Ground Improvement Techniques by Grouting

Ground Improvement Techniques by Grouting
A.I.T.Chikmagalur
GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES BY GROUTING
Department of Civil Engineering
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A.I.T.Chikmagalur
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TYPES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES CATEGORIES GROUTING METHOD OF GROUT INJECTION GROUTING CONTROL APPLICATIONS OF GROUT CASE STUDIES CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
What is ground improvement technique? Ground improvement technique is the process of improving the geotechnical characteristics of soil used in construction Grouting technology has become a common groundimprovement method used frequently for underground andfoundation constructions. The process of grouting consistsof filling pores or cavities in soil or rock with a liquid formmaterial to decrease the permeability and improve theshear strength by increasing the cohesion when it is set.Cement base grout mixes are commonly used for gravelylayers or fissure rock treatment. But the suspension grainsize may be too big to penetrate sand or silty-sand layers.In this case, chemical or organic grout mixes are alsoused. In recent years, the availability of ultrafine groutmixes has extended the performance of hydraulic basegrout for soil treatment
TYPES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

COMPACTION PILE BLASTING PRE-COMPRESSION STONE COLUMN VIBROFLOATATION GROUTING ELECTRO OSMOSIS THERMAL TREATMENT
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GROUTING
Grouting is a process where by fluid like material, either in suspension or in solution form are injected into subsurface soil or rock to achieve a decrease in permeability and compressibility
AIMS OF GROUTING
To decrease the permeability. To increase the shear strength. To decrease the compressibility
GROUT PROVES MORE EFFECTIVE IN THE FOLLOWING CASES

When the foundation has to be constructed below ground water table. When there is difficult to the foundation level (ex: city work, tunnel shafts,sewers, subway construction). When the geometric dimensions of the foundations are complicated and involved many boundaries and contact zones. When the adjacent structure require that the soil of the foundation strata should not be excavated
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Categories of Grouting
a. Penetration grouting b. Compaction grouting c. HYDROFRACTURE GROUTING d. Jet grouting
PENETRATION OR PERMREATION GROUTING

DEFINITION: Penetration grouting describes the process of filling joints or fractures in rock or pore spaces in soil with a grout without disturbing the formation. Advantages Controlled and accurate placement. Economical cost. Significant and predictable degrees of improvement. Non-vibratory. Limited workspace required
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COMPACTION GROUTING
The basic concept of compaction grouting is that of injecting a growing bulb of grout that acts as a radial hydraulic jack, displacing surrounding soil particles and thus radially compacting the soil from the point of injection
Compaction Grouting Geo technical Consideration The insitu vertical stress in the treatment stratum must be sufficient to enable the grout to displace the soil horizontally. The grout injection rate should be slow enough to allow pore pressure dissipation. Collapsible soils can usually be treated effectively with the addition of water during drilling prior to compaction grout injection.
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Advantages of compaction grouting Pinpoint treatment Speed of installation Effective in a variety of soil conditions Can be performed in very tight access & low headroom condition Non-hazardous No waste spoil disposal Non-destructive & adaptable to exiting foundations Able to reach depths unattainable by other methods
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HYDROFRACTURE GROUTING
Definition: If the grouting pressure is greater than the tensile strength of the soil or rock being grouted, the soil or rock fails resulting in fractured zone. The grout penetrates this fractured zone forming densified region of soil or rock masses
The control of settlement is carried out from outside the building and hence there is no disruption to the occupants Advantages of Hydrofractuire grouting The control of settlement is carried out from outside the building and hence there is no disruption to the occupants The process can be repeated allowing continued control of settlement (if required)
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JET GROUTING
The ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Division Committee on grouting defined Jet grouting as a technique utilizing a special drill bit with horizontal and vertical high speed water jets to excavate alluvial soils and produce hard impervious column by pumping grout through the horizontal nozzles that jets and mixes with foundation material as the drill bit is with drawn.
Advantages jet grouting Nearly all soil types grout able Designable strength & permeability No harmful vibrations Can be performed in limited workspace Maintenance free Safest method of under pinning construction Much faster than alternative method
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METHODS OF GROUT INJECTION

1.Bottom-up grouting In this method the casing is driven to full depth & is with drawn to a specified elevation, then grout is injected. This process continues upward to the surface of the material grouted. Fig (a)
2.Sealed-in sleeve pipe injection: This method allows several injection at the same elevation. Injection is done by double packer, which is inserted in the sleeve pipe to the desired location.Although the method is more complicated than bottom up grouting & the initial cost during drilling &The selection of different grout viscosities as the grout take varies at different locations.Fig (b)
3.Simultaneous drilling & grouting: This method allows for injection during rotary drilling. At a pre-determined distance, drill rod is withdrawn and the grout is injected into the soil through a separate drill rod .The process continues from the top downward. However this method is only suitable for previous granular soil. Fig (c).
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GROUTING CONTROL
Monitoring the grout taken as a function of pressure Observing ground heave Digging inspection pits Retrieving Core samples for examination and laboratory testing Conducting borehole permeability tests.
APPLICATIONS
Control of ground water during construction. Void filling to prevent excessive settlement. Strengthening adjacent foundation excavation, pile drilling etc. Soil strengthening to reduce lateral support requirements. Stabilization of loose sands against liquefaction. Foundation underpinning. Reduction of machine foundation vibrations
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CASE STUDIES
Kraft Foods Dover, Delaware For construction of a 20 ft (6m) deep railcar unloading pit within an existing building, jet grouting performed three functions: excavation support, underpinning, and grout control to meet project performance objectives, a bathtub configuration was constructed via perimeter wall of 20 ft deep, interconnected jet grouted columns enclosing a 6ft thick jet grouted base. The perimeter columns provided excavation support while those at corners of pit also underpinned the existing adjacent footing. The jet grouting program successfully prevent building movement and vertical and horizontal ground water infiltration.
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Dalesford lake development Berwyn,Pennsylvania A luxury, four unit town house structure founded on timber piles had exhibited structural distress related to sink hole activity.Surface investigation revealed 530ft of miscellaneous fill,including wood chips and building materials, overlaying clay soil. Beneath this,pinnacled karastic lime stone was encountered at depths ranging between 10 and 30ft.Grout pipes were installed at 68 interior, low head room locations and 90 exterior locations, to an average depth of 16 to 21ft. Compaction grouting was performed to stabilize the driven pile foundation, reestablish ground contact with the structure, and halt the soil piping that had resulted from sink hole activity.The work was successfully completed while the building remained occupied.
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SUMMARY
> Many engineers still consider this grouting technique as a art rather than science. > Its successful application requires great deal of experience, thorough knowledge of geological condition and awareness of equipment capabilities and limitations. > The overall success of grouting technology is less than 50% of intended goals.
REFERENCES
Koerner, R. M, (1985) construction and Geotechnical Methods in Foundation Engineering, McGraw Hill Book Company,Newyork. Hausmann, M.R, (1990), Engineering Principles of Ground Modification. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, Newyork. www.hayward baker.com
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