1.

Steel reinforcements get new concrete protection

MCI-2012 IntegraPel is an integral waterproofing and corrosion inhibiting admixture designed to prevent or retard corrosion of steel reinforcement in new concrete structures. It is a water-based organic admixture and uses a two-pronged approach to protect embedded steel. It reduces the intrusion of corrosive species into the concrete and provides a self-replenishing protective layer on embedded reinforcement with Cortecs patented, time-proven migratory corrosion inhibitor. MCI-2012 IntegraPel differentiates itself from other waterproofing admixtures by directly protecting the reinforcing steel, the entity that plays the most important role in determining the longevity of a concrete structure. MCI-2012 IntegraPel is particularly suited as a corrosion preventative for concrete construction exposed to corrosive environments (carbonation, chlorides, and atmospheric attack). It is formulated to reduce porosity of the concrete and make the concrete waterproof. It also incorporates corrosion inhibitors that protect the steel rebar itself. These two mechanisms work to synergistically enhance the protection. MCI-2012 IntegraPel admixture is added to concrete prior to placement, thus inherently increasing the durability of the concrete/mortar. This economically effective liquid is recommended for all reinforced concrete including precast, pre-stressed, and posttensioned structures. MCI-2012 IntegraPel must be added to the concrete mix at the batching plant and mixed thoroughly prior to loading into ready-mix truck drum. It should be added along with the mix water, not added directly to the cement. MCI-2012 IntegraPel may be used with all types of Portland cements.

Bring out some more commercially available admixtures like shown above and some special qualities they have which have brought a revolution in construction industry ?????? in 2 A4 sheets.

2.

Roller Compacted Concrete

Roller Compacted Concrete pavement is best described as a zero slump concrete that is placed with standard or high-density paving equipment and consolidated/compacted using steel-drum or rubber-tired rollers to achieve a durable, wear resistant surface. Roller-Compacted Concrete pavements were first used in the 1970s for stabilization of logging roads in the US and Canada. It has proven to be a very effective heavy duty pavement that can stand up to harsh climates, heavy wheel loads and difficult operating conditions. Typically, Roller-Compacted Concrete has been used for heavy duty pavements such as log handling yards, intermodal terminals, freight depots, and other industrial applications. However, more recently there has been an increase in the use of Roller-Compacted Concrete to create cost-effective pavements for many conventional highway and street applications.

Benefits of Roller Compacted Concrete

Speed of Construction Perhaps the biggest benefit of Roller Compacted Concrete pavement is that it can be constructed more quickly and costeffectively than conventional concrete or most asphalt pavements. Roller Compacted Concrete is placed with conventional or high-density asphalt-type paving equipment and compacted with rollers, eliminating the need for forming and finishing. In most cases, Roller Compacted Concrete can be competed in one pass. Extremely heavy-duty pavements requiring thicknesses greater than 10 inches may require two lifts. Because of its density and compaction, Roller Compacted Concrete can achieve sufficient load carrying capacity quickly and has, in some instances, been open to traffic within 24 hours after placement Durability Roller Compacted Concrete is a rigid pavement which will easily withstand the load form repetitive traffic. Because it can more evenly carry heavy loads, Roller Compacted Concrete will not rut from heavy axle loads, nor will it shove or tear from turning or braking vehicles. Additionally, Roller Compacted Concrete has all of the durability of conventional concrete pavement including resistance to fuels, oils, solvents and other fluids, and the ability to withstand the extremes of summer heat and winter cold. A properly designed Roller Compacted Concrete pavement will easily provide 20+ years of service. Low Maintenance Similar to conventional concrete, Roller Compacted Concrete has fewer repairs over its service life. There is no seal coating or resurfacing required. Aside from an occasional cleaning with a sweeper/vacuum, Roller Compacted Concrete maintenance requirements are minimal.

Competitive Cost There are numerous cost savings associated with Roller Compacted Concrete. Historically, Roller Compacted Concrete has been comparable in cost to asphalt pavement. With rising oil/asphalt costs, Roller Compacted Concrete may actually be lower in initial paving costs. When compared to conventional concrete paving costs, Roller Compacted Concrete can provide savings of 25% to 30%. And owners will appreciate the lower Life-Cycle cost associated with Roller Compacted Concretes low maintenance requirements. Sustainability Roller Compacted Concrete pavements are environmentally friendly. Supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag can be used, reducing the amount of Portland cement and thus lowering the embodied energy of an Roller Compacted Concrete mix. Roller Compacted Concretes lighter color provides greater light reflectivity, which means brighter and safer surroundings as well as lower lighting requirements. In fact, Roller Compacted Concrete pavement can reduce energy consumption by as much as 37% by either reducing the number of light fixtures needed or by allowing lower wattage light. The lighter color of Roller Compacted Concrete also means less heat is absorbed, resulting in cooler communities. Utilizing a lighter colored pavement such as Roller Compacted Concrete can reduce ambient air temperatures by as much as 7-10 degrees. Roller Compacted Concrete pavements have a solar reflectance index (SRI) greater than the minimum 29 that is necessary to obtain the appropriate credits for heat island mitigation non-roof in the USGBCs LEED Green Building Rating System.

Materials used for Roller Compacted Concrete

Aggregates Aggregates constitute up to 85% of the Roller Compacted Concrete mixture volume and they play an influential role in the workability, density, strength and durability of the mix. Roller Compacted Concrete differs from conventional concrete in its gradation requirements. The different gradation requirement comes from the need of the Roller Compacted Concrete aggregate skeleton to be consolidated under compaction efforts from the paver and the steel drum and rubber-tire rollers. The fine and coarse aggregate gradation should be selected to ensure workability, compactability, and surface finish. Selection of proper aggregates and aggregate gradation for Roller Compacted Concrete pavements reduces the potential for segregation and improves the strength and durability of the pavement. Aggregate selection will also affect both the water requirements and the amount of cementitious materials needed. Aggregates should be well-graded and of high quality. Similar aggregates used in conventional PCC work well in Roller Compacted Concrete as long as they are tested for quality and consistency. Practices for selecting and blending aggregates may vary depending on local practices, construction specifications, severity of exposure, and availability of different sizes, as well as the convenience of the concrete producer and contractor and the economic environment. Crushed or uncrushed aggregates or blends may be used in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures, depending primarily on availability. A dense, well-graded aggregate blend is most desirable. Although aggregate suppliers may supply one product meeting the proper aggregate gradation, in most cases, fine and coarse products are blended to produce the desired combined gradation.

Coarse Aggregates Coarse aggregates meeting ASTM C33/AASHTO M6/M80 standards are recommended for Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures. Coarse aggregates are often limited to a Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate (NMSA) of inch to prevent segregation and achieve a tight surface. Typical NMSA varies from 5/8 inch to inch. NMSAs larger than inch (up to 1 ) can be used and, if properly proportioned (with adequate fines), can render a good quality finish. Larger NMSAs are typically used for non-wearing course or secondary applications where surface appearance is not of high importance. NMSAs smaller than inch (as small as inch) can be used to reduce segregation, enhance cohesiveness, provide a closed surface, and improve riding quality. However, smaller NMSAs may increase the cement consumption.

Like coarse aggregates, fine aggregates should also meet ASTM C33/AASHTO M6/M80. The use of fines passing the No. 200 sieve, if they are non-plastic, may help reduce the fine aggregate voids in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures.

Fine Aggregates The Roller Compacted Concrete aggregate skeleton, which is consolidated under compaction efforts, is significantly affected by the fine aggregates. A higher amount of fine aggregates allows for the reduction of cement and corresponding paste, which, when balanced by the proper gradation with coarse aggregate, provides for a compactable and durable mixture. Like asphalt, when crushed fine aggregates are used, aggregate interlock is important for load carrying abilities. However unlike asphalt, Roller Compacted Concrete can use rounded fine aggregates since it has a very strong binder (cement mortar) compared to asphalt binder. As a result, naturally derived fine aggregate sources with a lack of angularity can be combined with properly graded coarse aggregate and a strong cement binder. The outcome is a single lift that can be up to 10 in. thick and still meet the required density.

Cementitious The basic types of hydraulic cement, blended cements or a combination of hydraulic cement and a pozzolan can be used in the Roller Compacted Concrete mix. Like conventional concrete, materials used in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures should be selected for chemical resistance to sulfate attack, potential alkali reactivity, and resistance to abrasion. Type I and II cements are commonly used in Roller Compacted Concrete pavements. Type III can be used when early strength gain is required. Type V can be used when specific soils require high sulfate resistance. Cementitious materials should meet the requirements of ASTM C150 or ASTM C1157. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can be used to provide additional fine material and ensure adequate compaction, particularly in mixtures containing standard-graded concrete fine aggregate. However, SCMs have not been extensively used in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures in the United States and in particular the southeast.

Chemical Admixtures To date, most usage has been in central batch and transit mixer operations. Admixtures have not commonly been used in pugmill operations. Because Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures are very dry, admixtures must be added in higher quantities than that of conventional concrete in order to be effective. Any admixture considered should be tested prior to use to determine its effectiveness on fresh and hardened Roller Compacted Concrete properties. ASTM C494 should be consulted for any Roller Compacted Concrete placement. It is important that when considering the use of a chemical admixture in Roller Compacted Concrete mixes, that proper laboratory and field testing should be conducted to ensure performance and compatibility. The testing will also verify the proper dosage rates for the admixtures which are different from conventional PCC

How did roller compacted concrete changed the concept of road construction in the world . What is the Scenario in India .????

3.

GROUTING
Grouting reinforcement into holes drilled in existing concrete is commonly specified in the repair and retrofit of reinforced concrete structures. The procedure is widely used in highway construction to attach barriers and widen existing bridges, applications that involve relatively low cover on the grouted bars. In spite of its widespread use, little data exists on the bond strength of grouted reinforcement to concrete, and no data exists for bars with low cover. This lack of data has prevented the development of rational anchorage design procedures. Designers usually make use of proprietary design tables provided by grout manufacturers. These tables provide strengths that are based on highly confined pullout specimens. The strengths are then typically reduced by a factor of safety to establish allowable anchorage strengths. The strengths and modes of failure exhibited by highly confined specimens do not, however, match those obtained by grouted bars loaded under realistic conditions.

Elaborate the above study with respect to the topic How grouting is impo rtant in construction industry. What are the advancements in grouting techniques.????? in 2 A4 sheets max .