1.

There are many different species of annelid worm. Some are very small, only a few millimetres
in length. Others, such as lugworms, are much larger. The drawing shows a lugworm and part of
one of its gills.

(a)

Smaller species of annelid do not have gills. Explain why these small worms do not need
gills to obtain sufficient oxygen.
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(2)

(b)

In many of the lugworm gills, the blood flows in the opposite direction to the current of
water passing over them. Explain the advantage of this arrangement.
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(2)

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(c)

Explain two ways, other than that described in part (b), in which the structure of a
lugworm gill is adapted for efficient gas exchange.
1...................................................................................................................................
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2...................................................................................................................................
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(2)

(d)

Explain why water is always lost from the gas exchange surfaces of terrestrial organisms.
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(2)

The table shows the ratio of the amount of water lost to the amount of oxygen gained for two
terrestrial animals, an annelid worm and an insect.
Organism

(e)

Ratio

Mass of water lost/mg g 1 minute 1

Volume of oxygen taken up/cm 3 g 1 minute 1

Annelid worm

2.61

Insect

0.11

3 1

Both the annelid and the insect take up oxygen at a rate of 2.5 cm g minute Calculate
the rate at which water would be lost in meeting these requirements in:
(i)

the annelid;

Answer.......................mg g minute

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(ii)

the insect.

Answer........................mg g minute

(2)

(f)

Give two explanations as to why the rate of water loss during gas exchange is very low in
most insects.
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2...................................................................................................................................
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(4)

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(g)

Annelids like the lugworm have blood which contains haemoglobin. The graph shows the
oxygen dissociation curves for lugworm haemoglobin and for human haemoglobin.
100

80
L u g w o rm
h a e m o g lo b in
P e rc e n ta g e 6 0
s a tu ra tio n o f
h a e m o g lo b in
w ith o x y g e n 4 0

H um an
h a e m o g lo b in

20

0
0

(i)

2
4
6
8
P a rtia l p re s s u re o f o x y g e n /k P a

10

During exercise, the rate of respiration of muscle cells increases. Explain what
causes human haemoglobin to unload more oxygen to these cells.
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(4)

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(ii)

The lugworm lives in a burrow in the sand on the seashore. When the tide is out,
water bringing a fresh supply of oxygen no longer flows through the burrow.
Suggest how the lugworms haemoglobin allows it to survive in these conditions.
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(2)
(Total 20 marks)

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2.

(a)

Plants and insects which live in desert conditions have adaptations which reduce water
loss. The diagrams show sections through an insect spiracle and a plant stoma.

Describe and explain two similarities in the way in which the structures shown in these
diagrams limit water loss from these organisms.
(4)

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(b)

The graph shows the rate of water loss from a desert-living insect. Over the periods of
time marked X the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air was increased from
approximately 0.03% to 5%.
0 .1 5
X
X
0 .1 0

R a te o f w a te r lo s s /
m g h o u r 1
0 .0 5

0
0

8
10
T im e /w e e k s

12

14

16

18

Suggest an explanation for the change in rate of water loss when the carbon dioxide
concentration was increased.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

3.

Answers should be written in continuous prose. Credit will be given for biological accuracy, the
organisation and presentation of information and the way in which an answer is expressed.
Ficks law states that the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane is directly
proportional to the surface area of the membrane and to the difference in concentration on either
side. It is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane. Ficks law can be written in
simple mathematical terms as:
Rate of diffusion

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Surface area Difference in concentration

Thickness of membrane

(a)

(i)

Describe how a large difference in oxygen concentration is maintained between a

fish gill and the surrounding water.
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(4)

(ii)

Describe the adaptations of a mammalian lung which ensure a short diffusion

pathway for respiratory gases.
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(3)

(b)

Explain the link between the size of an organism and the way in which its cells are
supplied with oxygen.
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(6)
(Total 13 marks)

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4.

(a)

Explain how water enters a plant root from the soil and travels through to the endodermis.
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(5)

(b)

From the root, water is transported upwards through the stem. Explain how evaporation
from the leaves can cause the water to move upwards.
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(4)

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(c)

In daylight, most of the water evaporates from the leaves but some is used by the plant.
Describe the ways in which this water could be used by the plant.
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(6)
(Total 15 marks)

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5.

The table shows the results of an investigation into how the distribution of the roots of three
species of grass varied with depth. The figures are given as percentages of the total root dry
mass of the species concerned.
Species of grass

(a)

Soil depth/m

Panicum
maximum

Themedra
triandra

Eragrostis
superba

0 0.4

64.9

66.5

73.6

0.4 0.8

14.2

25.9

15.5

0.8 1.2

12.1

5.6

7.4

1.2 1.6

4.7

1.4

2.6

1.6 2.0

2.6

0.6

0.8

2.0 2.4

1.2

0.1

2.4 2.8

0.3

Total dry mass/g per

plant

114

58

27

All three of these species grow in hot, dry conditions. Which species would you expect to
grow best if the ground was lightly sprinkled with water at regular intervals? Give an
explanation for your answer.
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(2)

(b)

Panicum maximum is able to survive better than the other two species during lengthy
periods of hot, dry weather. Use the data in the table to suggest an explanation.
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(2)

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(c)

Describe two ways in which the leaves of plants may be adapted for reducing water loss
in hot, dry conditions.
1. .................................................................................................................................
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2. ................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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