Retaining Walls

Due to the topography of the site (high elevation difference), it is required to build retaining wall of maximum height of 5m. Retaining walls will help to Hold back soil due to changes in elevation Create usable outdoor space and Control erosion

There are several types of retaining walls available, each of which is suited for particular applications.

Figure 1: Types of Retaining Walls

Gravity walls are massive and are made of mortared stones, masonry, or unreinforced concrete, they resist the lateral forces from the backfill by virtue of their large mass and the fact that gravity walls are very thick, the flexural stresses are minimal and no tensile reinforcement is needed. The construction of massive gravity walls requires only simple materials and moderately skilled labor, but the required volume of materials is very large

and the construction process is very labor-intensive thus making the use of such walls very rare and only for very short heights. Cantilevered retaining walls have much thinner stem than gravity walls and they utilize the weight of the backfill soil to provide most of the resistance to sliding and overturning. Cantilevered retaining walls require much less construction materials due to the much smaller cross section of the walls as compared to gravity walls. Although cantilevered walls are made of reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry because they have large flexural stresses and they must be carefully constructed and thus require skilled labor, they are generally cheaper than massive gravity walls. Selection of type of retaining walls The selection of a particular type of retaining walls depends on the following factors: Foundation of adjacent properties and structures Designed limits on walls and retained ground movements Subsoil conditions and groundwater level Working space requirements and site constraints Cost and time of construction Flexibility of the layout of the permanent works Local experience and availability of construction plant Maintenance of walls and support systems in a permanent condition

Cantilevered retaining walls are therefore chosen for this project because they are the most economical type of retaining walls to construct since they require much less construction materials. The designed height of the cantilevered retaining wall for this project is 3 m. Figure 2 shows cantilevered retaining walls under construction.

Figure 2: Cantilevered retaining walls under construction.

Manual design procedure for cantilever retaining walls Calculating the soil pressures (active and passive pressures) on the wall based on Rankins formula Checking the stability of the wall by examining the structure for possible overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failures Designing the bending reinforcement

Design consideration The design of cantilevered retaining walls must satisfy two requirements: a) The wall must have adequate external stability which means it must remain fixed in the desired location. b) It must have sufficient internal stability or structural integrity so as to carry the necessary internal stresses without rupturing. External Stability To be externally stable, the wall must not: slide horizontally (Figure 3a), overturn (Figure 3b), experience a bearing capacity failure (Figure 3c), undergo a deep-seated shear failure (Figure 3d) and must not settle excessively (Figure 3e). The external stability of the cantilever wall in each of the nodes depends on its dimensions and the forces between the wall and the ground. Sliding failure occurs when active pressure force (FA) exceeds sum of passive pressure force (FP) and friction force (FF) arising at the base interface. The factor of safety (FS) against sliding failure occurring is normally taken to be 1.5 (Arya, 1994). FS (sliding) = FR / Fd 1.5 Failure due to overturning is checked by taking moment about the toe of the foundation and ensuring that the ratio of the sum of restoring moments (MR) and sum of overturning moments (Mo) exceeds 2. FS (overturning) = MR / Mo > 2 Bearing capacity failure can be checked by ensuring that the ground pressure does not exceed the allowable bearing pressure for the soil. A factor of safety of 3 is generally required for bearing capacity failure. FS (bearing capacity) = qu/qmax 3

(c)

(d)

(e) Figure 3: Potential Stability Problems in Cantilevered Retaining Walls

Figure 4: method of improving sliding and overturning stabilities In addition of using appropriate factor of safety in the design, the sliding stability and overturning stability of cantilever retaining walls can be improved by methods illustrated in Figure 4 which include the following: a) Extending the heel of the footing which increases sliding and overturning resistances by increasing the weight acting on the footing. But this also increases the construction costs due to the larger excavation required and its not feasible if the wall is near a property line. b) Extending the toe of the footing to increase the moment arms of all the resisting moments and thus increasing the bearing capacity of the footing without increasing the driving moments or significantly increasing the volume of construction excavation c) Adding a key beneath the footing; improves the sliding stability by increasing the passive pressure but the active pressure also increases. Since the increase in passive pressure is greater than that in active pressure, there is a net gain. d) Using a stronger backfill material to assure that the critical failure surface passes through it.

e) Installing tie-down anchors so as to increase the normal force acting on the footing and hence increase the sliding friction f) Installing a tieback anchor in order to increase the total resisting force

Internal stability (Structural Design) After the wall have been sized to satisfy external stability requirements, its internal stability is checked. The internal stability requirements is satisfied by providing or developing a structural design that satisfies the following requirements. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Sufficient flexural strength in the stem Sufficient shear strength in the stem Adequate connection between the stem and the footing Sufficient anchorage of stem steel into the footing Sufficient flexural strength in the footing

Ultimate and Allowable Bearing Capacity In 1963, Meyerhof suggested the ultimate bearing capacity equation as follows: qu = cNcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi q = D

B' = B 2e

Fd = 1

Table 1: Ultimate and Allowable Bearing Capacity of the soil

Depth (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(kN/m3) 0 16 16.5 17 18 19 19.5 20 21 22 22

' (deg.) 29 29 30 32 35 35 36 38 40 42 45

q (kN/m2) 0 22.4 23.1 23.8 25.2 26.6 27.3 28 29.4 30.8 30.8

Nc 27.86 27.86 30.14 35.49 46.12 46.12 50.59 61.35 75.31 93.71 133.88

Nq 16.44 16.44 18.4 23.18 33.3 33.3 37.75 48.93 64.2 85.38 134.88

N 19.34 19.34 22.4 30.22 48.03 48.03 56.31 78.03 109.41 155.55 271.76

Fcs 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5

Fqs 1.269 1.269 1.280 1.303 1.339 1.339 1.352 1.379 1.407 1.437 1.485

Fys 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Fcd 1.152 1.152 1.148 1.140 1.127 1.127 1.123 1.114 1.105 1.097 1.084

Fqd 1.143 1.143 1.140 1.134 1.123 1.123 1.120 1.112 1.104 1.096 1.083

qu (kN/m2) 0.0 633.7 739.3 980.7 1541.6 1627.2 1914.4 2603.7 3671.9 5242.2 8609.4

qall (kN/m2) 0.0 211.2 246.4 326.9 513.9 542.4 638.1 867.9 1224.0 1747.4 2869.8

Dimensions of Cantilever Retaining Wall

Figure 5: Dimensions of Cantilever Retaining Wall

Table 2: Summary of Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Item Qall Eccentricity, e Ptoe Pheel FOSOverturning FOSSlidding without a key FOSSliding with 600mm deep and 200mm wide key

Value 326.9 0.089 14.89 8.83 11.65 1.353 1.951

Unit kN/m2 m kN/m2 kN/m2 -

Remark < B/6, Hence OK < Qall, Hence OK < Qall, Hence OK > 3, Hence OK < 1.5,which is Not OK >1.5, Hence OK

Summary of Reinforcement design for stem of Cantilever Retaining Wall Bottom of stem, use T25 at 150 mm c/c spacing Main Vertical Reinforcement for Exposed Wall, use T16 at 150 mm c/c spacing Distribution steel, use T12 at 150 mm c/c spacing

Check for ultimate shear stress at base of stem Ultimate shear stress v = 0.0005 N/mm2 Allowable shear stress, vc = 0.915 N/mm2 Vc > V ..OK Design of toe slab - bottom steel Eccentricity, e = 0.13 < B/6 ------------------------------OK Reinforcement; use T25 at 150 mm c/c spacing Check for ultimate shear stress Ultimate shear stress v = 0.0076 N/mm2 Allowable shear stress, vc = 0.666 N/mm2 Vc > V ..OK

Design of the heel slab - top steel Use T25 at 125 mm c/c spacing Distribution steel, use T12 at 150 mm c/c spacing Check for ultimate shear stress Ultimate shear stress v = 0.008 N/mm2 Allowable shear stress, vc = 0.609 N/mm2 Vc > V ..OK

Construction Methods Because soil borings are taken at discrete locations, it is difficult to determine what soils conditions will be experienced over a wider area. During construction of the cantilever retaining walls for this project, the contractor is expected to notify the project designerHIFOD Homes Ltd of potential problems. Of concern are soils that are soft or wet, areas that are producing groundwater, and areas that exhibit slope failures during excavation because each of these indicates potential stability problem. If such field conditions are encountered, HIFOD Homes Ltd will recommend for the removal and replacement or improvement (stabilization) of the poor soils, installation of drains, or we shall modify the design of the retaining wall to address such field conditions. Construction of the retaining wall shall begin with excavation, after excavation, soil compaction takes place to where the footing will be resting. Formwork for concrete footing will then be installed, when the formwork is ready, rebar for the footing foundation are laid out, together with the dowels that go into the wall. The footing then concreted making sure that dowel bars are protruding up as they constitute the starter bars for the stem of the retaining wall. The footing should be allowed to cure until the strength of the concrete has reached at least 75% of its design value, which usually occurs after 7 days from pouring the concrete. The steelwork for the stem of the retaining wall will then commence followed by the installation of the formwork for the stem and then concreting. The forms are then left in place and properly braced until concrete has reached full capacity. After removing the formworks, the back of the retaining wall is backfilled with the good selected soil and compacted. The select fill shall be of the same height as the wall including the footing thickness and backfilling of the excavated area in the base of retaining walls must be done as quickly as possible since accumulation of groundwater or surface water in this area will soften the soils and reduce the stability of the walls. Cohesionless select fill is subject to erosion and piping if subjected to large quantities of water flowing into the wall. Filter fabric is required at each panel joint and is designed to retain wall backfill while allowing the water to pass. Gaps or voids in the filter fabric allow fill to escape from behind the wall. Sealing of coping joints is also recommended so as to prevent excessive quantities of water from entering the top of the wall.

Maintenance Advice to the Owner of the Bungalow The owner is recommended to periodically inspect the retaining walls for evidence of backfill loss, loss of joint seals, or movement. He should reseal joints, particularly those that may allow surface water to enter the wall backfill. If evidence of backfill loss is observed, the owner should backfill the affected area with select fill if the area is accessible, or use flowable fill if access is restricted. This is because water infiltration into

voids in walls can cause excessive pressures within the wall and result in displaced panels and wall failures. The owner should treat voided areas when they are small and manageable, as they will always increase in size with time.

Risk assessment and mitigation method

1. External stability and internal stability problems. The risks associated with external stability problems such as horizontal sliding, overturning, bearing capacity failure, deep-seated shear failure and excessive settle have already been mitigated in the design by designing the cantilever retaining wall with adequate external stability so that it does not slide, overturn and so on. It is also designed with sufficient internal stability or structural integrity so as to carry the necessary internal stresses without rupturing thus eliminated those risks associated with internal stability problems such as rupturing. 2. Collapse of trench during excavation Since the soil at the project site is mainly sandy soil which is cohessionless, there is a possibility of collapse of the trench for the installation of the retaining wall during excavation. This particular problem can be addressed by installation of sheet piles to temporarily retain the soil behind the excavation. The sheet piles should be installed to an adequate depth and should remain in place until when the construction of the wall is complete and backfill is feasible. 3. Poor Quality backfill materials and inadequate compaction The use of unsuitable backfill material as well as inadequate compaction of backfill material are common among contractors. This can highly affect the stability of the retaining wall. Proper supervision is a key in solving this problem, so a clients representative will be at the site during backfilling to ensure that good quality fill material is used and the compaction is adequate. He will be there to ensure that compaction is done at the optimum moisture content and to make sure that a relative compaction of 90 - 95% of the maximum dry density is achieved. 4. Inadequate drainage Poor drainage could result from use of cohesive backfill material which does not allow water to percolate through freely, leading to the build-up of water or hydrostatic pressure and thus causing the retaining wall to fail due to loss of bearing capacity caused by saturation of the soil. The drainage problem can be overcome by ensuring good drainage by either removing water from backfill or by keeping water out of backfill. This can be achieved through the use of drainage stones and drainage pipes as shown in figure 1. The drainage stones used must fulfill the following requirements:

1. Composition. Provide singly or in combination sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Consider limestone, calcite-cemented sandstone, rhyolite, basalt, and granite as crushed stone. 2. Quality Soundness, minimum ....................................................................0.85 Wear, maximum ...........................................................................45% Coarse Aggregate Angularity, minimum .....................................75% Fine Aggregate Angularity, minimum .........................................40% The above requirements for soundness do not apply for aggregates having less than 10% material retained on the No. 4 sieve. The above requirements for wear do not apply to aggregates having less than 10% material retained on the No. 8 sieve. 4 3. Product Control. Gradation and Plasticity

Deleterious Substances. Provide aggregates that are free from grass, weeds, roots, sticks, and other undesirable foreign matter.

Figure 5: Drainage Stone for Backfill The layers of Geogrid shown in Figure 5 is used to provide reinforcement to the backfill materials.

Other considerations Damp-proofing and waterproofing Since the cantilever retaining wall is part of the building for this project, it is advisable to provide damp proofing and waterproofing treatments to the wall so as to prevent seepage of water through the wall The following damp proofing methods include are applicabel: Thin bituminous coatings Thin cementitious coatings Acrylic latex coatings 6-mil polyethylene sheets

On the other hand, waterproofing methods that can be used include: Bituminous membranes consisting of multiple layers of mopped-on bituminous material with alternating layers of reinforcing fabric Liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing, which are prefabricated sheets applied to the wall Cementitious waterproofing that consists of several coats of special mortar Bentonite clay panels

Appendix: Design of cantilever retaining wall based on Rankins active force

TITLE : CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL DESIGN TO BS 811 SUBJECT : 3 M HEIGH CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH LEVEL BACKFILL PROJECT : 3-STOREY BANGALOW AT LOT 219, NO 78, JALAN TC 2B TAMAN CEMERLANG, MUKIM SETAPAK DAERAH GOMBAK Designed by : Odu Paul Checked by :
DESIGN DATA AND INFORMATIONS Wall height above footing Top of wall thickness Bottom of wall thickness Heel length (earth side) Toe length Thickness of base slab Total base slab length Toe backfill above footing Horizontal distance from edge of top wall to slope of soil Density of soil Angle of repose, backfill Angle of repose, bearing Backfill slope angle Density of concrete Concrete grade Reinforcement grade Soil surcharge Allowable soil pressure Load factor Coefficent of friction FOS against overturning FOS against sliding H= t1 = t2 = L1 = L2 = D= B= H3 = Ds = gs = = 1 = = gc = fcu = fy = Udl = Qall = LF = m= FOS o = FOS s = 3 mm 225 mm 300 mm 1000 mm 800 mm 500 mm 2100 mm 0 mm 0 mm 19 kN/m3 30 Degree 32 Degree 0 Degree 23.6 kN/m3 40 N/mm 460 N/mm 50 kN/m 326.9 kN/m 1.5 0.5 3.0 1.5 cos - Sqrt{(cos) - (cos)} Active earth pressure coefficient, K a Ka = cos --------------------------------------------cos + Sqrt{(cos) - (cos)} Therefore K a = Pressure at rest coefficient, K o (minimum 0.5) Selected Pressure at rest coefficient, K o 0.333 = 0.500

Date : Date :

31/10/2013 __________

Ko = (1 - sin)(1 + sin) Ko = 0.500 1 + sin

Passive earth pressure coefficient, K p

Kp = 1 - sin

3.25

USING ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE Ka FOR STABILITY CHECK Height of surcharge Total height of soil, H1 = Hs = H + D + H1 = H2 = H + H1 = 1.00 x tan 0.50 m 0.00 m = 0.00 m

t1

Ds

0.0

H1

= 30

H2 Earth Side H Hs

H3

L2

t2

L1 D

a (toe)

d (heel)

The relevant calculations are shown in the following table: Load due to Stem (W 1) 0.23 0.08 Magnitude of load W (kN) x x x x x 23.60 23.60 19.00 19.00 23.60 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.00 24.78 0.00 0.00 Dist. fr. a (m) 0.99 0.85 1.60 1.77 1.05 0.40 2.10 Moment about a (kNm) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 26.0 0.0 0.0 26.1

x x

0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.50

Wt. of earth (W 2) 1.00 x 0.00 x Base slab (W 3) 2.10 x

Toe backfill (W 4) - Top 500mm shall be ignored in the calculation 0.00 x 0.80 x 19.00
Vertical soil pressure, P v =(KagsHs /2)sin()
2

0.333

19.00 x

0.50 2 2
3

Stabilizing moment <==

Minus moment of soil pressure, M = {K ags*Hs3/6}*cos()

0.333

19.00 x

0.50 6

-0.1 -2.1 -2.2 23.89 m

Minus moment of surcharge, M = (U dl x Ka x Hs /2 ) * cos()

0.333

x Total

50.00 x

0.50 2 2

Overturning moment <==

24.86 Therefore z= 24 / 25 = 0.961

Eccentricity e = B/2 - z =

0.089 m < B/6, So O.K.

Maximum and minimum pressures at the base are given by W p= B = p toe = p heel = 11.84 14.85 8.83 (1 B 3.01 6e ) kN/m, W= 24.856 kN

kN/m less than 326.9 kN/m, So O.K. kN/m, So O.K. (No tension)

Pressure at junction of stem with toe 14.847 = 14.847 2100 Pressure at junction of stem with heel 14.847 = 8.8252 + 2100 CHECK FOR OVERTURNING AND SLIDING Factor of safety against overturning Stabilizing moment = Overturning moment = 2.2 26.1 = 11.65 > 3.0 ==> So O.K. 8.83 x 1000 = 11.693 kN/m 8.83 x 800 = 12.553 kN/m

Total earth pressure + surcharge = P = K a x gs x Hs x Hs /2 + Udl x K a x Hs = 0.8 + 8.38 = 9.2 kN Therefore horizontal earth pressure = P*cos Maximum available friction without surcharge weight = mW = 0.5 x 24.86 mxW
Factor of safety against sliding =

9.18 kN

12.428 kN

= Pcos

1.353

<

1.5

==> So Not O.K.

A key is to be provided or consider passive pressure to increase resistance against sliding Provide a key of 600 mm deep and 200 mm wide under the stem to increase factor of safety against sliding. Sliding will take place along the surface at the bottom of key. Total active pressure = Pa = K a x gs x Hk x Hk /2 + Udl x K a x Hk = = 3.9 + 22.236 kN 18.38 kN

where Hk = Hs + Depth of key = 1.10 m

Total weight at the bottom of the key = W + Wt. of key + Wt. of soil Wt = 24.856 + 2.832 + 21.66 = Total passive pressure (reduced by a factor of 2.0 to limit the movement)

49.348 kN 18.706 kN 43.38 kN

= Pp = K p /2 gs [Depth of soil H3(top 500mm shall be ignored) + Depth of base slab + Depth of key] 2/2= Total horizontal resisting force, F r = m W t + P p Fr Factor of Safety for Sliding = Pa x cos = 1.951 > 1.50 ==> So O.K. = 24.67 + 18.7057 =

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN FOR STEM(USE Ko IF Ka < Ko FOR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN) Maximum bending moment at the bottom of the stem due to earth pressure and surcharge 0.00 M= = 0.5 0.0 x + 19 0.0 40 mm 0.0 247.5 x 106 = 1000 x
2
3

x 6.00 =

+ 0.0 kNm Hence for effective d = 2.8E-06 f

0.08

0.0015

Concrete cover = Mu = bd2 lever arm, z = As req. = As min. = 235.13 mm 0 mm 450 mm 1.5 x

25 mm main bars, 247.5 mm

K = Mu/bd2fcu = 0.0000

Therefore provide T 25

150

mm c/c

As, prov. = 3272.5 mm 100As,prov./bd = 1.32222

> As req. So O.K.

Main Vertical Reinforcement For Exposed Wall Provide minimum shrinkage and temperature steel = 0.25%bh = 750 mm Therefore provide T 16 @ 150 mm c/c A's, prov. = 1340.42 mm 100A's,prov./bd = 0.542 Distribution steel Provide minimum steel = 0.13%bh Therefore provide T 12 = 150 390 mm c/c mm As = 753.984 mm

> As req. So O.K.

> As req. So O.K.

DEFLECTION CHECK - TOP OF CANTILEVER Slenderness ratio = Therefore allowable = 3 7.00 / 247.5 = x modification factors = 0.01 17.47 ==> So OK !
where f s = 39.533995 < 0.8fy So OK !

2 Tension reinforcement modification factor = 0.55 + ( 477 - fs )/{120(0.9 + M/bd2)} = Compression reinforcement modification factor = 1+ 100A' s,prov/bd/(3+ 100A's,prov/bd) = 1.1529 Modification factor for triangular load = 1.0821

CURTAILMENT OF STEM REINFORCEMENT At depth 'h' metres from top, let As be the steel required. 75 Effective depth = ( 172.5 + 0.003 gs x h3 Bending Moment = 6 Mu = = 1.5833 h3 2.38 h 2.375 h As = 0.87 fy z
3 3

xh)

x Ko*cos + Udl x Ko*cos x h x h / 2 x + + 1.5 18.75 h

2

12.5

h2 x

1.5

18.75 h2

At depth 'h' metres from top 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ult. Bending Moment ( kN-m ) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Effective Depth d (mm) 172.50 180.00 187.50 195.00 202.50 210.00 217.50 225.00 232.50 240.00 247.50

Area Req. (mm) 338 349 360 371 383 394 405 416 428 439 450

CHECK ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS AT BASE OF STEM (USE Ko IF Ka < Ko) Total shear at base of stem = = Ultimate shear stress v = 1000 Allowable shear stress, vc = x 247.5 0.915 N/mm > v, So O.K. P = K o *cos x gs x H x H/2 + Udl x K o *cos x H 0.0 + 0.08 = 0.075 kN 1.5 x 75 = 0.0005 N/mm

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB (PRESSURE USE Ko IF Ka < Ko) - BOTTOM STEEL Self load of the base per metre run = 0.5 x 23.6 = 11.8 kN/m

The force acting on toe are pressure from soil acting upwards and self-weight acting downwards. If Ka < K o , then K o will be used for pressure calculation to get the worst bending moment and shear. W= 24.9 kN Moment about a = 22.76 kNm Therefore z = 22.7641 / 24.8556 Eccentricity e = B/2 - z = 0.13 m < B/6, so O.K. ! Therefore Maximum and minimum pressures at the base are given by W p= B p toe = p heel = 16.37 7.30 (1 B kN/m kN/m 6e ) = 11.836 4.5364 kN/m

0.91585 m

Pressure at junction of stem with toe 16.372 = 16.372 2100 7.30 x 800 = 12.916 kN/m

Pressure at junction of stem with heel 16.372 = 7.2995 + 2100 Therefore Maximum Bending Moment 0.82 = ( 12.916 11.8 ) x 2.00 2 ( 4.5724 = 1.1 ) x 3 1.1 kNm Concrete cover = Mu = bd2 1000 x 447.5
2

7.30 x 1000 = 11.62 kN/m

+ 0.8 x 0.8 x 2.0 f

40 mm 1.1 x 106 =

Hence for effective d = 0.0082

25 mm main bars, 447.5 mm

1.5

lever arm, z = As req. = As min. =

425.13 mm 10 mm 750 mm

K = Mu/bd2fcu =

0.0002

Therefore provide T 25 CHECK FOR SHEAR

150

mm c/c

As, prov. = 3272.5 mm 100As,prov./bd = 0.73128

> As req. So O.K.

( 4.5724
Maximum shear force =

+ 2

1.12

)
x 0.8 = 2.2754 kN

1.5 Ultimate shear stress v = 1000 Allowable shear stress, vc =

x x

2275 = 447.5 0.0076 N/mm

0.666 N/mm > v, So O.K.

DESIGN OF THE HEEL SLAB - TOP STEEL

The forces acting on the heel are pressure of soil acting upwards and weight of earth retained and self-weight acting downwards.

The relevant calculations are shown in the following table: Load due to Wt. of earth (W 2) 1.00 x 0.00 x Magnitude of load W (kN) 0.00 1.00 x x x 19.00 19.00 23.60 0.06 0.00 11.80 0.00 7.30 2.16 2.40 Dist. fr. c (m) 0.50 0.67 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.33 Moment about c (kNm) 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 -4 -0.7 1.56

Wt. of heel slab (W 3a) 1.00 x 0.50 Vertical soil pressure P v 13.8 x Deduct for upward pressure 7.3 x 1.00 4.32 x 0.50 Total 0

Therefore maximum bending moment for heel slab = And maximum shear force for heel slab = Concrete cover = Hence for Mu = bd2 1000 x 427.5 mm 14 mm 750 mm @ 125 mm c/c 450 2 1.5 x 40 mm 20 mm main bars, x 106 =

1.6 kN-m 2.4 kN

f 1.6

effective d =

450 mm

0.01155

lever arm, z = As req. = As min. =

K = Mu/bd2fcu = 0.0003

Therefore provide T 20

100As,prov./bd = 0.55851 As, prov. = 2513.28 mm > As req. So O.K.

Distribution steel Provide minimum steel = 0.13%bh = 650 mm Therefore provide T 12 @ 150 mm c/c As = 753.984 mm > As req. So O.K.

CHECK FOR SHEAR

Maximum shear force =

2.4 kN 1.5 x x 2397 = 1000 450 0.008 N/mm

Ultimate shear stress v =

Allowable shear stress, vc =

0.609 N/mm > v, So O.K.