POLLUTION AND POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN

BY: Aisha Zeb Kohat, Pakistan

Definition
Pollution is the introd !tion of
contaminants into an en"iron#ent that !a ses instabi$it%, disorder, har# or dis!o#fort to the e!os%ste# i&e& 'h%si!a$ s%ste#s or $i"in( or(anis#s

)or#s of 'o$$ tion

The #a*or for#s of 'o$$ tion are $isted be$o+ a$on(
+ith the 'arti! $ar 'o$$ tants re$e"ant to ea!h of the#: Air 'o$$ tion ,ater 'o$$ tion Land 'o$$ tion Noise 'o$$ tion Li(ht 'o$$ tion -adioa!ti"e !onta#ination .is a$ 'o$$ tion Ther#a$ 'o$$ tion

Air Pollution
Air 'o$$ tion is the a!! # $ation of ha/ardo s s bstan!es
into the at#os'here that dan(er h #an $ife and other $i"in( #atter& sources of air pollution A to#obi$e e#issions Toba!!o s#oke 0o#b stion of !oa$ A!id rain Noise 'o$$ tion fro# !ars and !onstr !tion Po+er '$ants 1an fa!t rin( b i$din(s Aeroso$ s'ra%s ,i$dfires N !$ear +ea'ons

Water Pollution
,ater 'o$$ tion is the introd !tion of !he#i!a$, bio$o(i!a$ and
'h%si!a$ #atter into $ar(e bodies of +ater that de(rade the 2 a$it% of $ife that $i"es in it and !ons #es it& The sources of water pollution. So#e of the #ain !ontrib tors to +ater 'o$$ tion are: )a!tories -efineries ,aste treat#ent fa!i$ities 1inin( Pesti!ides, herbi!ides and ferti$i/ers 3 #an se+a(e Oi$ s'i$$s Soa' fro# +ashin( %o r !ar Oi$ and antifree/e $eakin( fro# !ars 3o seho$d !he#i!a$s Ani#a$ +aste

Land Pollution
Land 'o$$ tion is 'o$$ tion of the 4arth5s nat ra$ $and s rfa!e b%
ind stria$, !o##er!ia$, do#esti! and a(ri! $t ra$ a!ti"ities& The sources of land pollution? So#e of the #ain !ontrib tors to $and 'o$$ tion are: 0he#i!a$ and n !$ear '$ants Ind stria$ fa!tories Oi$ refineries 3 #an se+a(e Oi$ and antifree/e $eakin( fro# !ars 1inin( Litterin( O"er!ro+ded $andfi$$s Deforestation 0onstr !tion

Po$$ tants
A 'o$$ tant is a +aste #ateria$ that
'o$$ tes air, +ater or soi$& Three fa!tors deter#ine the se"erit% of a 'o$$ tant: its !he#i!a$ nat re, the !on!entration and the 'ersisten!e +hi!h #a% be:
6 )orei(n s bstan!es 6 Nat ra$$% o!! rrin( +hen e7!eed nat ra$ $e"e$&

4ffe!ts of 'o$$ tion

3 #an hea$th 4n"iron#ent 4n"iron#ent hea$th infor#ation&

-e( $ation and #onitorin(

To 'rote!t the en"iron#ent fro# the
ad"erse effe!ts of 'o$$ tion, #an% nations +or$d+ide ha"e ena!ted $e(is$ation to re( $ate "ario s t%'es of 'o$$ tion as +e$$ as to #iti(ate the ad"erse effe!ts of 'o$$ tion

Pollution control devices

D st !o$$e!tion s%ste#s S!r bbers Se+a(e treat#ent .a'or re!o"er% s%ste#s

Pollution in Pakistan
Po$$ tion on o r earth effe!ts se"era$ essentia$ as'e!ts $ike air, +ater, food and
a$$ $i"in( bein(s et!& Air 'o$$ tion $e"e$s in Pakistan8s hi(h 'o' $ated !ities are a#on( the hi(hest in the +or$d& And the $e"e$s are on the rise, raisin( hea$th !on!erns, sa%s a Pakistan (o"ern#ent re'ort& The $e"e$s of a#bient 'arti! $ates, s#oke 'arti! $ates and d st, +hi!h !a se res'irator% disease, are t+i!e the +or$d8s a"era(e and #ore than fi"e ti#es as hi(h as that in ind stria$i/ed and Latin A#eri!an !o ntries, sa%s the 4!ono#i! S r"e% of Pakistan 9::;<9::= re$eased in > ne& The s r"e% fo nd that 'o$$ tion in Pakistan8s !ities had either !rossed safe $i#its or rea!hed the thresho$d "a$ e, +ith the 'resen!e of s s'ended 'arti! $ate #atter in the a#bient air bein( "er% hi(h& The re'ort sa%s the #a*or so r!e of s'# in the !o ntr% are "ehi!$es ind str%, b rnin( of so$id +aste, bri!k ki$ns and nat ra$ d st& Po$$ tion d e to No7 e#ission& A!!ordin( to this 'ie !hart No7 refers to a (ro ' of to7i! (ases that are a$so !a$$ed nitro(en o7ides& In Pakistan 4#issions of No7 b% the "ehi!$es are on 'eak +hi!h is of ;;?, +hereas 'o$$ tion d e to e#ission thro (h ind stria$, !o##er!ia$ and residentia$ so r!es are 99?, as +e$$ as e#ission d e to ti$ities are a$so the sa#e 99? and at $ast e#ission thro (h a$$ other so r!es are * st @? $ess then a$$ others&

 Po$$ tion d e to No7 e#ission& A!!ordin( to this 'ie !hart No7

refers to a (ro ' of to7i! (ases that are a$so !a$$ed nitro(en o7ides& In Pakistan 4#issions of No7 b% the "ehi!$es are on 'eak +hi!h is of ;;?, +hereas 'o$$ tion d e to e#ission thro (h ind stria$, !o##er!ia$ and residentia$ so r!es are 99?, as +e$$ as e#ission d e to ti$ities are a$so the sa#e 99? and at $ast e#ission thro (h a$$ other so r!es are * st @? $ess then a$$ others&

This !hart sho+s NO9 'o$$ tion in different !ities of Pakistan& In Kara!hi the #ean rate of NO9 'o$$ tion is AB; #i!ro(ra#s 'er ! bi! #eter of air its the (reater a#on( other !ities a$#ost hits the 'eak then in Lahore the n #ber of #ean rate s$i(ht$% de!rease its #ean rate is 9B; U(C#A ho+ e"er the #a7i# # and #ini# # rate of 'o$$ tion in both !ities are sa#e ;: U(C#A in Kara!hi and @9U(C#A in Lahore& ,hereas, the #ean rate of 'o$$ tion in D etta and Pesha+ar (rad a$$% de!reases and the rate of e#ission of both the !ities are sa#e @9: U(C#A #a7 rate is =: +hereas in Pesha+ar is ;: U(C#A ho+e"er the #ini# # rate of 'o$$ tion of both the !ities are sa#e @: U(C#A& The #ean rate of 'o$$ tion in Is$a#abad +hi!h is on$% E: U(C#A +hereas #a7i# # and #ini# # rate of 'o$$ tion are @: and ; U(C#A

0ONTINU4DF&
In @GG9 Pakistan8s National Conservation
Strategy Report atte#'ted to redress the 're"io s inattention to the nation8s #o ntin( en"iron#enta$ 'rob$e#& Dra+in( on the e7'ertise of #ore than A,::: 'eo'$e fro# a +ide arra% of 'o$iti!a$ affi$iations, the (o"ern#ent 'rod !ed a do! #ent o t$inin( the ! rrent state of en"iron#enta$ hea$th, its s stainab$e (oa$s, and "iab$e 'ro(ra# o'tions for the f t re Hsee Nationa$ 0onser"ation Ioa$s , this !h&J&

0ONTINU4DF&
As ind str% has e7'anded, fa!tories ha"e
e#itted #ore and #ore to7i! eff$ ents into the air and +ater& The n #ber of te7ti$e and food 'ro!essin( #i$$s in r ra$ P n*ab has (ro+n (reat$% sin!e the #id<@GB:s, res $tin( in 'o$$ tion of its ri"ers and irri(ation !ana$s& Iro nd+ater 2 a$it% thro (ho t the !o ntr% has a$so s ffered fro# ra'id$% in!reasin( se of 'esti!ides and ferti$i/ers ai#ed at 'ro#otin( #ore intensi"e !ro''in( and fa!i$itatin( se$f< s ffi!ien!% in food 'rod !tion

0OTINF&&
Air 'o$$ tion has a$so be!o#e a #a*or 'rob$e# in
#ost !ities& There are no !ontro$s on "ehi! $ar e#issions, +hi!h a!!o nt for G: 'er!ent of 'o$$ tants& The National Conservation Strategy Report !$ai#s that the a"era(e Pakistani "ehi!$e e#its t+ent%<fi"e ti#es as # !h !arbon #ono7ide, t+ent% ti#es as #an% h%dro!arbons, and #ore than three and one<ha$f ti#es as # !h nitro s o7ide in (ra#s 'er ki$o#eter as the a"era(e "ehi!$e in the United States&

0ONTINFF
Another
#a*or so r!e of 'o$$ tion, not #entioned in the National Conservation Strategy Report, is noise& The h%'er rbani/ation e7'erien!ed b% Pakistan sin!e the @G=:s has res $ted in $oose !ontro$s for hea"% e2 i'#ent o'eration in dense$% 'o' $ated areas, as +e$$ as in !ro+ded streets fi$$ed +ith b ses, tr !ks, a to#obi$es, and #otor!%!$es, +hi!h often honk at ea!h other and at the horse<dra+n ton(as H sed for trans'ortin( 'eo'$eJ and the horse<dra+n rehras H sed for trans'ortin( (oods