. Improvement in product efficiency can be assumed to
follow current trends.

The number of inhabitants and demographics can be found in the sources
listed at the end. New housing projects in planning + your own ideas can
be added. More information resources will be posted on Bilda throughout
the project on demand.

A lot of inspiration for building performance can be found on
http://zeb.buildinggreen.com/

The Zero Energy Buildings Database features profiles of commercial
buildings that produce as much energy as they use over the course of a
year. This database highlights projects from across USA and provides
ideas that can be applied to any new building in your city. The Database is
part of the High Performance Buildings Database which lists many
additional projects. (http://eere.buildinggreen.com/)

What is needed in terms of transport? Housing, Labs, food etc.?

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The above table is an example of a Service profile from another similar
project (a single family dwelling in Bromma). Each service is characterized
a content (heating) a volume (sqm) and a quality (C). This is just an
example and there are many ways to do this.

After the city district is re-designed (and refurbished) you need to create
new components for the local sustainable energy system. Remember that
you must balance energy supply with efficient energy use! Remember that
this might be an iterative process are your buildings and transportation
system good enough?

One of the general challenges is energy use minimisation while
maintaining (or improving) the service level of the society. One of the 10
guiding principles is zero carbon but we are generous enough to allow 2
ton CO
2
per citizen and year in the project except for the four parts of
inner Stockholm where the target is 1.5 ton. It is not the primary measure
but it is a bonus if you can show that this is possible. Maybe you can
reach even further? The CO2 emissions may be caused by import of fuels
or by import of electricity produced by fossil fuels from outside of the
system. Indirect energy and CO
2
emissions are important, of course, but
not considered in the project.

It is clear that large amounts of renewable energy must be harvested
inside of, or in the vicinity of the system. Options here are of course solar,
wind, waste heat, geothermal etc....

A clear explanation must be done in the report on how the 2 ton CO
2

target is met, including an extensive system boundary discussion.

Some detailed input.

A lot of data is available through Statistics Sweden, Stockholm city and
other sources. Here are a few examples to start off.

HASserviceprofile Place: Bromma Year 2010
Servicecontent Quantity Unit Quality Unit EUSs Allocation
HeatedHome 50 m2 22 C 1,2,5 Personal
HotWater 125 l/day 55 C 2,3 Personal
Traveltowork 50 km Car 7 supply
Traveltowork 50 km Bus 8 supply
Travel(kids) 10 km Car 7 care
Travel(shopping) 5 km Car 7 food
etc.
etc.
etc.
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Fig 3, example of age distribution in four districts


Fig 4, Example of size of dwellings

General (geography, people, jobs, housing)
http://www.statistikomstockholm.se/index.php/statistics-in-english
http://miljobarometern.stockholm.se/sub.asp?mo=8&dm=1
http://www.scb.se/en_/
Google Earth (of course), but take one day to go there!

Energy
https://www.energimyndigheten.se/Statistik/
http://www.tmr.sll.se/Statistik/Arsstatistik/Arsstatistik-2013/
Some reports uploaded on bilda on District heating in Stockholm for example

Traffic, cars
http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=130
https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/Press/Statistik/Vag/Fordonsstatistik/

Obviously some data will be missing no matter how much you search it
simply doesnt exist. Here is where you have to be able to make
assumptions. Any assumption of this kind made need to be motivated,
explicit and not hidden. Assumptions supported by the literature or by
other examples from around the world are welcome.

Balance is important
The energy system must be designed to meet the foreseeable energy (or
rather service) demand with hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal variations
under given climatic constraints. This means that the energy usage
patterns need to entered as input to the supply model. The key her is to
consider storage possibilities. Buildings are heavy especially old ones.
The district heating network allow some storage and additional tank
capacity can be added. Transportation fuels are stored in the tanks of the
vehicle.
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A brief note on system boundaries
The general principle used in the project for definition of system
boundaries are not to strictly draw a geographical border even if the
Campus map showed earlier suggest that. Instead it is a central part of
the modelling process. The system boundary issues are to be resolved by
repeatedly asking the two questions proposed by the well-known
professor in Systems Analysis C.W. Churchman (Churchman, 1968).

As you know, if something is considered to be either in the system or in
the system surroundings two questions help us to decide how to handle it:

1. Does it matter with respect to the systems ability to fulfil its
goals? (Y/N)
2. Can the system do anything about it? (Y/N)

If the answer is Yes and No then it is in the systems surrounding and
thus part of the analysis as a boundary condition. It can be any issue of
factor such as the Carbon intensity of electricity, general development of
Stockholm or specific issues such as energy prices.

System Requirements According to TEAP
The maximum allowable emissions (see above for definition) for transport,
ICT
3
and space heating/cooling etc should not be associated with more
than 1.5 or 2 ton CO
2
per capita and year. The energy systems should
also be designed to maximize the percentage of renewable energy. It is
thus OK if imported energy is not totally carbon free it is just limited.
Imported electricity should be evaluated with the associated CO
2

emissions from production.

Small scale, i.e. local harvesting of renewable energy, is not counted as
part of the 2 ton CO
2
definition or in the 2 kW goal. The time constant in
carbon balance for bioenergy systems is thus neglected. Design choices
such as storage of hydrogen, bio fuels, hot and cold water etc. is a choice
of the project group.


Time plan and deliverables
Deadline 1 (a-b): Monday 2014-03-03 before 23:59 please upload the
assignments listed below on Bilda: (a) Project presentation as ppt-file and
(b) project proposal as short written description (2-4 pages) on how the
group is organized and how different tasks and responsibilities are
distributed within the group. The presentation must also include a
description of how all the steps described in Methodology are to be
performed by the group. The first presentation is a closed session for the
evaluation committee only (TEAP).

3
Information and communication technologies
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Presentation 1: Wednesday 2014-03-05, 13.15-17.00, L51/L52
(depending on group) Closed 7 min presentation of draft proposal for
TEAP (Technology and Economy Assessment Panel) to get approval of
concept and conditions for loan for investments. Draft layout of district,
geographical position, Group organization, method of attack, system
boundary issues and preliminary ideas for the energy system must be
presented. It is closed session booked only for one group and TEAP
other groups cannot attend others presentation.

Deadline 2: (Final Report deadline) Thursday, 2014-05-05, before
8.59 AM, Project report, max 20 pages + appendices, uploaded on Bilda.

Final presentation 2 (a-c): Tuesday, 6th May, 08:15 12:00, V2 OR
Friday, 9th May 13.15-17.00 M2
(a) Final ppt-file, (b) Final presentation (max 15 minutes).

Communication and feedback: For efficient feedback and
communication make sure that all names and email addresses of the
group members do exist on first page of ALL documents produced. For
distant students also give your location. Please use page numbers! Please
note that ppt-files must be made available in advance!

Group size: 6-7 students.

Methodology in brief (suggested):

1. Each group should choose one of the districts from the list given in this
Doodle link: http://doodle.com/2kc47eapxvft75it
Please put your group number, for example Group 1, and tick the district
name that you want to select. You cannot select the district that was
already selected by another group.

2. Investigate current state of your part of Stockholm. Find key figures for
housing, transportation etc. Determine how it will change until 2030.
Determine key figures such as energy need per sqm for heating and
cooling etc. This part will require some digging

3. Define your system including boundaries and exchange of energy with
surrounding systems. Make sure you have a clear definition of the 1,5 - 2
ton CO
2
ad 1,5 - 2 kW issues for your system. Dont take this to lightly

4. Estimate (roughly) the energy use of your city district today and 2030.
Use internet and other sources to support your estimated energy demand
for similar districts with similar population, transportation, industrial
activities (services, manufacturing, commercial areas etc). Create a model
able to calculate the demand for energy carriers for all activities on an
hourly basis. This is a tricky part.
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5. Describe conceptual and quantitatively your model of the energy
demand. (This part of your work could be descried as the energy usage
system model and this system should connect to the energy supply
system specified. It is a very good idea to be graphical here.

6. Use the excel file of climate from Bilda for your calculations to prepare
necessary input for the Homer software. The excel file for your specific
location will contain hourly, daily and weekly data for temperature,
humidity, solar intensity, wind speed, wind direction (etc). Describe the
yearly primary energy demand in key figures: electricity and heat
(kWh)/capita. Fuel (J)/capita etc.

7. Determine the maximum needed capacity for electricity and heat
(peaks) for sizing of components. Can this be reduced by the introduction
of storage?

8. Select your renewable energy sources for internal use, wind, biomass,
solar, waste heat as well as energy carriers flowing over system boundary
(natural gas, hydrogen, bio fuels, waste, oil products etc). Determine the
best location for eventual co-generation, wind or solar power, etc. based
on prevailing wind directions and other factors. How much bio-gas and
waste heat can be produced with the resources from the system?

9. Determine the final need for storage so that peak demand can be met.
Consider the possibilities for local small-scale storage systems for meeting
the peak heat demand, electricity peak shaving and Demand Side
Management (DSM). Local heat pumps and micro CHPs have a great
potential for these purposes. Also consider DSM for non-essential loads.

10. Make an economic analysis about the systems suggested and
estimate the cost of energy services within the system.

11. Make sure you describe your energy supply system and required
inputs over system boundary as a function of time. Calculate renewable
energy fraction and yearly average W per capita energy supply. DO you
reach the targets? What about CO2 emissions per capita?

12. Make a poster presenting your ideas for the city district (fixed
template will be used). Indicate major infrastructure, housing, industries,
transportation, renewable energy and major distribution networks etc.

13. Write an executive summary considering the following questions:
What will change?
How much?
Who will do it?
How much does it cost (approximately)?
What happens if?

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14. Suggest an organisational form for the prosumer energy business to
implement the changes and run the new additional energy system how
can it be organised? How should people and organisations pay for the
energy or services? Find a suitable name for it. Use the perspective of
C.W. Churchman to find your system goals, your system manager etc.


Good luck/Per, Hatef, Nelson et. al.