KAMPUS KOTA BHARU

NAME NO K/P MATRIC NO SUBJECT SEMESTER INTAKE NAME OF SUPERVISORS

: : : : : : :

AYISY HARIZ BIN SUKIMAN. 921027-01-6069 IPGKB : S11S - 1006 - 0445 PPISMP: SAINS 2 SEM.1 JUN 2010 PUAN ROZINAWATI BT. GHAZALLI

DATE OF SUBMISSION

:21 SEPTEMBER 2010

TABLE OF CONTENT

NUM.

CONTENT

PAGE

1.

INTRODUCTION

2-3

2.

SPIRAL PERIODIC TABLE

3.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH SPIRAL AND CONVENTIONAL TABLE

5-6

4.

FIT TRANSITION ELEMENT INTO SPIRAL TABLE

5.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

8-10

6.

CONCLUSION

11

7.

REFLECTION

12

8.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

13

9.

EVIDENCE

14-17

10.

COLLABORATION FORM

18

Introduction
The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in 1869. Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a grid or table so that each element had a higher atomic weight than the one on its left and similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column. He realized that the table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry. In his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet been discovered. In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered the planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered germanium (which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between silicon and tin), gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper, for he predicted their existence and their properties before their actual discoveries. Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been formulated. In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic number (charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is most fundamental to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev, Moseley was able to predict correctly the existence of new elements based on his work. And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic number (Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal rows periods and the vertical rows groups. We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the way its electrons are arranged - its electron configuration. The noble gases are found in group 18, on the far right of each period. The reluctance of the noble gases to undergo chemical reactions indicates that the atoms of these gases strongly prefer their own electron configurations - featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other.

In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are those with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties. Likewise the halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another. When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions. Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same period. The ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from which they formed. There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period. The block of elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. These are similar to one another in many ways; they produce colored compounds, have variable valency and are often used as catalysts. The rare earth elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and actinides (elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known elements that take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element with atomic number higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny amounts of plutonium and neptunium exist in nature as decay products of uranium. These elements, and higher elements, are also produced artificially in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Spiral Table 1) Looks more attractive than conventional table because it different as usual. Comparing 2) People can easily know and imagine how the number of shell of each element by look how the number of shell at spiral table.

Conventional Table 1) Less attractive because people usually seen it.

2) People take a lot of time to understand how the number of shell of each element.

Spiral Table 1) Not all people understand the table. 2) Hard to construct. 3) Take a long time to easily understand the table. can Comparing

Conventional Table 1) People around the world can understand the table. 2) Easy to construct. 3) Take a short time to easily understand the table.

Fit The Transition Element Into Spiral Table

Transition metal is a block of metallic elements in between Groups 2 and 13 in the Periodic Table. They are much less reactive than the alkali metals. They do not react as quickly with water or oxygen as alkali metal. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling points. The first ten transition element are placed in Period 4 in periodic table. This is because, it have 4 shell in their electron arrangement. So that, I get an idea how to fit the transition element in my spiral diagram of periodic table. I fit them all in the fourth shell in my spiral table. It shows that the elements have 4 shell in their electron arrangement. For the conclusion, I think that either conventional periodic table that look usual and spiral table that look more attractive can help students to improve their knowledge in Chemistry.

Group 1 Physical properties: > Has low densities and low melting point as compared to other metals such as iron and copper. > They have silvery and shiny surfaces. > They are good conductor of heat and electricity. Chemical properties: > React vigorously with water to produce alkaline hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas. > Reacts rapidly with oxygen gas to produce white solid oxide. > Burns in chlorine gas to produce form white solid chloride. > Burns in bromine gas to form metal bromide.

Group 17 Physical properties: > All group 17 are non-metal. > Have low melting point because their molecules are attracted to each other by intermolecular force. > When going down the group, the melting and boiling points increases. Chemical properties: > Will form 2 acids when reacts with water. > Will form iron when reacts with hot iron. > Will form sodium halide, sodium halite and water when reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Group 18 Physical properties: > Insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances. > Cannot conduct electricity and heat. > Low melting and boiling point. Chemical reaction: > Doesnt react with any substances.

Physical properties: They have 3 shells.

Physical properties: Shiny surface. Ductile. Malleable. High tensile strength. High melting and boiling points. High densities. Good conductor of heat and electricity.

CONCLUSION
The Periodic Table of Elements has developed into a very important item for the chemist. It can supply much needed information about the atoms, such as atomic mass, atomic number and electron configuration. It is set up in such a way as to also allow us an idea of activity. The arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table allow us to know better how a substance will react with another substance. Many innovators have developed periodic tables which are chemical element displays different from the well known Mendeleyev periodic table. Several have been devised purely for better reasons, as not all correlations between the chemical elements are effectively captured by the conventional or standard periodic table. Other alternative periodic tables existed. Some versions of the table show a dark stair-step line along the metalloids. Metals are to the left of the line and non-metals to the right. The alternative form of periodic table like spiral shape, circular shape and many more, that more attractive, will help students or anybody to understand more in their studies. Periodic Table has been designed to help students and teachers in their chemistry classes, and also allow enthusiasts to explore the periodic table in expert mode.

The conclusion, whether it is a conventional table or in spiral form, both provides with a simple way to visualize the chemical elements, their properties, and interactions.

Reflection

Assalamualaikum. In the name of Allah, the Greatest. The most Generous and the most Merciful. I would like to thank to God because at last I had finished my assignment for Science 2 subject. I also would like to thank to my chemistry lecturer, Madam Rozinawati for all of her supports and guidelines. Without her, I cannot finish my assignment properly. Besides that, thank also to my classmates for their cooperation. I had received this assignment at 28th July 2010. When I read the instruction, I thought that this assignment was quite difficult. I have to ask my friends guidelines to do my work. However, this matter does not make me give up doing my assignment. Then, I had another problem how to find the information from the internet because the wireless connection is very slow at my hostel. Talk about to my sciences assignment, after I do some research about periodic table especially how to construct spiral diagram of periodic table . Ive got a lot of information from the internet and some of reference books such as STPM Chemistry Volume 2, Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd and Pre-U text STPM Chemistry, Chemistry For Matriculation, Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. This source gives me a lot of information and makes me easier to finish my assignment. As the information, it is very interesting to complete about periodic table in the form of spiral diagram. Besides I had to complete the assignment, I also got more knowledge about transportation. Even sometime I have to face so many problem and to complete the assignment, I still know how to solve my own problems and completed my assignment. I really hope, my assignment have all the kind of the criteria that needed in the scheme. Thats all. Thank you.

Bibliografi

Book:
1) Azilah Abd. Rahman, Aishah Mohamed Jelan, Mazdida Sulaiman, John C Kotz dan Paul Treichel, 2006,Chemistry For Matriculation, Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002. 2) Loh Yew Lee & N.Sivanson, STPM Physical Chemistry Volume 2, 2009, Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Internet:
1) http://allperiodictables.com/aptpages/gridlink/grid07_spiral.htm 2) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table 4) http://www.chemicool.com/ 5) http://www.metasynthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=Spiral+Formulations 6) http://www.webelements.com/

Evidence
1) Periodic Table
http://www.chemicool.com/

The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in 1869. Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a grid or table so that each element had: 1. A higher atomic weight than the one on its left. 2. Similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column. He realized that the table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry. In his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet been discovered. In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered the planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered germanium (which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between silicon and tin), gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper, for he predicted their existence and their properties before their actual discoveries. Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been formulated. In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic number (charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is most fundamental to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev, Moseley was able to predict correctly the existence of new elements based on his work. And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic number (Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal rows periods and the vertical rows groups.

We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the way its electrons are arranged - its electron configuration. The noble gases are found in group 18, on the far right of each period. The reluctance of the noble gases to undergo chemical reactions indicates that the atoms of these gases strongly prefer their own electron configurations featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other. In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are those with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties. Likewise the halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another. When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions. Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same period. The ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from which they formed. There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period. The block of elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. These are similar to one another in many ways; they produce colored compounds, have variable valency and are often used as catalysts. The rare earth elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and actinides (elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known elements that take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element with atomic number higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny amounts of plutonium and neptunium exist in nature as decay products of uranium. These elements, and higher elements, are also produced artificially in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

2) Media in category "Spiral diagrams" http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams The following 65 files are in this category, out of 65 total.

Archimedean spiral h... Aligned Archimedean 42,450 bytes Archimedean Archimedean Archimedean Orbits.gif spiral r... spiral2.png spiral f... spiral s... 48,843 bytes 233,056 bytes 288,142 bytes 165,193 bytes 47,204 bytes

Pohl Parker Padovan Milky Way Polygon Periodic table Wheel.svg spiral.gif Spiral Arm... triangles.png spiral.svg (spir... 21,490 bytes 18,282 bytes 10,867 bytes 32,174 bytes 38,162 bytes 453,826 bytes

Preferred values 02 ... Preferred 70,507 bytes Preferred values 05 ... Ressort spiral Preferred Preferred values 03 ... values 04 ... 44,924 bytes theor... values 01 ... 65,455 bytes 28,192 bytes 48,396 bytes 23,400 bytes

3) Periodic table
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Group 1 # Period 1 1 H

10 11 12 13 14

15

16 17 18

2 He 5 B 6 C 7 N 15 P 8 O 16 S 9 F 10 Ne

3 4 Li Be 11 12 N M a g

13 14 Al Si

17 18 Cl Ar

2 19 20 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca S Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr c 37 3 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 R 9 Sr Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe b Y 55 56 C * Ba s 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 114 115 116 118 87 88 3 7 ** 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Uu Uu Uu Uu Fr Ra Uu Uu Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn q p h o t s