PAPERS

of the

NEW WORLD

archaeological foundation
NUMBER TWENTY SIX TWENTYSIX

the artifacts
of

chiapa de corzo chiapas mexico

by

THOMAS A LEE JR

NEW WORLD

archaeological foundation
university
PBOVO PROVO

BBIGHAM YOUNG BRIGHAM

UTAH

1969

introduction
THE SETTING
archaeological site of chiapa de corzo lies near the lower end of the central of depression of chiapas on the east bank 0 the grijalva river situated as it is well back incised from the river on the flat but deeply incise terrace at the base of the chiapas highlands rising to the north the site is now covered with houses corrals and fields of the nearby town of the same name modern chiapa de corzo commands an modem imimportant position on the river and the im portance of the river in the everyday life of its prehistoric inhabitants must have been considerable at the time of the arrival of the spanish in the area their reports suggest that travel on this not too deep but smooth river was abundant as they had little trouble in finding twenty canoes to ferry them across at a point near chiapa de corzo diaz del

the

castillo 1964 392

until recently when an all weather road

was completed to acala twenty miles upstream from chiapa de corzo a lively trade plied the river canoes are found throughout its length both at major crossings and isolated fineas where farmers find it the quickest and fincas cheapest means of transportation for short distances in a few areas it is still the only means of transportation jalva river through grijalva Cri undoubtedly the ghi its means of cheap and speedy transportation contributed greatly to the importance of prehistoric chiapa de corzo as one of the major ceremonial centers in central chiapas lowe 1962b 1 although there are more than two hundred miles of navigable river in the central depression all this lies above chiapa de corzo less than six miles below the site is the entrance to the deep and almost imSumi dero canyon only two penetrable el sumidero successful traverses of this sixteen mile long pafiuelo rojo banuelo canyon have been recorded the panuelo expedition in 1960 and that of western rivers expeditions inc in december 1962 lee 1966b 1 I was fortunate enough to participate in the last named expedition through the sumi dero and feel assured that this canyon was
1

never a route of communication either by boat or by foot both expeditions had to float walk and portage to get through the canyon native wooden canoes could not have passed safely the first major fall and rapid which are at the very entrance to the canyon below those are some twenty nine other major falls and rapids separated often in the lower reaches of the canyon by slow moving water extending from one sheer cliff to another these last areas would be the final deterrent to foot travel aion along the bajio farm lands alon 9 both banks of aiva river rather extensive near chithe grijalva grij alva brij apa de corzo offer the possibility of year round cultivation and undoubtedly contributed considerably to the importance of this area before the conquest just as they do today A ford created by the juncture of the santo domingo river with the grijalva just above chiapa de corzo may have been an important asset to the prehistoric community even though its use was limited to the dry season although the environmental setting of the site has been given in detail lowe 1959 4 5 it is perhaps worthwhile to recapitulate 45 it briefly only some 380 meters 1247 feet above sea level at chiapa de corzo the grijalva river drains a little over one third of the state of chiapas it is the primary collecting artery into which flows a large dendritic pattern of tributary streams draining the entire chiapas central depression with less than one meter of rain falling annually at the site chiapa de corzo is included in the arid lower tropical subzone of the lower tropical life zone by goldman 1951 115 16 316 330 ff the summer rainy season may september is interrupted by a short dry season usually in the later the half of july and extending into august tae rest of the year there is little or no rainfall and cultivation of fields away from the rivers is halted those choice fields however which lie beside the grijalva and a few of its larger tributa ries and which subirrigate naturally tributaries generally produce a second crop crops grown today include maize beans squash melons chili agave peanuts mangos two

tle ile

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

types of bananas papaya avocado jocote j ocote and many other subtropical fruits and vegetables the annual range of temperature is from a low of 41 F 5 C in january to a high of 102 F 39 C in may the average 25 250 temperature for the year is about 77 F eso C days are generally warm and during the rainy season humid while nights are nearly always cool detailed lists of plants mammals and birds characteristic of the arid lower tropical subzone can be found in goldman 1951 330 A description of 46 33046 the reptiles of chiapas has recently been published by alvarez del toro 1960 an earlier tore 1952 a publication by alvarez del toro brief description of the insects fish reptiles birds and mammals of chiapas is useful but offers little in the way of population and distrib ution tribution the natural vegetation of the area in the immediate vicinity of the site is savanna and subdeciduous high sub deciduous forests in the fertile plains of the river bottoms miranda 1952 20 A portion of the flora loses its foliage at some time in the year usually during the peak of the dry season the diversity of floral zones in close proximity to the site is great within less than ten miles one can find hot high forest which is always green low deciduous forest and a very cool zone in the chiapas highlands in which oak and pine play a dominant role the native fauna is extremely depleted in the area surrounding chiapa de corzo today and undoubtedly the same situation was true in the past but to a much lesser extent settled and concentrated human groups then as now made deep inroads on the wild animal life of their habitat in environmentally similar areas somewhat more isolated the following feral animals birds and reptiles are found white tailed deer puma jaguar ocelot bobcat collared peccary armadillo tepes quintle cuintle tle coatimundi rabbit fox coyote kincuin ouan chakajou opossum tinamou duck guan cha laca quail pigeon dove parrot and chalaca numerous types of frogs toads turtles non poisonous snakes both poisonous and nonpoisonous varieties lizards and alligators thoughts concerning the faunal resources must not be limited just fust to the vertebrates A whole new vista of food resources opens up when the invertebrates are taken into account the rivers and streams are full of

tle ile

crabs crayfish mussels and shute a freshwater snail insects too such as the bee nucti sought for its honey and the nuchi nucu bucu a giant flying ant which is still parched on the comal and eaten add to the variety available in the local diet above mentioned life forms and all the abovementioned many more are used in one way or another today A few are given here only to build a backdrop of the prehistoric possibilities with reference not only to diet but to the sense of comfort and the desire for beauty clothing including that which is above and beyond what is required to protect one from the elements jewelry and home and temple furnishings satisfy needs almost as basic as hunger in men it is from the skeletons skins cara paces and plant fibers of many of the natural food resources that these other items so necessary to man were obtained

chronology
various versions of the chiapa de corzo temporal and phase sequence have been published in this series the sequence followed in this report is that of lowe 1962a and it is repeated here for convenience table 1 the standard and most widely accepted beginning and ending dates for the developmental chronological periods have been adjusted to coincide with the chiapa de corzo phase sequence the history of the site has been most ably 3 and Agrinier 1960 2 given by lowe and agrinier 23 little new data can be added to it at the time that was written the site appeared to have been thickly populated at least by the middle preclassic period and occupied more or less continuously until the late classic new material collected during the 1961 field season indicated that the site occupation lasted until well into the late classic lowe
1962a
193

in view of the long and continuous occupation of the archaeological site prior to the postclassic period and tlle tile the presence of the chiapanec within what is now the modem town at the time of the conquest it seems highly likely that there was an occupation during the early postclassic also stratigraphic materials of this epoch are still poorly known there are some surface finds which appear to bridge the gap between the late

chronology

periods
modern

calendar years 1900

1

phases pa t a Z a pot za
1 I

colonial

1700 700
1500 500

villa flores fiores flares

late postclassic
early postclassic

1300
00 1100
1 I 1

tuxtla
Ruiz

ruiz

late classic
middle

900
7 700

maravillas

classic

500

laguna
qu p as J jiquipllas
i

early classic
protoclassic Proto classic late protoclastic
AD

300
100

isamo istmo
Hor cones hormones horcones

bc 100 protoclastic earlprotoclassic niy Proto classic PC nil protoclassic preclassic

late

300 500

guanacaste Guana caste

francesa
escalera

preclassic

middle

700 900
1100 100 loo
1

dili

early preclassic

1300
1

cotorra cotoira

1500 500

table

MESO AMERICAN PERIODS AND CHIAPA DE CORZO PHASE SEQUENCE mesoamerican

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

classic and chiapanec materials but only the latter material has been published unfortunately DATING the artifact types have been assigned phase dates depending on a correlation of their proveniences with a master list of 629 dated lots from 14 excavations or simply by repeating previously published dates the dating of the lots from the 14 excavations gareth W lowe and to a lesser was done by careth extent by bruce warren it was based on a visual assessment of the ceramic content of each lot where more than one phase was present in mixed lots the phase range is indicated when an artifact type occurs only in proveniences which have not been dated or published the phase is given as unknown

artifact proveniences which differ radically

from the ones described above include those referring to parts of a burial B cache C or feature F other proveniences refer to mixed mound fill and reflect the chronologically indistinct position of the artifact for example A 1 fill or A 5 rm X in these cases the numbers are mound numbers artifacts which were collected from the surface of the site of chiapa de corzo are indicated by surface when the exact provenience within the site area is unknown the artifact is labeled gen for general barrios given as provenience references are actual neighborhoods in the modem town of

chiapa de corzo

provenience
the

DATA

few specimens included here from sites other than chiapa de corzo carry the site name and represent surface collections only for example mango seco locations of these sites are given by lowe 1959

the

provenience of each artifact illustrated in this report is given in abbreviated form as far as it has been possible in the standard or most common form the units are read in this order the site indicated by A for chiapa de corzo the excavation number section of excavation and level of the section for example A 121 H 5 not all excavations have sections in these instances the third unit of the provenience refers to the level A variation of this standard form is the use of a mound number designation followed by a number letter or letter number combination which refers to the grid systems of that mound for example A 60 16h 1 and A 59

classification
artifacts included here for study are classified within general categories based on material this classification sometimes cross cuts functional lines but still appears to be the most logical and systematic way in which to present basic archaeological data certainly there is less chance of error in the identification of an object by its natural attributes than b y inferring its function by whatever evidence of human modification remains on it within the various material groups the artifacts are further subdivided on the basis of inferred function As suggested above this second breakdown is more subjective but Mesoamerican culsince there is within the mesoamerican ture area a documented continuous development from the preconquest pre conquest past into contemporaneous ethnic groups we are not without guide lines to orient our thinking the functional subgroups of artifacts are divided into types no attempt is made to describe each individual artifact instead the emphasis is on the definition of classes or types of artifacts details such as quantity and provenience of illustrated specimens are given this approach requires future users of these data to accept in part the classification set up here an admittedly undesirable fea

the

dl

during 1961 a slightly different proveni-

ence designation system was used lowe 1962a artifacts were located on a grid system within each excavation unit by giving the distance in meters north from the datum point and to the left or right of a base line in instances of multiple specimens a specimen number was used for example A 131 126ra s3 and A 134 n12 13 sa r3 A variation of n12r3 this provenience designation system includes the letter designation for the site excavation unit number the distance in meters left or right from the base line and the distance in meters south from the same base line for s5 A 133 r36 SI A 124 sa example A 132 134 133 ROO and A 134 ra s3 r2 sa

classification
ture however with an eye turned toward both time and money available this appears to be the better approach this is not however to imply a distrust in the types as defined for the type limits it is hoped have

been drawn sufficiently narrow not only to bring to light the slightest possible culture change but also to allow the types to be recombined into larger units if future research deems it reasonable

CERAMIC ARTIFACTS

anthropomorphic
figurines from chiapa de corzo include both whole and fragmentary examples table 2 is a numeration of the various parts of the collection zoomorphic figurines make 41 up only a small portion of the collection 4.1 percent the remainder are anthropomorphic while whole or restored figurines make up only a very small fraction of the total they make a most important addition to the collection the complete figurines offer the possibi sibility lity of extending a typology based on head types to other parts of the body found without heads while headless torsos could be identified in two types with some certainty I chiapa A and III chiapa A arms and legs could not there is however one leg type I chiapa A that most surely is part of one of the aforementioned types with regard to identified figurine fragments heads bodies arms and legs an inte proportion is noted for all the variteresting ous parts the number is practically equal table 2 this situation is not what one would expect if a random sample were present that is arms and legs should be at least twice as frequent as heads and bodies and much more so in actuality since limbs are usually re broken into several pieces however this situation may be the result of selectivity by the field workers small arm and leg fragments with little or no distinctive features simply were not set apart as frequently as heads and bodies the figurine heads as in most meso american collections received by far the most important elaboration and decoration it is

FIGURINES

the

table

FIGURINE

quantities
268 256 156 245 266
121 132

anthropomorphic heads and complete specimens bodies limbs arms

legs
miscellaneous limb fragments miscellaneous figurine fragments zoomorphic

56 1344

total

therefore only for them that a refined typology can be made complete or whole figurines have been included only in the section under head typology the complete chiapa de corzo figurine classification arranged by chronological position and indicating relative quantities is shown in table 3 on the following pages the order indicated in the chart will be followed in the descriptions below A systematic rather than descriptive nomenclature has been attempted here for 1 feel that there are cerprimarily one reason I tain close relationships which some classes of figurines share with others and that need to be pointed out or stressed conversely other classes share fewer attributes and therefore exhibit a more distant relationship this too may be best expressed in a generic nomencla clature ture the problem with this kind of system is of course its leveling effect in terms of closeness of relationship the degree of relatedness lat expressible in cultural historical relationships is limited to the measured step expressed by a generic nomenclature for instance two varieties of the same type may appear to be related differentially to the type but the nomenclature itself does not permit the free expression of this it simply suggests that both differ equally from the type there are three major levels in the taxonomy under which the chiapa de corzo figurines are organized defined as styles types and varieties the first level is subdivided into four groups roman numerals 1 I IV are used to indicate these style groups A given style includes all specimens on which the features were produced by the same basic technical means that is did the maker use primarily punctation modeling appliqueing appliqu6ing ing applique or a mold to achieve the desired features the first three of these style designations follow drucker s classification of the la venta figurines 1952 132 9 I includes all specimens in which style 1 facial features and head or hair decorations are indicated by punctation and applique

kt no 26 I HH fawn PAPER ON ehl LEE SIOVAIIUV AO HHI eel ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA RG DE CORZO AVMN NWAF

chiapa
chiapa chiapa
pa ddd43 chia

Q G

s
fv

j
F

D G

chiapa i
odoiqo chicpa chicca
i

1 I
HIP mir hir

0
1 I

chiapa i
odoiqo chiopa chiapa odoilo i
i

M
p

ZQ

I
1

odoiqo chiapa chiopa B odoilo la

g B

0 0

chiapa

GV

ddoiqo chicpa i chiapa

I
1

hf1 nih nii

oooo 0000

QV

chiapa ddo43
chiapa

V aa a7

gg 0

chimpo aa odoi43 9v chiopo a6

SV A 5
p aih C a ddoi43

I-

fl
lik lir tow

tv

dddiqo chiapo chiado

agg igg
ooo 000
BGP

chiapa V aa a3
A Z 2V

i
l-

hc odono
i

I A IV
1

chiapa
chiapa dddiq
p osas oses sasoqd
p de

111 ile 000

imi ini
1 1

j
u
0 0 0
0 0

i
i
i

cozo 02103

odoiqo chiopo chioco

CK
i

S
0 0

i
i

C
i

11
0

1 cs L
i i i

LJ
i

Q
i

years sido calendar sloo

0 0

0 0 r

0 0 io

0 0 io

0 0

0 0

0 0
i

0 0

0 0
co ID

0 0 rt

0 in

0 0 i

0 io

3 chiapa IV al
G
1

odono

IV AI

IV 0 chiapa AI
B a

s sast ikast i
0

anthropomorphic

DINVURD FIGURINES CERAMIC

isast dast bast

mol eol

chicpa AI chiapa IV ddoiio chlapa calapa oddhq IV al chiapa III

SB

G O

ssr
r

g
pa p3 ferik nass ns ss y nsss o 2 jlflluh
henik herka
0

SSB pyleafal bkkik&j

j c
c

odon 111 odou id chiapa lii ui fl

0 z p 2

j
F

chiapa odono ui in

0 N
0 U

s z

chiapa IU chiopa E od043 3 ni a chiapa odono III ni

in 3 chiapa ni

nems nees butl bftl mavi

tay aty taw

fty 3bj

0
h2jc4

0
n

1 I 5
h 0 2
c
Q

a chiapa ni III
IV al

chiapa III ni
chiapa in

gaj gjj kni &ri ari vlbscl

i

riiisiri

BSBB

0
i
1 I

s e s
Q u 2 u 5 g
2

M oc90 mtr mik mif

F chiapa 11 d ii

bi
lj K emmam emmaj ibkaj

id

0
0
IFJ
t

i2 ia
Q

odono 3 chiapa
Q D

11

mrm

Jt

chiapa II chiapa
11

BI

0
00
. 1 1

3 0 &
S

C 3

hirji irji
f

a chiapa
ZV
IV al

11

00

ri

S rt

chiapa chiapa

11

11

chiapa odono 11 ii

phases p chiapa corzo de

N
0 0 0 0

t
i

aaa aai aa
a2
m
0 0
i
i

ij

it
c
i
i

ri131 c 3l al 0 0 rt
0 0 io

idl

ng moli
0 0

years SJDB calendar sida

0 0 4

0 0

0 0 40 io

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 4 h

ioli
1 1

LJ
1

Q 10
0 0 i

0
0 0 lp 01
0 0

a 0

0 0 10

0 0 10

CD

0 0 10

0 0 ID

10

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

punctation shape is most often round appli aepli qu6ing hueing is almost entirely restricted to head queing decoration II the same features and decorain style 11 tion are the result of incision or broad groove punctation and applique units these manufac turing techniques are now extended to facturing head and hair decoration and facial features III figurines the characteristics of style 111 ili or their features are principally produced by modeled relief or sculpturing punctations both round and slit may also be present to emphasize facial detail made moldmade style IV includes the rare mold figurines characteristic features of moldmade figurines are elaborate facial detail and extensive apparel decoration all features are made in very low relief with weak demarcation between different heights of relief in the earlier phases there was little attempt to depict natural or lifelike faces whereas near the mold made figurines time of the conquest moldmade became much more lifelike these figurines are almost always flat in back they also tend to be flat in front and spread out rather than to portray a more naturally rounded body form only after the conquest when figurines made in two piece molds came into use did they portray a truly human body form the second major division within the figurine typology is into types types are determined by differences in hair styles and facial features the formal type name for chiapa de corzo figurines is a capital letter preceded by the roman numeral of its style and the word chiapa the last major division in this tripart typology is into varieties varieties definable within the types are indicated by an arabic numeral added to the type name numbers are utilized sequentially in multivarietal types varieties are identified within the type on the basis of one or more attributes which differentiate them the types and varieties defined for groups of figurines are not based on the same criteria in each case there has been no attempt to classify all figurines on the basis of one or a number of set characteristics as if this would make them comparable what has been attempted is a more flexible arrangement in which the classes of figurines have been altri grouped according to the attribute or attri

autes which appear to me to pull them tobutes gether as a unit some types are based on only one or two attributes most however are based on many although there is some question as to whether there are such natural units as types brew 1946 46 this classification at least admits the possibility if the types are the innovation of the archaeologist as far as this study is concerned the score is even if they do on the other hand come from a common I range of ideas in the makers minds and 1 have been able to define them correctly then possibly the study is the better in the description of varieties of types the distinguishing features are noted it is hoped that similarities to the type will be seen clearly and therefore not need repeating for the most part the primary type descriptions include and illustrate the common attributes of all the varieties the typology of these anthropomorphic figurine heads along with the front and profile view of one specimen from each type has been published in abbreviated form lee
1967

colors are reported in the munsell soil color system munsell color company 1954 and standard color names of the ISCCNBS ISCC NBS method kelly and judd 1955 measurements given are maximum and minimum within the type A plus symbol indicates a fragmentary figurine and

all

therefore an incomplete measurement other abbreviations are facial height h i chin to top of head facial width w ear to ear head thickness th front to back at nose tip height HEADS AND COMPLETE SPECIMENS STYLE 1 I

type I chiapa A

a g heads of this type are almost always solid roundface round face and appear quite naturalistic when viewed from the front in profile however the head is very thick at the base tapering from the chin which is very prognathous back to the forehead the top of the head is quite thin the result of a flat or concave area in the lambdoid region the whole head has a wedge shape appearance in profile
10
1

fig

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

i
a
mom wow wom

in

ji

5 cm

n
HEADS HFADS figure 1 SOLID POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINE AND HF ADS a g I chiapa A type dili h n I chiapa al variety dili b A 1 h 100 fiu c A 100 4 12 d A 134 112 sa 00 flu loo s3 e A 100 8 19 h A 88 9 i A 100 8 15 j A 121 F 11 fc A 121 C 10 in A 121 h 4 n A 121 h 9

A 100 7 11 A 100 7 13

A 121 G C 5 A 121 f 4

12

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

loo 4.3 10.0 size h 43 100 43 4310.0 43100

cheeks are full and overshadowed by the broad high nose nostrils when present are marked by irregular punctate shapes but are always deep the lateral facial plane is relatively flat with little or no attempt at natural roundness eye sockets are made by opposed tricorner of the angular punctations one in each comer eye resulting in ellipses of some depth little attempt is made to show the eyeball but pupils are perfectly round and deeply punctated often as a cone shape cavity As little or no brow ridges are present eyes tend to bulge out the ears are always nearly covered by ear plugs or flares large round punctate earplugs the mouth is almost always slightly open
while lips usually project directly forward the inside surface of the upper lip and mouth is flat the upper lip sometimes rests against the tip of the nose teeth are never shown the top of the head is always made in the form of a cowl appliqued appliqu6d app liqued to the top and appliques sides of the head to frame the face hairdos or headdresses whichever they are are not elaborate nor varied in style these head decorations range from single punctated knobs at the top of the head to three symmetrically spaced knobs one centrally located above the forehead and one at each side over the ears the hair is never textured to indicate detail these figurines were undoubtedly made by hand modeling heads were probably made apart from the bodies to be joined later by a peg projection on the head which fits into the central neck region on the shoulders several examples of this technique have been observed head elaborations ears appliqued appliqu6d and ear flares appear to have been appliques app liqued but the evidence for this is meager as the s of these units are well modeled to the edges edge head one head has a suspension hole pierced front to back through the upper forehead

cm

95 3.7 gs 9.5 w 37 37 95

cm

th

23
23 2.3

26
26 2.6

cm

phase dili

are polished none are slipped nor is there evidence of painting

fig 1 b all figurines are well smoothed but none

paste characteristics hard carbon streaked hornblende blende center quartz sand and very fine hom crystals light yellowish brown 75yr 74

comparison the I chiapa A figurines find close parallels with the conchas phase RE rei 1 rel type at la victoria M D coe 1961 fig 54 h though the former tend to be more round faced and to have lower hair cowls and head decoration than those from la victoria otherwise the similarity is readily apparent weiant 1943 pis 1 9 reporting the first season s work of the joint national geographic society smithsonian institution explorazapotes tions at tres Za potes illustrates figurines zapotek which are quite similar to those of I chiapa A but like those reported by drucker 1943a 78 fig 26 a for the second season at tres zapotes zapotek and for cerro de las mesas pl 27 a y j there are some drucker 1943b PI basic differences the frequently seen trait in these figurines of a deep punctation in each comer of the mouth is absent in I chiapa A figurines nor are the nostrils made in the same manner when present on I chiapa A heads they appear as irregular holes in the natural position following their living models rather than the round horizontal punctations just below the nose which trend not at all or at best almost imperceptibly upward at tres zapotes zapotek the head shape is always oval and somewhat longer than that of chiapa de corzo I chiapa A figures similarities are seen in the extensive use of round punctate marks solid handmade hand made features and the use of an applique cowl over the forehead the most striking similarities are found at la venta drucker 1952 pis 26 27 a c L A IA the figurines grouped into the subtypes I 3 I B aa 3a and I B 3aiv daiv are so similar that they appear to have been made by the same potter who made the I chiapa A figurines the projecting lips with flat interior surface head cowl punctate eyes ear flares and wedge shape head profile are all la venta traits that also characterize this type at chiapa de corzo the head height of the la venta figurines is often much greater than that of the I chiapa A figurines but this is primarily the effect of a taller head cowl which on chiapa de corzo figurines is quite
low

anthropomorphic
some of the uaxactu uaxactun n type figurines rePI LII ported by garcia payon 1966 135 pl 14 and 16 particularly numbers 1 3 6 7 12 1214 from trapiche huite veracruz are chalchuite chalahuite Tra piche and Chala strongly related to those of I chiapa A basing my judgment on the illustrations only since 1 I have seen neither the garcia payon collection nor the tres zapotes zapotek collection at first hand garcia payon appears to be in error in equating his figurines with weiant s 1943 pis 16 17 uaxactun uaxactdn type this nar row eye type not only is quite different artistically from the round punctate pupil figurines depicted by garcia payon but it also appears to be considerably later in time A figurine from trinidad tabasco rands and rands 1965 fig 7 is related to the general I chiapa A type development kidder 1965 fig 1 illustrates a closely related figurine from copalche guatemala dated to the las charcas phase batres 1908 fig 1 PL 31 figures an example of this type from near alvarado veracruz elsewhere in the central depression of chiapas this type is found in a preclassic pl lob context at santa cruz sanders 1961 PI iob fo c and mirador peterson 1963 fig 137
eQ
1 comment the resemblances between I chiapa A figurines and very similar types from la venta tabasco and la victoria guatemala are such that they must surely represent something more than a similar contemporaneous style here we appear to have evidence of direct and frequent contact between the lowlands of the gulf coast and B central chiapas at la venta the I A 3 I IB aa 3a and I B 3aiv daiv types are dated to middle 0 M D zapotes drucker 1952 139 40 tres zapotek coe 1961 125 feels however that the material from la venta predates both middle Za zapotes potes and he equates it and lower tres zapotek with his conchas phase material coe s adjustment here appears well justified as the close A and resemblance between the la venta I IA I B type series and his own RE and FE IB figurines is undeniable

CERAMIC FIGURINES

13

that the pupil extends beyond the socket s limits the face is fat and often rectangular hair decoration is detailed by various styles
of incised marks the only good evidence for tonsuring or the deliberate removal of certain areas of scalp hair in an aesthetic pattern occurs in this variety most often these areas are paired asymmetrical patches over the ears at the rear of the head often small dots of hair are left on each side of the head in the center of otherwise smooth hairless areas ears occur with or without earplugs and most have the helix of the ear portrayed in detail nostrils are punctate with irregularly shaped holes both red and white paint occur but never on the same specimen the paint is limited to the deeper facial creases where it has been protected from weathering four specimens are hollow body and limb definition of I chiapa A varieties is based on a single complete example fig 1 h of the I chiapa al variety and therefore should be considered tentative the body has fairly natural proportions except for the shorter legs A stepped or staged reduction in girth is used for the juncture of the thigh and calf this characteristic is unique among the complete figurines and has been used as the basis for tentatively identifying a particular class of legs with heads and torsos of the several I chiapa A varieties more detailed descriptions will be given of the bodies and legs in their respective sections examples of these figurines from chiapa de corzo have been previously published by lowe 1959 fig 36 c and lowe and

mason 1965 3.7 size h 37 37

45

fig

9
44 to 4.4 44

22 225 2.2 22

4 .5 cm 45 22.5 225 phase

85 cm
85 8.5

90 cm th
go 90 9.0

dili

comparison this variety is correlated with RE 4 and RE 2 types at la victoria M D 1 coe 1961 fig 54 k 1 confined to the conchas phase A similar figurine has been reported from tres zapotes zapotek by drucker 1943a

variety I chiapa al 15 fig 1 hi n facial features usually appear softer than in I chiapa A the hair cowl is suppressed pupils are small but sockets often smaller so

fig

44 i

variety I chiapa aa a2 15 fig 2 a i although badly weathered the specimens in this variety have very flat faces with little

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26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

jel
5 cm

kew oil
m

figure 2 SOLID POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINE HEADS a p s I chiapa aa a4 variety chiapa dapa aa a3 variety dili ps a2 variety dili j 0 I cl aii I chiapa aa dili fill fill g A 88 7 fiu fiu fin d A 88 11 e surface f A 91 flu a A 121 G 4 b A 115 surface c A lla lia bhil iia hi A 100 8 17 i A 132 l24 sa I A 32f 3 m A 121 h 5 n s5 j A 14 4 k A 100 fill 1 A 32f 3 0 A 133 r3rj r36 sl p A 100 fill q A 32f 3 r A 1 surface s A 50 2

anthropomorphic
relief other than the nose the face form is always round or a flattish oval the eyes are very large round deep punctations ears are missing on all except two specimens which have earplugs earplugs and show the helix of the ear well developed evidence on four other specimens indicates that ear earplugs plugs had been present and that the centers of these plugs were made by inserting a tube or reed through the plug into the side of the head and ear lobe the hair cowl is emphasized and occurs plain or with punctate decoration symmetrically spaced applique fillet knobs may cross the head one specimen has drag incised hair detail the one badly eroded but almost complete specimen has a short fat barrel shape hollow body the head is joined to the body without a neck the chin rests on the chest and the upper portion of the back merges from the shoulders into the head arms and legs are mere stubs projecting outward from the bloated body this specimen is pierced through the neck laterally for suspension previously reported from chiapa de corzo PI 11 0 and hicks and by mason 1960a pl PI 2 rozaire 1960 pl
ss 55 48 4055 4.0 3.7 5.5 4.8 3748 h 40 55 cm w 37 40 37 48 cm th 405.5 4055 374.8 3748 24 2.4 30 3.0 30 cm 24 phase dili comparison these figurines are also found in the central depression at santa rosa del-

CERAMIC FIGURINES

15

apart nostrils are indicated by triangular punctations the surface of these figurines is well smoothed but not polished red paint occurs in the hair indentations on some specimens

size
cm

52 53 5.3 5.2 53 h 5253 52 525.3 5253

cm

ss 55 4555 4.5 5.5 w 45 45 55 cm 455.5 4555

3.3 th 33 33

phase

dili

aa 4 fig 2 p s variety I chiapa a4 low facial features on round to oval head pupils are not centrally located lying much closer to the inner end of the sockets hair is portrayed in detail by incisions it is gathered into a knob or knot at the top of the head and bound with a band the ears have earplugs earplugs on the lobes and U shape punctuation marking the fold of the helix
size
25 2530 2.5 3.0 25 30 30 253.0

2530

3.0 h 30 30 cm

42 3.5 4.2 3542 35 52 cm w 35 42 354.2 3542

52 5.2

cm

th

phase probably dili

size

gado 1965a fig 54 a in middle preclassic deposits they correlate with M D coe s 1961 fig 54 a f i RE 5 and reg RE 6 types at la victoria which are confined to the conchas phase

variety I chiapa AS 2 fig 3 a b fat heavy overall appearance no neck head sits on shoulders hair cowl emphasized centrally located forelock hair bound in knot atop head with band in the rear large round earplugs pupils small one specimen has round fillet applique nose noseplug plug irregular punctate nostrils mouth turned down into a scowl chest and belly look fat and flabby red paint present on the smaller specimen figurine b has been illustrated previously by lowe 1959 fig 36 fc upper left corner
40 29 48 4.0 4.8 3.9 55 5.5 cm w 4048 size h 39 29 40 48 cm th 39 55 404.8 4048 ti 2.9

34 cm
34 3.4

a3 6 fig 2 iy 0 variety I chiapa aa the head cowl is suppressed never being very high or thick hair is portrayed in detail by incision on four specimens fig 2 j m 0 and by elongated punctation on two
1 more fig 2 k 1 two specimens have plain head cowls with three symmetrically spaced punctate decorated knobs across the top of the head fig 2 j 0 ears are large and compound they may have either a plain lower lobe or earplug but there are always two punctate marks on the helix the face is large with relatively small features spaced far

phase

cotorra cotoira dili

AG

variety I chiapa

fig

3 c e

with fat but not checks the chin is small and drooping cheeks pointed the head is very thick in cross section lateral facial curvature is great if the back of the head were not flat the appearance would be almost natural pupils were made carelessly and are not in alignment but instead look out in different directions in all cases it is the left eye that stares up or down instead of straight ahead the head is decorated with applique appliqu6 fillets across the top

face form

is

round

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

X-

acm 5cm
r

arery HUMAN FIGURINE rrery POTTERY gubine HEADS Fi cURINE figure 3 po cubine aa cotorra dili c e I chiapa AG variety dili f g i I chiapa A a b I chiapi a7 cliiapa a5 variety varietv cotoira chiaki aa 7i 1 chiapa aa h j k I chiapa AS variety dili 1 s I variety dili ai a9 variety dili francesa 4c lc a A 100 8 20 b A 8 2 c A 32e 1 d A 54 11 e A 32d 3 f surface g A 121 K ac hi A 119 fid n flu fiu A 121 G C 4 m A lla s3 lia fill iia ila ll 9 i A 33 1 j A 32e 1 k A 131 126 l3 la sa 1 A 78 6b ab 0 A 121 h 14 p A 100 6 5 q A 121 E 4 r A l fill s A 1 surface alfill
1

anthropomorphic
so 55 50 4350 4250 4.2 5.0 2.3 5.5 3.9 50 cm th 23 42 23 55 cm w 42 size h 39 425.0 39 ss 4250 38 3.8 38 cm phase probably dili

CERAMIC FIGURINES

17

phase dili francesa

a7 3 fig 3 f g i variety I chiapa aa heads are pointed hair is detailed or has frontal applique lock or head decoration teeth are portrayed by a line of small punctate marks in the mouth pupils are far apart there are small round earplugs on large ears A small groove or crease runs around or over the eye outside of the socket setting it apart from the rest of the face
ig 60 5.0 1.9 3.7 6.0 19 50 cm th lg size h 37 37 go 33 50 38 385.0 60 cm w 3850 3850

non distinctive fragments 18 nondistinctive these I chiapa A fragments are either too weathered or too fragmentary to be
placed in one of the defined varieties they do however have one or more attributes of the type half of the specimens are head cowls all of which have punctate applique fillets the other half are cheek and connected ear fragments cheeks are full and ears always have round punctate center ear plugs two specimens have tonsured areas cars six of the cheek and ear behind the ears fragments are from hollow figurines the rest from solid ones

32 cm
32 3.2

phase

dili
j

type I chiapa

B 5

fig

4 a e

k these are small almost complete figures probably babies as all were held in the arms of larger figures there is extreme prognathism the faces are carelessly worked rather long fat faces end with fat knob chins the upper lip lies back against the nose on two specimens the largest specimen is slipped white and also has red paint in the ears and between the attached fingers of the figurine that held the baby round fillets of clay are appliqued appliqu6d appliques appliqued to the lobe of the ear probably indicating earplugs size
24 2.4
2238 30 38 1.7 3130 2.1 3.0 3.8 17 2.2 21 30 cm th 17 h 22 38 cm w 21 223.8 213.0 22 2130 2238

3 h variety I chiapa AS 3 fig 31

heads are solid long and barrel shape

with extreme prognathism point of maximum prognathism is the lower lip closely followed by the upper lip two heads exhibit extreme cranial deformation around the complete circumference cum ference of the head just above the eye and ear level fig 4 a c all heads have large foreheads chins are often weak and tend to recede the mouth with well developed lips is open but the teeth are never indicated the nose is large and prominent the nares are depicted on only two heads eyes are made in well developed sockets but no relief is attempted the round punctate pupils are centered in the sockets ears are not well developed and are often hidden by locks of hair or rarely by large flaring earplugs the forehead is high and the tonsured hair style always features a central forelock often with long side streamers beginning on top of the head and trailing down over the ear and onto the shoulders the intervening area between the separate locks is of course bare the paste of this figurine type is not homogeneous and quite wide differences can be seen among the specimens the clay ranges from light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 62 with crushed limestone inclusions to a brownish gray 10yr 31 with sand and hornblende crushed hom blende one exception to the above range is light yellowish brown 10yr 74 only two of the specimens appear to

24 cm maximum and minimum body length 75 50 5.0 7.5 75 so 50 cm 755.0 7550 phase probably dili

aa 17 fig 3 11 s variety I chiapa a9 these very fragmentary figurines are characterized by large and heavy features eyes nose and ears are very well made cheeks are full and the chin reduced the mouth is most often turned down in a scowl some specimens have a compound ear with earplug below and punctate detail above many of the figurines are hollow some of these figurines have been illustrated previously by lowe and mason 1965
fig
size
9
65 6.5 3.5 h 35 65 35 gs 45 . 5 4.5 5 cm 45

cm

3.2 w 32 32

75
75 7.5

cm th

20
20 2.0

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PAPER

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26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

ll

11 1

admol adeol

e
C

ip
r
x

V
U

01
crm 5 arm
Y

auk
WWF
00
bb

cc

HFADs arery HUMAN FIGURINE HEADS rrery POTTERY figure 4 po Guana caste or earlier a e I chiapa B type escalera francesa f k I chiapa bl variety guanacaste 1 n isamo francesa I chiapa b2 frances a istmo Jiqui pilas ba variety earlier than jiquipilas 0 r I chiapa C type f Guana caste or earlier or earlier s I chiapa cl variety dili t u I chiapa D type guanacaste v w I chiapa E type dili x z I chiapa F type dili aa cc I chiapa G type francesa
1

or earlier a A 134 R 15 sa s3 b A 57 surface c A 121 t 11 d surface e A 34 fill f A 121 h 4 I A 34 fill 50 i A 4 surface j A 60 14e floor k A 100 fill 1 Aso g A 134 n12 113 h a 17 m a m A 100 fill it A 121 A 3 0 A 121 C 3 p surface q A 39 1 r A 121 A 3 s A 121 t m7 ac u A 121 F 2 v A 121 F 4 w A 121 111 f 11 t A 121 I 2c ll x A 59 J 1 y A 121 J 8 z 10 cc A 55 5 A 100 2 13 aa A 121 L 11 bb A 121 h lo

ll

lil

591

anthropomorphic
have been slipped the red slip on one and the white slip on the other are very thin and may have been little more than washes the white slipped figurine has a heavy coat of red paint on the hair and eyes all figurines are well smoothed but only the white slipped specimen appears to have been polished
50 5.0 4.9 h 49 4950 50 49 495.0 3.5 3.0 th 30 35 cm 30 35

CERAMIC FIGURINES mically tically

19

size

4950

cm

tv 3145 31

45 314.5 3145

cm

s baby face associated with Wei ants weiant wel type and with the colossal heads according to garcfa garafa garcia carcia payon ton suring the punctate eyes decorative tonsuring and typical chiapa de corzo paste suggest that I chiapa B is a combination of an older Olm ecoid chiapa de corzo tradition and new olmecoid influences from the northwest

BI 5 fig 4 f variety I chiapa bl

phase escalera esea Iera lera francesa or earlier Esca

comparison this high vaulted type undoubtedly has some close ties with the general spread of late olmec olmed stylistic features type I chiapa B appears to be more related to the morelos type from tres zapotes zapotek 93 pis 20 21 than to the weiant 1943 92 9293 archaic baby face type weiant 1943 90 92 pis 18 19 the higher vaulted heads like those found by vaillant and vaillant 1934 Gualupita morelos appear 2 3 at gualupita fig 14 23 to be somewhat adulterated forms of the 1943 classic archaic type pictured by weiant 11943 pls pis als 18 19 figurines exhibiting varying deolmed baby face influence grees of the olmec have a wide distribution As weiant 1943 91 pointed out they are perhaps best reprezapotes sented in the area surrounding tres Za potes zapotek tabasco the head deformation described for this type is very similar to that on the jade figurines from la venta drucker 1952 pis 46 2 47 2 4 48 50 and drucker heizer 36 and squier 1959 pis 26 a c 33 3336 pl 16 figs 1 3 illustrates batres 1908 PI two figurines from the central plaza at alvarado veracruz and the bank of the rio papa loapan loaman twelve miles from alvarado that appear to be very closely related to this type but which he related mistakenly to the totonac culture delgado has labeled similar figurines from the isthmus of tehuantepec delgado 1965b 14 fig 11 c d drucker 1943a pl 31 a d e h n at tres Za PI zapotes potes as tres zapotek zapotes zapotek type D garcia payon 1966 128 131 pis L L bis 10 12 however labels Tra piche type suggesting that these the trapiche weiant s morelos type is actually more closely related to a type common on the veracruz coast than to some highland type this Trapiche and is artis type was first found at trapiche

of this variety share such characteristics as similar head form prognathism nathism fat cheeks and punctate eyes the head is small only about one half the size of those of I chiapa B although it is long and cylindrical just as in the parent type the I chiapa BI bl heads have fuller cheeks and shorter broader faces the diagnostic large forehead area so noticeable in I chiapa B is lacking in I chiapa bl the prime index features of the I chiapa BI figurines are fat or full cheeks the tenbl dency for the mouth nose and chin to form a long narrow frontal face unit of the same width demarcated somewhat by parallel lines or creases between nose and cheek and the lock of hair prominently portrayed on the forehead the chin is weak and tends to recede but it too is narrow emphasizing the central portion of the face

all figurines

5fig4j

fc

open mouth may be framed by thick heavy lips teeth are indicated in only one specimen fig 4 h i and that by a careless job the eyes are made with punctate pupils in sockets although the sockets appear as though little care was taken in their behalf as they are little more than slits one specimen is pierced laterally through the neck fig 4 f another through the head fig 4 g probably for suspension another more complete figurine clutches a large pointed object on its chest with both hands

the

fig

fc

A fine light buff clay containing crushed

hornblende makes up the paste of these figurines paste color ranges from pale orange yellow 10yr 84 to light yellowish brown 10yr 64 the finish on these figurines like most of those from the site lacks fine polishing some are well smoothed but none

20

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

appear to have the gloss that comes with extensive polishing

phase guanacaste Guanacaste or earlier

comparison this type of figurine is similar to the olmec olmed baby face type reported from zapotes by weiant 1943 90 92 pis 18 tres zapotek 19 zapotek examples do not have the tres zapotes i corzo de spe specipunctate eyes the chiapa cl mens appear to be locally made copies of the baby face type the lineal alignment of the nose mouth and sometimes the chin is well illustrated by pina chan s figurines from tlatilco 1958 part 2 pis 13 14 although the heads appear to be longer and more tubular than at chiapa de corzo some resemblance can be seen between this type and garcia payon s baby 45 pis LVII LVIX 14145 face type 1966 141 but the lack of emphasis on lineality of the nose mouth and chin as a long narrow unit
suggests not very close relationship

quently reduced eyes are prepared sockets with little or no brow ridge and round punctate pupils sockets and brows are separated by a shallow groove the head is bent back at about eye level making the rear of the head concave paste is similar to that of I chiapa A hard light yellowish brown in color 75yr 74 with large quantities of sand and rareblende hom ly fine hob hornblende some of these figurines were illustrated previously by lowe and mason 1965 fig
9

size
cm

go 45 60 224 4.5 3.4 2.2 6.0 h 4560 3.0 34 cm th 22 45 60 cm w 34 22 30 30 456.0 2.24 224 4560

variety I chiapa b2 ba 3 fig 4 1 n these are round heads with fat faces facial features are carelessly made and deeply inset so that the faces appear fat and smooth with little relief ears are very small earplugs on the lobes chins but have round earplugs are weak and do not extend much beyond the lower line of the almost circular face the top of the head is ornamented with hair or a cowl bearing three symmetrically spaced punctate decorated applique fillets
size
25 2.5 25 38 2538 2.5 3.8 h 25 38 cm 25 253.8 2538
2335 35 2.3 3.5 23 35 cm iv 23 233.5 2335

isamo or earlier francesa istmo comparison this type appears to be very similar to M D coe s RE 12 type 1961 fig 55 f although at la victoria this type is found in the conchas phase the slight disparity in dating conchas overlaps francesa only might be explained by the occurrence in mixed fill at chiapa de corzo this would account for the seemingly rather too long life of this type as indicated

phase

variety I chiapa

1.7 th 17 17

cm

phase one specimen in mixed deposit with jiquipilas Jiqui pilas phase material but probably all are earlier

type I chiapa

fig

4 0 r

made with unusually fine detail the basic head form is a long oval and facial relief is realistic the face has brows cheekbones mouth and chin of natural appearance eyes are very naturally portrayed with small punctate pupils small ears are covered by the flares of large earplugs earplugs the hair finely striated to give detail is gathered into a cone shape pile atop the head almost out of sight behind a complicated tur ban like headdress the paste is the same as that of I chiapa C with hornblende inclusions the head is not polished but is covered with a rather thick white slip
is
7i h 48 4.8 3.3 size ai 2.5 48 cm w 33 ls cm is 33 cm th 25 phase dili

this single head

cl

fig

4 s

long oval heads have slight facial relief all appear to have had little prognathism mouths are open one specimen 0 has teeth portrayed in punctate detail hair is parted down the middle to divide it into two parts and is indicated by both drag and pinpoint pin point punctations one example 0 has nostrils cheeks tend to be full and the chin is conse

the

type I chiapa D

fig

4 t u

have flattened backs and punctate features they have no chins but large fat puffy cheeks very low foreheads are covered with a head decoration or

the crude oval heads

anthropomorphic
hairdo noses appear to have been large and bulbous eye sockets indicated by opposed deep triangular marks at each comer of the eye have round punctate pupils the rear of the head has broad groove incised hair detail paste is yellowish gray 75yr 72 in color and contains waterworn water worn quartz sand A few specks of biotite mica can also be seen in the paste size
cm 4.5 h 45 45 cm
33 35 3.3 w 3335 35 cm 33 3.5 333.5 3335

CERAMIC FIGURINES

21

phase francesa or earlier

type I chiapa H

fig

5 a d

32 2532 2.5 3.2 th 25 32 25 253.2 2532

phase guanacaste Guana caste or earlier

type I chiapa E

fig

4 v w

heads have round flat faces and triangular profile features appear to have been hurriedly made eye sockets and pupils are punched at each side of the nose and the mouth is a

mere open gash the top of the head is smooth and free of decoration other than a slight indication of a cowl the face is flat with little lateral curvature paste is the same as that of I chiapa A and its surface is smoothed slightly size

characterized by a roundish face these heads have double punch eyes a large open mouth large nose and a fringe of hair about the head one specimen 5 d appears not to fit well in this type but the applique nose and hair were lost long ago the head is either thick and oval in profile or tends to be thin with some nasal projection the tle fringe ile of hair about the head increases the facial roundness the hair is incised and in one specimen is gathered in the rear in a pony tail the double punctate eyes in one case are filled with white paint the open mouth is a large oval opening about which the lips protrude or are outlined the chin is well developed on three specimens but absent on the fourth A large nose with punctate nostrils protrudes from the face of three specimens
is evidence of a small laterally pierced hole through the upper neck of one

there

30 cm
30 3.0

36 39 3539 3.4 2.5 3.9 3436 3.6 cm w 35 3.5 39 cm th 25 34 h 34 25 36 35 353.9 343.6 3539 3436

phase

dili
3

type I chiapa F

fig

4 x z

ish heads have desmall rectangularish rectangular pressed flat foreheads which tend to tilt forward the backs of the heads are flat the punched double wedge eye sockets extend into the sides of the large bulbous jutting nose pupils are punctures paste is the same as that of I chiapa A

the

size

35 cm
35 3.5

38 37 3038 2.6 3337 3.7 3.8 3.3 3.0 26 37 cm w 30 h 33 30 38 cm th 26 33 333.7 303.8 3337 3038

specimen probably for suspension rather than articulation as the hole is high up in the neck also the bottom of the neck is ragged and broken suggesting that it was attached directly to the body the coarse paste contains occasional mica hornblende blende and flakes and much crushed hom limestone the paste color is a uniform light grayish red 75r 64 three specimens appear to have been well polished while the fourth is too weathered for determination one specimen appears to have a fine slip but this may be only the result of intensive polishing paint is limited to one specimen which has two colors white in the eyes and red in the mouth phase

phase probably dili

G 3 fig 4 aa cc type I chiapa C these are small badly weathered

Hor cones hormones francesa horcones

oval heads with only slight prognathism the nose y is large but low nostrils are irregularly shaped punched holes the mouth is open and may be down turned one specimen cc has a band about the forehead paste is identical to that of I chiapa A

size
cm

3.3 h 33 33

cm

30 23 w 2.3 23 3.0 30 cm

37 1.7 1737 thi 17 3.7 17 37 173.7 1737

I miscellaneous 7 fig 5 e k style 1 these figurines are the remains or leftovers after classification they do not fit comfort ably in any of the foregoing types nor fortably do they as a group make a homogeneous whole below is a brief description of each figurine and its chronological position if known e long head with thin face paired hair knots atop head applique sockets with punctate pupils large nose with small nostrils

22

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PAPER

no

26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

adak abak
C

e
a

kl
5 cm

1 0 1 miscellaneous II chiapa A e k style I Hor cones hormones francesa horcones Ist mo A 1 variety isamo istmo Jiqui pilas p r II chiapa al istmo jiquipilas type isamo a surface b A 100 2 3 c A 100 7 3 d A 38a fill e A 133 r39 SI f A 32e 1 g surface I A 60 f15 1 m A 60 pig 8 n A 64 fill h A 32e 3 i A 100 flu j A 14 4 fc A 60 16f 6 1 fiu loo fill 5b sb surface r A 64 1 0 A 131 132 ra r9 SI p B 173 qf A cb

figure 5

POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES AND HEADS

d I chiapa H type

anthropomorphic
open mouth with large lips earplug flares with lower element coarse black paste contains crushed limestone evidence of red slip 26 or paint size h 49 4.9 3.4 26 49 cm to 34 34 cm th 2.6 cm f rectangular head thin in profile flat face large nose small round punctate eyes without 7 .5 sockets fine light yellowish brown paste 75 75 YR 74 contains sparse fine gravel size h 36 2.5 cm th 17 3.6 1.7 w 25 36 cm to 25 17 cm

CERAMIC FIGURINES

23

h and k date to the dili phase this estimate is based on their paste similarity to I chiapa A type figurines the chronological placement of the other specimens is unknown
STYLEII STYLE 11 II

type 11 II chiapa A 7 fig 5 I 0 this very stylized and garish figurine type
1

narrow head with crest small narrow face pointed nose punctate eyes and mouth mouth is pursed as if blowing or whistling very fine light brown paste ayr 5yr 64 with
g

extremely fine mica inclusions not smoothed ig 90 1.9 2.8 cm to 19 size h 28 2.0 cm 19 cm th go 28 20

h thick heavy head with stylized hair in a cowl at the top of the head hair is detailed with punctations around the edges eyes are deeply punched huge ears have flared ear plugs facing forward face is covered with I red paint paste is the same as that of 1 4.0 3.9 chiapa A size h 40 40 cm to 39 39 cm
2.9 th 29 29

cm

head whose features are of natural size and shape the wrinkled appearance of the skin adds to the portrait quality of the specimen as does the careful detail of the eyes ears and hair paste is the same as that of I chiapa A but with very fine inclusions 50 5.0 and its surface is well polished size h so 50
A lifelike

cm
J

3.7 to 37 37 cm

3.9 th 39 39 cm

round face with thin profile round adornment on top of the head very large punched
pupils in modeled sockets small nose open mouth head merges with shoulders coarse 5yr 66 contains moderate orange paste ayr 3.7 3.2 sand and hornblende size h 37 32 37 cm tv 32
cm
20 th 2.0 20 cm

very low facial relief thin flat head with verv hair detailed with incised lines rectangular k

tonsured area on the rear of the head small round projecting points within each punch mark on the face indicate that these features were made with a small tubular instrument small round earplugs earplugs punctate necklace encircles the neck paste is the same as that o 0f I chiapa A evidence of red paint size h

42 cm
42 4.2

phase

lg 1.9 th ig 19 cm it seems probable that specimens

4.0 cm 10 40 to 40

in great contrast to the other figurines from chiapa de corzo basically the flat rectangu larish face appears unreal and hurriedly made the eyes mouth neck or collar decoearplugs and hair are all appliqued appliqu6d ration earplugs appliques app liqued to the angular face and body the applique fillets exhibit rudely or hastily punched decorative slits which most often are rectangular wedge shape impressions the II chiapa A heads have flat faces with large noses they never have nostrils but often are shown with a nose noseplug plug the nose is usually part of the basic head in only two examples is it appliqued appliques appliqued the coffee bean eyes slant down to the nose and are plain or the pupil is indicated with one roundish punch mark in the center ears are nothing more than flat cheek extensions upon which earplugs or flares are appliqued appliqu6d appliques appliqued and punched the mouth is punched in the same manner as the eyes and always protrudes with thick heavy lips hair or addresses headdresses he are either punctate applique fillets or the punctations are made directly on the head the small circular style punctation is rare the five more or less complete solid bodies attached to this type of head show the same hasty treatment that the heads received arms are modeled to stand away from the body on four specimens and appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued to the body on the other two the torso is relatively straight and narrow from beneath the arms down to the slightly enlarged base from which only vestigial legs or feet emerge on either side this feature makes the figurines appear as though they were both standing and sitting at the same time one specimen has stubby arms which are grooved and punched on the outside at the shoulder probably as decoration the backs of all bodies and heads tend to be flat and gently arched backward body decoration consists of a punctate applique collar or necklace which does not
is

24

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

continue around the neck but only clasps it from the front on the chest and shoulders paste characteristics of the II chiapa A figurines are not homogeneous although they all tend to be made of finer clay than most of the other chiapa de corzo figurines three specimens contain no temper like inclusions the rest contain waterworn wom sand of widely water worn diverging size ranging from the almost imperceptible cep tible to 2 mm in diameter but fairly consistent within each individual specimen paste color ranges from moderate orange SYR 1011 66 66 to grayish reddish orange lor ioli loii none of the figurines are well smoothed so 2.4 size h 2559 5.0 is ls 2450 50 15 59 cm w 24 25 24 50 cm th 1.5 255.9 2559 3.1 31 cm 11.2 112 total height of complete specimen 112 ss 5.5 cm body width at neck 55 55 cm thickness at 50 5.0 base so 50 cm phase istmo isamo J iquipilas jiquipilas

decoration lack of attention to body detail slant eyes huge nose and flattish face this type of figurine is from the classic period in

central veracruz
r basically this variety differs from 11 II chiapa A in that the punctations are broader and the coffee bean eyes have small punches at each end A large nose without nostrils rises out of the flat face the open mouth has huge lips and a punctation at each comer chin and neck are nonexistent the ears are only a projection or an extension of the cheeks on which a fillet decoration or earplug has been appliques appliqued appliqu6d app liqued the upper chest or neck area is punctate decorated on two specimens the largest example is complete with tubular body one applique arm hangs at the side and the other rests across the belly while nubbin feet project from the base the tle paste is not homogeneous two speciile mens have no temper like inclusions while the third contains mixed quartz sand and 7.5 hornblende hom blende paste color is light brown 75 75 YR 64 the large hollow figurine is slipped a grayish reddish brown 25yr 32 the tempered figurine also has a thin strong yellowish brown 75r 58 slip all specimens are smoothed and the large hollow one has a well polished front 5 phase isamo istmo agrinier Ag rinier 1964 fig 113 .5

variety II chiapa

al

3 figgy fig 5 p

fig5y

245.0 2450

comparison in the central depression of chiapas this type is vaguely represented in unspecific preclassic deposits at santa cruz PI iob sanders 1961 pl lob a from the soco nusco region of the pacific coast in chiapas drucker 1948 159 61 figs 7 8 illustrates 78 hollow whistle figurines that are possibly related to the II chiapa A and al types at chiapa de corzo they share such common characteristics as triangular flat faces widest portion at the top with coffee bean eyes and rather crude bodies however these so conus can figurines from acacoyagua are nearconuscan ly all whistles at chiapa de corzo the bodies are most often solid and they almost never occur as whistles there is one flute of this type from chiapa de corzo fig 31 x M D coe 1961 149 says that the i is late formative type at fm ca finca arizona near puerto san jose josg in guatemala 1 of the presence at the site of acacoyagua I such ceramic characteristics as solid nubbin feet and labial flanges also argues for a late chronological placement lowe and mason protoclastic 1965 202 indicate a protoclassic Proto classic or early classic date there appears to be considerable relationship to the figurines called dioses Narigudos diases narigudos medellin zenil 1960 fig 4 coincidence of characteristics is found in the general body rectan position seated with hands on knees recean gularish gu larish head form tab ears with punctate

comparison this variety is found at mirador in the central depression of chiapas where peterson 1963 fig 139 suggests that it has a western mexican provenience or at least was affected by influences from that general area while certain similarities may be found i between this variety and some of the chupi chipi cuaro cearo figurines porter 1956 pis 16 17 perhaps even closer resemblances can be seen to the dioses Nari gudos type from central diases narigudos veracruz in the Re mojadas culture during the classic period medellin zenil 1960 fig 4 the example illustrated as figure 5 p is hollow as is r and is transitional to the aa a2 variety described below

a2 6 fig 6 0 p variety II chiapa aa all are hollow rectangular tubelike heads flat in back with a slight lateral convex cur

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

25

ak

sur adi tui

h

et k

5 cm
r
P
S

figure 6 POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES AND HEADS k n II chiapa C type probably late prehormones I chiapa B type Hor cones a j II francesa horcones protoclassic aa variety isamo classic or protoclastic Proto classic Jiqui pilas q istmo jiquipilas j s II chiapa D type 0 p II chiapa a2
a F 162 b A 78 2 c A 110 llo fill d A 131 132 l24 ssi e A 121 C 9 f A 131 177 l54 iio lio I A 5 14 sa fili k A 83b fill mi 1 flu fiu s7 g A 57 surface h A 131 150 l54 sa s2 i A 8 2 j A 1 fill sa ise E F floor m surface n surface 0 A 60 17g 4 p A 64 1 q lse SI s1 r A 15 j A 131 117 8 2 s A 67 fill 82

Guana caste francesa guanacaste

lii

26

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

vature lature to the front the wedge shape profile is broken only slightly by a long sharp ridge nose the nostrils of which are indicated by two rectangular punctations an open slit mouth appears to be smiling slightly long narrow slit eyes are slanted at a steep angle in toward the nose striking it about midway down its length pupils are shown by a single round or multiple rectangular punches the vestigial ears are highly stylized cheek or facial extensions they bear parallel grooves and give the appearance more of a fringe than
ears

variously grooved or punched for decoration stretches across the upper edge of the head it perhaps is a stylized representation of hair these figurines probably were first made in the shape of a tube the top was flattened as the tube was pinched off leaving a more or less flat surface on which to add the facial features although all specimens were made from similar clays containing sparse large grains of crushed limestone they were fired in different atmospheres leaving one oxidized specimen grayish reddish orange 1011 56 and the other reduced examples moderate orange yellow 75r 70 to brownish pink 75r 82 all specimens were polished although not uniformly slipping is limited to three red spots on one specimen one on each of the cheeks and one down the forehead and on the bridge of the nose another appears to have been slipped all over with a red clay

an applique band

43 cm
43

65 6.5 size h 7585 65 75 85 cm w gs 758.5 7585

67 cm th 41 4167 6.7

phase

isamo Jiqui pilas istmo jiquipilas

1

comparison while reminiscent of chupi chipi cuaro 16 17 cearo figurines porter 1956 pis 1617 there appears to be more specific resemblance to the dioses Narigudos of central veradiases narigudos Re cruz in the mojadas remojadas remol adas culture during the classic period medellin zenil 1960 fig 4 g the similarities are seen in the hollow flattish rectangular head body form large flatfish large nose slant eyes with punctations forehead or front hair decoration and the tubular extensions of the cheeks on which the ear folds are detailed by punctations

a ji A large protruding nose on an otherwise almost featureless face is the prime characteristic of this type the nose usually rises gradually to its tip in several specimens the nose appears more as a rectangular applique projection most of the noses lack nostrils but two have simple punctations while a third has two small pebbles pushed into the tip of the nose to simulate them the eyes are most often marked by rectangular slits but on two specimens are produced by round punctation while a third has a series of three tiny pebbles pushed into the head to simulate the eyes and a fourth has applique coffee bean eyes A slit mouth is found on all but two specimens on one the mouth is absent while the other has a series of three round punctations head shape in general is oval and it is usually quite thin in profile although three specimens are thickish the tle rear of the head ile is nearly always flat the tle simple outline is ile broken only slightly by a small gradual projection in the place of ears and a slight head constriction in the area of the neck in these specimens the ears are pierced through the chin is often present but is weakly portrayed two examples have more or less complete bodies while two others have only the upper torso the short stout body has stubby thick appendages decoration is limited to hair detail on one individual and a punctate necklace on another the paste characteristics cluster into two somewhat different categories the first six specimens are much like those of I chiapa A SYR in having a heavy moderate orange syr 66 to moderate yellowish pink SYR 74 paste with quartz sand limestone and hornblende inclusions this group appears to have been made with less care than the remaining
B 11
6

type II chiapa

fig

examples

this second group is made of a moderate yellowish brown 10yr 43 to light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 73 clay and appears to have been fired in a reducing atmosphere as opposed to the first group which was probably fired in an oxidizing atmosphere apparently no polishing was done on either group but the second is much better smoothed

anthropomorphic
go 20 ig 60 1.7 2.0 5.5 cm th 17 1.9 17 6.0 h 2060 20 19 55 55 60 cm w 19 206.0 2060 so 90 38 5.0 3.8 9.0 50 38 cm whole specimen hi go 90 cm tv 50 2.5 cm maist waist th 25 25 cm

CERAMIC FIGURINES

27

size

phase francesa horcones hormones lowe 1962b 33 pl PI 14 f describes the find situation of the figure 6 a example in a cache of the hor cones phase at chiapa de corzo

brown SYR 42 fired clay tempered with quartz sand none of the figurines are polished and only one exhibits more than just a little smoothing little care appears to have been taken with the manufacture of this type of figurine phase unknown but probably very late preprotoclastic classic or protoclassic Proto classic

type II chiapa C 8 fig this class of figurines

k n is characterized by modified coffee bean eyes a large highbridge nose and a lack of natural facial relief the eyes are all applique oval buttons with plain slits one example has oblong eyeballs within the slits the nose as stated is a high long ridge which rises up almost at a right angle at its root above the plane of the forehead two noses show nostrils chins are lacking on all but three specimens the mouth is an applique slit in four examples an incised slit in two more while the remaining two are upper head fragments lacking any mouth the lips of one specimen are marked as though to show scarification the same figurine has a punctate rectangle across the face also postato oing sibly indicating scarification or tattooing tatooing A possible separate variety consists of two long narrow head specimens fig 6 1 m one of which exhibits the only ears found in this type hair or head decoration is found on all but two specimens it is made of either an applique fillet ornamented by punctations and framing the forehead and face or texturing to indicate hair one specimen has a ponytail pony tail textured by broad groove incision the single complete specimen and another stu y upper torso have short fat bodies with stubby arms and legs there is no attempt to indicate joints or digits the paste of this type is difficult to characte rize because there is such a wide diveracterize gence there appear to be at least four paste groups one a soft light grayish reddish 10r 66 clay tempered with crushed orange lor blende two a hard bard light red rock and hom hornblende yellowish brown 10yr 74 clay containing blende three a dense heavy sand and hom hornblende 5yr 44 clay tempered moderate brown ayr with crushed limestone and four a dense light brownish gray 10yr 51 to grayish
6

type II chiapa D 17 fig 6 q s large hollow tubular heads with small

applique or modeled features the small low facial features are separated by rather large open spaces on all but one specimen there is little facial relief other than the low nose and cheeks the chin is short and broad long ears always have round flared earplugs eyes are made by opposing blunt triangular punc bunc tates on appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued fillets or in well modeled elliptical sockets one specimen has a painted black dot pupil the nose has nostrils and the mouth is open with down turned comers the chin is short and broad the paste of this 7.51130 type is a uniform dark gray 751130 75r 30 with no temper observable to the naked eye the specimens all received considerable polishing these figurines have a thick pale yellowish SYR 82 all over base coat and allover pink syr patches of strong brown 75r 36 on the cheeks and the rear of the head and neck except for 6 s which is painted all over the generally whitish slip often appears slightly pinkish because the extensive polishing the figures underwent prior to firing transferred small amounts of red slip or paint to the red speciwhite areas the red slip on the all allred men is made from specular hematite
60 30 224 6.0 2.2 2.9 60 cm tv 22 size h 29 2.24 3.0 30 cm 22 29 go 224 40 io lo AO 1.0 4.0 10 40 cm phase francesa guanacaste Guana caste

tji tit tii th

comparison general similarities can be seen with those specimens published by vaillant and vaillant 1934 figs 14 15 some of which came from cualupita gualupita Gua lupita and date to the Cua late preclassic in the central depression of chiapas at santa rosa delgado 1965a 60 61 fig 58 illustrates a fragment of one figurine which he calls baby face suggesting from an olmec olmed component of ino 0 that it came the site this santa rosa figurine is closely related to the chiapa de corzo type
Z

28

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

type 11 II chiapa E 3 fig 7 a c this figurine type has no facial features

front of the head is smooth except for a raised ridge which runs from ear to ear on one specimen a all have punctate decorated applique fillets on the head or incised lines detailing the hair the ears are rather small and are pierced on only one example a two figurines are flat and thin in profile a and b the other is almost round c the two flat thin specimens have the same paste characteristics as I chiapa A the small round figurine is made of a darker brown paste containing micaceous sand lg 4.1 1.9 4.8 2.9 3.0 size h 30 19 41 cm w 29 48 cm thi ig 29 48 30 41

the

facial relief topknot hairdo or decoration rests on the back of the head and hair is incised around the edges for detail eyes are double slit punctate applique fillets large nose had two small shallow punctate nostrils mouth is open badly weathered but some red slip still remains paste is the same as that of I chiapa A size h 43 4.3 2.7 43 cm w 27 27 cm
f small lifelike face with very eroded facial features face is framed by hair which is raised very high to a peak on top of the head which is now broken off and grooved to give detail ears are covered by large flat earplug flares paste is moderate orange 25yr 68 69 h 51 5.1 si with fine white rock temper size h 51 28 3.2 cm w 32 32 cm th 2.8 28 cm

30 cm
30 3.0

304.1 3041

phase

11

unknown comparison at santa rosa delgado 1965a 60 describes blind figurines and says that they are apparently preclassic although the dating is not precise he further states that similar blind figurines have been found in the tehuantepec isthmus and central mexican regions

natural shape face with features badly abraded but it still shows very fine modeled facial detail and a high polish striated hair
g

dissimilar but blind figurines are reported and illustrated from Tra piche chala trapiche huite el faigin faisan Re mojadas and puebla faisin garcia payon 1966 145 pis LX LX bis pl XXVIII also reports vaillant 1930 135 PI a blind H fi figurine 9 urine type found at zacatenco tepetlaoxtoc and Ti coman comin

frames the face and is trimmed away from the ears which are pierced face is rather heavily structured in the cheek and chin area mouth closed but down turned paste yellow50 5.0 ish gray 10yr 72 no temper size h so 50
cm w 37 3.7 37 cm
29 th 2.9 29

em cm

type II chiapa F

fig

checked badly eroded h roundhead round head fat cheeked specimen has head cowl with detailed hair recent reworking with sharp instrument has deeply outlined the nose head cowl and ears and therefore its present appearance is suspect paste dark yellowish brown 10yr 4.3 4.0 43 cm w 40 40 66 and temperless sizes h 43
cm
i

round fat one solid one hollow head

having applique fillet eyes with broad opposed wedge shape indentations heavy fat cheeks one specimen has a large thick nose and wide mouth with thin lips painted red this head d has a punctate applique fillet on top and is attached to a hollow fragmentary body that is pierced beneath the armpits by a large round hole red paint is found in both the eye and head decoration of this figurine paste is yellowish gray 10yr 72 with hom hornblende blende and quartz sand inclusions

3.1 th 31 31 cm oval head swollen face specimen with face

4550 2.1 2136 3.6 21 36 cm 213.6

size
36 2136
21

so 50 5.0 4.5 h 45 3.2 4550 50 cm w 32 45 32 455.0

35
35 3.5

cm

th

framed by raised hair area opposed wedge punctate eyes fat nose and thick lips contrast with the small daintily made compound earplugs with pendant element top of the head is decorated with a plain centrally located applique fillet paste is light grayish yellowish orange 10yr 73 and temperless surface well smoothed size h 4.1 41 cm tv 39 3.9 3.0 39 cm th 30 30 cm phase unknown but group probably spans several phases

phase unknown style 11 II miscellaneous 8 fig 7 e i e irregular shape head with considerable

comparison specimen f can be correlated 44 pl PI XII style X with butlers 1935 42 4244 form A figurines from piedras negras headform Head headford degras this type of figurine is definitely classic maya and the specimen from chiapa de cor

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

29

ese ssr alb

W
77
I A1

flb jhbwbhb

IB
c
e

&

acm cm 5 5cm
m

FIGURINES AND HEADS figure 7 POTTERY PORY HUMAN FICURINES II miscellaneous j m III chiapa A a c II chiapa E type d II chiapa F type e i style 11 guanacaste cuanacaste caste type francesa Guana a A 24 3 b surface c A 53 1 dp d A 49 7 e A 131 surface f barrio san pedro g A 131 go I B 54 m nandambua sa k A 1 5p j A 133 r39 s8 nandamb6a A 60 ap 123 ra l 1 r3 sl hi surface i a

fory

al

30

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

zo is probably an item of trade from the

lowland maya area rands and rands 1965 figs 24 26 picture related classic maya figurines from zona sala chiapas and jaina
STYLE 111 III ili

type III chiapa

a i t

A 29

figs

7 j

8 9

shape of this type from a front view is uniformly round whereas in profile it ranges from oval to shoe shape with extreme labial protrusion the width of the head always exceeds the height A low heavy brow terminates the short forehead beneath the low brow rises a low triangular nose the end of the nose is quite broad but low and almost always shows the nostrils A third hole or deep indentation is often found between the nostrils or above the upper li lip P which protrudes greatly beyond the lower lip and is upturned note profile fig 8 two protruding upper incisors are the most novel characteristic of this type there is a possibility that they are just two ordinary front teeth with the other upper front teeth removed causing the teeth to appear to be protruding the mouth is always open and

the head

C
1 I

yok vok kob

5 cm 0 aery HUMAN FIGURINE HEADS rery poi POTTERY figure 8 poa three hair styles of type III chiapa A figurines a A 50 3 b A 133 r39 sa s8 s7 c A 133 1139 sa
I
1

almost always turned down at the corners the juncture of the upper lip and the cheek is often accentuated by a deep crease along this natural line greatly emphasizing the down turned corners comers of the mouth the chin which is well portrayed is small and weak and is overwhelmed by the large fat bulging cheeks which together with the lips and the teeth give the face its overall ugly lady characteristic the half moon eyes are also very uniformly portrayed as flattish oval recesses down turned at both ends the eyeball bulges only slightly in the center almost as in nature head decoration consists of large hollow or solid earplugs earplugs head ribbons and four distinct hair styles the ribbon circling the top of the head is found with the hair worn in two small short bangs on the forehead two long side locks which flow over the ears and onto the shoulders and a ponytail pony tail low in the rear figs 8 b 9 c eighteen specimens have this hairdo A simple hair style which just frames the face is found on one specimen not figured the other two styles each found on a single figurine are much more elaborate the first fig 8 c begins in a bun at the rear of the head continues in a line of overlapping locks up and over the head onto the forehead and ends on the le haircut the brow resulting in a Mohaw mohawk other style fig 8 a appears as a forelock over the left eye and a large flowing lock on the left side of the head running down over the ear and onto the shoulder the area over the right eye is bare and may be considered as evidence of ton tonsuring suring while in the rear the hair flows together in a uniform tress all the various hair parts are broad groove incised to indicate texture in general the paste characteristics of this type are much like those of the I chiapa A type the soft reddish brown fired clay conhornblende blende inclutains sand limestone and hom sions the latter occurs in small quantities but is almost always present with the former two the color range is from grayish reddish orange 10yr 66 or 67 to moderate reddish orange lor 10r 58 although much care was taken in their manufacture none of the specimens with the above paste characteristics are polished but all are well smoothed slipping is not found on these figurines

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

31

mime rimm

ang aag oil

wa w1 WL
IM

5 cm

FIGURINE gurine cuRINE HEADS figure 9 POTTERY HUMAN Fi i&tmo jiquipilas Guana caste j 1 III chiapa al variety isamo a i III chiapa A type francesa guanacaste istmo Jiqui pilas protoclastic Proto classic m n III chiapa B type probably protoclassic 0 p III chiapa C type probably proto classic maravillas q f r III chiapa D type 21 S 9 b A 133 r39 sa 121 a A 1 s7 d A 139 n18 121 s8 c A 133 r39 sa r3 e A 50 3 f A ni8 ra nia ili iii aill alil ac k A 6 fill ac g A 116 I A 45 3 m A 23 ilg 15 h A 45 3 i A 6 fill j A 121 b 3c flu 1 fiu n 3c 1615 l 16 surface n A 11 fill 0 A 133 r39 SI p A 131 162 163 l42 sl q A 131 surface r A 131 123 s2 l3 la sa

al

32

NVVAF NWAF PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

paint colors are limited to red and white the former being the most extensively used the two colors never occur on the same specimen A single figurine head appears to have been articulated this head has a small lateral hole in the peg projection which serves as a neck and a small piece of cord was probably used to fasten it to the body these figurines have been previously illustrated by lowe 1959 figs 36 b third specimen in upper row and body with head comer 61 a 4 in lower right corner phase francesa guanacaste Guana caste
to be no direct comparisons with this type in the literature Meso america it is not difficult however on mesoamerica to see certain similar facial characteristics in figurines in several collections from the lowlands of tabasco and veracruz in the cezapotek weiant ramic figurines from tres zapotes 1943 pis 18 5 7 45 5 16 similarities can be found in general the down turned mouth swollen or averted everted lips and fat cheeks are almost identical tae the headband or hair ribbon b found on some of these figurines fig 8 & is tied like the one on the monumental head PI from cerro de las mesas drucker 1943b pl

lar to those of M D coes s TZ coe tzi 1 type at la victoria 1961 fig 55 p but 1 I fail to see the close similarity to the type from tres zapotes zapotek with which he equates them
Q variety III chiapa al 5 fig 9 y j 1 facial form is oval eye sockets are deeply modeled as are the mouth and nostrils the mouth is open and never has the protruding teeth as prominent as in the 111 III ili ill chiapa A type ear flares are both plain and punctated hair is shown in detail on only one specimen the rest having a simple raised area where the hair should be one head is pierced through the back of the neck by a large hole the paste characteristics fall into two groups one very similar to the I chiapa A type and the second of finer paste with very

comparisons

there appear

few visible inclusions this second group also has some polishing which the first lacks previously pictured from chiapa de corzo by lowe 1959 fig 36 b 4

size
30 3.0

tle ile

30 cm
phase

50 5.4 4354 4254 4.3 2.8 4.2 h 42 5.0 54 cm w 43 43 so 28 42 54 425.4 50 cm th 28 4254

isamo jiquipilas istmo

2

46 a

type 111 III lil chiapa B lii

fig

9 m n

has brought to my attention the similarities bePI 45 totonac tween weianfs weiants 1943 pl maya and the anthropomorphic effigy vesi sels from monte alban 1 I compare for in inpl 45 14 and padstance weiant 1943 PI dock 1966 101 fig 18 and suggested that this figurine type may be related to monte zapotes potes which may alban rather than tres Za zapotek also have been influenced by monte alban certainly a dominant theme in facial expression at monte alban is a cruel or grotesque mouth with prominent front teeth the dan zantes I paddock 1966 104 bantes of monte alban 1 10 all portray this characteristic mouth type what relationship this characteristic has with a very similar one in the olmec olmed art is not known it is not known for instance in which area this trait first appeared jimenez moreno 1966 17 has suggested a sort of la venta monte alban civilizing axis which guided cultural development in the areas adjacent to
1967

lowe personal communication

solid heads with naturally shaped oval faces and delicately made lifelike features in profile they show minor prognathism the eye sockets are narrow and slanted very slightly striking the finely made nose about midway along its length the eyes may have a central perforation the cheeks are full and the nose has shallow nostrils the mouth is open slightly and perhaps is a little down turned at the comers A low cowl frames the face but has no decoration except a low knob on the right side of one specimen the ears are low plain applique fillets paste is the same as that of I chiapa A type neither polished nor slipped

30
30 3.0

40 3910 3.9 4.0 size h 39 39 40 cm 391.0 3910

2732 2.7 3.2 w 27 27 32 32 cm 273.2 2732

2.5 th 25 25

em cm

phase

protoclastic unknown but probably protoclassic Proto classic

it

the

bangs of the hair style are quite simi

comparison these are probably preclassic figurines and resemble somewhat la venta turbaned types drucker 1952 pis 28 e i badly eroded 30 f h and examples from mirador peterson 1963 fig 137 e

anthropomorphic
type III chiapa C 2 fig 9 0 p these are hollow heads rather
tubular
long and

CERAMIC FIGURINES

33

shows extreme prognathism appears to be long and broad A small nose rises abruptly between the eyes which are narrow triangular modeled sockets in one specimen p the eyes are modeled on a flat bean shape applique button on the other the sockets are inset the fat puffy cheeks give rise in the center of the face to the larger tubular upturned whistling mouth the end of the mouth is punched with a small round hole that never reaches the body cavity the small nose which is greatly overshadowed by the mouth is without nostrils in one figurine but in the second is marked by two tiny stones pushed into the clay in the proper place there is no chin as the lower line of the whistling mouth rises up from the chin s normal location making a single smooth line the ears are small and vestigial but wear earplug flares which are punctated the paste characteristic of these two objects is quite similar although one has a good deal more temper like inclusions than the other it is a light clay with sand and sometimes less finely crushed limestone both specimens are apparently slipped with a red and are well polished paste color clay is light grayish red 10yr 63
11

the profile the forehead

lation appears to have a grayish brown slip 75yr 42 on the rest there is no evidence of slipping the slipped specimen is also moderately polished the other two are only roughly smoothed
size
40 404 8.5 h 4.0 4.04 85 cm 40 85 404
23 65 6.5 2.3 tv 234 2.34 gs 23 65 234

cm

3.2 th 32 34 cm 32 343.4 pjwse filase maravillas

comparison sanders

1961

pl PI

shows figurines from santa cruz which are similar in paste characteristics and technique of manufacture exact facial style cannot be seen but the smooth blending or transition from one facial feature to another is a common trait beards appear to be another common characteristic

iob m n lob

type III chiapa E 6 fig 10 this type is characterized

a solely by paste

65 6.5 4.5 h 45 65 45 4 gs 65 4.5 6.5 th 45 45 gs 65 cm

size

cm

3.5 tv 35 to 35

60

go 60 6.0

cm

phase

protoclastic protoclassc unknown but probably protoclassic Proto classic

type III chiapa D 3 fig 9 q r this type is characterized by hollow heads

with triangular faces high pointed noses lips marking an open mouth and much facial relief eyes are modeled sockets with eyeballs eyebrows and cheeks are heavy and bony on one head q the nose has round nostrils the same specimen appears to be wearing both a labret and a beard the other figurine r has evidence of extensive mutilation of the incisors earplug flares on this same specimen are solid and concave the paste of this type ranges from light reddish brown 10yr 64 to grayish reddish orange 10yr 66 and seems to be a variety of fine orange no temper is visible to the naked eye the figurine with the dental muti

constituents and manufacturing technique stylistically there is resemblance between only two figurines of this group all specimens are fragmentary which tends to increase the heterogeneity of the group there are a few facial characteristics that are similar although portrayed in different ways the mouth is often open wide and eyes are made by slits modeled sockets eyeballs or punctation only one nose has nostrils one specimen has elongated punctations marking hair detail while another has two round uniform swellings on the upper forehead outlined by short grooves within this group the paste appears quite uniform to the naked eye the base clay apSYR 64 pears to have been a light brown syr with some naturally occurring golden colored mica other inclusions include crushed hornblende crystals and quartz sand all figurines are hollow and hand modeled with varying amounts of surface polishing some apparently were not polished while others were slightly polished three specimens are slipped pinkish gray SYR 81 red paint is found on the lips and cheeks of two figurines while a chapopote on third has black paint perhaps chapopote the end of the nose and lips and inside the mouth

largest specimen only 10.0 100 cm 8.5 tv 85 85 cm th 100

size

loo 10.0 h 100 loof 100

1

cm

34

NVVAF NWAF PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

ribrin
Brin ri cibrin
J
a

amam abam

sa aBs bwl saabs laabs

F

5 cm

poent HUMAN N FIGURINE HEADS figure 10 POTTEHY hunia 111 Hor cones a III chiapa E type b c III hormones d f IV chiapa A type laguna lii chiapa F type horcones ili 7i h IV chiapa B type i j or later Vill anores y IV chiapa C type vili g ai k style IV IN miscel villadores viuaflores villanores ciscel laneous ruiz tuxtla sa ai A 83d 8 b A 100 fill c F 162 d A 131 129 l3 fid f A 78 1 g A 131 fiu s3 e A 100 loo fill la 132 l2 s3 i barrio san pedro j barrio san pedro k surface la SI A A 131 126 l3 la sa

anthropomorphic
phase example 10 a type others unknown
is of

CERAMIC FIGURINES

35

a cotorra cotoira ceramic

phase

hormones Hor cones horcones

comparisons M D coe 1965 pis 162 167 68 portrays some pottery masks from tlapa coya and tlatilco which have bumps on the head outlined with drag punctate marks like the III chiapa E specimen shown here in figure 10 a other parallels with masks from tlatilco depicted by coe and of III chiapa E buff ware paste red paint some type include buffware polishing and grotesque facial features

comparison the same type occurs at mirab dor peterson 1963 84 85 fig 123 a & variety III ill chiapa FI fl 2 fig 11 two small badly weathered heads one with an oval face eyebrows portrayed by incised grooves arching over small round punctate pupils nose mouth and chin are missing the back of the head is flat and tapers out to a thin flange around the edge of the head on this flange are large applique earplug flares with off center punctations which pass through the flange the top of the head has incised or applique decoration and may represent the hair or headdress bodies are hollow as evidenced by concavity at the base of one head heads are connected directly to the shoulders and no attempt was made to constrict the neck area the base of the figurine juts out in back paste of fine light brown clay SYR 64 with very sparse large crushed rock temper surface smoothed but not polished back of figurine left very lumpy and crudely finished pl 13 p figures specilowe 1962b 27 PI men a from chiapa de corzo

type III chiapa F 3 fig 10 b c this figurine head type is characterized

by a long narrow head with an elaborate headdress the back of the head is flat while the front is nearly so with little relief other than the nose the eyes consist of small punctate pupils set into sockets outlined by carving arched eyebrows which almost meet at the nose are also incised into the head the eyes slant down toward the nose A large nose has nostrils made with two round punctal puncta eions that angle upward only slightly the tions averted lips is further accenopen mouth with everted tuated by a deep round punctation in each comer the almost invisible ears are hidden by large earplug flares pierced by a round punctation decoration of the head is ached by both paint and applique fillets complis complished
of clay A thick coat of red and white paint is found on one specimen with the former color restricted to an area of the face below the eyebrows while the white occurs on the upper head and the chin the applique bands and buttons of clay are ornamented by either a simple round punctation or by several lineal drag punctations SYR 64 of the soft light brown paste syr this type has no observable temper the basic figurine facial features were probably modeled by hand and immediately thereafter punctated and carved as all decoration and facial detail is crisp and sharp no polishing was done on these figurines after the textural decoration was applied pl 14 e shows exlowe 1962b 33 PI ample 10 c and its find situation in a cache at chiapa de corzo

phase

cones hormones Hor horcones

petersons s type 4 comparison so similar to peterson subtype A at mirador 1963 84 fig 122 that they must be trade pieces

vfw&

0
figure
11

3 cmts cats

a h b III chiapa

gunne gurne POTTERY HUMAN Fi FIGURINE curNE HEADS

fl

Hor cones horcones variety hormones

type III chiapa G 3 fig 12 this type consists of two hollow seated
figures and one hollow head with finely modeled features lowe 1962a fig 6 a c

size largest complete specimen only 58 til 3.0 th 30 5.8 11.2 cm tv 584 5.84 30 cm 58 cm tii 112 584

hi

36

NVVAF NWAF PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

5 5cmts c mts cats

b

c
figure
12
POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES AND FIGURINE HEAD

III chiapa C type

mara villas maravillas

nose is prominent and has a large bridge which extends up onto the forehead as is often portrayed in classic maya art and epitomized by the stucco heads from the tomb at palenque the eyes are swollen and closed or open but blank both figurine heads have rectangular open mouths A stocking type cap with a decorated band sits on top of each head the right cheek of one figurine b and the left of the other a are covered with pock like marks the arms of one figurine c are modeled against the body but are quite apparent with crudely made hands the other figurine a is armless or perhaps has its arms bound inside the clothing which appears to be a wide blanket covering both the arms and legs and also a cape or jacket like upper garment the other body fragment figurine c appears to have a long sleeved jumper or jacket and long trousers all garments are elaborately modeled to indicate cloth texture woven painted or embroidered patterns both figurine heads have an applique fillet

facial details are shown in low relief the

button necklace apparently all these fragments are part of a single complicated incense burner stand paste is fine grayish reddish orange lor IOR 66 with no visible temper figurine surface is very smooth but does not seem to have been polished
95 9.5 cm th 55 5.5 13.0 95 130 cm w gs 55 cm size h 130 phase maravillas mara villas comparison related to the general maya type from tabasco lowe 1962a 193

STYLE IV

type IV chiapa A 3 fig 10 d f f mold made these figurine heads are solid moldmade rectangularish and rectangular ish in outline the back of
the head is flat in the front however there is a gradual flaring out from the crown of the headdress down to the nose where the face juts forward with some prognathism the forehead is flat and merges with the headdress punctate and slit pupils are centered in

anthropomorphic
quasi rectangular eye sockets in two specimens while the third has only deep eye slits A large hooked nose in specimen e dominates the whole face the nose is missing from the other two heads but it was probably not very large ears are vestigial with larger earplug flares either punctated or cupped in the centers the headdress is elaborately decorated in primarily a rectilinear design style although one specimen has a few curvilinear elements on two heads a fringe of hair appears from under the headdress across the front and down the sides to the earplugs ear plugs all three specimens appear to be of the same paste which is one of the frequently used pastes at chiapa 2.5 de corzo it is a grayish reddish orange 25 25 YR 56 clay containing fine quartz sand and limestone particles at least one of the figurines was slipped red it also is the only one which was well polished the other two specimens however appear to have been taken from the mold and fired without further surface treatment size
30 3.0
60 7.3 6.0 73 h go 60 73

CERAMIC FIGURINES

37

checks and detail is shown by down both cheeks grooves running directly back from the hair line the forehead slants directly down and outward to the tip of the nose eyes are set close to the nose and are complete with eyelids eyeballs and small punctate pupils the open mouth is full of teeth outlined by rather thick lips it appears to be grimacing paste color of the two specimens is quite different the larger is black 25yr 20 while the smaller is a light reddish brown 25yr 64 grooves formed at the time the clay was pushed into the mold are still visible on the back of the smaller head
1623 1.2 2.3 size h 23 li ii 31 cm w 16 23 cm th 12 23 3.1 233.1 162.3 2331 1623 1.4 14 cm phase unknown but classic period or later

made heads comparison similar small mold moldmade are found at tres zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a PI 42 r g n 132 pl

ft

type

cm

4.5 cm 30 4 45 45 phase laguna or later comparison this type occurs in quantity in

86 7786 7.7 w 77 8.6 cm 77 86 778.6 7786

th

the vicinity of mirador chiapas peterson 52 where it is but one of the 1963 figs 151 15152 many classic period influences from teotihuacan or some intermediate related area it also occurs stratigraphically early at both piedras negras degras and palenque rands and

rands

1965

47 4647 figs 46

IV chiapa B 2 figs 10 g h 13 mold made heads with solid miniature moldmade facial detail made of temperless paste beyond this however there is little similarity between them the larger of the two has a rectangular head and flattish face with sunken cheeks mouth and nose root the face has an old and wrinkled appearance the mouth also appears soft and toothless and is slightly askew the nose is flattened and has large punctate nostrils the smaller head is oval in outline flat in the rear with a prognathous profile in front the hair frames the face in a stepped line

type

IV chiapa C 2 fig 10 i y j the faces of these figurines are rather round with well proportioned features chin and cheeks are well developed the low forehead of i is topped by a large headdress or elaborate hairdo consisting of a double row of thick knobs which project straight out from the head in a band running from ear to ear across the top at each side at ear level is an outward projecting curl the back is hollow and shows evidence that the clay was pushed into the mold by a pointed instrument the y has a hole badly weathered figurine j punched through from side to side near the top of the head the face of this type has very natural features the eyes are well made

b 2 cmts cats fiatire figure 0

13
POTTERY
lan HUMN IAN hu humm

FIGURINE HEADS

IV chiapa B type

anthropomorphic
quasi rectangular eye sockets in two specimens while the third has only deep eye slits A large hooked nose in specimen e dominates the whole face the nose is missing from the other two heads but it was probably not very large ears are vestigial with larger earplug flares either punctated or cupped in the centers the headdress is elaborately decorated in primarily a rectilinear design style although one specimen has a few curvilinear elements on two heads a fringe of hair appears from under the headdress across the front and down the sides to the earplugs ear plugs all three specimens appear to be of the same paste which is one of the frequently used pastes at chiapa 2.5 de corzo it is a grayish reddish orange 25 25 YR 56 clay containing fine quartz sand and limestone particles at least one of the figurines was slipped red it also is the only one which was well polished the other two specimens however appear to have been taken from the mold and fired without further surface treatment size
30 3.0
60 7.3 6.0 73 h go 60 73

CERAMIC FIGURINES

37

checks and detail is shown by down both cheeks grooves running directly back from the hair line the forehead slants directly down and outward to the tip of the nose eyes are set close to the nose and are complete with eyelids eyeballs and small punctate pupils the open mouth is full of teeth outlined by rather thick lips it appears to be grimacing paste color of the two specimens is quite different the larger is black 25yr 20 while the smaller is a light reddish brown 25yr 64 grooves formed at the time the clay was pushed into the mold are still visible on the back of the smaller head
1623 1.2 2.3 size h 23 li ii 31 cm w 16 23 cm th 12 23 3.1 233.1 162.3 2331 1623 1.4 14 cm phase unknown but classic period or later

made heads comparison similar small mold moldmade are found at tres zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a PI 42 r g n 132 pl

ft

type

cm

4.5 cm 30 4 45 45 phase laguna or later comparison this type occurs in quantity in

86 7786 7.7 w 77 8.6 cm 77 86 778.6 7786

th

the vicinity of mirador chiapas peterson 52 where it is but one of the 1963 figs 151 15152 many classic period influences from teotihuacan or some intermediate related area it also occurs stratigraphically early at both piedras negras degras and palenque rands and

rands

1965

47 4647 figs 46

IV chiapa B 2 figs 10 g h 13 mold made heads with solid miniature moldmade facial detail made of temperless paste beyond this however there is little similarity between them the larger of the two has a rectangular head and flattish face with sunken cheeks mouth and nose root the face has an old and wrinkled appearance the mouth also appears soft and toothless and is slightly askew the nose is flattened and has large punctate nostrils the smaller head is oval in outline flat in the rear with a prognathous profile in front the hair frames the face in a stepped line

type

IV chiapa C 2 fig 10 i y j the faces of these figurines are rather round with well proportioned features chin and cheeks are well developed the low forehead of i is topped by a large headdress or elaborate hairdo consisting of a double row of thick knobs which project straight out from the head in a band running from ear to ear across the top at each side at ear level is an outward projecting curl the back is hollow and shows evidence that the clay was pushed into the mold by a pointed instrument the y has a hole badly weathered figurine j punched through from side to side near the top of the head the face of this type has very natural features the eyes are well made

b 2 cmts cats fiatire figure 0

13
POTTERY
lan HUMN IAN hu humm

FIGURINE HEADS

IV chiapa B type

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

39

from nandambua nandamb6a acala ruiz site and las baisas brisas all of which he dates to the early postclassic

FIGURINE BODIES human figurine torsos in this collection cannot be classified according to the typology based on heads except in two instances mentioned below primarily because they lack distinctive features many bodies are also badly eroded and this lack of completeness plet eness complicates the problem the torsos have been classified into two varieties which correspond to the same head varieties seven shared descriptive attribute types and one miscellaneous category the first two varieties I chiapa al and III chiapa al are the only groups of bodies that can be identified with specific head varieties the large number of torsos classified within these two head varieties is the result of an identification problem figurine bodies did not receive the same attention in manufacture as the heads therefore they cannot be as finely subdivided as the heads and there can be no cross correlation of each head type or variety with a body type the similarity of paste characteristics and manufacturing techniques between the bodies of I chiapa al and the other varieties of the I chiapa A head type are many which suggests that some of the bodies indeed belong to the several separate head varieties the absence of more complete specimens has resulted in the necessity of lumping all bodies of several possible varieties of a type under just one variety in the two instances where this is done the bodies have been lumped with the body variety represented by a complete specimen that is with I chiapa al and III chiapa al head varieties it must be iiiwchiapa lil kept in mind with reference to body material that the body type name in reality corresponds to all the head varieties within the type dimensions are given only for complete specimens in all other instances the reader should refer to the scale in the illustrations for size of body types

the

3 cmts cats
figure 15
POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINE HEADS OF EUROPEAN STYLE

Za potal a IV chiapa D type villaflores zapotal Villa Hores chiapa E type probably villaflores

IV

closed and appears to be without teeth the chin juts forward the back of the head is a cupped hollow the specimen is made of a IOR 32 paste with grayish reddish brown lor quartz sand inclusions the figurine appears to have been subjected to intense deliberate smudging which has deeply penetrated the surface giving the specimen an all over black allover color described by navarrete 1966 77

fig

85

4.4 2.9 cm th 2.5 ls is size h 44 29 44 cm w 29 25 cm phase uncertain probably villaflores

I fig 10 fc style IV miscellaneous 1 flattish hollow head fragment rear and forehead portion only band about the head frames the face and crosses the back of the neck A large earplug flare with a round central element still bears traces of white paint paste is fine moderate yellowish pink ayr syr 5yr 74 in color with very sparse sand inclusions 8.0 5.7 size h 80 57 cm th 20 80 cm w 57 2.0 20 4 cm phase ruiz z tuxtla

rul rui

comparison two similar figurine fragments from mirador are depicted by peterson 1963 figs 153 b 154 first specimen in lower row where they date to the postclassic he suggests a oaxacan influence mixtec or zapotec for this figurine type rands and rands 1965 fig 19 show a like figurine from the campiche Cam peche coast dated to the classic campeche or early postclassic lowe 1959 figs 9 b 15 f g 17 r portrays similar fragments

body type I chiapa A 130 figs 16 17 As stated above this body type is equated with the several varieties of heads of the 1 I

40

NWAF

PAPER no 26

conzo COMO LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

gag gai jig

7m
am

ce

MW
5 cm

figure
a 0
A 54 2

16

TORSOS OF POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES

I chiapa A type dili A 121 e 4 c A 121 E 4 d A 121 h lo 10 e A 14 5 A 24 3 h A 121 e 9 i A 100 4 7 j A 32f 3 lom loo 10m

A 100 8 13

anthropomorphic
sell rell

CERAMIC FIGURINES

41

mra IRA irk

ru

4-

0
V
n

rk

crm 5 arm

I chiapa A type dili G 4 c F 166 a A 121 F 3 b A 121 g4 2 d A 121 A 83b 8 4e e A 121 g 4 1662 j ae izi ga 1214e 1 g A 32b 2 h A i A 134 I A 121 E 3 m A 83b 7 l fill i sl j A 83b 9 k A 100 8 8 1 alfill n A 121 F 8 0 A 38 3 p A 32f 3 q surface r A 31 1

figure

17

arery HUMAN FIGURINES TORSOS OF po POTTERY

rrery

ris

42

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

chiapa A type on the basis of one complete I chiapa al figurine fig 1 h eighteen individuals are seated 4 are
standing and 108 are too fragmentary to define body position shoulders of this type are usually broad and square chest and back are contoured and proportioned naturally the arms are either hung at the sides or are folded high across the chest the abdomen tends to be flat although there are examples of obesity A large round punctate navel of considerable depth is usually located high on the belly and a horizontal wrinkle or crease is often shown just above the pubic area sexual differences between the figurines are not emphasized within this type only two male figurines fig 17 i and one female show genitals sexual identification was based almost wholly on the presence or absence of female breasts which at best are never well developed six females appear to be pregnant one pregnant woman has a supporting band around the abdomen fig 17 h thirty seven other torsos are definitely female while twenty six can be identified as males sixty seven fragments are unidentifiable as to sex clothing on male figurines is limited to five individuals who wear simple undecorated breechcloths fig 17 g mr o and another mo mho wearing a pair of decorated drawers fig 17 1 I skirts on four females are either plain fig 16 c or have a simple row of short parallel lines around the hem for decoration fig 16 ji i both occurring with equal frequency the paste and manufacturing technique of these bodies are exactly the same as those on head type I chiapa A two or three of these bodies appear to have a thick cream colored
1

and are used as a guide in identifying other bodies of the type two other complete figurines one of which fig 7 m is not from chiapa de corzo but from a two or three miles southeast of nandambua nandambu chiapa de corzo have a somewhat different torso but the same head type these two deviants nevertheless both emphasize some III features characteristic of the torso type 111 lii ili chiapa A and therefore are included here as only slightly different variations the shoulders are weakly developed and generally slope from the neck down and outward A small narrow usually sunken chest is underpinned underpinner by a large sagging belly the navel low on the abdomen is always a large deep round hole arms are either positioned on the sides and belly or are extended to rest hands down on the thighs of the crossed legs nine out of twenty four specimens are definitely seated others may be but they are fragmentary and therefore undefinable As none are definitely standing it appears that they are always portrayed seated legs appear to have been crossed in all cases except for the two hollow deviant bodies one of these has only vestigial limbs appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued around the fat body while the second is a small baby held in the arms of another per-

fig

7 k

son
as to sex is present in this type all specimens appear sexless or neuter

no evidence
is

slip

size phase
94

most complete specimen

hi 210 21.0 cm 210

gi 9.1 3.3 cm w gl 91 cm th 33 33

dili

comparison

fig

the same
type

56 c

coe s 1961 as M D coes RE rel 1 almost all of which rei

A

depicted only once in the form of a short sleeved blouse fig 18 c with a cassels hanging narrow collar and long narrow tassels down in front decoration is limited to an ever present appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued flat plain round button necklace often the central button is a little larger than or slightly different in shape from the others the hair style is shown by the ends of two side locks of hair which often remain on the shoulders and by the end of the ever present ponytail pony tail on the back the paste is the same as that found in head type III chiapa A

clothing

size

he says are in a seated position

complete specimen

body type III chiapa

two

24 fig 18 a h whole figurines of this type with

7.0 th 70 70 cm phase frances guanacaste a guana caste francesa cm to 90 cm

fig

fc

hi 197 19.7 197

heads have been illustrated and described

see discussion comparison chiapa A head type

under

ili

111 III

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

43

f
h

5 cm
m

ran ras HUMAN IAN FIGURINES figure 18 TORSOS OF POTTERY HU guanacaste guanaca&te hack type fiat back caste i 1 concave back type m p flat a h III chiapa A type francesa Guana 11 ab e A 100 1 8 f A 121 S 11 g A 32f 2 hi a A 68 fill b A alla aila alia ll a c A 26 5 d A 78 6b I A 26 5 m A tr B fill n A 59 FI 4 A 29 1 i A 88 7 j A 121 E 4 k A 121 t 9 1

alla

0 A

tr atr

B M 14

C4 p A 121 G

atr

44

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

following body types cannot be tied to a particular head type their classification is based on one or two characteristic attributes as indicated by the type name
1 lei body type concave back 9 fig 18 ir i rl l in general these bodies are rather well athletic proportioned several are in physique all torsos in this group have a large concave or sunken area in the back a bilateral extension of the spinal groove shoulders are rarely squared but round and sloping from the neck down and outward

the

examples are however life size or larger and thought to be very late in the sequence
nipp nip body type flat back 6 fig 18 m nir p mp this flat back and round shouldered

sexual characteristics are limited to breasts with punctate nipples on the females and a hole in the pubic region of one figurine fig 18 i t this rectangular hole enters the body at an angle high on the sacral area leaving the body low in the pubes whether this hole is meant to represent female genitalia or contained a separate and probably removable penis one can only guess its uniqueness in the collection suggests perhaps that it held some rather special significance for the people who made it another nearly complete example of a I chiapa al figurine with the same attribute has been subsequently found at chiapa de corzo tucker in preparation clothing is limited to one example of a breechcloth A pair of lumps on either side of one figurine s navel may be evidence of scarifi fication fig 18 1 A second female figurine has the same type of decoration about the neck fig 18 fc the paste is somewhat heterogeneous in color from light reddish brown 25yr 64 to pale orange yellow 10yr 83 and light brownish gray 10yr 51 inclusions appear much as in other figurines from chiapa de corzo primarily hom hornblende blende but also limestone and some quartz sand only the three gray paste figurines appear to have been slipped five specimens were well polished although weathering has left only traces

group is composed entirely of females breasts are well developed on four individuals A clear indication that an applique appliqu6 breast has weathered off is found on a fifth figurine one has a broad punctate navel the upper portion of a skirt or pair of drawers is found on one specimen m this single occurrence of clothing in this type is pattern punctuated to add detail red paint still remains in the punctations all specimens appear to be standing although their fragmentary nature precludes this respect certainty in tilis the paste is a uniform moderate reddish brown lor 10r 46 tempered with hom hornblende blende and quartz sand none of the specimens were polished but one was given a thick white slip

body type wasp waist 4 fig 19 a b

of this type have a pronounced reduction in size at the waistline legs tend to be narrow and slim although the thighs

all bodies

comparison andrews

1943

28 29 83 84 8384

are often thickened three figurines are in a standing position one slightly crouched while the fourth is evidently sitting down with its legs together and straight out in front clothing is in the form of a plain pair of drawers on one figurine fig 19 & b and a fancy double belt breechcloth on another shown from the rear a the belt with a long sash ends on the right hip of the figurine in the rear beneath the belt a hooked object with two rectangular ends can be seen the paste is uniform light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 73 tempered with hornblende and quartz sand only the figurine with the fancy belt and breechcloth appears to have been polished none are slipped

b 19 c describes and depicts two male stone figures from southwestern cam peche that have a hole transversing trans versing the pubes to buttocks area in which a movable phallus could have been inserted other associated male sculptures andrews 1943 figs 17 19 b have greatly enlarged genitalia these
18

figs

body type flat base

11

fig

19 c

characterized by flat bases which maintain the figurines in an upright position in both hollow and solid examples of this type legs and feet are never separated from the body often there are only small
is

this type

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

45

amma amm6

5 cm
n

19 TORSOS OF POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES b wasp waist type a shown from rear c hi flat base type i rn hollow coarse paste a1 type n r hollow fine paste type G 4 d A 78 5b ab e A 121 E 11 f A 134 r33 SI g ab b A 29 4 c A 121 C a A 78 6b 1 A 133 r39 9 k A 78 5 I A 11 A 60 aq m 19 l1 9q 2 it A 121 H 4 i A 121 78a 2 j alig glu 2 4 q A 121 E 2 r A 133 ROO giu 1100 A 133 1139 s13 n A 133 r6 sa s2 0 A 78 4 p A 60 611

figure

ra

lii lil

al

13

46

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

knobs or vestigial feet at the front comers of anns are longer and given more the base arms detail than feet but never appear as well proportioned limbs navels are often depicted by a large round punctation although some are much smaller four figurines appear to be females while the rest are neuter decoration consists of a strange irregular punctate pattern about the shoulders and navel of one figurine and an applique bead necklace with red paint on another 7.5 75 the paste is light yellowish brown 75 YR 74 with many inclusions of coarse sand and some hom hornblende blende none of these figurines are slipped or polished

and rests on the hip there is more regularity of stance and body shape in this type however four figurines are definitely seated whereas only one is definitely standing all the rest are too fragmentary to be distinctive paste characteristics are the most uniform of any figurine type the paste color ranges from a moderate orange yellow 75yr 86 syr SYR 76 on 5yr to a moderate yellowish pink ayr the exterior with a thick carbon core five specimens are slipped white and polished the rest are unslipped and less polished one slipped fragment has a large red spot painted on the shoulder

body type

body type hollow coarse paste

18

im

fig

19

all

i t m

characterized by hollow bodies made with a coarse paste the arms are always placed to rest on the sides or on the hips of an overly fat body fingers are often indicated by parallel line incisions at the end of an arm no attempt was made to distinguish the forearm from the hand most bodies appear to be seated although only two or three can be definitely identified as having that position three figurines are female while the rest are too fragmentary to be classified as to sex clothing is found in the form of a short sleeved blouse on two specimens evidence of the blouse is limited to the sleeve and applique button clasp near the armpit on one specimen the ends of an elaborate collar are fastened to the sleeve paste characteristics are somewhat varied in this group the color range is from a light yellowish brown 10yr 74 to moderate reddish brown 25yr 44 inclusions are limited to quartz sand and hom hornblende blende but the type size and technique of manufacture vary greatly from one specimen to the next two figurines are slipped with light buff or white polishing is nonexistent non existent
is

this type

in length three figurines are seated with knees held to the chest much as in the prenatal position five specimens are seated nor

20 4.5 cm bodies in this type are under 45 45

19

miniature

fig

anna anoa amok

f
d

TOM tow
9
h

sp
acm cm 5 5cm

body type hollow fine paste 22 fig 19 nr much like its coarse counterpart described above the hollow fine paste type has a fat unnaturally proportioned body an unshaped arm emerges generally from the upper body

floure figure 20
C

POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES MINIATURE TYPES

ap a

fill b A 83b 1 9 c A 100 fill d A 83b fid h flu fiu 1 7 e A 100 fill f A 32f 3 g A 100 flu hi A 133 fiu loo fill 17 ROO sa s2 i A 131 129 la sio l5 sl j A 131 177 l54 slo
A 100 loo

anthropomorphic
mally while the remaining eleven are standing body and limbs are not well proportioned nor are other details carefully made eyes when head is present are double punctations and the mouth and navel are single punctations each three figurines are pierced vertically through the body by a hole running from the crotch to the neck region A single specimen is pierced high up in the rear of the head probably for suspension on a cord only two figurines can dubiously be classified as to sex one appears to have the large breasts of a female while the other seems to have male genitalia the latter has an ap

CERAMIC FIGURINES

47

plique button on each thigh similar to the one found on the pubic area so that the supposed genitalia may be nothing more than decoration

clothing is limited to a simple applique breechcloth and belt with incisions on one specimen and a punctate breechcloth and belt on a second figurine the paste is quite heterogeneous
miscellaneous body types 13 fig 21 figurines these figu nines are either too fragmentary to be distinctive or just could not easily be placed in one of the foregoing types A brief characterization of each one is given below

4
b

11
1

e
f
9

5 cm
h

21 FRAGMENTS OF TORSOS OF POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES a A 23 2 b h A 61 2 c A 121 E 4 d A 67 fill e A 100 6 5 f A 10 3 g A it i A 121 C 4 seen from above i B 174 j A 39 1

figure 0

tr atr

8 9

48

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

a flat body stubby arms slightly extended abdomen dimple navel lower body appears not to be divided into legs three button apSYR 64 plique necklace fine light brown syr paste containing fine sand and mica

b right shoulder and chest thick body stubby arms breasts with punctate nipples double row of punctate holes about the neck paste light grayish yellowish brown 10yr hornblende blende particles 73 with extremely fine hom seated figure body punctated front and back as though representing hair paste SYR 74 with is moderate yellowish pink syr large crushed quartz pebbles
c

fat

short body stubby legs this is a baby that was once held in the arms of a larger SYR 74 paste figure hard reddish brown syr hornblende blende containing coarse sand and hom
e lacks head and left arm stubby arms and legs wide but thin body smoothed and polished hard yellowish gray 10yr 83 sandy

fat

body typologies the first division is into two groups based on the technological relationship of the limbs to the body that is limbs are either made as solid immovable parts of the body or they are attached by some type of joint which allows free movement each technologically defined group is further subdivided on the basis of a combination of technological and anatomical or stylistic attributes for example arms can be hollow or solid primarily a feature of technology and they can be straight or bent at the elbow an anatomical or stylistic preference the way in which the hand and foot are portrayed is also of interest since these may be absent or present with the digits not indicated marked simply or separated completely the paste in general is that most typical of the common chiapa de corzo figurines moderate yellowish pink 75yr 74 in color with quartz sand and hornblende inclusions significant deviations are remarked below for size see illustrations

paste

f lower torso fragment including waist and hips of standing figure protruding belly with small round navel applique appliqu6 loincloth with four round applique button decorations appears to be hung from the waist by a narrow incised line fragstanding lower torso and thigh fra 9 ment outlined briefs surface polished paste yellowish gray 10yr 73 with fine hornblende inclusions
g

stationary
hollow straight 4 detailed hands 4

ARMS

fig

22 a c

arms

fat

are tubelike with no natural proportions in three instances but are somewhat naturally proportioned in the fourth incised grooves indicate the separations between fingers three hands have short fingers the fourth has long ones all hands are slightly cupped

seated lower torso legs crossed paste yellowish gray 10yr 73 with very fine blende inclusions hornblende hom

fat

hollow bent elbow 3 no hand 1 large single fragment has no hand now

complete except for head thick body stubby limbs crudely made very coarse soft light grayish brown 75yr 62 paste not
i

detail hand

1 I

fig
1 I

22 e

short fat

arm grooved to separate fingers palm slightly cupped

polished
j

separated fingers

fig

22 d

short

torso fragment narrow waist hairdo grooved for detail grayish brown 75yr 42 paste with fine white sand inclusions

thin standing

fat arm five fingers marked by incised lines on the hand then actually separate fingers at the end of the hand palm slightly cupped solid straight 81 no hand 8 fig 22 f g three specimens have arms which ended without hands originally five other arm fragments are broken near the end and some of these might have had hands originally

FIGURINE LIMBS the typology of figurine limbs is based on technological anatomical and stylistic conside rations and is unrelated to the head and siderations

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

49

1 I
N

5 cm
q
a e
a 8

22 ARMS AND HANDS FROM POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES c hollow straight arm detailed hand type d hollow bent arm separated fingers type hollow bent arm detailed hand type f g solid straight arm no hand type h i solid arm plain hand type j q f solid arm detailed hand type A 121 F 4 b A 100 8 18 c F 165 d A 100 7 14 e A 121 izi e 1 f surface g A 121 A I A 121 D 10 m surface it A h surface it A 32e 3 j A 100 8 18 k A 121 e 10 lo 1 5 surface 0 A 121 D 10 p A 58b 7 q A 98 fill
FIGURE

50

NWAF

PAPER

no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE

CORZO

plain hands 14 fig 22 h i ten hands 22i end with a gradual taper as though they had been appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued to the side of a figurine four others end in a closed fist or slightly enlarged end with a cupped surface underneath and with little resemblance to a hand detail hands 55 fig 22 j q arms are generally long and straight with little natural contour some are mere vestiges hand portrayal varies tremendously within this group hands are incised to mark finger separation and wrists hands occur extended bent back or doubled into a fist three hands are clutching a round object in the palm fig 22 1 I clothing is in evidence only rarely it is found in the form of wide incised patterned cuffs on what are thought to be both long and short sleeved shirts A wrap around bindwraparound ing is visible on one specimen n with a light reddish brown 25yr 64 untempered paste both red and white paint are found on the hands but never together the largest specimen p has a thick creamy buff slip and is highly polished for obverse view see pl 11 a mason 1960a PI two limb fragments similar to the largest
two specimens of this group fig 22 p q are reported from mirador peterson 1963 fig 177 and the suggestion is made that they are censer handles

have doubled fists and a third was appliqued appliqu6d appliques appliqued to the side of the body one arm has both a bracelet and incised short sleeves of a shirt or jacket another pair of folded arms has punctate three quarter length sleeves detail hands 27 fig 23 j s most arms are ill proportioned with little attempt made to indicate or depict natural features arms are apparently folded across the chest and hang down at a right angle or are stretched out in front so that the hands rest on the knees wrists and elbows are often marked only by a broad incised line fingers are crudely depicted by grooves or incisions to separate the fingers more often than not the correct number of digits is not represented one specimen has a white slip separate fingers 3 fig 23 t v arms are short fat and stubby always bent at the elbow and hanging at a right angle to the shoulders fingers are separated only near their ends and the palms are always cupped miscellaneous arm fragments 95 this group includes all the fragments from the center or nondistinctive non distinctive portions of the figurine arms all of these are solid except one of four fragments with clothing two have plain sleeves while the other two have punctate pattern cuffs

separate fingers

fig

23 a 0

fc

only

major arm features are depicted such as the elbow hands are incised and only separate the fingers near their ends hands are carelessly made and often lack the correct number of digits for a human being one hand has a large thumb separated from the other four separated fingers

articulated

ARM

one small flat arm with two round holes

passing transversely through one end is the ble figurine fragment in this only articulata articulatable collection fig 27 c the fine paste is a light reddish pink 25yr 64 phase unknown
1

solid bent elbow 61 no hands 26 fig 23 c f four arms out of twenty two appear to have always lacked hands all the rest are broken and probably originally had hands the handless arms appear to have been appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued to the sides of the body two specimens have a white slip of these two one is well polished and has a pale orange yellow 10yr 83 paste while the other has a yellowish 10yr 72 paste both specimens are gray 6 temperless plain hands 5 fig 23 g i two hands

ble limbs are found comparison articulatable Articulata messamer rather widely scattered throughout mesoamer ica von winning 1958 12 and range in time from the preclassic to the protohistoric period that from chiapa de corzo appears to be a variety of the mexican type or type B according to borhegyi 1954 this G F ekholm type occurs at pavon 1944 457 fig 42 fe tlamimilolpa linne 1942 131 140 fig 286 zapotes tres zapotek drucker 1943a 121 133 pis 41 to 47 1 pl 61 top row weiant 1943 116 123 128 PI piche porter 1953 49 teotihuacan el Tra trapiche

anthropomorphic
ssu isu
C

CERAMIC FIGURINES

51

e
b

j
f
t

acm 5 cm 5cm

t
figure 23

areny rreny HUMAN FIGURINES ARNIS ARMS AND HANDS FROM po POTTERY

a b solid straight arm separate fingers type c f solid bent arm no hand type g i solid bent arm plain hand type j s solid bent arm detailed hand type t v solid bent arm separate fingers type 1100 f A 83s 4 g A 14 5 b A 83b 2 c A 32e 2 d A 121 A 10 e A 133 ROO ab h a A 78 5b I A 100 4 16 m A h A 121 N 2 i A 26 5 j A 121 C 5 k A 121 A 10 1 ab s A 121 78b 3 n A 50 3 0 A 83b 9 p A 131 ilg 126 113 sa s2 q A 26 5 r A 78 6b aill alil 6 1 u A 121 p 2 v A 121 H 4 Agi Q 1 t a

52

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

pl 87 a b spinden gamio 1922 vol 1 I PI 1949 178 fig 57 san miguel amanda amantia and PI seler 1915 473 pl santiago ahuizotla pl XXXII fig 2 jalaposco Jala posco seler 1915 PI pl YXXII fig 1 huamantla seler 1915 PI XXXII s tuxtla seler sachs 1922 XIX san andre andres 24 PI 10 valenzuela 1938 57 58 figs 14 15 5758 poala cempoala valenzuela 1945 88 fig 5 and Cem garcia payon 1950 102 pl PI 16 fig 61 in chiapas articulated limbs are known from santa rosa delgado 1965a fig 60 and mirador peterson 1963 figs 169 181 where they date to the late preclassic in the isthmus of tehuantepec area articulated limbs are known from la lagunita La gunita delgado 1965b fig 12 g h i and molatenango delgado 1965b fig 26 c d
LEGS AND FEET

hollow standing 3 plain toe with heel 1 I fig 24 a one small but fat hollow leg with a seam up the

back the leg has an extreme taper from the large thigh to the small ankle separated toes without heels 2 fig 24 b c one leg is naturally shaped and proportioned with a fairly well made foot and toe the other is only the flattened end of a long tube with toes cut into the end

hollow standing and seated

fig

24 d h

of these specimens are standing and four are seated all but two foot fragments have thick fat thighs of the standing examples two have heels while one does not none of the foot specimens has toes indicated only one of the seated specimens has legs in a crossed position the others extend straight out in front or are bent at the knees as if in a feet together position one seated figurine has a white slip one foot specimen has a pale orange yellow 10yr 83 temperless paste with a carbon core

three

solid standing 119 plain feet with heels 18 fig 24 i q legs usually have little natural proportioning from top to bottom the bottoms of about half of the feet are not at a 90 degree angle to the axis of the leg since the angle is more in the range of 120 degrees the figurines could not have stood upright on them only

flat bottom feet could have mainone of the flatbottom tained a figurine in an upright attitude the paste of one specimen is pale orange yellow 10yr 84 temperless and has a carbon core detailed feet with heels 25 fig 25 a f legs are fat and stocky with a slight bend to the knees several have a two stage taper most legs are separated but several are made with the feet and legs together toes are not well made consisting of separations made by the same careless incisions seen in the hands feet may be either short and stubby or long and thick again the bottom of the foot appears to have been unable to maintain the figurine s balance in an upright position one figurine has a plain band anklet 1 separated toes with heels 6 fig 25 g 1 all legs have a slight taper down to the ankle toes are separated differently one is separated completely through the full length of the toes the rest of the digits are separated only near the ends of the toes the soles of only two feet are flat and capable of standI may be animal legs ing specimens h i to 1 plain feet without heels 40 fig 25 m t leg shape varies from slightly tapered to quasi cylindrical to a two stage taper feet are depicted as mere flattened nubs bubs with incised lines indicating ankles and moderately well formed feet two specimens have a white slip while a third was painted red one leg has concentric punctations running around the thigh as if to indicate some type of decoration or clothing detailed feet without heels 25 fig 25 u bb legs of this class are the most poorly formed of any in the collection very few resemble a normal leg and foot sometimes the feet are not even modeled incisions about the leg serving to indicate the ankle and more of them indicating toes most legs and feet are thick and short three specimens have thick and creamy white slip separated toes without heels 5 fig 26 a d legs that are present are poorly made aie are made in one instance the feet and legs ape oether to cether toes are separated by cutting betogether tween them in three examples and by incisions in two others which separate the toes at their very ends only one foot had a sole flat enough to maintain the body upright

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

53

JA

4i ai

oki
k

SA SA
ALV

1
5 cm
n

IL
0

1 I
r
P

vl

h c hollow standing leg separated toes a hollow standing leg plain toe with heel type b 1 h hollow standing and seated large type i q solid standing leg without heels type d plain feet with heels type c A 121 F 3 f A 26 5 g A 121 a A 59 k6 ka 6 b A 3213 2 c A 83b 2 d A 83b 1 e 1 I A 121 S 2 n A h 11 hi A 46a 1 i A 121 Q 9 j A 121 C 7 k A sow 1 1 A 32e 2 m hll hii A 100 7 6 121 D 9 0 A 121 E 3 p A 121 b 1 q f

figure 24

LEGS AND FEET FROM POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES

lii lil

54

NWAF

PAPER

no

26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

gal sal
ARM
b
C

f
agn AIN aih

k h

q
P

0
n

5 cm
w
y x
a f solid standing leg detailed feet with heels type g 1 solid standing leg separated toes with heels type m t solid standing leg plain feet without heels type u hh bb solid

bb

figure 25

LEGS AND FEET FROM POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES LECS

standing leg detailed feet without heels type a 121 1 6 c A 121 A 8 d A 121 S 4 e A 121 1 0 A 58b 4 b A 1214 i 4 f A A 131 114 l3 la h A 100 s13 i surface j A 6 2 k A 78 5 1I A 121 H 4 m A A 78 4b ab 0 A 32a 1 p A 62 surface q A B fill r A 78 6b ab s A 121 E 4 it A 121 E 4 0 A 78 6b ab w A 100 st 4 x A 121 E 4 y A 38 2 z A 32a 2 C 5 bb A 100 4 13

tr atr

121 fill g 121 C 4 n t A 78 5b ab 5l aa A 121

anthropomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

55

a
b

n
m

W
U

5 cm
S

1 p I without heels type 1 solid seated detailed beet feet without heels type q solid seated separated toes without heels type r w solid prominent thigh type a A 78 6b ab b A 32e 1 c surface d A 121 A 4 e A 121 F 2 f A 34b fill g A 57 surface h A 121 G 3 i 1 t A 121 G 4 j A 121 H 4 k A 67 fill A 64 1 m A 38 2 n A 121 E 4 A 52 5 0 41 A 54c 16 p A 121 H 4 q r A 121 H 4 s A 58c 4 t A 121 C G 4 u A 88 9 v A 121 H 4 w A 133 ROO

d solid standing leg separated toes without heels type

figure 26

LECS AND FEET FROM POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES LEGS

k solid seated plain feet

56

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

solid seated 77 plain feet without heels 11 fig 26 e k legs tend to be shaped naturally although thighs are overly fat legs are crossed most often left over right legs are also extended straight out in front of the body or the knee is bent and turned out with legs flat on the floor and feet together the latter is the most common leg position of the three
26 1 p I legs are somewhat thinner than those of the last group but one specimen has a very
8

detailed feet without heels

fig

and bodies tends to be large and thick only ten out of fifty five specimens are seated all others are standing the leg appears much like two different size cylinders fitted together with a very short reducer the larger section of course being the uppermost or thigh and the smaller the lower portion or calf of the leg two specimens have a white slip all appear well smoothed and a few have a fine polish solid decorated 4 fig 27 a b these figurine fragments have lumpy legs and long feet legs are bent at the knee as though the figurine were sitting on a chair or bench toe separation is marked by incising with a sharp instrument while the end of each toe is flattened to indicate the toenail decoration consists of incised applique bands about the legs and feet the feet are also encircled by an incised line which crosses the instep and continues along both sides of the foot and meets at the heel figurines are hastily made and no secondary smoothing was done on them the paste of this type is quite distinctive the color is a moderate yellowish SYR 74 containing very fine white pink syr particles and mica
miscellaneous leg fragments 121 all these leg fragments are solid and appear to have been made in a standing position decoration is limited to a plain band around the calf of one fragment and cuffs with a punctate fringe about the thigh of two wrap around others one pair of thighs has a wraparound kilt and white slipped legs

fat thigh legs are crossed with either leg over the other with equal frequency extended straight out or bent at the knee and turned out with feet together toe separation is again marked by grooving

separated toes without heels

q toes

fig

26

A single leg crossing left over right

it

is

slipped white and has red paint between the

non distinctive nondistinctive

57

do not have feet but are all from seated figurines legs are badly made with little attention to natural proportions and appear to serve only for expanding the figurine base legs are crossed left over right and right over left with equal frequency of three occurrences each legs are extended straight out in four examples and bent at the knees and turned out in six others in forty one instances it is impossible to define the original leg position

these are

legs which

solid prominent thigh 55 fig 26 r w this leg type which has already been pointed out as found on I chiapa al heads

miscellaneous

FIGURINE FRAGMENTS
headdresses hair detail several skirt types he addresses and miscellaneous applique adornos the last thirty seven fragments are unidentifiable one fragment fig 27 p comparison shows the same hair decoration as a fragpl lia ment figured by sanders 1961 PI iia k from santa cruz which dates between the jiquipilas Jiquipilas and maravillas phases drucker PI 63 a 1943a pl 0 i also illustrates some simiZapotes lar lirios cirios fragments from tres zapotes zapotek

one hundred sixty seven figurine fragments fig 27 d r were not classified in any of the above categories ninety eight specimens can be identified as sections of figurine bodies heads and limbs except for one large nose their small size or weathered condition leaves them in limbo as far as specific anatomical identification is concerned thirty two figurine fragments are parts of costume or body decoration these are

anthropomorphic
ma m2 rnamna&
nou now

CERAMIC FIGURINES

57

5 cm

a b solid decorated legs and feet c articulated limb d g miscellaneous figurine fragments h r miscellaneous dress decoration fragments sa d surface e A 121 E 9 f A 121 H 11 a A 129 la ad surface c A 133 ROO s3 l3 sl b A 5d I A 121 I 4b ab g A 32 C 2 h A 5d ad surface i A 87 surface j A 121 e 6 k F 21b 1 4l m A 121 E 4 3a r A 131 123 ad surface p A 60 17g 4 q A 121 N aa n A 78 1 0 A 5d sa ra r3 s1

figure 27

PARTS FROM POTTERY HUMAN FIGURINES

58

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

zoomorphic
MAMMALS

FIGURINES
preclassic deposits peterson 1963 fig 176 shows a plumbate effigy vessel in the form of a coatimundi typically having one paw over its nose

late

jaguar

fig

28

a c

a small complete seated figure represent this animal the one solid head has its mouth open with in curved fangs and protruding tongue fig 28 A hollow head painted white has b modeled cupped ears a heavy brow over round eyes a short muzzle separated nose and upper lip and open mouth fig 28 a the third figurine which may be a censer rim prong or lug handle has many jaguar features such as short stocky body short square muzzle and low forehead fig 28 c specimen a has been figured previously by lowe and mason 1965 fig 9

two well made heads and

I fig rabbit 1

28

head with long ears and protruding knob eyes well polished light grayish brown 75yr 62 paste with finely horri crushed horti hornblende blende and quartz sand incluA single large hollow

sions

monkey

three heads are hollow eyes are either

small applique knobs on a polished flat face or punctate applique rings in sockets of saucer shape noses often have nostrils mouths are open ovals or in two instances open slits one hollow monkey head is exactly like the rabbit head in manufacturing techniques and paste characteristics

fig

28 m r

phase

dili and probably francesa

comparison similar ceramic jaguar heads are found at tres zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a pl 37 iy z and la victoria M D coe 131 PI 1961 fig 58 f

phase

peccary 1 I

figs 28 d 29

solid well made head has a long flat tend snout open mouth and slit eyes red paint is found in the eyes and on the head syr 5yr 58 and the paste is brownish orange ayr it appears to have no temper surface is black to dark brown smooth but not polished

the

probably escalera francesa PI 35 bottom comparison drucker 1943b pl two rows figures some similar monkeys from cerro de las mesas two specimens are illusPI trated by garcia carcia payon 1966 160 pl LXXIV 6 7 from trapiche chalahuite chalchuite in the central depression of chiapas at santa

rosa delgado

comparison several specimens were found at santa rosa where they were dated to the protoclastic carearly protoclassic Proto classic delgado 1965a 66 gar PI LXXIV 8 illuscia payon 1966 160 pl Trapiche trates a specimen from el trapiche coatimundi 9 fig 28 e k seven of the specimens have their front paws clasped protectively over the nose a
very common pose of this long snouted animal several appear to have large ear flares and elaborate hairdos or he addresses two examples have an applique strip of clay running over the head between the ears and down between the eyes

also shows two specimens and dates them to the protoclassic protoclastic PI 38 figs 1 2 Proto classic batres 1908 pl reports several whistles found near alvarado veracruz which have the same polished eye and face treatment that can be seen on the monkeys of chiapa de corzo especially figure 28 0 q
1965a

fig

63 c

phase

dili francesa

comparison delgado 1965a fig 63 a b found two similar figurines at santa rosa in

solid doglike heads 3 fig 28 t v animal heads with long muzzles fillet applique oval eyes and fillet applique drag fore locks the muzzle is curved up punctate forelocks punctuates punct ates at the very end nostrils are lateral punctates across the end of the muzzle the ears have been destroyed on every specimen the long incised mouth has a small fillet of clay in it at the very front as though the tongue were sticking out A punctate decorated collar with appliqu6d appliques a small round button on the front is appliqued app liqued around the neck of two animals the other

zoomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

ft wa w9
L

at
e

59

b
C

0
P

t
S

ann amt aft

x
W

5 cm
y
Z

00

bb

MAMIMALS figure 28 POTTERY zoomorphic FIGURINES AND FIGURINE HEADS MAMMALS a c jagears jaguars dili and probably francesa d peccary e k coatimundi dili francesa 1 I rabbit m r monkeys probably escalera francesa s hollow dog head t v doglike dog like v bb hh unidentified long muzzles heads francesa w sa 100 fill c a A 121 H 3 b A 121 E 3 c A 60 14f 2 d A loo e A 134 r12 s2 A 58 LI 3 g A 58113 121 E 3 h surface i A 12 2 j A 100 A 121 loo fill k A 50 2 1 A 137 na n4 m albi albl alli alil ab n A 83 1 0 A 87 5 p A 121 P 3 q A 37 r A 60 aq j 3b A lia 7q 7 seen from above s alia l laiia fill t A 121 q 24 u A 121 t M10 O v A 60 17f 6 w A 131 159 l39 sa s3 x A 133 ra s3 y A 100 8 13 z A 131 168 l54 sa 316 2 bb A 133 r39 sis s6 aa A 326 r3 sa

al

60

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

animal heads with long muzzles w bb

fig

28

these stylized heads vary considerably

and only two appear to resemble living animals very closely two heads are hollow the rest are solid eyes are punctate or applique fillets or a combination thereof noses have round punches or grooves to mark the nostrils mouths are long lateral slits decoration consists of collar ruffles and top of the head nd adornos red or white paint is crests a nd found on a few specimens comparison two heads from la victoria M D coe 1961 fig 58 h dating to the conchas phase are similar to this type

7f af

M
i

RN

anc 4nc14
W

0
figure 29
same as

2 cmts cats
SOLID POTTERY HEAD OF A PECCARY

fig

28 d

figure has a mark about its neck indicating that it also had a collar the surface is well smoothed all over paste is light reddish brown 25yr 64 and contains finely ground hornblende and quartz sand phase francesa
PI iia comparison sanders 1961 pl lia g figures an identical specimen from santa cruz which he dates between the jiquipilas Jiquipilas and maravillas phases two heads are rePI payon ported by garcia payan pay6n 1966 160 pl LXXIV 1 2 from trapiche chalahuite chalchuite

animal heads with short muzzles 6 fig 30 a e three heads are hollow and three are solid eyes are indicated by simple round punctations tube punctations applique ring and punctate combinations and applique knobs mouths are only crudely marked and
only one specimen has nostrils four heads have ears atop the head and two have them on the side

BIRD HEADS
ji raptorial bird heads 3 fig 30 f 11 one specimen is a simple tip of a hawk s

hollow dog head 1 I fig 28

head is fat broad and hollow with the mouth wide open as if for a spout and the snout slightly upturned nostrils are punched slits applique fillet eyes are outlined above by three parallel but wavy lines short fat ears slightly cupped do not extend above the maximum head height the creased forehead has shallow incised lines on either side portions of a roll collar still cling to the neck the white slip is polished until the black temperless paste shows through phase unknown

the

beak fig 30 h well polished the other two figures are elaborate applique beaks with punctate fillet eyes and head decorations nostrils are indicated on both beaks an incised line divides the upper and lower parts of the beak applique fillets and incised lines are used to elaborate the upper portions of the head it is possible that these are the upper portions of eagle warrior figurines paste of the first specimen is a hard gray containing quartz sand and hornblende the other two figurines are made of a soft light orange temperless paste all are well smoothed but only the first has been polished

birdlike heads

comparison very reminiscent of the hairless fat dogs from colima wright 1960

solid heads have high combs and flatfish flattish beaks two other solid heads have the same high comb and a roundish beak another specimen has a round but hollow tubular beak A small round solid low

three

fig fio flo 6

30 i n

zoomorphic

CERAMIC FIGURINES

61

e
d

mew NEW
n

5 cm
r
POTTERY arery rrery zoomorphic FIGURINES AND FIGURINE HEADS figure 30 po a e unidentified mammals short muzzles f h raptorial bird heads i n birdlike heads dili maravillas 0 snake rattles p turtle horcones hormones Hor cones q r fish hormones horcones Horcones a gen b A 133 r39 c surface d A 133 r39 s6 sa e A 121 C G 4 f A 131 177 l54 sll sii sil g A 133 l30 h A 100 fill i A 78 5 j A 53 1 k A 54 15 1 I A 121 B 4 m B 122 n F 228 0 surface p F 168 q F 172 r F 168

62

NWAF

PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

comb head completes this group one of the specimens fig 30 k has a red slip and a loop around the base of its beak eyes on all heads are applique appliqu6 fillets with a slit or round punch marking the pupil Agrinier 1964 fig 126 6 has published agrinier m phase dili mara villas two not illustrated maravillas belong to the francesa phase

grooved mouth the front feet have grooves or incisions to indicate toes paste is brownish SYR 72 and sandy with hornblende pink syr inclusions and it is covered with a red slip and is well polished the smaller specimen is hollow with a flat back a heavy thick tail and two stubby rear legs head and front legs are missing paste is light grayish brown SYR 63 with mica and sand inclusions and was neither slipped nor polished

comparison similar heads are reported from frisco G F ekholm 1944 fig 43 fe Q el prisco garcia payon 1966 chalchuite trapiche chalahuite PI LXXV 18 19 160 pl victoria M la D coe 1961 fig 58 g and in chiapas from mirador peterson 1963 fig 158
1

phase the larger specimen is of the hor cones phase the smaller dates from much later probably the ruiz or tuxtla phase

FISH
2

fig

30 q r

REPTILES

these are large solid fragments with

broad flat backs and round stubby tails nostrils mouth eyes gills and rear fins are deeply incised incisions have traces of red paint paste inclusions and surface treatment are exactly like those described for the turtle above example q has already been published by lowe 1962b fig 13 f from chiapa de corzo phase horcones hormones Hor cones

snake

fig

30 0

A single tail fragment of a rattlesnake is

the only evidence of serpents in this collection seven rattles are separated by incised lines A small furrow in the center runs the full length of the specimen on one side

turtle

30 p both specimens are fragmentary the larger solid example has punctate eyes and a
2

fig

FIGURINE FUNCTION
of the pre hispanic Meso mesoamerican american culture area is the presence of pottery figurines sites are rare at which a head an arm a leg or body fragments of these small figures cannot be located the paradox of this artifact type is that in spite of its frequent occurrence its function is not definitely known almost every archaeologist who has found a pottery figurine has had a different idea as to its function it may be of some value to bring together here some of these many theories which may be described under a few general aspects of cul-

an important characteristic

ture figurines have been most often interpreted as belonging to the religious aspect of culture they are known far and wide mesoamerica throughout Meso america as idolos idols an ac

knowledgment of the concensus knowledgement knowledgment concentus of non pro fess sessional fessional ional opinion concerning their past function generally it is thought that these objects as personified gods received adoration through prayers and offerings we know that among the itza J E S 93 at the time of the 39293 thompson 1951 392 conquest there were numerous small idols in the temples there were also two or three household gods seated on a small bench in each home although none of the itza idols appear to have been made of pottery they were apparently of the same general size as prehispanic pre hispanic clay figurines the itza said that the idols talked to them frequently and danced with them in the sacrificial dances all aztec homes not long after the conquest are reported to have had inside altars

FIGURINE FUNCTION

63

with figurines idolillos just as catholic homes of the same time period had their I p 279 saints duran durin 1967 vol 1 starr 1900 83 records the use of figurines made of wood cloth clay and metal in sacrificial ceremonies by otomfes otomies and huaste hraste cans near san pablo el grande district of venango tenango Te nango the ceremonies are carried out during lengthy fiestas on the edge of lakes near san pablo where figurines are sacrificed to the lake to placate the female water deity who lives there all the ceremonies concern the maintenance of a balanced rainfall not too much or too little to insure a good crop one might ask if the figurine in the itza sacrificial dance and the otomi lake sacrifice are not symbols from a time when humans rather than figurines were sacrificed perhaps the figurine sacrificial rite grew out of an earlier custom of ceremonial human destruction A cache of seven deformed pottery anthropomorphic figurines found in a plastered tube below floor level in a pyramid dzibilchaltian andrews 1959 105 mound at dzibilchaltun 107 may be interpreted as sacrificial in nature although andrews offers a different interpretation mentioned below certainly in the middle and late preclassic figurines occur in great abundance Mesoamerica rarely and at least in southern mesoamerica whole or complete suggesting that they were intentionally broken sacrificed figurines in the southwest of the united states have long been associated by students 63 in with a fertility cult morss 1954 53 5363 ceremonies to further productivity either in the group itself or among domestic or wild plants and animals As recently restated by kidder 1965 150 51 because the figurines so often depict females and often pregnant females it is probably correctly believed that they represent part of a fertility cult kidder 1965 151 also refers to the apparent absence of male genitalia on figurines at kami naljuyu this parallels the situation at chiapa naljuy6 de corzo where well endowed male figurines are present but very rare it is possible that here we may be dealing with a sexual division between secular and sacred or perhaps just different levels of sacredness that is the female may not have been held in the same esteem as the male figure A woman bare from the waist up

must have been very mundane in prehistoric chiapa de corzo if we may make an analogy to common patterns of dress among zoque women working around the house up until just a few years ago cordry and cordry 1941 81 it is quite possible that in the case of the pregnant female figurines we have confused the function of figurines in general by equating quantity with sacredness when just the opposite might be expected the lack of emphasis on sexual features on figurines both feminine and masculine at chiapa de corzo suggests that the fertility cult hypothesis would not be a good explanation for their function azteca in the figurines were used by the aztecs valley of mexico who strung them at intervals on cords stretched over the corn fields I p 248 just what funcduran 1967 vol 1 tion they had is not clear but it probably consisted of the solicitation of a particular deity for the protection of the field tied as they were on a cord over the corn field moving with the slightest breeze they may have had quite a practical function also as bird and animal scaring devices in the same manner scare as modem day scarecrowy crows scarecrows 1 p 244 describes a duran 1967 vol I azteca called tlacaxipehu ceremony of the aztecs aliztli which celebrated the first day of the second month of the year in which small figurines of stone and pottery are dressed in paper marked with melted rubber and wor shipped by burning copal and the leftworshipped over paper marked with rubber this ceremony duran durin says took place in the forest where the naturales had their caves altars places of sacrifice and temples full of these small figurines it seems very likely that the azteca of duran s days secluded themselves aztecs in the forest more to escape persecution than with a desire to seek solitude and undoubtedly this ceremony like so many others was performed in the ceremonial center prior to the conquest the frequent occurrence of figurines at chiapa de corzo in the primary plaza parallels this reconstructed aztec use of figurines in the ceremonial center however the situation at chiapa de corzo is ambiguous as lowe in Ag agrinier rinier 1964 70 has suggested the possible function of the plaza as a dwelling area prior to the guana cones phases nevertheless caste and hormones Hor horcones

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dwellings in the area may well have been those of the priests attending the ceremonial non religious center rather than those of the nonreligious specialists of the community azteca worn by the aztecs figurines were also wom as amulets during the fiesta of tozoztontli diviners priests went throughout the dividers the diviners town calling at each house looking for children who had fasted and made blood sacrifice in order to give them an amulet strung on I p 248 colored thread duran 1967 vol 1 among the amulets offered were figurines to be placed about the necks of boys and on the wrists of girls parents of the children remundiv iners for their gift dividers erated the diviners figurines from chiapa de corzo are rarely pierced through the neck by a hole which is thought to have served for suspension whether these figurines were used as the aztec figurines were is only conjecture but it seems quite possible certainly the figurine s function must be related to the religious system of a society when they are found as components of a s mortuary furniture this occurrence tys socle socie society Meso america has a wide distribution within mesoamerica at chiapa de corzo however only two figurbu rials which sugines have been found with burials gests that at least here figurines were not a part of the mortuary concept burying figurines with the dead is a northern rather than a southern meso american trait borhegyi 1965 25 has been more explicit in defining this burial custom as mexican in origin health both mental and physical is a basic aspect of culture under which several hypotheses of figurine function may be categorized gori zed figurines are used in medicine and witchcraft two systems influencing health in indigenous societies the use of dolls or small human figurines in curing ceremonies has a worldwide ethnographic distribution and probably had a similar one among prehistoric peoples of interest s observation of the here is reichel dolmatoffs dolmatoff large quantity of dolls scattered about indian homes of some tribes in colombia evans and meggers 1958 181 82 these dolls had been 18182 used in curing ceremonies but immediately after the ceremony they were considered secular no longer treated with the same respect and cast aside as trash A similar

practice anciently could well explain the large numbers of figurines at chiapa de corzo andrews 1959 105 107 suggests that the function of the seven deformed figurines from dzibilchaltun dzibilchalt6n was curing disease aztec carers used scrapings from figurines in medicurers cines to be taken orally claiming that they cured loose bowels and a type of intermittent I p 249 thomas fever duran durin 1967 vol 1 personal communication 1968 has recently found that zoque curanderos curan deros of rayon chiapas use a potion containing scrapings of prehistoric figurines to facilitate childbirth romanticizes figurine probably the most romanticized function is their use in malevolent ceremonies leading to sickness and even death this use too has a worldwide distribution but has not been widely proposed by archaeologists perhaps because of its over popularization by non professionals however the number of figurines used for this purpose is generally limited among any one group and they are usually hidden before and after use the large quantity and their occurrence in open plaza deposits tend to negate this hypothesis for chiapa de corzo in terms of a third aspect of culture en cultura tion it is not inconceivable that figurculturation ines served anciently just as kachina dolls do in the educational process among the hopi of the southwestern united states kachina dolls are used to teach hopi children the qualities and physical characteristics of the various spirits in the hopi pantheon whiting 1964 4 this may have been a part of mesoamerica america it figurine function in ancient Meso is widely accepted that the kachina cult and the pan southwest masked dancer ceremonies are related to northern mexico and ultimately to Meso mesoamerica america therefore the modem kachina doll function may well still include a portion of the prehistoric figurine function from the latter area diversion or entertainment is an aspect of culture which is much more elaborate in modern societies than prehistoric societies modem due primarily to greatly increased economic liberty however this must be a matter of degree rather than an absolute just as it is with reference to age that is children require more leisure time activity and entertainmodem children ment than adults generally modern have more free time and diversion than pre

CERAMIC MUSICAL

instruments

65

historic children but toys are a universal part of the system in both situations among the zapoteco cordry and cordry 1941 nearby zapotecs 38 report the gift of tangusu tanguyu or pottery dolls juchitan to the children of Ju chitin juchitin itan and tehuantepec Juch oaxaca on new year s day kachina dolls among present day hopi function also as toys in view of this functional duality of the hopi kachina it appears that toys as such cannot be definitely defined in archaeological situations it is very possible that some of the figurines at chiapa de corzo were toys but this will necessarily remain an untested hypothesis po thesis there has been no discussion of possible difference of function between anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines nor perhaps can there be from what is known of the ethnographic present in chiapas animal figurines may have served anciently in all capacities and functions previously outlined for human figurines the belief in a tonal or personal animal spirit which is directly linked in a causal relationship to an individual is widespread in chiapas particularly among maya speaking peoples holland 1961 168 71 animals as well as humans and

gods are important supernatural beings it might well be expected that prehistoric peoples in this same area made representations of these tonales stuffed animals are still carried today in ceremonial dances among the maya and Chia chiapanecan chiapaneca paneca peoples while stuffed animals could have been carried in prehistoric ceremonies also the main point here is the importance of animals in the cosmological concept of many groups in chiapas in summary it may be said that figurines are made today as cult objects or as toys whether in human or animal form however instances of religious function far outnumber those where entertainment is the primary function data from early accounts indicate that this was even more so during the conquest and by extension probably more so during the preconquest pre conquest periods it has been shown that figurine function has differed through time and space figurines have had depending on the subarea sub area and time period concerned several different functions throughout their history in meso america but more often than not figurines functioned in a direct way in some aspect of the religious system of the society concerned

MUSICAL

instruments
and be of wider applicability 1 I hope that this classification may be the beginning of a system which will accomplish that end the typology of the chiapa de corzo musical wind instruments is based on the broad categories of whistles oca ocarinas rinas flutes and trumpets subdivisions within these categories are made where greater detail permits and it appears useful the types are based on mouthpiece form number of resonating chambers and number of stops or ventages vantages whistles ocarinas and flutes are closely related because sound is produced in them in the same way these three types of wind inst struments produce sound through a mouthpiece be it a simple hole or a complex tube arrangement by splitting a stream of air against the sharp edge of the resonating chamber which sets the body of air inside this chamber to vibrating

all ceramic musical instruments in this

collection are wind instruments ocarinas whistles flutes and trumpets there are no percussion or friction instruments such as drums rattles or rasps definitions of the basic categories of musical wind instruments seem to be nonexistent in the anthropological literature the terms whistle and ocarina have often been used interchangeably obscuring their difference and importance less confusion exists about the terms flute and trumpet but they are much less common in archaeological collections generally 1 I do not pretend to be I suppose that the musically literate nor do 1 classification presented here is complete my desire has been to establish a system that will usefully organize the chiapa de corzo material A system of lasting value however should reach beyond the immediate needs

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trumpet differs from the other wind instruments in that the sound is produced by a stream of air which vibrates because of the motion of the player s lips rather than the splitting of the stream of air by the sharp edge of the instrument following is a brief description of the essential characteristics used to establish the typology of chiapa de corzo wind instruments A whistle is defined here as a single note musical instrument it has no stops or vent ages and can therefore produce only a single note the resonating chambers may have any shape A whistle may occur in almost any
form

the

quite naturally the head of anthropomorphic

figures is used for this purpose while in zoomorphic figurines it is almost always the tail which serves the second mouthpiece type is the complex mouthpiece this consists of a narrow tube which concentrates and conducts the player s breath stream directing it against the sharp edge of the resonating chamber this is the most common mouthpiece and it is ocarinas and flutes in this found on whistles ocarinas collection

WHISTLES

ocarina is a multi note instrument in which the resonating chamber has an open ven tages oval form and there are several ventages vantages changes in sound are produced by opening or closing one or more stops at chiapa de corzo oca rinas occur with either two or four stops ocarinas the flute is a multi note instrument in which the resonance chamber is in the form of a long cylinder sound changes are also produced by opening and closing one or more stops the trumpet is a multi note instrument which has no special mouthpiece in the sense used here the notes are produced by changes in the pressure and the shape of the player s lips not by manipulating any mech anical feature of the instrument chanical for the purposes of this study mouthpieces or the air entrance holes on the instruments have been divided into two distinct types the tle simple mouthpiece is a plain hole ile in the resonating chamber against which the mouth is placed and across one edge of which air is made to break before entering the resonating chamber this hole is always directly in front of a small projection which serves two purposes first it is a constant gauge for the distance between the mouth and the air hole by placing the lower lip on the end of the projection each time the instrument is played the same note is obtained second the projection serves as an orientation point which the player can feel in aligning his mouth with the air entrance hole without looking at his instrument in our collection the projection is often a modified anatomical feature of an effigy figure

an

simple mouthpiece 3 figs 31 a c 32 a the shapes of two specimens are zoomorphic and both seem to represent birds A third whistle a small hollow ball with a peg projection is the only instrument in the collection which definitely is not pierced for suspension phase francesa or earlier

comparison similar small birdlike forms are found at tacoma n vaillant 1931 400 ticoman tichman ticoma pl 83 row 1 items 3 and 4 they also PI II vaillant occur at Gua lupita during period 11 gualupita 12 simple and vaillant 1934 98 fig 29 7 72 whistles are rare however at el Arbo lillo arbolillo aht 1935 234 Vaill ant vaillant
complex mouthpiece 1 fig 31 n small bird with applique button wings and a suspension hole through the tail phase unknown similar examples found in comparison pl middle zacatenco by vaillant 1930 155 PI 38 row 1 item 4 and at ranchito Ran chito tres tranchito pl 47 1 4 Za zapotes potes by weiant 1943 108 PI zapotek
OCARINAS
SINGLE CHAMBER

simple mouthpiece

two stop 3 fig 31 d e two specimens are bird

forms while the third is a human figure both birds have the air hole in the anal area the left shoulder of the anthropomorphic specimen is slightly enlarged to serve as the guide to the air entrance hole on its back legs are folded under

CERAMIC MUSICAL

instruments

67

anel akel
ANAL

amk tmk

9 h

m
n

tis tit
t
r
q
1 I

z
x

bb

cc

aa 7a

5 cm
dd

ee

ff

99

fig

31

see caption on following page

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POTTERY MUSICAL

instruments a c whistles simple mouthpiece francesa or earlier rinas simple ocarinas d e two stop oca oca rinas simple mouthpiece dili francesa i j double mouthpiece dili f h four stop ocarinas
figure 31

fc Istmo headed bird effigy ocarinas simple mouthpiece isamo istmo quadruped effigy ocarina Guana caste 1 m single headed bird effigy ocarinas oca ocannas rinas simple simple mouthpiece francesa guanacaste hormones mouthpiece escalera horcones Hor cones n small bird effigy whistle complex mouthpiece 0 p oc annas Guana caste q r four stop oca two stop ocarinas complex mouthpiece guanacaste rinas complex mouthpiece escalera or later s w flutes in form of human heads with open mouths ist mo jiquipilas Jiqui pilas x y flutes in form of human heads with closed mouths z human head effigy ocarina probably dili aa monkey effigy ocarina ocanna francesa bb ocanna ocarina mouthcc bird effigy flute double chamber isamo Ist mo Oca rinas istmo dd gg ocarinas piece fragments dili double chamber isamo Ist mo istmo a A 45 3 b A 1 surface c A 33 5 d surface e A 32f 3 f A 32e 2 g A 121 131 B 4 I A 59 EI 12 m F 144 n A 32e 1 0 191 J ab 2b 1 121 h A 121 g 7 i A 121 G 3 j surface k A 1212b A 78 2 p A 5 am s1 r A 83n 3 s A 60 15g 12 t F 214 u 6m 2 q A 133 ra n9 sa r3 na A 32e 1 v A 60 156 2 w surface x A 131 162 l39 sa s3 y A 60 17g 2 z A 67 5 aa A 121 B 4 bb A 121 F 4 cc A 7 1 dd A 78 2 ee A 78 2 ff A 121 78b 1 gg A 133 ra s2 r3 sa

acm 5cm

figure 32
a whistle simple mouthpiece

POTTERY MUSICAL

b ocanna ocarina complex mouthpiece c ocarina double chamber complex mouthpiece

instruments

CERAMIC MUSICAL

instruments

69

the body as if kneeling the arms are ap pliqued pliqu6d to the sides of the body with the hands resting on the thighs occlusion of the stops produces two tones A third tone is produced by not occluding either stop phase
As early as

dili
31 f hi

stubby tailed quadruped 2 fig 31 k two tail and body fragments in which the air supply hole is above the tail on one specimen and below it on the other both examples are thick and heavy but well polished guanacas guanacaste phase francesa gianacas a cua Gua Guana caste te nacas frances complex mouthpiece

four stop 3 fig two anthropomorphic and one zoomor- two stop 2 fig 31 0 p this group contains one large bellied anphic specimen make up this group the arms
and hands of both anthropomorphic examples are appliqued appliqu6d app liqued to the body hands rest on the appliques belly of one and on the thighs of the other the zoomorphic specimen is undoubtedly a bird but is very similar in form to the two anthropomorphic examples phase

dili francesa

fragments number of stops unknown 8 double headed bird effigy 2 fig 31 i j small fragmentary round bodies with two heads projecting from one thick neck A single transverse hole pierces the neck for suspension each head has a knob between crox crax the eyes as if to portray a currassow cur rassow crax aubra rubra a relatively common local bird with 5 a distinctive crest leopold 1959 202 2025
phase
isamo istmo

thropomorphic ocarina without legs and one large four legged zoomorphic specimen the face of the anthropomorphic instrument is badly eroded and the head of the zoomorphic specimen is entirely missing the first has a loop on the rear for suspension but the zoomorphic example appears not to have been suspended arms are appliqued appliqu6d appliques app liqued to the sides of the body on the former and simple modeled projections serve as limbs on the latter the mouthpiece although missing was in the tail of the zoomorphic specimen with a sharp well formed edge to split the stream of air phase guanacaste Guana caste
11

comparison similar whistles are found at piedras negras pl 13 15 25 degras butler 1935 PI
single headed bird effigy 6 fig 31 1 m small generalized bird heads with punctate eyes nostrils and an incised mouth at least four were pierced transversely through the neck probably for suspension by a cord ownees from the owners owner s neck or wrist two specimens have traces of red paint and one has evidence of white paint PI 2 e have hicks and rozaire 1960 pl I published 1
leray escalera not later than EsCa leral Hor cones phase another dates to the hormones horcones PI 47 comparison weiant 1943 108 pl figures some bird whistles from tres zapotes zapotek which have a single head but their style is not very similar to these from chiapa de corzo

oca rinas of this type comparison bird effigy ocarinas ocos are found from la victoria in the ocas oc6s phase M D coe 1961 100 fig 40 a to apatzin kelly keny 1947 99 keuy gan gin in the chila phase keily cojumatlin in the postclassic fig 54 b and cojumatlan lister 1949 67 68 fig 30 b c bird effi gies among other forms are also known from the mamom uaxact6n ricketson damom phase at uaxactun and ricketson 1937 fig 140

four stop

figs

31 q r 32 b

A round protruding mouth on two well

phase

figure

I 31 1

made identical anthropomorphic specimens appears to indicate whistling or perhaps a wind instrument the third specimen is a bird form with human head ears stubby wings and a tail are incised in a similar pattern probably to indicate feathers eyes and mouth are double punctate applique appliqu6 coffee bean fillets the neck of all specimens is pierced laterally for suspension phase escalera or later
oca rinas are known comparison four stop ocarinas pl from the bay islands strong 1935 105 PI 27 2 a c g and copan copin honduras long

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year 1952 104 fig 86 f g porter 1956 562 fig 22 n q reports several from chupi chupf chipi cuaro cearo six of which occurred in burials bu rials

fragments number of stops unknown 6 realistic human 1 I fig 31 z human head with hair cowl punctate
eyes nose with nostrils punctate earplugs and an open mouth all features are portrayed naturally with the face well polished top of the head is the mouthpiece pierced laterally through the neck by a small hole

comparison peterson 1963 fig 165 0 figures a somewhat similar specimen from mirador which he thinks dates to the preclassic he states peterson 1963 110 that a type of anthropomorphic double ocarina is also found in central mexico but during the postclassic period A type similar to that which peterson describes was purchased by vaillant 1935 234 at el Arbolillo arbolillo but its phase is unknown FLUTES
SINGLE CHAMBER

phase probably dili comparison vaillant 1935 434 fig 11 7 reports a similar type single chamber anthropomorphic whistle sic from el arbol
illo

open mouth figure

fig

31 s w

although all these specimens are incomplete and there are no stops visible their diameter and construction suggest that they
were at one time long cylindrical tubes this identification must however remain tentative they are pointed head human effigy flutes beana with slanted coffee bean7 bean eyes of applique fillets with narrow slits they often extend onto the nose mouth is open phase istmo isamo jiquipilas Jiquipilas
DOUBLE CHAMBER
1 I fig 31 cc A small bird with a hole through the eyes to permit suspension on a cord has two long tubular body chambers with one stop in each chamber lowe and Ag rinier 1960 fig 54 agrinier b figure this specimen from burial 17 phase istmo isamo

aa crudely modeled face with ring punctate cars pierced lengthwise by a narrow eyes and ears tube phase francesa
1

monkey

fig

31

miscellaneous fragments 4 fig 31 bb three specimens are body chamber fragments with knobs on the exterior and holes through the walls the fourth is a mouthpiece fragment with pierced knob on the rear for suspension phase dili and guanacaste Guana caste
DOUBLE CHAMBER bilobe body 6 figs 31 dd gg 32 c four specimens share a similar form that of a flat narrow and thin mouthpiece through which run two slitlike passageways passag eways to two separate bulbous body chambers the nose is more like a large beak through which a transverse suspension hole passes just below the slanted slit punctated eyes an open mouth with the teeth detailed is found on one speci-

single stop

comparison A very similar type is shown pinuco by G F ekholm and described from panuco 1944 459 fig 43 A but it has a shorter body chamber TRUMPET
A fragment of a conical tube with irregular applique knobs about its exterior fig 33

men
one of which has three air channels have the same form but lack any facial features whether these oca rinas had stops or not one can only guess as the body chambers are missing the sophistication found in other attributes of this instrument type suggests that stops are expectable phase istmo isamo

two other fragments

traces of white paint are present on the unslipped and unpolished surface tempered with quartz sand phase unknown

the

paste is

comparison the justly famous murals of Bonam pak structure 1 rooms 1 and 2 carbonampak negie institution of washington 1955 show ancient conical trumpets

CERAMIC DOUBLE RINGS STAMPS

71

77 7

lamp ednd IMP

0
acm 5cm

figure 33

POTTERY TRUMPET

provenience

surface

DOUBLE RINGS
clay rings included within this category of which eighty one whole and frag35 mentary examples were found figs 34 3435 are composed of a heavier basal ring and a usually larger but lighter secondary ring modeled together so that the opening of one is turned 90 degrees in relation to the other the basal ring is sometimes so broad and heavy that it forms a short tube rather than a ring or loop the secondary ring is lighter and thinner and almost always larger often twice as large the rings usually have no decoration but are well polished two specimens fig 35 have a small face with punctate eyes and a simple snout modeled on the base ring the hole running from the top of the head to the neck area the overall length of the double rings ranges from 32 3.2 cm em to 32 gs 65 6.5 65 cm with the average about 4 cm

the

at least one individual that of the chiapa de corzo burial suggests that they might have served as garment fasteners there remains the possibility that the double rings were strung about the waist on a rope or cord as decoration or that something in turn was G F ekholm 1944 fig fastened to them C 47 9 R depicts two plain double rings from the pavon site which are similar in size and construction to those from chiapa de corzo the four double rings including two not illustrated are dated by ekholm to periods 111 III lil lii and IV at pavon A double ring on display in the tikal museum is decorated with a human face with pierced ears in the same position as the faces
on the double rings in figure 35 double rings are reported from cerro de las mesas drucker 1943b 69 76 and tres PI 65 in chizapotes zapotek weiant 1943 117 pl apas double rings have been found at santa rosa delgado 1965a fig 66 i acala 31 fig 41 g and mirador lowe 1959 30 3031 peterson 1963 figs 169 172

phase found as early as dili and in fill material as late as jiquipilas Jiquipilas but the largest concentration is during the francesa phase where six of these rings were found in burial 127 during the 1961 field season agrinier Ag rinier 1964 fig 40 in unmixed samples double rings appear to be confined to the late preclassic I know the six rings comparison As far as 1 found in the francesa phase burial are the only double rings found in direct association with the human body although they have been postulated to be earrings G F ekholm 70 1944 469 while their function must re46940 main uncertain the position at the waist of

STAMPS

cylindrical

STAMPS

solid plain 3 fig 36 a c the stamps of this type are undecorated ceramic cylinders with bluntly pointed ends they are not polished moderate yellowish pink 25y 84 paste contains sand and blende hom hornblende

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a
C
C1

w
e

4
f
mya maa MAL
1 I

k
i

f
0

c r 1 I

i
u

ii
v

A r
&
x

1 I
y

AL
bb
acm cm 5 cm
z figure 34
Jiqui pilas dili jiquipilas

ves JBS des

cc

SK
dd

ee

POTTERY DOUBLE RINGS

I A 121 A 78 6b ab k A 121 fili h A 67 fill i A 100 fill fid flu fiu J 4 1 a f B 127 g A 7 fill 1214 4a s5 r A 121 J aa T 9 m A 67 4 n A 9 fill 0 A 137 na n6 p A 11 1214a ll 2 q A 134 r33 sa A 116 6 x A A 121 T 7 w v A 121 B 6 A 121 S 3 ab u t A 121 S 3b 134 F 221 y z A 131 126 LZ oa aa A 121 i J 1 bb A 121 t 2 cc A 121 t 20 el cielito s 1211 121 S 5 ee A 133 1139 dd A alliss

ill iii

CERAMIC STAMPS

73

jg

0
figure 35

5 cm
1 I

POTTERY DOUBLE RINGS WITH ANIMAL HEADS

A 11 s5 b alli a A 134 r33 sa aili ll 2

solid decorated 6 figs 36 d f 37 design style is banded with several variations bands are composed of either continuous curvilinear designs repeated rectilinear designs or a stylized life form design the curvilinear continuous design occurs twice three stamps have two narrow parallel bands at one edge bordering the design band and only one on the other edge the other three stamps are bordered by one narrow band on either edge of the design area all specimens are moderate to well polished the decoration was carved into them prior to firing but after polishing paste color is yellowish gray 10yr 72 one specimen has a brown slip while others appear to have been unslipped five contain quartz sand and small hornblende crystals while the sixth shows flakes of mica

am
b
d

gok jaw sok

h 9
k

amy any amm

X

acm 5 cm 5cm

hollow decorated solid plain d f solid decorated g i hollow decorated life forms curvilinear continuous k hollow decorated rectilinear continuous and isolated repeated 1 I p hollow decorated rectilinear continuous and isolated repeated fid f A 100 fill g B 115 flu fiu ab e A 78 fill a surface b A 59 BI 4 c A 59 133 2 d A 78 6b I A 10 3 m A lla flu 1 fiu 5a fill lia fill n A 121 D 1 ila iia t A 121 D 1 j A 42 2 k A aa h A 131 123 SI i 13 m a m3 0 A 5 3 p A 121 t
c a ac

figure 36 cylindrical

STAIMPS POTTERY STAMPS

ill iii

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AAAAAA
vfvfiwiwiw A
d

acm 5cm

17
e

a 0

A 8313

37 SOLID cylindrical POTTERY STAMPS ab A 100 fill c A 78 4 5 d A 10 surface e A 78 6b A 121 E 4

figure

A 78 fill

one of the stamps

figs 36 d 37

of this type has received considerable attention because of the apparent similarity of one of its elements to an egyptian hieroglyph ferguson 1962 22 25 kelley 1966 744 46 fig 2 d commenting recently on this stamp concluded that the elements are so simple that they afford no presumptive evidence of egyptian influence by themselves kelley did however add 1 I am inclined to think that the seal is actually in some I am not absolutely sure form of script but 1 1966 745 of that he illustrates it as an olmed text example of an olmec another stamp figs 36 f 37 b of this type also has an interesting set of symbols which is renderable in english the signs C 0 0 and E are deeply incised into the face of the stamp and the incision was definitely done prior to firing

rated cylindrical stamps have been reported from the sites of vergel navarrete 1960 fig 5 d santa cruz sanders 1961 PL lia lla fc and mirador peterson 1963 fig 170 this type is reported throughout Meso mesoamerica america at the following sites or areas alj aljojuca oduca district ali ojuca tlatilco porter linne 1942 47 fig 92 tiatilco 1953 41 42 fig 16 tres zapotek zapotes weiant 4142 pl 63 drucker 1943a 130 PI pl 32 1943 117 PI la venta drucker 1952 141 42 fig 43 a pl PI 42 left a Kamin alj kaminalj kaminaljuy6 ali uyu ayu kidder jennings and shook 1946 figs 92 b 166 f 187 n 0 santa rita british honduras gann 1918 75 pl 13 a and copan longyear 1952 103 PI fig 83 d it appears quite clear that this

phase

Esca Iera lera francesa escalera

comparison

in chiapas other solid deco

type is confined to the preclassic confirming J E S thompson s 1941a 45 statement to this effect apparently at kaminaljuy6 Kamin alj kaminalj ayu kidali uyu der jennings and shook 1946 214 15 the unrecognized mixed occurrence of preclassic and classic material in mound fill led the authors to believe that these stamps were found also in the classic period M D coe

STANIPS CERAMIC STAMPS

75

feels that cylindrical stamps are formative or preclassic in date

1961

105 6

hollow decorated

18

life forms

figs 36 g i 38 b f n p

stamps are decorated with deeply carved combinations of life forms predominantly monkeys fig 38 b p and rectilinear design units often separated by bars the design on at least four specimens is banded by thin narrow parallel borders the remaining stamp lacks a border only one has been slipped and it also has red paint in the carved areas of the design A most handsome specimen consists of a human head with elaborate headdress and stylized crossed arms ending with well made hands fig 38 0 the surface is even and smooth the design has been cut deeply and very precisely into the stamp this has been reported previously lowe and mason 1965 fig 13 a Ag rinier 1964 25 agrinier four examples are well burnished three appear to have fine untempered paste while the remaining two contain some mica and 3.0 sand these specimens range from 30 30 cm to 52 4.5 1.2 5.2 45 cm in 12 cm to 45 52 cm in length and 12 0.7 07 cm to diameter central holes range from 07 18 1.8 18 cm in diameter paste is moderate yellowish pink 25y 84 in color phase francesa horcones hormones Hor cones

are deeply carved and have a gray sandy paste the smaller more complete example is not actually hollow the large conical holes in either end do not quite meet in the center the stamp shown in figure 38 j has been pl published by hicks and rozaire 1960 PI
2 c

phase

francesa

comparison stamps of this type have been reported from the following sites copan copin longyear 1952 103 fig 83 a uloa valley gordon 1898 fig 21 kendal british PI 16 rf general honduras gann 1918 93 pl area of the peten R E smith 1954 32 fig 4 la victoria M D coe 1961 105 fig 59 uaxactun 77i m uaxact6n ricketson and ricketson 1937 fig 145 e f kidder 1947 69 fig 59 a pl 7 cave of loltun boltin E H thompson 1897a PI loltin mayapan ff 1962 401 fig e cayapan Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff 771 50 j y fc tres zapotes zapotek weiant 1943 117 pl PI 41 aa cerro PI 63 drucker 1943a 132 pl de las mesas drucker 1943b 6667 66 67 figs

venta drucker 1952 fig 43 200 202 pl 42 tlatilco pina chan 1958 part 2 pl PI PI PI 173 ixtlan 48 M D coe 1965 pl ixtlin del rio gifford 1950 233 fig 19 m 77i and aztatlan aztatlin sauer and brand 1932 34 35 fig 11 a 3435 elsewhere in chiapas this type of stamp has been reported from sevilla navarrete 1960 fig 19 a c mirador peterson 1963 fig PI 170 and santa cruz sanders 1961 pl

la

iia lia

comparison A similar type from mirador is figured by peterson 1963 fig 170 enciso 1 shows a flat stamp from chiPI 119 Z 1953 pl apas depicting a monkey in the same style as those found in this roller type weiant

fig 50 c reports a stamp of this zapotek which he says is retype from tres zapotes
1943 82

of stamp appears to be limited to the late preclassic throughout meso america the two early classic stamps reported from copan copin may be disregarded as they come from mound fill which may be mixed these two stamps are very similar to preclassic stamps from tlatilco tlatiico

this type

markable in that it is made in the same style as the danzantes shown on the earliest carved stone slabs at monte alban albin caso 1935 M D coe 1965 172 illustrates a bird with wings in the form of a paw from las bocas puebla

isolated repeated curvilinear 2 figs 36 k

38 q r

two fragmentary specimens carry isolated

but probably repeated unit designs bordered on both edges by somewhat irregular bands design elements consist of scrolls frets and a winglike figure clay is buff contains hornblende crystals and appears much like the paste of I chiapa A figurines phase dili francesa

curvilinear continuous
j m

figs 36

j 38 g

design elements consist of fringed and

plain slanted lines intertwined parallel bands scrolls and frets both fragmentary specimens

76

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

act abt
d

A
f

acm 5cm
k

vv

4
1 0-

NV

A 42 2 a A 121 T 13 13 fc A 121 D 1 1 A 5 3 m A 121 D 9 n h A 32d surface i A 10 3 A 59 5a fill A 121 D 1 0 B 115 p A 131 123 sl q A 121 E 4 r A aa

po rrery arery STAIMPS STAMPS figure 38 HOLLOW cylindrical POTTERY F 162 g b gen c A 137 na n3 d A lla fill e A 62 surface

dl

CERAMIC STAMPS STANTS

1 38 continuous rectilinear 6 figs 36 1 p 1 a c e g i k 1 0 the deeply carved design elements consist of fringed and plain slanted lines intertwined parallel bands and scrolls all stamps of this group are fragmentary except two figs 36 1 m 38 d i the paste is either a soft burnished untempered pinkish gray 25y 82 or is a hard burnished light brownish gray 25yr 62 clay containing hornblende and quartz sand none of the stamps are slipped phase escalera lera francesa Esca Iera comparison this type like those above can be compared with hollow stamps from many other sites this particular design treatment is found at uaxactun uaxact6n ricketson and ricket4 PI 78a 1 son 1937 221 fig 145 d f pl 14 pl 41 tres zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a 32 PI bb the isthmus of tehuantepec delgado 1965b fig 12 r paso de obejas ovejas veracruz porter 1953 50 cholula noguera 1954 pl 77 fig a tlatilco porter 1953 41 42 PI 4142 13 A B fig 16 las bocas M D coe 1965 pis 170 71 and aztatlan aztatlin sauer and brand 1932 3435 34 35 fig 11 a lower in chiapas it is also reported from the acala area lowe 1959 fig 15 d from the general grijalva basin lowe 1959 fig 61 a 17 and mirador peterson 1963 fig 170
1

77

posed or back to back with deeply carved converging lines on the chest a carved triangle with round punctate fillet in the central abdominal area and carved lines on the tail and wings the second head is missing on each specimen but its neck stub is present A third stamp probably had two bird heads with upturned beaks the one head s position fig 40 b suggesting that the missing part of the stamp was a mirror image paste is grayish reddish orange 25yr 66 and conblende hornblende tains hom phase unknown but probably preclassic

FLAT STEMMED I figs 39 a 40 a anthropomorphic 1 in the form of a human foot with four short toes and a scroll and dot carved on the bottom stem is missing the burnished and 7 .5 75 unslipped pale orange yellowish brown 75 YR 86 paste contains hornblende inclusions phase unknown

comparison two headed bird stamps are PI 99 V VII VIII pictured by enciso 1953 pl n and calixtla calixtra from veracruz teotihuaca teotihuacan huaca he also portrays another type of PI 85 11 II double headed bird enciso 1953 pl V VI the king buzzard cozcacuautli which is found at los tuxtlas veracruz and puebla the los tuxtlas specimen has a fringe on its head much like one of the chiapa de corzo stamps fig 39 b beyer 1965 461 64 points out that the double eagle pictured in the codices is a I mention this only in deity of vegetation 1 passing since the probable time interval between the date of the two headed bird stamp from chiapa de corzo and the double eagle representation in the codices makes a direct historical connection problematical

earth monster

1 I

figs 39 c 40

comparison porter 1953 42 in discussing general traits found in the preclassic says a common shape is the human foot that form she also reports a human foot porter 1953 57 of the sacatepequez phase from kaminaljuyu in chiapas delgado 1965a kaminaljuy6 fig 65 a reports a stylized human foot from santa rosa zoomorphic birds 3 figs 39 b 40 b d two examples are two headed birds op

stylized head facing to the viewer s right with upcurved up curved L shape pupil two square upper teeth and a simple bar for the lower jaw there is a small round dot in front of the snout and evidence at the rear of the head for a single thin bar 2 .5 25 the paste is grayish reddish orange 25 YR 66 tempered with sand containing hornblende mica and quartz only the stamp s face has been burnished apparently before modeling or carving of the high relief no slip is present this stamp was previously illustrated by lowe and mason 1965 fig 13 a phase

francesa

comparison this stamp shows some close resemb lances to the alligator stamps illussemblances PI 84 from oaxaca trated by enciso 1953 pl

78

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

T

e
d

fab ftb
77
7177 fant
0

4p ap

7
hael hali

130 170
1

owl wei oei

p
V

ekk sik
S

x
AAKAL zadan zadel
01

aa 4a

5 cm

00

vr
bb
CC

dd

a human foot b two butterfly francesa e square form f round form g oval form dili h rectangular form i n triangular in form francesa hormones Hor cones 0 double triangle form p dd free forms horcones a A 50 1 b A 83b 1 9 c A 121 t 10 0 lo d A 121 a 7 e A 100 5 1 A 37 8 g A 121 f lo 10 h A 131 186 l45 1 i t A 83b 1 6 j A 131 117 l9 k A 121 A 5 1 I A 83b 1 6 m la A 121 C 8 n A 83b 1 6 0 A 83b 1 6 p B 115 q A 32b 1 r A 133 r39 sig s A 134 F 221 t r A 83b 1 8 u B 115 v A 83n 4 w A 131 165 l54 s2 sa x A 134 r33 sa s7 ij A 133 r39 s14 z A 121 F 3 aa A 131 165 l54 sa s2 bb A 133 r39 sli sii cc A 45 3 dd A 121 d 6

figure 39

STFMIMED pot71lky STF mamed poi FLAT STEMMED MIMED poa ste athy STAMPS lehy ithy headed bird c earth monster francesa d

CERAMIC STAMPS

79

acm 5crrl 5cm

figure 40 FLAT STEMMED POTTERY STAMPS a human foot b h d two headed birds e butterfly francesa f earth monster francesa a A 50 1 b A 1 fill bli c A 83b 1 9 d A 83b 1 7 e A 121 a 7 f A 121 t 10 bil hll lo

san andres tuxtla guerrero and chiapas the resemblances between this motif and the cipactli day sign as used much later by nahuatl speaking peoples are many and appear to be basic to the stamp motif certainly the style and the medium in which they are reproduced are different but their characte features are very similar see also teristic beyer 1965 428 29 434 it may be that the stamp was an early effort to portray a divine earth monster
1 butterfly I figs 39 d 40 e stylized head facing to the viewer s right with open mouth recurved upper mouth parts large square eye recurved lower mouth parts and a three part decorative unit on top of the head the head decoration has three teardrop shape elements above two squared circles with central punctate dots the paste and surface finish are the same as those of the earth monster above this stamp was previously illustrated by lowe and mason 1965 fig 13 a phase francesa

comparison

while in certain respects this

stamp resembles motifs labeled plumed serpents by enciso 1953 pis 76 77 it more closely parallels the mixtec codices represenPI 10 tations of the butterfly franco 1959 pl shared traits are the open especially 8 mouth upturned and recurved maxilla downcurved and recurved mandible teeth and top of head decoration made of horizontal bands and vertical elements it must be pointed out at this time that there is still a good deal of confusion as to what represents a bird and how a butterfly is depicted in the codices in the same article quoted above franco presents in his figure A three schematic and composite drawings of the most differentiating characteristics of serpents birds and butterflies on the basis of this illustration the stamp motif considered here appears to be more a bird than a butterfly although referring to his following butterfly illustrations the correlation with butterflies seems much better in view of the many centuries separating this stamp from the butterflies rendered in the codices there can be little argument for an important historical connection again as with the earth monster however we may be dealing with the beginning of a concept

80

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

geometric designs square form 1 figs 39 e 41 c A central square is surrounded by a rectilinear fret about which a serrated border of right triangles forms the edges of the stamp the light yellowish brown 10yr 64 paste hornblende blende the contains quartz sand and hom specimen is not polished or slipped phase unknown comparison this type of stamp is found at tlamimilolpa linne 1942 140 fig 276 and tiamimilolpa pl 41 zapotes drucker 1943a 132 PI at tres zapotek
Y

elements consist of an inwardly pointed five pitch fork element deeply incised into tine pitchfork each scallop the decorated face is well polished but the specimen is unslipped A second more fragmentary specimen fig 41 h has a carved design which consists of a fretted line parts of two ovals and a straight line stem handle is a round laterally pierced knob the stamp s irregular surface is well polished all over paste of both specimens is moderate reddish brown 25yr 44

phase

round form 2 figs 39 f 41 a h one fragment is of a large heavy stamp

with a scalloped edge

the interior

decorative

unknown PI 11 e g comparison gordon 1898 24 pl reports three specimens of this type from the uloa valley all of which have monkey figures in the center M D coe 1961 fig 61

4&
b
0

5 cm
C

LJLALJLJ
W

U WU W W WW

IBM ibn

11

111111

aaas FM
AAAA

STENUMED STAMPS STEMMED FLVT STE NUMED POTTERY STANIPS figure 41 FLAT y a h round form b e g i t j istmo jiquipilas Jiqui pilas c square form d oval rectangular form isamo form dili 61 1 c A 100 5 1 d A 121 f 10 Agli a A 37 8 b a lo e gen f A 121 C 7 g A 131 1 186 l45 1 hi A 1861451 l fill i gen j A 121 A 15 alfill

CERAMIC STAMPS

81

a victoria possibly dating 0 shows one from to the marcos phase several specimens are illustrated from paculeu zaculeu by woodbury and trik 1953 209 12 figs 118 a c 251 g where they date to the qankyak or Xina bahul xinabahul phase from cholula noguera 1954 77 fig d portrays one specimen E H thompson 1897a pl PI 7 a figures an example from yui n in chiapas this type has also been recatan ported from mirador peterson 1963 fig

la

and padre piedra navarrete 1960 fig at mirador peterson thinks this type dates between mirador IV and VI francesa hormones Hor cones phases horcones
170 12 e

pl 11 0 t w z stone 1941 1898 24 fig 20 pi paculeu dated to qankyak 86 fig 97 fc b zaculeu phase woodbury and trik 1953 209 12 figs 117 d 118 fo cerro de las mesas 205 6 pis drucker 1943b 66 67 figs 203 2056 50 10 5 55 various tres zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a 130 132 pis 29 dd 41 x z cc 42 f weiant 1943 116 120 pis 62 several 73 6 las flores dated to period V G F ekholm 1944 272 fig 48 n tenayuca noguera 1935 PL 51 2 4 cholula noguera 1954 77 fig c and apatzingan apatzingin dated to the chila phase kelly 1947 103 fig 57 PI 14 c elsewhere in chiapas this type a c pl
1

oval form 1 I figs

39 g 41

A fat foot shape stamp with three lines incised in its lower surface paste is light

brown 75yr 64 and heavily tempered with large grains of quartz sand and small crystals of horri hornblende blende it is unslipped and very lightly polished phase dili

has been reported from santa cruz where it dated to the Chi apilla phase sanders 1961 chiapella chiapilla pl PI lib f h and mirador where it dates to mirador IV VI peterson 1963 fig 170

triangular form

10

figs 39 i n 42

comparison in guatemala this type is reuaxact6n by ricketson and rickported from uaxactun aa 145 b in mexetson 1937 222 pis 78 a7 ico it has been found at ticoman tecomin vaillant ticomin PI 83 row 2 no 2 cholula no1931 400 pl guera 1954 77 figs b e tres zapotes zapotek pl 62 several drucker weiant 1943 116 PI PI 41 ee and 1943a 132 pl mango berlin Hui andhuimango huimango hul 1956 107 fig 6 1956107 cc 6cc fcc

rectangular form 5 figs 39 h 4 1 b e g

i Hi

complete and four are fragmentary all have deeply incised decoration the design elements are geometric lines squares rectangles or triangles and on one round dots and a wavy y specimen fig 41 j line all are smoothed but not polished three specimens have a thin red slip two are unslipped paste color is light yellowish brown
is

one stamp

in this type have a central stepped or terraced element much like a pyramid in the center of which is a round thick wall applique circle running across the bottom and part way up both sides of this central motif is either one plain line or one fretted line outlined by a second plain line one specimen fig 42 h which is a little different has two units as described above one turned 90 degrees and below the other beside the inferior element is a bar with three thick wall circles which may be read as the number 8 if the reconstruction is correct paste color ranges from strong brown 75r 46 to light grayish brown 75yr 62 to dark gray 75r 40 this type is not poldished ished or slipped

all specimens

phase

cones hormones a horcones Hor francesa frances

10yr

previously illustrated from chiapa de corzo by lowe and mason 1965 fig 13 a

74

pile
phose phase

isamo istmo jiquipilas Jiqui pilas

comparison similar stamps are found wideMeso america includly scattered throughout mesoamerica ing the following sites copan copin longyear 1952 103 fig 83 e uloa valley gordon

comparison this stamp type is definitely related to the glyphic writing found at monte II and which was probalban albin during period 11 ably in use earlier it has a motif which appears to be most closely related to the day sign stepped pectoral or glyph S fig 45 a f n 0 originally identified by caso 1947 11 12 fig 18 the chiapa de corzo stamps glyphis share a similar and the monte alban albin glyphs basic form stepped or terraced triangle often with a small centered interior element which at monte alban albin is a small two body platform and at chiapa de corzo a thick wall circle at monte alban albin the glyph is associated with

82

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

di
C

b
5 cm

AO
d

eto eio
e
9

0
h

STAMPS NIps bips triangular FORM hips figure 42 FLAT STEMMED POTTERY STA 133 1139 sig b A 121 a 5 c A 134 r33 sa s7 d A 133 r39 sig e A 83b

83b

6 g A 67 fill h i A 121 C 8

83b

6 j A 131 117

l9 la

the numeral 5 and at chiapa de corzo it is often underlined by a single bar a band which crosses the bottom and curves up to parallel the sides or in the case of one stamp 7i h the numeral 8 as a sepfigs 40 m 42 ai arate unit with a simplified glyph S as the day sign in front caso 1947 12 calls attention to the possibi sibility lity of the occurrence of glyph S at tres zapotes zapotek on monument E stirling 1943 fig 5 reproduced here fig 45 f this stamp type also closely parallels a second glyph at monte alban albin which caso 1947 24 25 figs 59 60 describes and figures identifying it as the glyph hill certainly the monte alban albin glyph is sometimes much more complex and uniform than our stamps but the common attributes should be pointed out for nothing more than to present an alternative to the glyph S hypothesis the basic element in the monte alban albin hill glyph a terraced two body platform is represented at chiapa de corzo by a terraced two or sometimes three body platform on the monte alban albin examples behind and extending out to

either side at the top of the platform on a level with the upper body is a long bar with upturned tips often decorated by another two body platform at chiapa de corzo this same element may be equated with the parallel bars that underline the terraced body element and often turn up the side unfortunately no stamp is complete in this area and it is not known how the bars were terminated the central slanting bars on the platform body so universal at monte alban albin are not present at chiapa de corzo though the small round thick wall circle occupies a parallel I as position and may in fact stand for 1 1 opposed to the monte alban albin 5 interestingly enough occurrences of the hill glyph at monte alban albin and other sites are also rendered considerably more simplified than the elaborate form outlined above fig 45 h j m after caso 1947 fig 60 the terraced two body platform and parallel slanting central bands lacking in the chiapa de corzo examples appear to be basic attributes for the recognition of this glyph

CERAMIC STAMPS

83

two headed zoomorphic stamps birds figs 39 b 40 c d may be associated with this glyphic problem as they carry a similar motif on the chest

the

double triangle form 3 figs 39

c

0 43 a

these specimens consist of two triangles

slightly offset and turned 180 degrees in relation to one another the sides of the triangles are stepped lines while the center of each is filled with a simple and a fretted line the stamps have been somewhat smoothed and slightly polished on the decorated face paste is grayish red 75r 46 with hornblende inclusions none are slipped phase unknown

free forms
44 46 4446

30

b2 d f ba figs 39 p dd 43 b

specimens in this class are asymmetrical although undoubtedly some of them would fit in other shape categories if they were whole their fragmentary condition prohibits
879375

finer subdivision all specimens are deeply carved but not well polished some motifs are rectilinear but a larger number of stamps has curvilinear motifs elements are the straight line curved line scroll dot and punctate marks alone or in groups most of the designs are asymmetrical as is their form but a few have bilateral symmetry this class of stamps contains both the largest and the smallest stamp found in the collection the largest fig 39 u although frag8.2 82 cm wide mentary is 10 cm long and 82 while the smallest fig 39 t which is also ig 2.4 1.9 fragmentary is 24 24 cm long by lg 19 cm wide and is 20 2.0 20 cm high including the stem the stem on the large specimen fig 39 u is missing this example see comment below is probably a stylized symbolic butterfly compare also fig 43 e f although paste color has a wide range from light grayish brown 75yr 62 to moderate reddish brown 25yr 44 to dark reddish orange 75r 410 there appear to be primarily two types of paste the first

at 4t

13
.13 13
e

0C
d

0
0

acm 5cm

0
f

a c double triangle form b d f sa fc A 133 r39 s4 sa c A 83b a A 134 r30 s2

figure 43

STEMMED FLAT STEINI steahl NIED POTTERY STAMPS steinl

1

a guanacaste Guana caste cuanacaste francesa free form frances

d A 133

1139

F 216 e

115

B 115

84

N W A F PAPER NWAF

no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

00

W
d

ifo

CCU
f
9
h

5 cm

v
t
STEMMED POTTERY STAMPS FREE FORMS FLAT STEIMMED a A 133 1139 sa c A 85 6 d A 100 8 11 e A 133 r39 s2 b A 134 r33 s7 sa f A 133 1139 sig g A 100 8 11 h A 121 d 6 i A 134 F 221 j A 8313 1 8 k A 5 fib 1 I A 134 F 221 m A 133 r39 si4 fin 0 A 50n 1 p A 100 15 q A 10 fill s14 fin r sia n A 121 fill A 45 3 s A 134 r33 s7 sa t A 121 F 3

sli sii

figure 44

CERAMIC STAMPS

85

ED 0

u UU UUUU UUU
U UU

usu
d
9

1 I

U C

0
p
f

9
h

j 91

0
0

ra
k

0
n

figure 45

GLYPHS CLYPHS

HILL srom ALBAN AND TRES ZAPOTES FROXI MONTE ALBN FROM a f n 0 S glyph g m hill glyph a e go g o monte alban Za potes albin f tres zapotes zapotek
S AND

86

N W A F PAPER NWAF

no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

0
b

VW

acm 5cm

0
d

d ilil
j11k
yaju ig JF taje

lla iia
STA STAMPS Nips

A 131

figure 46 FLAT STEMMED POTTERY 165 l54 s2 sa h b A 83n 4 c A 121 ili 13 8 d1 ill
A 121 d 6

FREE FORMS A 121 K aa 4a c A 131 165

s2 l54 sa

type of which there are three examples is soft and temperless the other with thirty three examples is a hard paste with waterworn quartz and hornblende inclusions neither of the two paste types has been slipped and only a few stamps have well polished faces some of these have been published previously Ag rinier 1964 25 lowe and mason agrinier 1965 fig 13 it should be noted that the striking anthropomorphic cylindrical stamp shown in figures 36 g and 38 0 was found with the unusual and very large figure 39 ti also fig 43 e flat stamp described here and its unreconstructable form companion piece described below all in burial 115 Agrinier 1964 24 25 these stamps are part agrinier of one of the most outstanding francesa phase offerings ever found at chiapa de corzo see rinier 1964 69 agrinier lowe s remarks in Ag phase paste 1 francesa phase paste 2 francesa guanacaste Guana caste

comparison free form stamps are found at 32 pis 34 zapotes drucker 1943a 131 tres zapotek 13132
x

ff weiant 1943 116 120 pis 62 several 73 4 5 cerro de las mesas drucker 1943b 66 67 fig 208 ticoman tecomin vaillant ticomin 1931 400 pl PI 83 row 2 no 1 apatzingan apatzingin choju and coju kelly 1947 103 PL 14 fc matian lister 1949 57 fig 23 g in chiapas they have been reported from mirador where they date to mirador IV VI peterson ado 1963 fig 170 delgado deigado and santa rosa dei del delado 1965a fig 65 b c the similarities between the stamps in figures 39 p and it and butterfly representations illustrated by franco 1959 passim but particul arly pis 14 5 16 5 are many and may ticularly well identify this early type of stamp decoration
41

unreconstructable form 1 A stamp of the same paste as the first frag fragpaste of the preceding 0 b type was too frao mentary to save little can be said about it

CERAMIC SPINDLE WHORLS

87

except that scrolls were present and all was covered with a thin coat of red paint probably cinnabar it was a companion piece to

that of figure 39 u described above and similar in shape and design lowe personal
communication

SPINDLE WHORLS
undecorated 4 fig 47 a c g the form of three is conical the fourth c is a disk with a gently elevated center three specimens appear to have been shaped by spinning them on a stick as there are regular concentric wiping marks on all surfaces
lo 2.2 1.0 2.0 2.4 cm th io 22 cm 10 22 size diam 20 20 24 24 tral hole diam about 5 mm phase maravillas

cen-

Chametla chametla sauer and fig 10 d apatzingan chila tepetate phases kelly 1947 111 ixtlin del rio fig 67 a c bb ee and ixtlan nayarit probably all periods gifford 1950 233 pl PI 19 a 1 0 in chiapas this type has been reported from mirador dated to the late classic or postclassic peterson 1963 fig 169 and santa rosa classic period delgado 1965a

pl PI 52 5 brand 1932 34
1935

68

comparison perhaps due to their small size symmetrical shape and resistant nature spindle whorls withstood the ravages of time well and consequently have been reported Meso america more often than any throughout mesoamerica other type of artifact except round jade beads below is a listing of just a few of the occurrences of plain undecorated spindle whorls in mortagua river valley late Meso america motagua mesoamerica magdalena phase smith and kidder 1943 1 san juan and tiquisate 162 fig 54 g 1 Tiquisate horizons of the guatemalan pacific coast i J E S thompson 1948 fig 59 a f h uaxactun uaxactdn ricketson and ricketson 1937 paculeu qankyak phase pl 78 f z zaculeu 219 PI woodbury and trik 1953 169 72 fig 87 piedras negras i degras W R coe 1959 69 0 io tajurnulco fig 59 g h taj tai umulco mexican period dutton and hobbs 1943 62 fig 37 h i san jose josg period V J E S thompson 1939 mayapan cayapan 153 fig 91 k 1 Ma yapan apin with examples May mayapin quite similar to the chiapa de corzo ones proskouriakoff ff 1962 400 fig 50 rf g tres Proskouriako zapotes zapotek drucker 1943a 132 134 pis 43 h PI 64 65 a h q r t u weiant 1943 117 pl rows 3 6 cerro de las mesas drucker 56 las 1943b 66 76 figs 170 75 pis 55 5556 pavon pav6n periods 111 C F ekIII flores and pavan lii V G Coate pec holm 1944 466 fle f coatepec fie 46 d f fia fis pl 37 row 2 no 10 152p1 vaillant 1930 152 Gua lupita 111 gualupita III lii vaillant and vaillant 1934
Z

decorated 3 rig pig fig 47 d fi f one biconical and two modified disks
scroll lines on one conical surface of the biconical specimen d are its only decoration the hemispherical disk e has two opposed incised curvilinear design units on the third specimen f three blunt points overshadow a deeply incised groove that circles the circumference near the bottom between these blunt points are three incised designs consisting of an upside down flying U element with two central parallel short incised lines paste is light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 73 with a very fine mica temper one specimen is slipped red all are well polished
2.7 2.2 size diam 22 27 cm th 22 27 central hole diam 4 7 mm phase mara villas maravillas

three simple incised

10 20 cm
lo io 2.0 1.0 20

100 1954

fig 0

30

150

figs

11 13 15 17

cholula tenayuca

noguera noguera

comparison the distribution of decorated spindle whorls is even more extensive than that of plain ones perhaps part of this is due to a selective factor against plain whorls that is they may not have been noticed and picked anal ogues analogies up as often as their more handsome analogues following is a partial listing of their occurmesoamerica america decorated whorls rences in Meso have been found at Que lapa el salvador in quelapa the late horizon longyear 1942 9 11 fig 1 copan full classic but rare longyear

88

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

IXENM

14ak vk

WAIL

AM av 1v

ank enk

jc

41
d

es e

nna AIX nka

riig riia lila

0
cm acm 5 5cm

faszl fiszl

MID mhd wik

aq rq
maravillas d f decorated spindle whorls maravillas 1 m guanacaste h i solid earplugs j k pierced earplugs earplugs francesa earplugs dili francesa giiaaacaste Guana caste simple tube earplugs earplugs dili and later n p flared tube earplugs isamo q earplugs francesa istmo f s complex tube earplugs isamo Ist istmo mo t pendant a gen b A 131 126 l3 la1 c B 120 d gen e g B 120 h A 121 57 i A 67 fill A 121 N 7 k A 8313 6 I A 90 fill m A 121 G 4 n A 133 1136 0 A 54 14 p A 131 1 117 11716 1 l fill l6 la q A 131 150 l54 r A 5 rm X s A 60 156 2 rt A I alfill
a fl
ga g7 c g undecorated spindle whorls

figure 47

POTTERY SPINDLE WHORLS EARPLUGS

AND PENDANT

CERAMIC ORNAMENTS
1 82 j 1 uaxactun uaxact6n in the last above floor fill ricketson and ricketPI 78 f 1 2 4 son 1937 219 fig 143 pl Tiqui sate J E kidder 1947 67 68 fig 57 tiquisate paculeu S thompson 1948 fig 59 g zaculeu qankyak phase woodbury and trik 1953 169 72 fig 87 a h josg V J E S i san jose thompson 1939 153 fig 91 a h j

89

1952

103

fig

62 bb cholula 1 913 9 13 1418 14 18 19 pl PI 52 Gua lupita gualupita 100 fig 1934

tepetate complex lister

28 29 apatzingan apatzingin 1947 111 fig 67

noguera 1954 150 figs tenayuca noguera 1935 111 III vaillant and vaillant ili umatlan atlan 30 18 21 smatlan cojumatlin coi um
67 1949 63 6367

figs

kaminaljuyu near surface dating uncertain kaminaliuyil kidder jennings and shook 1946 fig 92 crucera or marcos phase a la victoria crucero M D coe 1961 fig 61 fc chichen itza itzi tozzer 1957 fig 501 chichen itza and ff 1962 408 fig 51 Chacchab proskouriakoff Proskouriako chacchab mayapan ff 1962 400 fig Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff f j cayapan 50 ff a c cerro de las mesas drucker 1943b 66 76 figs 176 99 tres zapotes zapotek drucker PI 65 i m weiant 1943 117 PI 1943a 134 pl 64 rows 1 2 Te colpin berlin 1956 fig

fj

chila phase kelly ab d aa cc ee and baa daa aztatlan sauer and brand 1932 34 fig 10 aztatlin a c e g in chiapas this type has been reported from chiapa de corzo Ag rinier 1964 56 agrinier mirador late classic or postclassic petersanta cruz son 1963 figs 166 169 mara villas phases sanders 1961 jiquipilas Jiqui pilas to maravillas PI 11b 0 ruiz site near acala early 43 pl post postclassic classic lowe 1939 fig 15 b c e and lesca area in general navarrete frailesca from the Frai
1960

fig

4 a

ORNAMENTS
EAR ORNAMENTS

solid earplug 3 fig 47 h i heavy undecorated round disks with a groove extending completely around the circumference ference faces are usually flat or slightly cum paste is moderate orange SYR 76 with sand inclusions all are well polished but not slipped 48 1.3 1848 1.8 2.2 th 13 4.8 13 22 18 size diam 18 22 cm 184.8 48 cm tb 1848 phase probably francesca nancol and comparison known from pavon tancol II and las flores where they begin period 11 continue until period VI most however occur during period V G F ekholm 1944 P solid earplugs 469 fig 47 M F earplugs are also found at la victoria from the conchas phase M D coe 1961 fig 60 c cuicuilco vailPI 37 row 2 nos 3 9 lant 1930 152 pl pl 41 late zacatenco vaillant 1930 160 PI row 2 no 3 ticomin Ticoman tecomin where they are comin rarely incised decorated vaillant 1931 399 31 8 row 3 PI 82 row 1 row 2 nos 4 420 pl 48 pl 93 panel 3 Gua nos 5 9 PI lupita vaillant gualupita and vaillant 1934 98 100 fig 30 1 8 chupicuaro porter 1956 560 fig 21 m n
concave

coya dated to the upper preclassic Tlapa tlapacoya PI 19 upper barba de pina chan 1956 pl aljon row aljojuca aljoj uca district linne 1942 32 figs 16 17 25 42 tenayuca dated to the arPI 60 23 2 3 chaic noguera 1935 pl in the central depression of chiapas this

type has been reported from mirador where it is coeval with the francesa phase at chiapa de corzo peterson 1963 112

pierced earplug 4 fig 47 j k these earplugs are very similar to the solid type but have a small hole pierced through the center faces are more deeply concave than on the solid type but they are still undecorated paste is light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 73 with hornblende and sand inclu sions two of these specimens have a white clusions slip one earplug has radically different paste from the others it is very soft and light gray

75yr 710

ls 1.5 2.9 3.5 2.0 size diam 29 29 35 35 cm 1 is 15 20 20 cm central hole diam 3 9 mm phase one of the dili phase two of francesa guanacaste Guana caste phases

90

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PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

comparison longyear 1952 102 3 fig 82 1023 d e reports this type from full classic deposits at copan copin it has also been reported from Coate coatepec pec of ticomin tecomin cuicuilco time ticoman pl 37 row 2 horizon vaillant 1930 152 PI no 10 tres zapotes pl zapotek weiant 1943 117 PI 65 row 1 nos 2 4 row 2 nos 1 4 and 24 pl 54 4 A tenayuca noguera 1935 PI
specimen similar to this type is illustrated from tlapacoya Tlapa coya barba de pina chan 1956 photo 19 last item in upper row and is dated to the upper preclassic

ahuitzotla called tolfigs 238 39 santiago ahuitzoda tec by tozzer 1921 46 fig 4 b tenayuca pl 57 labeled aztec by noguera 1935 PI 22 and cholula noguera 1954 73 figs e f 164 fig 1 in chiapas delgado 1965a
1

67

rosa

reports several of this type from santa

flared tube 4 fig 47 n p one end of the tube is flared sharply one
example has the interior tube diameter larger at the rear none have decoration on the face of the flare which is rather small and usually has little frontal surface the paste of two is fine grained temperayr 5yr 64 two others less and light brown syr 5yr 61 have a coarser light brownish gray ayr paste tempered with sand all specimens are well polished and unslipped
24 average dimensions flare diam 2.4 24 cm tube 1.7 2.4 cm diam 17 waii th 3 mm tube 1 wali 17 cm wall I 24 24 phase francesa istmo isamo agrinier Ag rinier 1964 53 jiquipilas Jiquipilas comparison flared tube ear ornaments were found at zacualpa balam balim phase wauchope 1948 120 fig 39 at paculeu zaculeu qankyak or bahul phase woodbury and trik 1953 Xina xinabahul 209 fig 251 e tres zapotes zapotek weiant 1943 pl 65 row 1 no 1 row 2 nos 2 117 PI 3 23 mayapan cayapan ff 1962 400 fig 50 Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff chalchuite garcia payon 1966 h trapiche chalahuite piedras negras PI LXXXVII 1 9 180 pl degras pl 13 4 tlamimilolpa linne butler 1935 PI 1942 130 fig 235 pavon periods 1 II G I 11 F ekholm 1944 469 fig 47 j k middle zacatenco vaillant 1930 159 60 pis 40 row 15960 4 ticomin 1 2 no 3 41 row 1 nos 3 tecomin vailticoman 31 PI 82 row 2 nos 1 3 lant 1931 399 420 pl 13 pl 93 panel 2 and el arbo row 3 no 2 PI lillo 1 I 11 II vaillant 1935 237 239 fig 25 11 12 A related type is reported 14 from santa rosa delgado 1965a 67 fig 66 p

simple

3 fig 47 1 m this type is hollow cylindrical with vertically concave sides it differs from the pierced

tube

exceeds the wall thickness one fragment with a simple design one end of a hatched right triangle within two simple narrow bands does not have a constricted center the paste is temperless and ranges from light grayish yellowish brown 10yr 73 to ayr 5yr 76 the latter moderate yellowish pink syr has a red slip all specimens are well polished
38 ls is 1.5 3.8 15 12 29 cm 1 1538 38 cm 153.8 1538 phase dili and later comparison this ear ornament often re12 29 1.2 bg 2.9

earplug type in that the central hole much

35 2035 2.0 3.5 size exterior diam 20 35 cm interior diam 20 203.5 2035

ferred to as napkin ring is found throughmesoamerica out Meso america including the following sites motagua river valley at san agustin A the mortagua late in the sequence during the lato phase smith and kidder 1943 162 fig 34 c copan copin full classic longyear 1952 102 3 kaminaljuy6 kidder jennings fig 82 a c kaminaljuyu and shook 1946 215 fig 91 uaxactun uaxactim mamom Chi canel phases ricketson and chicaner damom or chicanel pl 69 & b benque ricketson 1937 PI banque viejo J E S thompson 1942 fig 24 & b la victoria conchas phase M D coe 1961 fig 60 a b tajumulco nux period dutton and paculeu hobbs 1943 64 zaculeu atzan adzin phase atzin woodbury and trik 1953 209 fig 116 venta stirling and stirling 1942 642 la pavon period 11 II G F ekholm 1944 469 11 vaillant 1935 Arbo lillo 1 I II fig 47 i el arbolillo 237 fig 25 13 tecomin vaillant 1931 ticoman ticomin 399 pl PI 82 row 3 nos 1 3 middle zacaPI 40 row 2 no tenco vaillant 1930 159 pl 1 chupicuaro porter 1956 560 fig 21 a e h i k 1 tlamimilolpa linne 1942 130

complex

tube

fig

47 q

this type of ear ornament has a raised

ridge or flare on both ends of the tube with the right angled front flare the larger the three complete specimens have a pendant tab on the rear of the tube which is pierced by a small round or triangular hole flanked by punched decoration in place in the ear the

CERAMIC ORNAMENTS

91

pierced tab would have hung down behind the ear allowing for the attachment of a feather bead or other hanging element only the largest specimen has a decorated front flare with the notching around its perimeter having rectangular punctations on each projection there is a groove about the tube opening which also has a series of small round punctations paste is light reddish brown 25yr 54 and appears to be temperless all specimens are smoothed and roughly polished
deayn 1.7 3.3 diam 17 17 33 33 cm 18 cm flare dearn 13 1.8 2.4 0.7 24 cm wall th 2 3 mm tube diam 07 07 24 phase istmo isamo Ag rinier 1964 53 54 lowe agrinier PI 29 d and Ag rinier 1960 50 pl agrinier comparison these artifacts have often been

temperless clay unslipped but polished head is long and pierced ear to ear car by a large 3.4 34 cm suspension hole length 34 phase unknown see below

size

13 1.3

pennants pend ants comparison no stylistically similar pendants were located in the literature but plain potuaxact6n ants are reported from uaxactun pendants pend tery pennants where they date to the tepeu depeu phase kidder 1947 69 fig 58 e i and sherd pennants ants pendants pend mayapan proskouriakoff ff 1962 401 Proskouriako from cayapan fig 50 ii suggesting that this type of artifact is of the late classic or postclassic
BEADS

flat ends

fig

48 a c

laurets see below it seems clear called labrets from their occurrence in pairs in at least two Ag rinier 1964 table 11 burials agrinier II burials 17 174 that they were ear ornaments rather than lip decorations they have been found also at uaxactun uaxact6n ricketson and ricketson 1937 221 pl PI 78 a 9 fig 145 a uloa valley gordon 1898 fig 22 copan copin full classic longyear piedras negras 1952 103 fig 82 g i t degras mayapan W R coe 1959 70 fig 59 f cayapan mayapin proskouriakoff ff 1962 400 fig 50 i and at Proskouriako las flores and pavon period V G F ekholm 1944 467 69 fig 47 A G C delgado 1965b fig 26 e f figures two specimens from the isthmus of tehuantepec from Kamin alj kaminalj kaminaljuy6 ayu kidder jennings and shook ali uyu ail 1946 64 fig 56 portray ear ornaments that are identical in form but are made of shell and limestone bone examples are found at piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 fig 55 C t and other shell specimens at uaxactun q uaxactin 6 kidder 1947 fig 85 c 3 36 andrews 1960 fig 5 b figures four wooden specimens from dzibilchaltun dn which dzibilchalt he considers to be la brets these seem to me to be earplugs earplugs of the type described here although they were probably worn with the pendant tab in front of the ear rather than behind the tabs have the only decorated surface PENDANT
1

flatfish ends spherical pottery beads with flattish pierced prior to firing one has five concentric grooves about its circumference specimens were slightly polished with 5yr 64 paste fine textured light brown ayr except for one instance of sand temper
1.4 20 2.0 cm size exterior diam 14 14 20 diam 4 8 mm

perforation

phase As early as dili but probably later

also
PI 65 row comparison weiant 1943 117 pl 3 row 5 nos 1 4 pictures several 4 nos 2 23 zapotes potes zapotek clay beads of this type from tres Za ticoman ticomin vaillant they are also found at tecomin PI 84 row 1 no 1 and at 1931 403 pl uaxactun uaxactdn kidder 1947 69 fig 58 f in chiapas peterson illustrates this type from mirador IV V 1963 fig 169

protruding protrudin rudin 9 ends 2 fig 48 b e Prot protruding roughly spherical beads with protruding ends which resulted from the partial forcing through of a small round object apparently to create a stringing hole which remains uncompleted beads are well polished and without decoration paste is hard temperless and 5yr 64 light brown ayr

phaye probably postclassic phase

fig

47

round punctate eyes 5yr 64 and nostrils made of light brown ayr
A grotesque face with

tubular 3 fig 48 g h long straight narrow tubes with either tapered or right angle ends all are well polished none slipped

holes were punched

92

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

0
0

adank alank

w
b

0
d

y
e

9
bbabdk

am

oo
00 W
AM
J

f
h

emo emr too

AM
k

5 cm
m
n

figure 48 POTTERY BEADS AND BALLS b e protruding end beads postclassic f constricted tubua 0 c d flat end beads dili lar bead g h tubular beads francesa ii j small polished solid balls k 1 small unpolished solid balls francesa guanacaste Guana caste m n large unpolished hollow balls dili sa 1 a A l fill b gen c A 121 g 12 d surface e gen f A 85 6 g A 131 120 L s2 alfill I A 133 ra h i gen j A 131 114 ra s2 k A 5 fill 1 r6 m A 121 H 4 n A 32e 2 r3 sa

constricted tubular 3 fig 48 f short thick pottery beads with broad conends of the the middle about tion striction Itric the 27 41 2.7 5 I 2741 8 mm diam 4.1 cm size 1 exterior 27 8741 41 274.1 beads are slightly rounded beads are not well interior diam 2 3 mm polished and two have white paint paste is phase francesa light yellowish brown 75yr 74 and temsand containing fine with grain very pered foi fol sollowin followin lowin 9 comparison these are found at the following blende hornblende hom an 1947 uaxactun 6n sites uaxact tepeu depeu phase kidder 25 pavan period size 1 17 chiam 1.7 diam of one bead pav6n 17 2.5 25 cm exterior cliam 69 fig 58 f las fiores flores and pavon 09 lo 1.0 1.2 0.9 11 12 io 10 cm and 1.1 09 cm ll og li V possibly beginning in IV G F ekholm 12 1944 470 fig 47 v tres zapotes zapotek weiant phase unknown pl 65 row 6 nos 5 6 la vic1943 117 PI 56 crucera and marcos phases M D coe comparison no pottery beads of this type toria crucero 1961 fig 61 c isthmus of tehuantepec were found in the literature but very similar ticom6n tichman vail- beads of jade are reported from la venta delgado 1965b fig 12 s ticoman PI 28 it pl 84 row 2 nos 2 3 and drucker heizer and squier 1959 pl lant 1931 403 PI 23 lillo 1 II vaillant 1935 239 fig 25 may be that the pottery chiapas beads were arbolillo I 11 el Arbo i peterson of nos 3 e precious protomore as made 1963 4 copies mor poor fig chiapas 34 in types 169 shows an example from mirador IV V
through before polishing and firing all are of SYR 64 temperless paste a light brown syr

2741
1

CERAMIC BALLS

problematical
BALLS

CERAMIC OBJECTS

93

polished 2 fig 48 ir j fi small solid well rounded balls with a smooth even well polished surface 1.5 ls cm is 15 in diameter of light reddish brown 25yr 64 paste with no visible temper phase unan pi ase unknown unkn own

in his right hand and a small round ball in his left linne 1942 fig 175 the hunter appears to be looking into a tree as if in search of game
1 solid unpolished 3 fig 48 k t 80 2.0 cm in diameter small round spheres bo 20 two are very regular while the third is someSYR 64 what irregular paste is light brown syr with sand and hornblende inclusions phase francesa guanacaste Guana caste

comparison small smooth solid pottery balls are found at tajumulco mexican period dutton and hobbs 1943 62 fig 38 s w piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 72 fig 58 pinuco G F ekholm 1944 470 fig m w panuco 47 z early to late zacatenco vaillant PI 39 row 3 ticoman 1930 156 pl tecomin vaillant ticomin pl 81 rows 1 2 el arbolillo liUo 1931 396 PI Arbo lillo arbolino arboliuo where they are the same size and shape as in early and middle zacatenco but are more lillo 11 arbolillo common in el Arbo I vaillant II than 1 1935 237 Gua lupita vaillant and vaillant gualupita 1934 98 fig 29 2 chupicuaro porter 1956 561 fig 21 t w and tenayuca aztec pl 54 period noguera 1935 PI discussion it seems likely that at least the specimens of a late date are blowgun pellets their uniformly small size suggests this another bit of evidence is the scene carved on a pottery vessel fragment from teotihuacan in which a hunter is portrayed with a blowgun

hollow unpolished 2 fig 48 m n mn fragments of round hollow balls large holes pierce the thin walls of the spheres
holes around an equatorial plane and one centered above and below at each pole paste is light grayish brown 75yr 62 and contains sand and hornblende they are neither slipped nor polished 60 4.2 6.0 cm size diam 42 42 and go 60 phase dili

there are four

comparison similar artifacts called rattles are illustrated from pavon where they date to period V G F ekholm 1944 472 fig 48 t and chupicuaro porter 1956 562 fig
22 s w

problematical
first two types of objects to be discussed under this general category figs 49 50 are so similar in material and manufacture that possibly they should be considered as variants of one type they appear not to be tools as they show no effects of use they may be new unused tools they have rather different forms one is cleaver like while the other most closely approximates the form of oaxacan copper ax money it has been suggested that they were 33 passim for anvils 2333 lowe 1962b 23 fashioning pottery or working hides lowe personal communication the shaping of soft stuffs would result in little wear it is possible that they had a ceremonial function

CERAMIC OBJECTS
perhaps as scepters denoting the authority of the bearer all were found in mound 5 with caches containing over 700 ceramic vessels including a number of incense burners these caches were placed in the building just prior to its destruction and appear to be a massive offering or sanctified ceremonial dump lowe 1962b 10 identical to the above two types in material and technique of manufacture are the two fish and the turtle described under the heading ino of zoomorphic figurines p 62 it seems quite possible that the cleaver type objects arc nothing more than stylized fish but this explanation does not explain the chopper shape
objects

the

94

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PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

a
dw

acm 5cm

.42 42 cn 42

figure 49

problematical

MASSIVE POTTERY OBJECTS

hormones Hor cones phase horcones a F 1607 160 7 b F 166 c F 166 d F 162

problematical

CERAMIC OBJECTS

95

zt

5 cm

figure 50 problematical MASSIVE POTTERY cones phase hormones Hor horcones a A 60 17m 2 b F 166

OBJECTS

cleaver shape objects 7 fig 49

rather flat and usually straight backs and deeply curved dull blades the paste is light ayr 5yr 62 and is tempered grayish brown syr shards with sand or crushed rock a nd crushed sherds slip is brown orange and has many fire
clouds polishing is extremely well done although the surface and form are not even surface crazing appears on all specimens the result of the intensive polishing

size
53 5.3

igo 19.0 23.5 190 235 235 cm

70 60 4.7 6.0 7.0 w go 70 cm th 47 47 60

these objects have round handles

53 cm
phase
hormones Hor cones lowe 1962b figs horcones aa 13 b 18 a e 20 e f pis 9 a6
8

a 13

chopper shape objects

fig

50

exactly like those of the cleaver shape type but attached to the center of crescentic blades paste temper slip and surface treatment are identical to the previous type

round handles

96

NWAF
1

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

size

143 14.3 143

cm

103 14.0 10.3 140 cm tv 140 103

4.0 th 40 40

57 cm
57 5.7

hormones Hor cones lowe 1962b figs 6 13 d horcones pis 7 rf 18 c lowe and mason 1965 fig
19

phase

block the light brown 75yr 64 paste has micaceous sand temper and is unslipped 23 7.5 size 1 75 3.1 75 cm tv 2.3 23 cm th 31 31 cm phase unknown

wedge 1 I fig 51 a fragment of an object oval in cross section with parallel rounded sides and thin round beveled end all surfaces are rather irregular but well polished the unslipped light brown 75yr 64 paste is tempered with quartz and hornblende sand

size phase

1.8 6.3 w 63 18 cm 63 cm th 18

plain rings 2 fig 51 c e flat rings one cut and the other modeled into shape both prior to firing one ring has a modeled groove paralleling the interior and exterior edge on both sides the larger specimen has been polished on one side and brush wiped on the other the light brown 75yr 64 paste has blackened carbon core and is tempered with hornblende sand size the probable dimensions of the larger were vere exterior diam 14 cm interior diam 4 cm exterior th 7 mm interior th 1.5 ls cm is 15 phase escalera guanacaste Guana caste

dili

block 1 fig 51 b fragment of a well polished ceramic

pr
0

Z
b

5 cm

d
Z

a wedge

reny OBJECTS 51 problematical pot POTTERY figure fleure 31 guanacaste b block c e plain rings escalera Guana dili h gotor cuanacaste cotor caste d flanged ring cotor color ra dili aa d A 100 8 13 e A 121 b 4 a A 121 K 4b ab b A 62 3 c A 78 5a

WORKED SHERDS

97

flanged ring

fig

51

A round poorly finished disk with one flat face and a small central hole the face has a

small simple raised relief decoration the other side of the disk has a tubular flange extend

with hornblende io 0.7 1.0 cm size diam 5 cm th 07 em 07 10 10 phase cotorra cotoira dili

1.2 cm paste is light grayish yellowish 12 ing out 12 brown 10yr 73 and contains quartz sand

WORKED SHERDS
color temper and surface treatment of the worked sherds shards are not described no pottery type was found to be important any discarded sherd could have been picked up by the ancient inhabitants of chiapa de corzo and reworked and therefore phase dates for reworked sherds shards are given only when they are found in good association with some other datable cultural unit

the paste

victoria conchas phase M D coe 1961 fig 59 c mayapan cayapan ff Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff 1962 401 2 figs 49 a c 50 u pavon period V or VI G F ekholm 1944 470 fig 48 d alj aljojuca ojuca district linne 1942 39 fig all oduca ail pl 54 57 and tenayuca noguera 1935 PI 1 2 delgado 1965a 67 reports one from santa rosa chiapas
c
I p sherd pendant blanks 24 fig 52 1 shapes include rectangular 16 oval 2 round 1 paddle 1 and pointed end 1 the round specimen has an inlay center of white paint it is possible that these sherds shards were being shaped for use as pennants ants and pendants pend are therefore called pendant blanks here
1

la

sherd scrapers 21 fig 52 a e shards are oval and appear to nearly all sherds have been selected mainly for their curvature all specimens have beveled edges apparently parentlyfrom parently from having been rubbed over some other curved surface these objects probably were used in the process of manufacturing pottery vessels they would have served nicely for smoothing and thinning the vessel walls during preliminary steps of manufacture
size

60 6.0 5.0 size largest go 50 cm 60 x 50 phase dili jiquipilas Jiqui pilas

45 cm
45 4.5

90 9.0 90 largest go

6.7 cm x 67 67

smallest 65 6.5 65 x

phase

dili francesa

holmul merwin and comparison found at holmun PI 32 ff vaillant 1932 84 pl las flores period V and tancol nancol period VI G F ekholm 1944 470 fig 48 b c and ticoman tichman pl 81 row 5 nos 4 5 vaillant 1931 396 PI shards 15 fig 52 q u notched sherds notching occurs either as a single large notch or as repeated small notches forming serrated edges forms include oval square and rough rectangles but the most common
wedge or triangle which lacks any painted decoration phase dili and guanacaste Guana caste
is a

pendants Pend ants 6 fig 52 f k sherd pennants

shards have a single biconical all these sherds hole drilled through one end except two which have two holes one sherd of white rim black has a triangular groove encircling its edge shapes are rectangular 3 round 1 and oval 1
gl 6.1 size largest gi 61 phase francesa
36 x 3.6 36 cm

pendants pend ants have been comparison potsherd pennants found at the following sites san jose I 11 II josg 1 il J E S thompson 1939 153 fig 91 g PI uaxactun uaxactdn ricketson and ricketson 1937 pl 5 kidder 1947 a 69 fig 58 a c g 78b 2 .25 25 piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 70 fig 59
25

found at uaxactun uaxact6n kidder ocas and con1947 fig 58 a la victoria ocos oc6s chas phases M D coe 1961 figs 51 g mayapan cayapan ff 1962 402 59 fa Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff 1 f by fig 49 d la venta called weights PI 45 and pavon and drucker 1952 144 pl G F ekholm 1944 470 nancol from tancol C
comparison

98

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

5 cm e

zy

AL
i
U

rn

a e scrapers

francesa 1 p pendant blanks dili jiqui cuanacaste sherds dili and guanacaste Guana caste pilas q j ti notched shards b A 32f 3 c A 78 5 d A 121 1 12 e A 121 H 11 f A 121 L 11 g A a A 83 55 h I A 121 H 13 m A 121 84 4 hi A 32f 3 i A 133 r36 sa s3 j A 60 an 6n 2 k A 15 5 1 844 D 9 n A 78 4 0 A 121 S 2 p A 121 P 8 q j A 131 120 l3 la r A 121 H 14 s A 121112 121 L 12 r t A 121 H 14 u A 81 3
francesa a dili frances

figure 52

WORKED POTSHERDS

pennants Pend ants f k pendants

WORKED SHERDS

99

pl lib santa cruz chiapas sanders 1961 PI t y portrays a notched sherd that he labels a pottery comb

period dutton and hobbs 1943 62 fig 38 fc r copan all periods but not common solid sherd cylinder 2 fig 53 a 4 fig 84 a b also 1034 0 longyear 1952 103 svik 1941 68 fig 10 e stromsvik copin by Strom solid round cylinder with flat ends at copan 915000 4 ahau 13 in a stela cache date 91500.0 ground from a thick sherd yax paculeu zaculeu all four phases woodbury 1.3 lt cm it 17 2.2 size 1 22 13 1.7 22 cm diam 13 f la vicand trik 1953 212 fig 269 k q ocos oc6s and conchas phases M D coe toria ocas phase unknown banque viejo per1961 figs 51 a d 59 a benque S thompson 1942 fig E iod J lilb 1 llla liia plain 1 53 119 figs sherd disks b 54 a 0 111 periods 11 III san II J E S josg 55 c d jose ili these are round flat or gently curved mayapan cayapan 1939 153 fig 91 r thompson shards with either chipped or ground vertical sherds 1962 401 fig 50 s proskouriakoff f f la Proskouriako made edges smaller disks are generally better pl 42 right a d g i 1952 PI drucker venta than the larger ones made from many difpl 1943a 131 PI drucker zapotes zapotek j k tres ferent types of pottery there is no uniformity nancol period 36 f las flores period V tancol in paste temper or surface treatment VI G F ekholm 1944 470 fig 48 j tra pl chalchuite garcia payon 1966 180 PI piche chalahuite size see table 4 LXXXVII bis 11 early to middle zacatenPI 38 row 2 nos table 4 SHERD DISK DIAMETERS AND co vaillant 1930 155 pl quantities CHIAPA DE CORZO 4 tecomin vaillant tichman ticoman ticomin 4 6 row 3 nos 2 24 pl 81 row 4 nos 1 2 4 6 row 1931 396 PI 14 20 2.5 2.0 25 cm 20 25 more abundant Arbolillo arbolillo 9 5 nos 6 el 6 9 18 25 3.5 2.5 35 cm 25 35 11 1 lillo II Arbo arbolillo lillo and I Arbo arbolillo el during el late 3545 45 35 21 4.5 3.5 354.5 45 cm 35 3545 1 vaillant 1935 lillo I arbolillo so 60 50 than early el Arbo 29 6.0 5.0 60 cm 50 go pl noguera 1935 pi 31 70 10.0 7.0 100 cm 237 tenayuca aztec 70 loo 6 110 13.5 12.0 lio 135 135 cm 120 and cholula noguera 1954 150 54 3 reported been have they 11 chiapas in fig 119 previously from chiapa de corzo dili phase Frai lesca navarrete dixon 1959a 38 the frailesca Chiapilla phase found in all phases except hormones chiapella cones 1960 fig 23 g Hor horcones santa cruz chiapilla pl lib n and miraJiqui pilas up to and including jiquipilas phase sanders 1961 PI peterson 1963 fig 169 all periods dor comparison these disks found by the hunmesoamerica america undoubtedly dreds throughout Meso pierced centers incompletely disks sherd been have served many purposes they labeled as pot covers in the case of the larger 27 fig 54 p y eight of these disks fig 54 p t have ones spindle whorl blanks dice counters an incompletely drilled mark on one side for gaming or accounting parts of mosaics votive offerings and many other things rare- which appears as a ring or a hemispherical lo 1.5 1.0 15 cm in diameter the other nine10 15 dip io ly are these suggestions more than guesses 5 cm in diammany disks appear to have been made in a teen have a smaller up to .5 hurry utilized and perhaps just as quickly eter conical hole in the center on one side discarded as the workmanship is poor and one disk has the beginnings of two conical uneven and there are seldom if ever any holes in its center marks of use A listing of site occurrences size the disks of the first group are almost and dates where available is given below all the same size about 3 cm in diameter I uaxactun diameters of the second group range from disks have been reported from uaxacwn depeu deposits ricketson 3 to 8 cm some dating to tepeu pl 78 g upper and ricketson 1937 219 20 PI preand later 38 1959a phase dixon dili b 87 b 59 row kidder 1947 68 figs piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 70 figs classic

holmun 58 s y 59 a holmul pl 32 gg 1932 84 PI

merwin and vaillant tajumulco taiumulco mexican

pt

100 loo

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

0 0

5 cm

ML
. 0 0

x
N-

a solid cylinder

Guana caste d h dili jiqui pilas especially guana disks b c dili guanacaste jiquipilas jiquipiias jiquipilas caste i 1 dili jiquipiias jiquipilas especially dili 1 a A 83b 2 b A 131 ilg 4c g A 129 I ac SI c A 37 2b ab d A 78 2 e A 78 2 f A 121 iti ac j A 121 F 4 k A 121 K 6 1 A 121 L 4b 78 3 h ab t A 121 L 4c i A 121 H 4 i 783 b
1

figure 53

POTTERY DISKS AND SMALL CYLINDER

lii

WORKED SHERDS

101 loi

41
h

AM

5 cm

a
14

0
X Y

a a

h
p

figure 54 SMALL POTTERY DISKS Guana caste mainly escalera francesa Guana caste f j dili guanacaste a e dili guanacaste 0 small disks Jiqui pilas Guanacaste p y disks with incompletely pierced centers dili jiquipilas k 0 guanacaste h39 g A 78 3 A 121 M 14 15 b A 5 2 c A 78 3 d A 61 3 e A 121 T 9 f A 133 r39 ab I A 133 r39 sa s3 m gen n A 78a 2 0 A 32 2b A 88 14 i A 78 5 j A 78 5 k A 78 4 1 fili q A 61 2 r gen s A 5 3 t A ils flu fiu A 67 fill lis 1 5 u A 121 G 4 v A 61 2 w A 78 7
y

i A 60 16g 3 5b ab y ab x A 78 4b

102

NWAF

PAPER no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

comparison similar sherd disks have been found at copan copin all periods but not common 1 fig 84 e uaxac 4 1031 longyear 1952 103 tun tin ricketson and ricketson 1937 319 20 b bottom row holmun PI 78 fc holmul fig 144 b c pl PI 32 dd merwin and vaillant 1932 84 pl tajumulco mexican period dutton and ocos hobbs 1943 62 la victoria ocas oc6s and conchas phases M D coe 1961 figs 51 f 59 cayapan e mayapan ff 1962 401 fig Proskouriako mayapin proskouriakoff 50 q piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 fig pl 59 fo and ticomin tecomin vaillant 1931 396 PI ticoman 8 row 5 nos 1 3 elsewhere in chiapas they have been reported at mirador peterson
1963

sherd disks completely pierced centers straight hole 6 fig 55 a e shards ground or chipped into a roughly sherds circular form with tubular or straight wall holes drilled in their centers
st 5.7 size average diam 57 57 cm perforation diam 0.5 1 05 cm two are quite I cm average th 05 2.0 thick 1.5 is and 20 ls 15 20 cm phase dili and francesa

conical hole

fig

169

55 f j shards ground into a circular form with a sherds conical hole drilled through the center disks
6

fig

1 I

1
C

5 cm

asa A a a 5a
k
1 I

figure 55 SMALL perforated POTTERY DISKS Guana caste k 0 bia e straight hole dili and francesa f j conical hole escalera guanacaste conical hole hormones horcones cones Hor s3 g A a A 121 F 19 b A 38 2 c A 38 2 d A 121 F 19 e A 38 2 f A 133 r39 sa ac j B 156 fc A 32 E 2 1 59 dl 3 h A 78 5b I A 5 rm X m A 54 W 2 ab 5l it A 121 M 2c
n B 147 0 A 67 2

WORKED SHERDS

103

are not flat but retain some of the vessels original curvature the conical hole was always drilled from the convex to the concave side 7.2 3.9 size diam 39 72 cm perforation diam 4 6 39 72 0.4 mm th 04 11 ii cm li 04 1.1

phase

Guanacaste and isamo istmo escalera guanacaste

biconical hole 13 fig 55 fc 0 shards ground very roughly into circles sherds ovals or squares with rounded comers disks tend to be flat but a few are made of slightshards ly curved sherds size disk thickness is more uniform in this group than in the other two previous types ranging from 6 8 mm maximum diameter is 3.2 5.6 also more uniform 32 32 56 56 cm with perfo foration ration diameter 5 8 mm phase dili dixon 1959a 38 horcones hormones Hor cones PI 13 ar qr and istn10 isamo istmo q lowe 1962b 27 pl Ag rinier 1964 40 43 figs 78 87 agrinier

tajumulco mexican period dutton and hobbs 1943 62 la victoria conchas phase M D coe 1961 fig 59 f san I and 11 II J E S thompson josg periods 1 jose icib IV 1939 153 fig 91 n benque banque viejo iiib J E S thompson 1942 fig 55 f piedras negras degras W R coe 1959 69 fig 58 p r mayapan cayapan proskouriakoff ff 1962 401 fig 50 Proskouriako tiAn yucatan E H thompn cave of Lol lollian loltian loltun loi PI 7 g tres Za zapotes son 1897a pl potes san marcos zapotek phase drucker 1943a 130 31 133 pis 30 31 32 t u 34 e k 0 50 g y j trapiche chala pl LXXXVII garcia huite garcia carcia payon 1966 180 PI carcia
PI 9 s

comparison sherd disks with biconical center holes have been found at copan in all periods but are not common longyear 1952 1 fig 84 c d f g 103 uaxactun all per4 uaxact6n 1031 iods ricketson and ricketson 1937 219 fig PI 78 b upper row kidder 1947 67 144 a pl 68 fig 87 b and from the housemounds house mounds at uaxactun III uaxactdn during period 111 lii wauchope 1934

pavon edges not smooth G F ek11 bis ZZ arbolillo holm 1944 470 72 fig 48 i el Arbolillo vaillant 1935 237 zacatenco early and PI 38 middle periods vaillant 1930 155 pl row 2 no 7 row 3 no 5 tenayuca noguera 1935 pl PI 54 2 4 aztec and cholula noguera 1954 150 figs 10 12 elsewhere in chiapas this disk type has been reported from santa rosa delgado santa cruz chiapilla chiapella Chi apilla 1965a fig 66 w m pl lib k m and phase sanders 1961 PI mirador peterson 1963 fig 169
ZZ

sherd spear points 48 fig 56 long blade broad shank points which have been sawed out of the walls of ceramic vessels sixteen specimens have long triangular blades only one spear has a parallel sided
crn arn

44c 7

figure 56
B

POTTERY SPEAR POINTS

140

francesa

COPPER ARTIFACTS
ax 1 I fig 144 a lower one third or bit edge of slightly
convex blade battering on the broken edge indicates usage after breaking the cutting edge is no longer sharp being much nicked and very dull this ax or chisel blade is reported from the san jacinto barrio of chiapa de corzo by navarrete 1966 84 fig 96 c

original smooth surface is now badly corroded

0.3 0.4 dimensions central cross section 03 03 x 04 04 0.2 cm pointed end w 02 02 cm flared end w 1 about 20 cm os 05 0.5 I 05 cm 1 phase late postclassic or protohistoric chia paneca period street trench burial find lowe 1959 fig 11 f subcaption comment comparison pendergast 1962 525 indicates a late AD 1250 to 1540 distribution for chisels in central and western mexico similancets are known in lar narrow chisels or lancers central oaxaca frissel museum mitia also see caso 1965 929 who notes presence of copper chisels and awls which were discovered in the burial V 20 of a craftsman who carved bone pieces like the ones in tomb
7

dimensions

bit width 7 cm

maximum

06 0.6 cm thickness og 06

phase probably late postclassic find lowe 1962b 51

surface

comparison the spatial and chronological distribution of most pre prehispanic hispanic mexican metal objects can be found in pendergast 1960 1962 the chiapa ax is type IVB in pendergast s classification 1962 525 fig 3 the apparent center of concentration is oaxaca between AD 900 and 1540 it occurred first in the oaxaca area and later in the maya area

narrow chisel or lancet 1 I fig 144 b long thin instrument with a rectangular cross section it tapers to a very thin but roundly pointed edge on one end and to another equally thin but broadly flared end which has a low convex cutting edge cf drawing in navarrete 1966 fig 96 a the

plain globular bells 4 fig 145 small undecorated spherical bells with a small round attachment loop A narrow rectangular slit cuts across the bottom of each and inside one is an unattached clapper a small rectangular quartz pebble the other bells do not have any clapper it is reported that there were fifteen or twenty of these cast copper bells originally but the finder a workman excavating a hole for the flagpole in the plaza at chiapa de coriose lost all but four during the day they zo lose

tle ile

0
0

5 cm

COPPER R TOOLS figure 144 coppe a 0 ax b narrow chisel or lancet a A 52 1 b avenida dominguez ruiz

185

186

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

1 46
0

ql al

tempt was made to forge the overlapping sections into a continuous loop
cm acm 5 5cm
65 dimensions largest gs 6.5 2.7 cm wall th 65 x 27 27 lg 1 05 I mm smallest 38 3.8 1.9 0.5 38 x ig 19 cm wall th os 05

BELLS BELIS LI S figure 145 CAST COPPER BE provenience central plaza of modem modern town of chiapa de corzo

mm phase

were found inside the ventosa gray ware bird effigy vessel illustrated by navarrete 1966
65 c
09 0.9 dimensions diameter og 09 cm height includ1.3 13 cm ing loop 13 phase apparently late postclassic or proto historic ni storic

postclassic and early colonial navarrete 1966 83 87 88 where six identi8788 cal bells were found in association with chiapanec polychrome pottery and two spanish iron projectile points probably crossbow bolts in burial 9 of this townsite survey

late

comparison pendergast gives the temporal i and spatial distribution for this type lalai bell 1962 526 fig 5 the type occurs Meso america at scattered widely throughout mesoamerica localities as early as AD 900 in western mexico and AD 1000 in the maya area and lasts until AD 1500 since pendergast s study this small simple bell type has been reported also mayapan cayapan cayapa ff 1962 389 from mayapa n proskouriakoff Proskouriako fig 48 y z for details of the casting by the cire per due or lost wax method of these and the fol-

iaia laia iala lala

comparison this type is close to pender s type id5a gast gasfs garfs idaa 1962 528 fig 5 except that they have the raised wire about their slot and midsection pendergast dates the type to between AD 1000 and 1540 found throughout Meso mesoamerica america but less so than the preceding type occurrences not mentioned by pendergast are at tamulte te tabasco berTamul pl 11 hi and tenochtitlan lin 1956 145 PI batres 1902 35 caso 1965 929 fig 62 illustrates a closely similar bell type from the patio of tomb 105 at monte alban albin M A IV and calls them rattles a correlative for vinklers tinklers tinklers inasmuch as these clapperless clapperless bells ring or tinkle only upon striking each other

lowing bell types see lothrop 1952 86 an illustrated description of the complicated cire perdue casting method is also given by caso
1965 917 21

simulated wirework bells 44 fig 146 elongated pyriform clapperless bells or vinklers tinklers tinklers forty two of these cast false filagree or coiled wire bells were recovered from a Chia single chiapanecan chiapaneca paneca burial in a chiapa de corzo street lowe 1959 26 29 fig 11 f and were associated with the copper lancet and gilded bracelet or ring fragments described above and below respectively all specimens are open at the larger end via a rectangular slot this slot is outlined by a strand of simulated wire and a similar strand passes about the bell s circumference just above the slot this outlining strand represents either a single roughly flattened strip or two wires twisted together the suspension ring is formed by a circle of wire which overlaps a full half of its circumference no at

5 CM

figure 146
provenience

SIMULATED WIREWOKK BELLS

avenida dominguez ruiz

plain elongated pyriform bells 4 fig 147 similar in size and form to the bells described above but lack the coiled wirework these bells or rather the model from which they were cast was made from thin sections of copper formed into a pear shape and forged together leaving a low but visible

COPPER ARTIFACTS

187

nite i te curvature along the long axis as if the pieces are from a single circular band

W
0
figure 147
provenience

cm 5 I
1

COPPER BELLS SHEET coppen

dimensions 25 2.5 il cm ii 11 25 x 1.1 phase late postclassic or protohistoric chiapa de corzo street burial find described by lowe 1959 26 29

barrio san pedro

seam along one side where the edges met the rectangular slots are outlined by a cast wire but there is no waistband waist band wire the attachment ring is a single cast loop without overlapping ends decoration appears as a zigzagging wire around the upper portions of the bells

dimensions

03 mm
03 0.3

4.8 48 largest 48

x 24 2.4 cm wall 24

th

phase villaflores

comparison pendergast s type id3a idaa plus the zigzag decoration 1962 528 fig 5 spatial distribution includes central eastern and southern mexico and the central maya area with temporal range given as AD 1000
to 1500

comparison this artifact form coincides with s copper bracelet type VIIA pendergasfs pendergast 1962 530 fig 9 but he does not report the type in gold in addition to the metal bracelet occurrences at teotihuacan rio balsas and monte alban I note albin given by pendergast 1 metal bands also at chutis chutix tiax diax quiche region smith and kidder 1951 fig 88 T paculeu zaculeu Xina bahul phase woodbury and xinabahul trik 1953 265 fig 154 b santa rita britpl 14 maya ish honduras gann 1918 80 PI ff 1962 389 pan Proskouriako pin finger rings proskouriakoff 90 fig 48 g i and tajumulco dutton and I hobbs 1943 fig 34 1

gilded copper ring or bracelet 4 fig

148

0
fleure figure
C

5 cm
148
GILDED COPPER RING OH or BRACELET

small thin sheet fragments with what appears to be a fine gilding of gold leaf edges are parallel and sides straight there is a defi

provenience avenida dominguez ruiz

APPENDIX 1 I METAL ARTIFACTS FROM CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO

WILLIAM wllliam C ROOT willlam

of gilded copper of the late postclassic period and four objects of copper of the early

twenty two objects

of copper and three

colonial period were analyzed spectroscopically the approximate composition of these objects is given in tables 1 and 2 these values are not very accurate as many of the objects were corroded but they are comparable to those of my earlier analyses of mexican metal lothrop 1952 11 13 eighteen of the twenty two copper artifacts of the late postclassic period were found to contain more than 2 percent tin only one contained more than 2 percent lead this was an ax blade which contained both tin and lead a very unusual combination since it is unlikely that much native copper or copper ore contains as much as 2 percent of these metals there is little doubt that in most of these objects the tin or lead was intentionally added to the copper from which these obArsand aux and rivet 1921 jects were made arsandaux Arsand aux and rivet 1923 69 71 369 73 arsandaux 269 26973
gives the percentages of tin and lead in three classes of objects from various regions of mexico where analyses are available in addition to my values tables 3 and 4 include some values of arsandaux Arsand aux and rivet for the valley of mexico 1921 269 73 and oaxaca 1923 69 71 and those of 38 133638 brush for guerrero 1962 1336 objects of gilded copper have been omitted from the tables the article of brush includes quantitative data on the tin and lead present in ten objects from the pacific coast of guerrero and relative data on the amount of arsenic antimony and bismuth present but these cannot be used for quantitative comparison the first group 2 in table 3 includes objects such as axes chisels etc where hardness is a desirable property the second 3 and third groups include objects where hard

root 1962 table 3

14 15

ness is not required the objects in the first group contain tin more frequently than those of the other two groups this is to be expected as bronze is harder than copper however objects of the second and third groups contain tin so frequently that one must conclude that tin was added for some other reason than to produce hardness in the object the addition of tin to copper increases the hardness of the metal but more than 7 to 8 percent tin makes it difficult to cold work an ax or knife with 10 percent tin the melting point of the alloy is 80 C lower than pure copper and on solidification the ol 0.1 01 percent mathewalloy expands by about oi 39 an object made from this son 1915 538 53839 10 percent alloy will be easier to cast and will give a sharper impression than one made from pure copper this is probably why four fifths of the wirelike wire like bells from chiapa de corzo were found to contain more than 2 percent tin the addition of lead also lowers the melting point of copper which may explain why so many of the bells from the valley of mexico and oaxaca contain more than 2 percent lead however the dozen or so quantitative analyses that have been made show that the natives had no very satisfactory way of determining how much tin or lead was present in an alloy arsandaux Arsand aux and Arsand aux and rivet rivet 1921 269 73 arsandaux 1923 69 71 brush 1962 1336 38 as the 133638 percentages vary from 2 to 30 percent for tin and from 18 to 19 percent for lead the tin in bells from chiapa de corzo was probably obtained from guerrero as five of the twenty bells contain indium as an impurity of the ten copper objects from guerrero analyzed by brush seven contain large amounts of tin and of these three con38 tain indium 1962 1336 133638 caley and plugs from teloloapan earplugs easby found four ear near taxco taico guerrero to be of nearly pure tin the two that were quantitatively analyzed 0.12 percent and 0.09 contain 012 009 percent indium 012

203

ua u3

NWAF

en OF CHIAPA aln ald lip lid zil CORZO no 26 LEE ARTIFACTS til PAPER DE 0 0 C0

C
corrosion

u
0 fe fc

2 0 b 0
v

little

a S

g000 og oass osss 3su6csss3ffi3s3ssssss6

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complete

ta t3

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complete

a 0 0 C S 6

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complete

otu old a a 7tf &iclicliclt&iclj

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G

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complete

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SSSs aa
complete complete
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U U

complete

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gat gai epi eti rt

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s
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complete

S S i
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moderate

moderate

0 U i S S S S S g
U U U
moderate

moderate

little

heavy

little

0 0

13

0 0 0

13

i U

moderate

i i U U &i ai 0 0
moderate

complete

percent

in
ja j5

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x x

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ca c3

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a &i ai
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S
CORZO

bi
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1 I
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rcater reater

ab sb
CIIIAPA

a
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FROM

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tt
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t
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ttt
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percent

g
sa s3

u
ARTIFACTS

js

pb ab c

S P

L L L
ma ma
3

fl S

t t tj
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3

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i

ca c2

a
METAL

sn

s
postclassic

cu

a
CO

li lllsllslisssslllliillssss
L L L L L3i aiL
ma
ma
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l cy L L S L L L L S Llci S L Llaloo aci t L11173 l33c2

ma

2 ol 02 0
01 0.22 022
082 062

c cii

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

mai xai

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

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ma

ma

w S c
percent

y 3

to ag

i
LATE zate zahe

t t S S S x t t x t t x t t t tj
4

txt t
x

01
0010.1 00101

00101 001

au

L L L
1 I g
1213nn

1
ta13ll

t c
percent

3 a
NWAF 1

0 no

0O 467

1212

il il 6
t co oi 17
C

t t 7 27 C

oo 00 28 C

rt rt

ti C
zolp 1213

1213k

12131

co cs 1213p
1

CT
1213w

W co 1213y
1213dd

tt n rt
1213ff

1213gg

1213hh

co M co
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l 1213
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121311

rt rt i
1213mm

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1213pp

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ca

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1 I c ci

2
3
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001 eel
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3
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3
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gilded gilded gilded

2
a
cs

3
6

0
blade
lancet

g mij ao C lir &o

small

x ax

a
analysis

th
rt
1592 1730

earplug

sheet

sheet

rt

momm moel bell

sse SSS css eSS cis csssszsssss essis essis eib elb essss SS SS essss eSS a00 a a a a oct 0 0 n 0 0
small

cs

halge large large large large helue nelue i ij large i i i large i- megue ki li mague iii neggo ii iii large large

so

to ta to tc to to to

iii i
ww ww ww ww ww

as 3s

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0 0
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ski sll

b ba neggo large nelue i large

i

large large nelmo nelme i i begue hi

t ii

to large tc t large i i hague

magua

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ii ii

nagge nague naruo large large i i nargo ki large ki ii 5

tc

csc tsc

tc

11

detected

mohe bell

bell
melm molm

bell
momm molm

cq aq aq cq

bell
molm moll

mohl bell

bell
momm

monn moln bell

molm melm bell

cq aq

melm molm bell

melm mezl bell

eje eisbell bell omm mcm pi

molm moll
momm momm

bell
momm molm

bell
melm molm

bell
melm molm

moln moll bell

molm melm bell

m oln bell

not ack zot

os c
ob 1589

is

0 0 oi
1590

koo kot

C 1591

VS

ti t
t

i 1711

i 1712

1700

oi rt rt 0 ci 0 0 0 0 10 lo t t t t
i 1701 1702 lieb 1593 1703

1594

ci koo kot

C 1595

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1704

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co
1596

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0 0 kot tt 0
1706 1705 ziem 1597

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1707

0 0 0 0 f t f
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co

1708

1709 ziem

i 1713

1710 zile

oo 00
1598

0 koo loo

I APPENDIX 1

t
OS 29 N

ua 3 u1 205
CD

ja pb ab
&

10 64 2 0 4 to

a
wl
corrosion

u
moderate

0 U 0 fe h

2 t

tii

saaa

0 u u 0

heavy

ft

heavy

rt

heavy

rt

sc cl
all sn
amm

OO 00 38 CO

OO 01 00 81 ol ts 29 10 56 28 I 10 01 M 00

0 0 1

ii

10 25 01

d no

I CO N OO OO OO OO C 48 00 00 66 00 18 00 22 18 52 11 y i co i c 11 to
1

CO
gwm

c in
bi m
0
c01azo

percent

c 0 y
U

c-

pb ab

s
ab sb w
As
VI

m
C
kman than

54 10 10 50

21

IS

ii 1
U
AMERICA

cl
bells

0 U
C a
cl

a
CIIIAPA

greater

s
11

xam
O 3 3 6
0

c sn

oi 25 9 10 M

80 00

0
OS 29 M

21 M

w
3 13
1

mesoamerica

0
MESO

toa to4

s
s
FROM naom

d no

CO

CO

IO 10 35 CO

0 4 3 20 M
CO

CO 103 lem

0 II
11

s
2
FROM

d
or

boam zoad lead

rt

5
A

0 pb ab

w S S w S w S w w S w S S w
en

percent

S
ARTIFACTS

a U c

h
w
EK

sn W

2 oil oti cil 02 d

0.22 022

pb ab
ARTIFACTS

i
zaa zaz tin

S
U
G
. 3 3 0 acts ects u g 0 rings fl C ob
1921
ornaments

u S

082

more mole eole

11

3
CO
minor

0 g

196 oi 0
1

3 c
co
1923 192

J
is
METAL

CU

s
COLONIAL

ma

S S S S

maa maj ma

w S
ma

ST
percent

COPPER

1
4 C

h & 0 U
IN

glo
d no
co

c t- sn

10 50 y to 45

6
CO
i

or

17 11

CO 13 i

0
1

4 41

u
implements

J
boo bol ag

s
3 0 U
EARLY

tttt
1 3 4 I c2 rt
i

01
0010.1 00101 1

001
00101

3 au

d 0 d
11

Q
LEAD zead

2
a pb ab c

y os 3 4 9 1

M oi 32 co 12i

ioi 16

t77 r

Q
AND anc azc

zaak kaaz that

h
NWAF

t
percent

2 paz har
TIN

P
0

Zi
oko etc olo

2
co t67 co 53 to
CO

i5jj bijl gili gill lijl

nomm noos

sra sr& tar i 2sr

earplugs

percent

ya 8 S ancus plugs
ear eal oal

fi

y2
madg four

3
0

S S rivet rivet 3 K 3 K
3 mch and and ach

than

o
1962
aux aur
mux mur aux

corzo

contain

113
needles

less

metal

jjsii
arsandaux arsandaux
calixtlahuaca

mamu

de

Arsand

Arsand

brush

ege mre are

exee erze awls

sheet

omole there

artifacts

2
e-

no

table

3
CO

U
sheet

5 5 5
w

y U u
sheet

U
sheet

0 0 afo bo bo bo nague naggo nague large b4 large large large ba kl l

rt rt
4
1

i
ww

0 d 0 0 d
001
00010.01 0001001

3 2
hablo hable table

u axes

c sn w

13i

D 46

u zao zae
the

of
no

ajsssssse ill ili s 11 11 a a oors oor oot ulk olk oots ull sl ullsl
if
omitted

rt

os C j j 5
c

rt 2

lidchi licchi

u chiapa 3

agam from from from alce

from

agoa from kloa from

s e
voge were volo voge were volo

points

hooks

analyses analyses analyses

were volo vole

ulem fish

hence lance

ca c5

are alo ale

e u

g S n a

S
cs

ects acts

10 57 14

ects acts

u u
ects acts

0001

rt 2 1 0 6 0 30 1 3 2 3
c
i

CO

co 16

co

co 63

percentages

11

cs

ii
monz molz bell

rt
4

x 0 0 0 0
C
11

3 total 0

mohl bell

aa

0 bell 0 0 bell Q
molm melm

detected

s
not dot col

5
10

4
rt
area eloe eloa

rt
area

f 7
8 y
mexico

C 9

aja SJJ fie

E
K

S S ob . sa 3 s3 3 u boy to v toy loy 0 khe the lae . 3 3 S 2

chisels

gl
dauo wire

tweezers

include

include

include

u 0 zhe 0 zhe lmo the zao the

S
1

ob ob 0

au ewt 3u ewi of 0
percentages

cie fib

wrom mros axes

these

u o ofi of 0 tl 0 0 these
1

these E

oi

wll all

ie

all all
wnm wlm wll

6 7 8 9 10 iootoooso 1acco icco 2345

rt
area eloa eloe

cs
0

analysis

10 CO t 00 00 1588 00 00 1587 00 1586 1585 VS va ts 10 v5

1 I

o a g 6 rt S 0 of c rt a ix 0

cs

tarascan

matlatzincan

n
3

suohuu

ssgg sa s3
8 acl ael
00
tehuantepec

0
10

rt

segg S S
guerrero

SS S S SS

guatemala

valley

oaxaca

chiapas

rt

206

NWAF

PAPER no 26

LEE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO

also analyzed a nodule of wood tin from cerro el atache adache near taxco taico and found 002 002 percent indium caley and it to contain 0.02 87 easby 1964 686 57 the copper in about a third of the one hundred and sixty five objects that have been analyzed was found to contain more than 0.01 001 ool percent arsenic antimony or bismuth ooi either singly or in combination table 4 shows the percentages of the copper objects from various regions of mexico which contain these elements since these were found to be about the same for the three groups of objects for the areas from which there were four or more objects in a group 1 I have included all of the objects analyzed irrespective of group for each of the regions I have made included earlier tables which 1 yucatan the objects from Yu catin etc which were all trade pieces and some whose origin was

they

that the copper came from either the valley of mexico or oaxaca as copper objects from these areas contain much antimony and bismuth however this is not much more than a guess as many more metal objects from michoacan and guerrero must be analyzed before it is possible to tell with any certainty the origin of the copper in trade pieces also the pieces analyzed should be only slightly corroded otherwise some of the impurities may be lost another source of uncertainty is the almost complete lack of information on the distribution in time of the artifacts which have been analyzed it may well be that the sources of copper used in the making of objects changed with time due to the exhaustion of the original sources native copper may also be different in composition from copper which may have been smelted smelter from ores
is unlikely

it

doubtful
392 99

reliable although the objects from tehuan techuan cepec and chiapas are probably trade pieces tepec as are some of the ones from guatemala

the present

lothrop

1952

table

108 root 1962 is somewhat more

root

1953 266 67 26667

arsenic is the only one of the three elements under discussion that is found in the objects from chiapa de corzo the only other region where copper objects are found with arsenic as the only impurity is the tarascan region of Micho michoacan acin although guerrero may be another 1 I think that the copper in the chiapa de corzo objects came from one or the other of these two areas

melting down of damaged objects with fresh copper is also a possibility although this was probably not very common the three examples of gilded sheet copper of the late postclassic period were almost completely corroded they are of tumbaga an alloy of copper and gold and were gilded inise en couleur process objects of by the mise miseen gilded copper are found in oaxaca the highlands of guatemala lothrop 1952 23 and other areas farther removed the four bells from the early colonial period table 2 contain small amounts of both tin and lead in the early colonial period tin was probably in very short supply

the

table

ANTUMONY ARSENIC ANTIMONY

BISMUTH IN COPPER ARTIFACTS FROM MESO biam AND bism AMERICA niesoamerica mesoamerica

pure

no
tarascan area
matlatzincan matlatzincin area guerrero valley of mexico oaxaca tehuantepec area chiapas guatemala
11

cu
82 62 100 54 66 39 64 87

As
18

ab sb
13

bi

asab abbi assb sbbi assbbi asbi abbi assabi

8 31 8

total

8 7 13 38 18 22 48 165

25

8
11

5
6

56 36 4
17

70

2 2

2
1

2
1

3
i e ie

5
t T in in the tables of analyses

percentages of the artifacts that contain 001 0 01 percent or more of these elements ool ooi

or

1 APPENDIX I

207

as the spaniards used it for making bronze therefore lead may have been used to supplement the small amount of available tin or less likely damaged bells from the valley of mexico which contained lead may

have be en melted down with some objects been which contained tin this question cannot be answered until more analyses have been made of objects of known origin which can be roughly dated

THE NEW WORLD

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PAPERS OF

2
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4
5
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THE CHIAPAS PROJECT 19551958 1955 1958 REPORT OF THE FIELD DIRECTOR ort DIREcT oii by gareth W lowe 1959 21 pages 12 figures ARCHE arca archaeological archeological OLOGICAL exploration OF THE UPPER GRIJALVA RIVER CHIAPAS MEXICO by gareth W lowe 1959 112 pages 64 figures exploration AT SAN AGUSTIN CHIAPAS MEXICO by carlos navarrete 1959 16 pages 10 figures A BRIEF reconnaissance IN THE REGION OF TONALA tonais CHIAPAS MEXICO by carlos navarrete Nava irete 1959 10 pages 8 figures papers 1 4 bound together out of print 14
CERAMICS

7 8
9
10 11

CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by THE CARVED HUMAN FEMURS FROM TOMB 1 CHIAPADZ pierre agrinier 2.00 Ag rinier 1960 28 pages 17 figures 200 200 FRATT exx archaeological MEXICO ARCHEOLOGICAL explorations IN THE REGION OF THE FRAILESCA archeological frait x CA CHIAPAS M frail exico

by keith A dixon adixon adilon

PAE CLASSIC PERIODS AT CHIAPA DE CORZO preclassic FROM TWO pre

CHIAPAS

MEXICO

1959

52 pages 55 figures

out of print

by carlos navarrete
1960

1960

pages 49 figures 43 pages49

MOUND 1 CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO

Agrinier by gareth W lowe and pierre agrinier

200 2.00 200

12
13 14 15

105 pages 67 figures 39 plates MOUND 12 CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by J alden mason 1960 44 pages 23 figures 12 plates MOUND 13 CHIAPA DE CORZO COHZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by frederick licks hicks and charles E I rozaire 1960 22 pages 15 figures 2 plates THE TERRACE TO NORTH OF MOUND 13 CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by J alden mason 1960 12 pages 3 figures 2 plates piates slates papers 8 sold soi 500 sola separately soo 11 bound together not sol 5.00 500 811 MOUND 5 AND MINOR excavations CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by gareth W 2.50 250 lowe 1962 114 pages 46 figures 34 plates 250

cauz STRATic RAPHY AT SANTA CRUZ CERAMIC stratigraphy

stratig

CHIAPAS

MEXICO

by william T sanders

16

17 18

hoo 2.00 1961 81 pages 60 figures 11 plates 200 200 THE SANTA MARTA rock SHELTER ocozocoauna y richard S ocozocoautla CHIAPAS MEXICO b df plates 150 1.50 macneish and fredrick A peterson 1962 46 pages 5 figures 6 pates 150 SOME CERAMICS FROM MIRADOR CHIAPAS MEXICO by fredrick A peterson 1963 3.00 126 pages 183 figures 300 300 CHIAPA DE CORZO AND THEIR FURNITURE by pierre archaeological ARCHE arcue archeological THE AR OLOGICAL olor ical BURIALS AT CHLALPA Ag rinier with a conclusion burial customs at chiapa de corzo by gareth W agrinier 300 3.00 1964 76 pages 131 figures 300 lowe excava nons AT SANTA ROSA CHIAPAS MEXICO by agustin delgado 1965 84 pages excavations 73 figures

19

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teetuantepec OAXACA MEXICO archaeological ARCHE archeological or tehuantepec OLOGICAL reconnaissance IN THE REGION OF archeolocical by agustin delgado 1965 35 pages 27 figures papers 3.00 17 18 bound together not sold separately 300 300 1718 papers17 HIGHLANDS CMAPAS MEXICO by T patrick hig mAms OF CHIAPAS THE CERAMIC Crit Amic HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL Hic 3.00 300 culbert 1965 91 pages 38 figures 300 ALTAMIRA AND PADRE PIEDRA EARLY preclassic SITES IN CHIAPAS MEXICO by dee F green and gareth W lowe 1967 133 pages 97 figures 300 3.00 300 THE CHIAPANEC CHu PANEC HISTORY AND CULTURE by carlos navarrete 1966 ill pages 102 3.00 figures 300 300 REGION archaeological ARCHE archeological n N THE LOWER GHIJALVA RIVER crecion OLOGICAL RESEARCH I recion TABASCO AND archeolocical argete 1967 52 pages 100 figures navarrete CHIAPAS by roman pina arrete fina chan and carlos nav 200 2.00 200 THE CERAMIC HISTORY OF SANTA ROSA CHIAPAS MEXICO by donald L brockington 2.50 1967 74 pages 51 figures 250 250 rinier 1969 63 pages agrinier excavations AT SAN ANTONIO CHIAPAS MEXICO by pierre Ag 2.00 200 96 figures 200 preclassic MOUND 30a AND THE EARLY PREc iAssic lassic CERAMIC SEQUENCE OF IZAPA CHIAPAS 300 1969 102 pages 78 figures MEXICO by susanna M ekholm 3.00 300 THE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CORZO CHIAPAS MEXICO by thomas A lee jr 1969 8.00 800 231 pages 149 figures color frontispiece 800
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