Energy Conversion with Plots 1.

1 Demo Version
Engineering Software
Copyright 1996 P.O. Box 1180 Germantown, MD 20875 Phone/FAX: (301) 540-3605 E-Mail: info@engineering-4e.com http://www.engineering-4e.com

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 0.130 -206.314 -141.045 0.474 12.00 0.693 0.711 298 1.00

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 2,937.582 1,552.050 -3,824.137 3.381 12.00 0.693 2.050 2,000 1.00

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L -4.4778053000E-01 A1U 1.3604942000E+00 A2L 5.3691002000E-03 A2U 1.9182237000E-03 A3L -3.9775571000E-07 A3U -8.4040389000E-07 A4L -4.0459300000E-09 A4U 1.6448700000E-10 A5L 2.1130000000E-12 A5U -1.2000000000E-14 -9.4280688000E+01 A6L A6U -6.5713870000E+02 A7L 1.6840791000E+00 A7U -8.0070207000E+00

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 298 1.00 0.082 -0.667 -1,239.333 -19,452.177 65.274 2.00 4.157 14.427 1.405

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] 2,000 1.00 0.012 26,476.589 18,163.400

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] -161,822.667 Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 94.150 2.00 4.157 17.096 1.321

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.0574451000E+00 A1U 3.1001901000E+00 A2L 2.6765200000E-03 A2U 5.1119464000E-04 A3L -5.8099162000E-06 A3U 5.2644210000E-08 A4L 5.5210391000E-09 A4U -3.4909973000E-11 A5L -1.8122739000E-12 A5U 3.6945345000E-15 A6L -9.8890474000E+02 A6U -8.7738042000E+02 A7L -2.2997056000E+00 A7U -1.9629421000E+00

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 388

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 0.529 -76.888 -296.525 0.997 32.00 0.260 0.691 298 1.00

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 388 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L -5.0637025000E+00 A1U 0.0000000000E+00 A2L 2.8819353000E-03 A2U 0.0000000000E+00 A3L -2.1330210000E-05 A3U 0.0000000000E+00 A4L 8.4787862000E-07 A4U 0.0000000000E+00 A5L -1.7344967000E-09 A5U 0.0000000000E+00 A6L 7.1482629000E+02 A6U 0.0000000000E+00 A7L 2.8714074000E+01 A7U 0.0000000000E+00

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 298 1.00 1.145 -0.165 -88.641 -2,037.859 6.838 28.00 0.297 1.040 1.400

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 2,000 1.00 0.171 2,003.764 1,409.965 -15,989.830 8.997 28.00 0.297 1.286 1.300

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6748261000E+00 A1U 2.8963194000E+00 A2L -1.2081500000E-03 A2U 1.5154866000E-03 A3L 2.3240102000E-06 A3U -5.7235277000E-07 A4L -6.3217559000E-10 A4U 9.9807393000E-11 A5L -2.2577253000E-13 A5U -6.5223555000E-15 A6L -1.0611588000E+03 A6U -9.0586184000E+02 A7L 2.3580424000E+00 A7U 6.1615148000E+00

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 298 1.00 1.309 -0.149 -77.566 -1,909.150 6.406 32.00 0.260 0.917 1.395

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 2,000 1.00 0.195 1,848.778 1,329.204 -14,938.405 8.394 32.00 0.260 1.182 1.282

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6255985000E+00 A1U 3.6219535000E+00 A2L -1.8782184000E-03 A2U 7.3618264000E-04 A3L 7.0554544000E-06 A3U -1.9652228000E-07 A4L -6.7635137000E-09 A4U 3.6201558000E-11 A5L 2.1555993000E-12 A5U -2.8945627000E-15 A6L -1.0475226000E+03 A6U -1.2019825000E+03 A7L 4.3052778000E+00 A7U 3.6150960000E+00

Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 298 1.00 0.736 -15,878.521 -16,016.150 -17,035.630 3.883 18.00 0.462 4.183 1.124

Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 1.2712782000E+01 A1U 0.0000000000E+00 A2L -1.7662790000E-02 A2U 0.0000000000E+00 A3L -2.2556661000E-05 A3U 0.0000000000E+00 A4L 2.0820908000E-07 A4U 0.0000000000E+00 A5L -2.4078614000E-10 A5U 0.0000000000E+00 A6L -3.7483200000E+04 A6U 0.0000000000E+00 A7L -5.9115345000E+01 A7U 0.0000000000E+00

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 298 1.00 1.186 -172.742 -258.167 -2,164.625 6.684 29.00 0.287 1.006 1.398

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Kappa [/] 2,000 1.00 0.177 1,789.964 1,216.312 -15,811.078 8.801 29.00 0.287 1.261 1.294

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6620900000E+00 A1U 3.0378300000E+00 A2L -1.3324400000E-03 A2U 1.3712400000E-03 A3L 3.3111800000E-06 A3U -4.9473600000E-07 A4L -1.9325500000E-09 A4U 8.5889900000E-11 A5L 2.8625400000E-13 A5U -5.6833600000E-15 A6L -1.6602700000E+03 A6U -1.5654400000E+03 A7L 2.7205400000E+00 A7U 5.6328600000E+00

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Input Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Kappa [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Compressor Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Inlet Pressure [atm] Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Turbine Inlet Pressure [atm] Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 298.0 1.00 1,500.0 15.00 1.0 24,000 Compressor Outlet Temperature [K] Turbine Outlet Temperature [K] Cycle Efficiency [%] Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr] Power Output [kW] Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 646.0 691.9 53.87 6,334 462 0.015

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Compression Ratio [/] 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Intlet Temperature [K] Compressor Outlet Temperature [K] 472.0 575.3 646.0 701.4 747.5 Turbine Outlet Temperature [K] 947.1 776.9 691.9 637.3 598.0 Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]

1,500.0

1.0

298.0

Working Fluid

Air

Compressor Outlet Temperature and Turbine Outlet Temperature vs Compression Ratio

Compressor Outlet Temperature [K]

1,000 800

1,000

800 600 600 400 200 5 10 15 20 25 400

Compression Ratio [/]

Compressor Outlet Temperature [K] Turbine Outlet Temperature [K]

Turbine Outlet Temperature [K]

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Compression Ratio [/] 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Intlet Temperature [K] Cycle Efficiency [%] 36.86 48.21 53.87 57.51 60.14 Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr] 9,256 7,078 6,334 5,933 5,674 Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]

1,500.0

1.0

298.0

Working Fluid

Air

Cycle Efficiency and Heat Rate vs Compression Ratio 100 10,000 9,000 8,000 60 7,000 40 6,000 5,000 5 10 15 20 25

80

20

Compresion Ratio [/]

Cycle Efficiency [%] Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr]

Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr]

Cycle Efficiency [%]

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Compression Ratio [/] 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Intlet Temperature [K] Power Output [kW] 380 446 462 461 454 Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]

1,500.0

1.0

298.0

Working Fluid

Air

Power Output and Fuel Mass Flow Rate vs Compression Ratio 600 0.020 0.018 0.016 400 0.014 300 0.012 0.010 5 10 15 20 25

500

200

Compression Ratio [/]

Power Output [kW] Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]

Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]

Power Output [kW]

Isentropic Compression (Ideal)

Input Values:
Working Fluid Kappa [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Inlet Temperature [K] Inlet Pressure [atm] Outlet Pressure [atm] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Air 1.40 1,004.00 298.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 Outlet Temperature [K] Power Input [kW] 646.0 349

Output Values:

Isentropic Compression (Ideal)

Pressure Ratio [/] 5 10 15 20 25 Inlet Temperature [K] 298.0 Outlet Temperature [K] 472.0 575.3 646.0 701.4 747.5 Working Fluid Air

Outlet Temperature vs Compression Ratio

1,000

Outlet Temperature [K]

750

500

250

0 5 10 15 20 25

Compression Ratio [/]

Outlet Temperature [K]

Isentropic Compression (Ideal)

Pressure Ratio [/] 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Inlet Temperature [K] 298.0 Power Input [kW] 175.0 276.0 349.0 405.0 451.0 Working Fluid Air

Power Input vs Compression Ratio

1,000

Power Input [kW]

750

500

250

0 5 10 15 20 25

Compression Ratio [/]

Power Input [kW]

Combustion --- Natural Gas

Input Values:
Fuel Composition MW [kg/kmol] 12.01078 2.015894 32 28.0134 31.99886 18.015324 Mass Basis [kg/kg] 0.743 0.247 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 1.000 Stoichiometric Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/] Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm] Combustion Efficiency [/] Oxidant Composition MW [kg/kmol] 31.99886 28.0134 Mole Basis [kmol/kmol] 0.2040 0.7960 1.00 Mass Basis [kg/kg] 0.2265 0.7735 1.00 2.93 25,559.53 Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/] 1.000 MW [kg/kmol] 44.00964 18.015324 64 28.0134 31.99886 Gas Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Gas CO2 H2O SO2 N2 O2 Kappa [/] 1.30 1.33 1.26 1.40 1.40 1.39 Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] 0.189 0.189 0.130 0.297 0.260 0.281
Maximum

Output Values:
Combustion Products Composition MW [kg/kmol] 44.00964 18.015324 64 28.0134 31.99886 Mass Basis [kg] 2.723 2.210 0.000 39.534 7.628 52.095 Mass Basis [kg/kg] 0.052 0.042 0.000 0.759 0.146 1.000 Mole Basis [kmol] 0.062 0.123 0.000 1.411 0.238 1.834 17.411 51.095

Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Water Fuel Total

Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Total

Oxygen Nitrogen Oxidant Total

MW [kg/kmol] 31.99886 28.0134

Combustion Products
Maximum 1,000

Oxygen Nitrogen Oxidant Total Stoichiometry [/] (1 or > 1)

Fuel Temperature [K]

Minimum

298
273

Oxidant Temperature [K]

Minimum

Fuel Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

-0.0700

Oxidant Enthalpy [kJ/kg] 1,203.506

Flame Temperature [K]

Combustion -- Coal/Oil
Stoichiometry [/] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 CO2 [kg/kg] 0.249 0.171 0.130 0.105 0.088 H2O [kg/kg] 0.041 0.028 0.021 0.017 0.014 SO2 [kg/kg] 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 N2 [kg/kg] 0.705 0.724 0.735 0.741 0.745 O2 [kg/kg] 0.000 0.073 0.111 0.135 0.151

Combustion Products Composition (Weight Basis) vs Stoichiometry

1.00

Combustion Products [kg/kg]

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Stoichiometry [/]
CO2 H2O SO2 N2 O2

Combustion -- Coal/Oil
Stoichiometry [/] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 CO2 [kmol/kmol] 0.170 0.115 0.087 0.070 0.059 H2O [kmol/kmol] 0.068 0.046 0.035 0.028 0.024 SO2 [kmol/kmol] 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 N2 [kmol/kmol] 0.759 0.769 0.774 0.777 0.779 O2 [kmol/kmol] 0.000 0.068 0.103 0.135 0.138

Combustion Products Composition (Mole Basis) vs Stoichiometry

Combustion Products [kmol/kmol]
1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Stoichiometry [/]
CO2 H2O SO2 N2 O2

Combustion -- Coal/Oil
Stoichiometry [/] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Flame Temperature [K] 2,484 1,880 1,544 1,329 1,178 Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/] 10.487 15.740 20.992 26.245 31.497

Flame Temperature and Oxidant to Fuel Ratio vs Stoichiometry

3000 35

2000 1500

25

20
15

1000
500 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

10 5 0

Stoichiometry [/]
Flame Temperature Oxidant to Fuel Ratio

Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/]

Flame Temperature [K]

2500

30

Mole Basis [kmol/kmol] 0.03374 0.06688 0.00000 0.76942 0.12996 1.00000

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] 0.845 1.690 0.622 1.038 0.916 1.038

5,000

298
273

-0.1617

Normal Shock
Input/Inlet Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Kappa [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Gas Constant [J/kg*K] Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 286.7 1,500.0 2.00 900.0 1,096.6 0.67 1.36 Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/] 1,500.0 1.94 557.6 1,345.3 1.32 0.76

Normal Shock
Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Inlet Stagnation Pressure [atm] Inlet Static Temperature [K] 496.6 696.6 896.6 1,096.6 1,296.6 Inlet Static Pressure [atm] 0.25 0.40 0.54 0.67 0.77

2.00

Velocity [m/s] Working Fluid

900.0 Air

Stagnation Inlet Static Temperature Temperature and and Pressure Pressure vs vs Static Inlet Temperature Stagnation Temperature

[K] [K] Temperature Temperature Stagnation Inlet Static

1,600 1,200 1,400 900 1,200 600 1,000 300 800 0 600 900 1100 800 1000 1300 1200 1500 1400 1700

0.8 2.0 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.2 1.0 0.0

Inlet Stagnation Static Temperature Temperature [K] [K]

Stagnation Inlet Static Temperature [K] Inlet Stagnation Static Pressure Pressure [atm] [atm]

Stagnation Pressure [atm] Inlet Static Pressure [atm]

1,800 1,500

2.5 1.0

Normal Shock
Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Inlet Stagnation Pressure [atm] Inlet Mach Number [/] 2.02 1.70 1.50 1.36 1.25

2.00

Velocity [m/s] Working Fluid

900.0 Air

Mach Number Static Temperature Inlet Mach Number vs vs Inlet Stagnation Temperature
2.5 2.0

Number Mach Inlet [/] [/] Number Mach

1.8 2.0 1.5

1.5
1.3

1.0 1.0

900 600

1100 800

1300 1000

1500 1200

1700 1400

Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

Inlet Mach Mach Number Number [/] [/]

Normal Shock
Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Stagnation Pressure [atm] 2.00 Outlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Outlet Stagnation Pressure [atm] 1.43 1.71 1.86 1.94 1.97 Velocity [m/s] Working Fluid 900.0 Air

Stagnation Stagnation Temperature Temperature and Pressure and Pressure vs Static vs Stagnation Temperature Temperature

[K] Temperature Stagnation [K] Temperature Outlet Stagnation

1,600 1,700 1,400 1,400 1,200 1.5 1.6 1,100 1,000 800 600 900 1100 800 1000 1300 1200 1500 1400 1700 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.8

Inlet Stagnation Static Temperature Temperature [K] [K]

Outlet Stagnation Stagnation Temperature Temperature [K] [K] Stagnation Outlet Stagnation Pressure Pressure [atm] [atm]

Stagnation Pressure [atm] Outlet Stagnation Pressure [atm]

1,800 2,000

2.5 2.0

Normal Shock
Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Stagnation Pressure [atm] 10.00 Outlet Static Temperature [K] 844.4 1,016.9 1,183.9 1,345.3 1,501.3 Outlet Static Pressure [atm] 1.14 1.30 1.34 1.32 1.28 Velocity [m/s] Working Fluid 900.0 Air

Stagnation Outlet Static Temperature Temperature and and Pressure Pressure vs vs Static Inlet Temperature Stagnation Temperature

[K] [K] Temperature Stagnation Temperature Outlet Static

1,600 1,400 1,400 1,200 1,200 1,000 1,000 800 600 900 1100 800 1000 1300 1200 1500 1400 1700 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0

Inlet Stagnation Static Temperature Temperature [K] [K]

Outlet Stagnation Static Temperature Temperature [K] [K] Stagnation Outlet Static Pressure Pressure [atm] [atm]

Stagnation Pressure [atm] Outlet Static Pressure [atm]

1,800 1,600

2.5 2.0

Normal Shock
Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 1,700.0 Inlet Stagnation Pressure [atm] Outlet Mach Number [/] 0.57 0.64 0.70 0.76 0.81

2.00

Velocity [m/s] Working Fluid

900.0 Air

Mach Number vs Static Temperature Outlet Mach Number vs Outlet Stagnation Temperature
1.0 2.0

Number Mach Outlet [/] [/] Number Mach

0.8 1.8 0.6

1.5 0.4 1.3 0.2

0.0 1.0

900 600

1100 800

1300 1000

1500 1200

1700 1400

Inlet Stagnation Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

Outlet Mach Mach Number Number [/] [/]

Thrust (Ideal)
Input Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Kappa [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Gas Constant [J/kg*K] Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Ambient Pressure [atm]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 286.7 1,500.0 10.00 500.0 1.0 1.00 Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/] Thrust [N] 1,375.5 7.38 0.67 1,181.9

Thrust (Ideal)
Stagnation Temperature [K] 700.0 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 Stagnation Pressure [atm] Ambient Pressure [atm] 10.00 1.00 Static Temperature [K] 575.5 775.5 975.5 1,175.5 1,375.5 Static Pressure [atm] 5.04 5.94 6.57 7.03 7.38 Velocity [m/s] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Working Fluid 500.0 1.0 Air

Static Temperature and Pressure vs Stagnation Temperature 1,500 8

Static Temperature [K]

1,300 7 1,100 900 700 5 500 300 700 900 1100 1300 1500 4 6

Static Temperature [K]

Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm]

Static Pressure [atm]

Thrust (Ideal)
Stagnation Temperature [K] 700.0 900.0 1,100.0 1,300.0 1,500.0 Stagnation Pressure [atm] Ambient Pressure [atm] 10.00 1.00 Mach Number [/] 1.04 0.90 0.80 0.73 0.67 Thrust [N] 764.5 869.8 974.2 1,078.2 1,181.9 Velocity [m/s] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Working Fluid 500.0 1.0 Air

Mach Number and Thrust vs Stagnation Temperature 1.1 1,300

Mach Number [/]

1.0 0.9 0.8 900 0.7 0.6 700 900 1100 1300 1500 700

Stagnation Temperature [K]

Mach Number [/] Thrust [N]

Thrust [N]

1,100

Engineering Equations
Here are some of the basic engineering formulas/equations related to energy conversion systems which are built into the Engineering Software product line: Continuity Equation m = vA Momentum Equation F = (vm + pA)out - (vm + pA)in Energy Equation Q - W = ((h + v^2/2 + gh)m)out - ((h + v^2/2 + gh)m)in State Equation for Ideal Gas pv = RT/MW Perfect Gas cp = constant k = cp/cv Isentropic Compression T2/T1 = (p2/p1)^(k - 1)/k T2/T1 = (V1/V2)^(k - 1) p2/p1 = (V1/V2)^k Combustion h reactants = h products Isentropic Expansion T1/T2 = (p1/p2)^(k - 1)/k T1/T2 = (V2/V1)^(k - 1) p1/p2 = (V2/V1)^k

Sonic Velocity vs = (kRT/MW)^1/2 Mach Number M = v/vs Isentropic Flow Tt/T = (1 + M^2(k - 1)/2) pt/p = (1 + M^2(k - 1)/2)^k/(k - 1) ht = (h + v^2/2) Tt = (T + v^2/(2cp)) Cycle Efficiency Cycle Efficiency = Net Work/Heat Brayton Cycle Efficiency Brayton Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/(p2/p1)^(k - 1)/k Otto Cycle Efficiency Compression Ratio = V1/V2 Otto Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/Compression Ratio^(k - 1) Diesel Cycle Efficiency Compression Ratio (CR) = V1/V2 Cut-Off Ratio (COR) = V3/V2 Diesel Cycle Efficiency = 1 - (COR^k - 1)/(k*CR^(k - 1)(COR - 1)) Heat Rate Heat Rate = (1/Cycle Efficiency)*3,412 Thrust Thrust = vm + (p - pa)A

Physical Properties
For each reaction species, the thermodynamic functions specific heat, enthalpy and entropy as functions of temperature are given in the form of least squares coefficients as follows: Cp/R = A1 + A2*T + A3*T^2 + A4*T^3 + A5*T^4 H/(R*T) = A1 + A2*T/2 + A3*T^2/3 + A4*T^3/4 + A5*T^4/5 + A6/T S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7 or S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7 - lnp For each species, two sets of coefficients are included for two adjecent temperature intervals, 273 to 1,000 [K] and 1,000 to 5,000 [K]. The data have been constrained to be equal at 1,000 [K]. Also, U = H - p*v*MW or U = H - R*T G = H - S*T and u = h - p*v or u = h - R*T/MW g = h - s*T

Legend:
Cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kmol*K] cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] MW -- Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] R -- Universal Gas Constant [kJ/kmol*K] Gas Constant = R/MW [kJ/kg*K] H -- Enthalpy [kJ/kmol] h -- Enthalpy [kJ/kg] T -- Temperature [K] S -- Entropy [kJ/kmol*K] s -- Entropy [kJ/kg*K] p -- Pressure [atm] U -- Internal Energy [kJ/kmol] u -- Internal Energy [kJ/kg] V -- Volume [m^3] v -- Specific Volume [m^3/kg] G -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kmol] g -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Fuel HHV Values

Fuel Hydrogen Natural Gas Oil Carbon Coal Wood HHV [Btu/lbm] 60,000 24,000 18,000 14,000 8,000 -- 14,000 6,000

Working Fluid Properties

Gas Air Ammonia Argon Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Helium Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen Oxygen Water Vapor Gas Notation Kappa [/] 1.40 1.30 1.67 1.28 1.40 1.66 1.40 1.32 1.40 1.40 1.33 Gas Constant [J/kg*K] 286.7 488.2 208.1 188.9 296.8 2,078.5 4,124.0 518.2 296.9 259.8 188.5 Specific Heat [J/kg*K] 1,004.0 2,092.0 519.0 845.0 1,042.0 5,200.0 14,350.0 2,223.0 1,038.0 916.0 1,690.0

NH3 Ar CO2 CO He H2 CH4 N2 O2 H2O

Assumptions
This Engineering Software product allows quick and reliable calculation of thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species, contains coefficients for the calculation of physical properties, steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas, provides analyses of power cycles, power cycle components/processes and compressible flow. The aforementioned engineering calculations are valid under the following assumptions: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Single species consideration Ideal gas approach is used (pv=RT) Specific heat is not constant Coefficients describing thermodynamic and transport properties were obtained from the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, OH -- such coefficients conform with the standard reference temperature of 298.15 K (77 F) and the JANAF tables Power Cycles Single species consideration -- fuel mass flow rate ignored and its impact on the properties of the working fluid Basic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energy equations) Specific heat is constant Power Cycle Components/Processes Single species consideration Basic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energy equations) Specific heat is constant Compressible Flow Single specie sconsideration Basic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energy equations) Specific heat is constant

How to Use the Spreadsheet

In each section, subsection of the spreadsheet, the user needs to change one or more input values in order to calculate a new case. Input values are in boxes with yellow background and can be changed by clicking on each individual box or even by using the arrow keys and changing the current value. Output values cannot be modified, changed by the user and they are in boxes with white background.

Disclaimer of Warranty
Engineering Software has made every effort to verify that this spreadsheet provides accurate, helpful information to assist you in carrying out your calculations. However, you must be aware that the information in this spreadsheet is sold to you "AS IS", without any warranty of any kind. The only exception is the 30-day warranty for replacement of defective disks. In no event shall Engineering Software be liable or responsible for any problems that arise because of the defects with this spreadshet. The ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of your calculations remains with the user.

License Agreement
This spreadsheet is the property of Engineering Software and is protected by federal copyright law. While Engineering Software continues to own the spreadsheet, you will have certain rights to use the spreadsheet after your acceptance of this license. Your rights and obligations with respect to the use of this spreadsheet are as follows: You may: use one copy of the spreadsheet on a single computer, make one copy of the spreadsheet for backup purposes and use the spreadsheet on a network, provided that you have a licensed copy of the spreadsheet for each computer that can access the spreadsheet over the network You may not: copy the documentation which accompanies the spreadsheet, sublicense, rent or lease any portion of the spreadsheet and reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, modify, translate, make any attempt to discover the source code of the spreadsheet or create derivative works from the spreadsheet