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Table of Contents
Section Page 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................3 1.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................3 1.2 Abstract ....................................................................................................................3 2.0 Theoretical Considerations ...............................................................................................3 2.1 Static and Dynamic Loads .......................................................................................3 2.2 Static Lateral Load Analysis....................................................................................4 2.2.1 Problem Statement ....................................................................................4 2.2.2 Solution .....................................................................................................5 2.3 Dynamic Lateral Load Analysis ..............................................................................5 2.3.1 Problem Statement ....................................................................................5 2.3.2 Purpose of Dynamic Analysis...................................................................7 2.4 System Identification ...............................................................................................8 2.4.1 Free-Vibration Test...................................................................................8 2.4.2 Sine-sweep Test ......................................................................................10 2.5 Dynamic Response Analysis..................................................................................14 2.5.1 Ground Displacement Analysis ..............................................................14 2.5.2 Sinusoidal Ground Displacement ...........................................................16 2.5.3 Earthquake Ground Displacement ..........................................................17 2.6 Effects of Base Isolation ........................................................................................18 3.0 Description of Lab Equipment .......................................................................................19 3.1 Required Equipment ..............................................................................................19 3.2 Instructional Shake Table ......................................................................................19 3.3 Power Supply .........................................................................................................20 3.4 Data Acquisition and Control System....................................................................20 3.5 Software .................................................................................................................20 3.6 Measurement Sensors ............................................................................................21 3.7 Test Structure .........................................................................................................21 3.8 Seismic Isolation Systems......................................................................................22 4.0 Procedures for Conducting Experimental Tests ...........................................................26 4.1 System Identification: Free-Vibration Tests..........................................................26 4.2 System Identification: Sine-Sweep Tests...............................................................26 4.3 Seismic Response Evaluation ................................................................................27 5.0 Questions...........................................................................................................................28 5.1 Questions Related to System Identification and Seismic Response Tests.............28 5.2 General Dynamic Analysis Questions ...................................................................28 6.0 References .........................................................................................................................30
Student Manual
Student Manual
2.2 Static Lateral Load Analysis 2.2.1 Problem Statement Consider a simple one-story industrial building whose plan and elevation views are shown in Figure 1. The structure resists lateral loads via moment resisting frames in the north-south direction and braced frames in the east-west direction. Rigid diaphragm action is provided at the roof level via a horizontal bracing system located at the bottom chord of the roof trusses. The weight of the structure may be regarded as concentrated at the roof level.
Figure 1 (a) Plan view; (b) east and west elevations; and (c) north and south elevations of a single-story industrial building (from Chopra, 2001). If a static lateral load, P, is applied at the roof level in the north-south direction, the resistance to lateral motion will be provided by the columns of the moment resisting frames. Specifically, the stiffness of the columns, k, results in a restoring force, f s , which is proportional (assuming elastic behavior) to the lateral displacement, u, of the columns (see Figure 2). The equation relating the applied static force and the induced restoring forces may be obtained by application of Newtons Second Law for translational motion of a rigid body (recall your course on dynamics):
F = ma
(1)
which states that the net force acting on a rigid body is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration of the body. Note that Eq. (1) is a vector equation and thus the resulting acceleration is in the same direction as the net force. Applying Newtons Second Law to a freebody-diagram of the roof (mass) of the structure results in (see Figure 2(b)): fS + P = 0 (2)
where the acceleration is taken as zero since the load is applied statically. The restoring force for linear elastic behavior is given by
Student Manual
(3)
(4)
and thus we see that, in the case of static application of a force, the total force that develops in the columns is equal to the applied static force.
Figure 2 (a) Deformed shape of frame under static lateral load; and (b) free body diagram of mass of structure (adapted from Chopra, 2001).
2.2.2 Solution The lateral displacement of the structure at the roof level is obtained by rearranging Eq. (4):
u=
P k
(5)
Thus, we have derived the simple result that application of a static load to the structure produces a displacement response equal to the magnitude of the force divided by the lateral stiffness of the structure.
Student Manual
damping forces may be obtained by application of Newtons Second Law for translational motion of a rigid body (recall your course in dynamics):
F(t ) = ma (t )
(6)
Applying Newtons Second Law to a free-body-diagram of the roof (mass) of the structure results in (see Figure 3(b)):