COLUMN BASE PLATES - DESIGN TO ERECTION

Tom Murray Emeritus Professor Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA

Column Base Plates

Types of Column Base Plates

Compressive Axial Loads Tensile Axial Loads

Base Plates with Small Moments

Base Plates with Large Moments

AISC Design Guide 1

AISC Specification
PERTINENT SECTIONS AND TABLES Chapter J Design of Connections Table J3.2 Nominal Strength of Fasteners and Threaded Parts J8. Column Basses and Bearing on Concrete

Chapter M Fabrication and Erection M2.2 Thermal Cutting M2.8 Finish of Column Bases M4.4 Fit of Column Compression Joints and Base Plates
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Types of Column Base Plates

TOPICS Base Plate and Anchor Rod Material and Details Base Plates for Axial Compression Base Plates for Tension Base Plates for Axial Compression and Moment Shear Anchorage Column Erection Procedures Result of Poor Anchor Rod Placement
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Base Plate and Anchor Rod Materials and Details

Base Plate Material, Fabrication and Finishing

Base Plate Material Typical A36 1/8 (3mm) increments to 1-1/4 in (32 mm) then in. (6 mm) Minimum thickness in. (13 mm), typical in. (20 mm) Fabrication and Finishing Plate is thermally cut Holes drilled or thermally cut Specification Section M2.2 has requirements for thermal cutting Finishing: Specification Section M2.8 < 2 in. (50 mm) milling not generally required 2 4 in.(50 100 mm) straightened by pressing or milling > 4 in. (100 mm) milling required Only mill where column bears Bottom surface with grout need not be milled Top surface not milled if complete-joint-penetration (CJP) welds
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Base Plate Material, Fabrication and Finishing

Base Plate Welding Fillet welds preferred up to in. (20 mm) then groove welds Avoid all around symbol Weld for wide-flange columns subject to axial compression Weld on one side of column flanges to avoid rotating the section:

HSS subject to axial compression: Weld flats only Shear, Tension, Moment, and Combinations Size weld for forces not all around No weld at fillets of wide-flange columns Must weld at corners of HSS if tension or moment Shop welded preferred Very heavy base plates may be field welded after grouting
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Anchor Rod Materials and Details

Anchor Rod Material

Preferred ASTM F1554 Gr 36 except when high tension and or moment.

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Anchor Rod Materials and Details

Anchor Rod Material Unified Course (UNC) threads Standard Hex Nuts permitted but Heavy Hex nuts required for oversize holes and with high strength anchor rods. Hooked anchor rods have very low pull-out strength but OK for axial compression only. Headed rods or rods with nuts are preferred.

Headed Rods

Rods with Nuts

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Anchor Rod Materials and Details

Anchor Rod Material Use of plate washers at bottom of rods can cause erection problems and should be avoided. Drilled-in epoxy anchor rods may be used for light loads Wedge-type anchors should not be used because of potential loosing during erection.

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Anchor Rod Materials and Details

Anchor Rod Holes and Washers Oversize holes required because of placement tolerances. Recommended hole and washer sizes are in Design Guide 1 (Table 2-3) and AISC 14th Ed. Manual (Table 14-2).

Smaller holes may be used when axial compression only. Plate washers required when tension and/or moment.
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Anchor Rods Material and Details

Anchor Rod Sizing and Layout Recommendations Use in. (22 mm) minimum diameter. Use Grade 36 rod up to about 2 in. (50 mm) diameter. Thread at least 3 in. (75 mm) beyond what is needed. Minimum in. (12 mm) distance between edge of hole and edge of plate. Use symmetrical pattern whenever possible. Provide ample clearance for nut tightening. Coordinate anchor bolt placement with reinforcement location.

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSEA)

OSEA Safety Standards for Steel Erection (2008) Minimum of four anchor rods. Base plate to resist eccentric gravity load of 300 lb (1,300 N) 18 in. (450 mm) from extrem outer face of column in each direction. 300 lb (1,300) represents weight of iron worker with tools. Exception: Post-type columns weighing less than 300 lb.
18 in.

Note: Smallest of anchor rods on a 4 in. by 4 in. (100 mm by 100 mm) pattern is generally sufficient.

300 lb

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Column Base Plates

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Base Plate Bending Strength Concrete Crushing Concrete Anchorage for Tension Forces Shear Resistance Anchor Rod Tension Design Anchor Rod Shear Design Anchor Rod Embedment Constructability
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Base Plates for Axial Compression

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Design for Axial Compression

Column Base Plate Design Limit States Base Plate Bending Concrete Crushing

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Design for Axial Compression

Column Base Plate Bending

fpu = Ru /(BxN) = pressure due to reaction Let m = max(n and m) Mu= fpu (1) (m2/2 < Mp Mp = 0.9 Fy Zx = 0.9x 1 x tp2/4) Fy Substituting:
t p , min = 2 f pu ( m ' 2 ) 0 .9 F y
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Design for Axial Compression

Column Base Plate Bending Lightly Loaded Base Plate Required concrete bearing area is less than bfdc. d

bf

Bearing Area
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Design for Axial Compression

Column Base Plate Bending Lightly Loaded Base Plate Replace m with l = max {m, n, n}, where
2 X = 1 .0 1+ 1-X

t p ,min = 4db f Pu 0.9Fy X= (d + b )2 Pp f Reference: Thornton, W.A., Design of Base Plates for Wide Flange Columns A Concatenation of Methods, AISC Engineering Journal, 21 Fourth Quarter, 1990.

1 n = 4

db f

2f pu l 2

Design for Axial Compression

HSS Sections Bend lines.

0.95h

0.95d

0.80d

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Design for Axial Compression

Concrete Crushing Specification Section J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete c = 0.65 (a) On the full area of a concrete support Pp = 0.85fcA1 (J8-1) (b) On less than the full area of a concrete support (J8-2) where Pp = 0.85fc A1 A 2 / A1 1.7fc A1 fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (Mpa) A1 = area of steel bearing on concrete, in.2 A2 = area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in.2 Note: The limit < 1.7fc is equivalent to A2/A1 < 4
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Ex.: Determine if the base plate shown is adequate. Column: W10x33 d = 9.73 in. bf = 7.96 in. PL 1- x 18 x 1-6 A36 Concrete Pedestal: 24 in. by 24 in. (assume square) fc=3.0 ksi Pu = 250 kips o o
18 24
24

o
18 24

Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Concrete Crushing A1 = 18 x 18 = 324 in2 (Plan area of base plate) A2 = (24)(24) = 576 in2 (Plan area of concrete pedestal) A2/A1 = 576/324 = 1.78 < 4
A2 A1

A1 Pp = 0.85 f c

o
18 24
25

= 0.65 (0.85 3.0 ) (324 ) 1.78 = 716 k > 250 k OK

o
18 24

Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Plate Bending n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in.
7.96

n = (1 / 4 ) db f = (1 / 4 ) 9 .73 x 7 .96 = 2 .20 in .

4db f Pu X= 2 (d + b ) Pp f 4x9.73x7.96 250 = (9.73 + 7.96 )2 716 = 0.333
4.38 9.73 9.24 4.38 18

5.82 6.37 5.82 18

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Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Plate Bending n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in.
7.96

n = (1 / 4 ) db f = (1 / 4 ) 9 .73 x 7 .96 = 2 .20 in .

4db f Pu X= 2 (d + b ) Pp f 4x9.73x7.96 250 = (9.73 + 7.96 )2 716 = 0.333
4.38 9.73 9.24 4.38 18

5.82 6.37 5.82 18

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Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Plate Bending
2 X 2 0 . 333 = = 1+ 1-X 1 + 1 - 0 . 333 = 0 . 635 1 . 0 n ' = 0 . 635 x 2 . 20 = 1 . 40 in .
9.73

7.96

4.38 9.24 4.38 18

l = max {m, n, n} = max {4.38,5.82,1.40} = 5.82 in. fpu = Ru /BN = 250/(18x18) = 0.772 ksi
5.82 6.37 5.82 18

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Design for Axial Compression -- Example

Plate Bending

tp =

2f pu l 2 0.9Fy

2 x 0.772 x 5.82 2 0.9 x 36

9.73

7.96

4.38

= 1.27 in . 1.5in . OK
9.24 4.38 18

PL 1- x 18 x 1-6 A36 is Adequate.

5.82 6.37 5.82 18

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Design for Axial Compression

Variation of Pn with Base Plate Thickness with Increasing Axial Force

Pn
c c

m or n

BN = bfd Required tp
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Design for Axial Compression

Was the base plate too strong?

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Base Plates for Axial Tension

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Connection Limit States Anchor Rod Tensile Strength Concrete Pull-out Strength Concrete Anchorage Tensile Strength Base Plate Bending Strength

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Anchor Rod Tensile Strength Tensile Strength Tn = FntAb where = 0.75 Fnt = 0.75Fu Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of anchor rod = 58 ksi (300 MPa) for Gr 36 = 75 ksi (400 MPa) for Gr 55 = 125 ksi (650 MPa) for Gr 125 Notes: Ab is the nominal area of the anchor rod = d2/4. 0.75 in 0.75Fu account for rupture (tensile) area. See AISC 14th Ed. Manual Table 7-17 for actual areas.

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Ex. Determine the design strength,Tn, for the limit state of anchor rod tension rupture. 4 - in. (20 mm) diameter, Grade 36 anchor rods

Tn = 4 x 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab = 4 x 0.75 (0.75x58)(0.752/4) = 4 x 14.4 kips (4 x 53 kN) = 57.6 kips (212 kN)

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Concrete Pullout Strength Provisions in ACI 318-08, Section D5.3 Design pullout strength of headed anchor rod or anchor rod with nut: Np = 4Abrg8fc where = 0.70 4 = 1.4 for no cracking, 1.0 if cracking exists Abrg = net bearing area of the anchor rod head or nut, in2 fc = specified compression strength of concrete, psi Notes: Hooked anchor rods are not recommended with tensile loadings.

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Concrete Pullout Strength AISC Design Guide 1 Table for Strengths with Heavy Hex Nuts

Note: kN = 4.448 x kips

N/mm2 = 6.895x10-3 x psi

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Concrete Breakout Strength Provisions in ACI 318-08, Section D4.2.2

Full breakout cone

Breakout cone for group anchors

Breakout cone near edge

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Base Plate Bending Strength AISC Design Guide 1 recommended bend lines.
g2

g1

Alternate Critical Section is the full width of the base plate.

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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces

Base Plate Bending Strength Other possible bend lines.
Critical Section bf + 1 in.

Critical Section

Similar to Extended End-Plates

For all cases: Define: x = distance from center of anchor bolt to critical section w = width of critical section Tu = force in anchor bolt 4Tu x t p ,min = Mn = 0.9Fywtp2/4 = Mu = Tux 0.9Fy w
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Base Plates for Axial Compression and Moment

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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Connection Limit States Concrete Crushing Anchor Rod Tensile Strength Concrete Pull-out Strength Concrete Anchorage Tensile Strength Base Plate Bending Strength Cases T = 0 (Relatively small moment) T > 0 (Relatively large moment)
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Limit for T = 0 Fy = 0 with T=0 Base Plate is B by N in plan. Pr = qY = fpBY Mo = 0 Pre = qY2/2 PrN/2 Then e = N/2 Y/2 of if fp < fp,max with A 2 / A1 0.65x 1.7fc fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc then ecrit = N/2 Pr/(2Bfp,max) Therefore If e < ecrit, T =0 and Y = N-2e ecrit = N/2 Pr/(2Bfp,max)
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

For T > 0 e > ecrit and fp = fp,max Fy = 0 Pr T fp,maxBY =0 Mo = 0 T(N/2+f) + Pr(N/2) Pre fp,maxBY2/2 = 0 Solving the resulting quadratic equation Note: If the quantity in the radical is less than zero, a larger base plate is required.
Y =(f + N / 2) (f + T = fp ,max BY T N 2 2Pr (e + f ) ) 2 fp ,max B

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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 1. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 940 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution:
A 2 / A1 fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc = 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi

e = Mu/Pu = 970/376 = 2.50 ecrit = N/2 Pr/(2Bfp,max) = 19.0/2 376/(2x19.0x2.21) = 5.02 in. e < ecrit T = 0 and Y = N-2e = 19.0 2x 2.50 = 14.0 in.
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 1. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 940 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution Continued: fp = Pu/(NY) = 376/(19.0x14.0) = 1.41 ksi m = (N-0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in. m = (B-0.80bf)/2 = (19.0-0.80x12.2)/2 = 4.62 in.
tp = 2f pu n 2 0.9Fy = 2 x1.41x 4.62 2 = 1.36 in . 0.9 x 36

Use PL 1 x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36 4 in. Anchor Rods x 12 in. F1554 Gr 36 w/ heavy hex nuts at bottom.

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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution:
A 2 / A1 fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc = 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi

e = Mu/Pu = 2500/376 = 6.65 ecrit = N/2 Pr/(2Bfp,max) = 19.0/2 376/(2x19.0x2.21) = 5.02 in. N 2 P (e + f ) e > ecrit T > 0 and Y =(f + N / 2) (f + )2 r
2 fp ,max B
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution Continued:
N 2 2Pr (e + f ) Y = (f + N / 2 ) (f + ) 2 fp ,max B 19.0 2 2x 376(6.65 + 8.0) = (8.0 + 19.0 / 2) (8.0 + ) 2 2.21x19.0 = 10.9 in.

fp = Pu/(NY) = 376/(19.0x10.9) = 1.82 ksi

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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution Continued: m = (N - 0.95d)/2 = (19.0-0.95x12.7)/2 = 3.47 in. n = (B - 0.80bf)/2 =(19.0-0.80x12.2)/2 = 4.62 in.
tp = 2f pu m 2 0.9Fy = 2 x1.82 x 4.62 2 = 1.54 in . 0.9 x 36

Need to check tensions side.

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Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution Continued: T = fp,max BY Pu = 2.21x19.0x10.9 376 = 80.4 kips Try 2 Anchor Rods each Side Required plate thickness: X = f 0.95d/2 = 8.0 -0.95x12.7/2 = 1.96 in. x w = bf + 1.0 = 12.2 + 1.0 = 13.0 in. f 4T x 4 x 80 .4 x1.96 t p ,min = = = 1.22 in . 0.9Fy w 0.9 x 36 x13 .0 Use PL 1 x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36 50

Design for Axial Compression and Moment

Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter. Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992 N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in. fc = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in. Solution Continued: Trod = 80.4/2 = 40.2 kips per anchor rod Try 1 -1/4 in. diameter Tn = 0.75 (0.75Fu) Ab = 0.75 (0.75x58)(1.252/4) = 40.0 kips 40.2 kips Say OK Check Pullout: From AISC Design Guide 1, Table 3.2, Tn = 50.2 kips OK
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Shear Anchorage of Base Plates

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Shear Anchorage of Base Plates

Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-08 and ACI 349-06) Friction between base plate and grout or concrete surface. Vn = Pu < 0.2fcAc or 800Ac where = 0.75 = coefficient of friction = 0.4 Pu = factored compressive axial force Ac = plan area of base plate, BN Bearing of the column and base plate and/or shear lug against concrete.

Pu,brg = 0.55fcAbrg where Abrg = vertical bearing area

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Shear Anchorage of Base Plates

Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-08 and ACI 349-06) Shear strength of the anchor rods. Not recommended because of oversize holes in base plate. Hairpins and Tie Rods

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Column Erection Procedures

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Column Erection Procedures

Anchor rods are positioned and placed in the concrete before it cures. Plastic caps are placed over the anchor bolts to protect laborers.

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Column Erection Procedures

Concrete block-outs may be made so that the base plate and anchor bolts are recessed below floor level for safety and aesthetics.

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Column Erection Procedures

Slotted holes are allow for difference in standard field tolerances between concrete and steel.

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Column Erection Procedures

The column is leveled by adjusting the anchor bolt nuts below the plate. Grout will be placed under and around the base plate to transfer axial forces to the concrete below.

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Column Erection Procedures

Grout will be placed under and around the base plate to transfer axial forces to the concrete below. At least it should be.

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Result of Poor Anchor Rod Placement

The following slides are courtesy of Fisher & Kloiber- AISC Field Fixes presentation.
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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods in the wrong location.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods in the wrong location.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods in the wrong location.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods too short.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods too long.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Shop rework fo column and base plate.

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Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor rods

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Poor Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor bolts run over by a crane.

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Poor Anchor Rod Placement

Anchor bolts run over by something.

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Our next IMCA Manual, due to come out shortly, will state in the Code of Standard Practice, that in addition to the requirement that the contractor responsible for placing the anchors in site, present a drawing showing the as-placed location of the anchors, that the supplier of the structure provide the necessary templates for this purpose. They are to be so designed as to insure the correct position, both vertically (including the length of the anchor extending above the concrete surface) and horizontally, show the location of the building axis relative to the anchor group and leave permanent marks of the axis in the concrete surface. The price of the templates is recommended to be the average price of the steel structure. (We save so much on the cost of erection that we would be glad to give the templates away free, but don't tell my clients.) We have been using this method over the past 5 years in all of our jobs. We are delighted in not having had a single problem in placing the columns, the structures are all self-plumbing, the bolts all easily inserted and the time for erection greatly shortened. On a job we are now doing, from the date our bid was accepted, it took 7 weeks to design, fabricate, erect the steel structure and install 20,000 sq. ft. of decking, with shear anchors hand welded, for a three story school building, working one 11 hr shift both at the shop and the site. A second similar 30,000 sq. ft. building will be finished this week, 8 weeks after the first one.

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