Steam Reformer Heaters

Steam Reformer Heaters Experience by Foster Wheeler
A direct-fired steam hydrocarbon reforming heater is the work-horse of the hydrodelsulphurisation process and of many synthesis gas production processes converting a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstocks to hydrogen. The heater may stand-alone or operate in conjunction with a pre-reformer, postreformer, or other schemes. In the furnace, the reforming of steam-hydrocarbon mixtures is accomplished in catalyst-filled tubes. The reformer reaction is endothermic, requiring high level heat input. For a safe, reliable and efficient operation, the following considerations are important in designing Steam Reformer heaters: Firstly the process heat demand with the catalyst tubes varies significantly from inlet to outlet. A second requirement is uniformity of heat distribution along the length of the furnace. In fact the furnace has to be operated on the basis of the average temperature of the mixed effluent from a number of parallel streams. However it is the individual outlet temperature of each tube which determines the effectiveness of a particular tube. A reduction in outlet temperature of one tube is generally not compensated for by an equivalent higher temperature of another tube, and accordingly the efficiency of the furnace from the point of view of methane conversion is adversely affected by temperature gradients along the furnace length. A third important consideration is the uniformity of circumferential heat flux. The Foster Wheeler Terrace Wall Reformer takes these three considerations into account and provides optimum performance in each of the three vital areas enumerated above. Firstly, the inclined terrace walls are uniformly heated by the rising flow of hot combustion products with each terrace capable of independent adjustment to provide the local heat flux desired in its zone. The incline of the wall also localises the effectiveness of the terrace to the position of the heat-absorbing surface directly opposed to it. Actual experience has shown that Terrace Wall Reformer accomplished to this to a far greater degree than is possible with any flat wall construction. Uniformity of heat distribution along the length of the furnace is assured by the special burner design, which provides for a virtually continuous arrangement with no marked discontinuity. In order to meet the third requirement for the best flux distribution around the circumference of each tube, Foster Wheeler design provides for ample spacing between the tubes.
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Specific Features and advantages of Foster Wheeler design The Foster Wheeler patented design Terrace-Wall type, features true radiant wall design. This type of unit ensures optimum utilisation of the tube surface and catalyst volume. Radiant Section Tube Arrangement The catalyst tubes are located in the centre-line of each radiant cell. The rate of heat transfer to the catalyst tubes has been made nearly uniform by heating the tubes from both sides at two elevations along the entire length of heater by means of continuous row of flat flame burner located on each side of the two terraces. Remaining unchanged the possibility of controlling the heat flux along the length of the tube, the circumferential heat flux pattern is fixed once the tube arrangement is fixed. The peak heat flux depends on the ratio of the tube spacing over tube diameter. For the same ratio spacing/diameter the peak heat flux is lower increasing the tube pitch. However, after a certain tube pitch value, there is no substantial advantage to increase spacing. The spacing in FW design is selected taking into consideration this feature. For ease maintenance the entire catalyst tube assembly may be removed from the furnace without disturbing any refractory except for a removable top closure sealing panels immediately adjacent to the tube. Tube Material and Tube Supporting Method Centrifugally cast tubes internally machined are used for this type of heater. The material is 25-35 Cr-Ni Nb stabilized, which assure good creep-rupture properties and resistance to carburisation and oxidation up to 1100 C. Due to high operating temperature and relevant high thermal expansion, the supporting method is of the greatest importance for a reliable heater operation. The tubes on the FW Terrace Wall Reformer are top supported by means of counterweight equal to the combined weight of the tubes and catalyst supported, so that the load stress and the most critical tube portion (hot tubes outlet) are eliminated. This system maintains the conditions of zero longitudinal stress at this critical area over the full range of tube travel from cold to hot condition. This is very important since the thermal elongation of these tubes can be as much as 220 270 mm for the tube length normally used (13000 14000 mm)
F:\dip154\REFERENCE LIST\fwfhd\Steam Reformer Heaters1107.doc
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Inlet and Outlet Connection with Catalyst tubes Pipe connections between the catalyst tubes and the manifold of pig-tail type are so arranged as to be stress free, thus avoiding the difficulties commonly experienced with this type of connection and removing any possibility of rupture. The inlet manifold is fed in the centreline of the catalyst tube rows to minimise the maldistribution inside the catalyst section. Also the outlet manifold outlet foresees the same arrangement for the same reason. No insulation of the short outlet pigtail is required sine these are contained in an insulated box. The patented inlet and outlet pigtails and outlet manifold support system are tested and proved arrangements, supported by a computer based stress-analysis program which assures against overstressing any portion of the system at all normal and transient conditions. Heater Lining Refractory firebricks with a design temperature of 1540 C are provided for a section above burners. The balance of lining of inclined walls is made either with insulating firebricks or ceramic fibre designed for 1260 C. The normal wall temperature in that area is expected not to exceed 1150 C. At normal operation the entire wall in FW Terrace Wall Reformer will be essentially at the same temperature. Catalyst Charging and Removal The radiant tubes are flanged at top while the inlet pigtails are welded on catalyst tubes so that the catalyst can be easily charged from the top only by removing top flanges. The Terrace Wall Reformer foresees two different types of bottom arrangement. The bottom flanged solution is used for the natural gas and light hydrocarbon reforming while the drainable solution is used for naphtha reforming where the presence of alkaline in the catalyst may cause corrosion in case of condensation of liquid in the cold area. The flanged arrangement has the advantage of facilitating the catalyst removal (without any vacuum removal system) which is obtained by gravity by removing the bottom flange. Convection Section In the Terrace Wall design the convection section is placed at the top of the radiant section with substantial saving in the plot area. In addition the heater can be designed operating at natural draft air side and flue gas side. In case the heater is designed with an air preheating system the same design is applicable by using forced and induced fans. To obtain an even heat distribution in the radiant and convection section the flue gas withdrawal at top of convection section is obtained in different zones by means of two induced draft fans or two or more connections with the top mounted self supporting stack. Gas Turbine Exhaust The Terrace Wall design is an optimum choice to utilise the exhaust gases from Gas Turbine as comburent to increase the unit efficiency. This system, which optimizes the lay-out of the unit has been well proven in several applications.
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Heater Operability Platform at each side of radiant firebox at burner level provides easy access to, and operation of the burners. Platforms at convection section level and at the top of the heater (where fan or damper are located) is also provided for easy maintenance of machinery and heater inspection.
Burners The burners, Foster Wheeler development, are of a linear type capable of burning the two types of fuel gas in two independent guns; they are designed to operate as cold burners. That is that furnace does not depend upon the burner reaching radiant temperature themselves. This feature permits wide fluctuation in quality and heating value of the fuels fired without any physical changes or substitution in the burner itself. The air to each burner is controlled through sliding slotted air register easily and quickly. The excess air normally required is 10-15% considering that around 90% by weight of fuel is the low calorific value P.S.A. gas. Burning very low calorific value P.S.A. gas (around 90% by weight) produces long and difficulty controlled flames when fired in a normal firebox. It is underlined that, in order to burn 1 ton of fuel gas, 18 tons of air is required, whereas for 1 ton of waste gas about 2.5 tons of air is required. Consequently, due to the poor mixing mechanism of combustible and comburent, retarded combustion takes place resulting in long lazy flame patterns. Hence flame patterns tend to further increase in length and become difficult to control.
Foster Wheeler Terrace Wall concept with its inclined hot refractory walls and prevents any flame impingement on catalyst tubes. All radiant heat transmitted to the catalyst tubes is received from the radiating refractory lined walls to both sides of the catalyst tubes, as shown above.
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Modularization The geometry of the heater allows the Terrace Wall Reformer radiant section to be supplied in modules complete of casing, structure, lining, burners, inlet and outlet pigtails, catalyst tubes, inlet and outlet manifolds. Such modules can be easily transportable and permits to reduce substantially the extent and the relevant schedule of site activity, since the remaining site activities are reduced to the minimum extent. Convection section and stack can be easily modularised as typically done in any conventional fired heater project.
Foster Wheeler Experience in Steam Reformer Design Foster Wheelers capability in designing Steam Reformers is very well proven by the experience accumulated in more than 30 years and the considerable number of units designed, built and operating all over the world. Foster Wheeler reliability in designing these critical equipment is particularly valuable due to FW capacity to design and its actual experience to supply not only Terrace Wall Reformers but also down-firing units. This peculiar experience unique in the market - allows Foster Wheeler to provide the real best solution to the specific requirement of every single Client.
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Disadvantages of the Top-fired (Down-firing) Reformer With a down-fired steam reformer concept the following disadvantages are envisaged if compared to the Terrace-Wall design: The combustion of lean, low calorific value PSA gas produce long, lazy and uncontrollable flame patterns which will be creating down-flowing as well as side turning flames with impingement on catalyst tubes, since no ho refractory lining is present to retain the flame away from the catalyst tubes. Use of large size down-firing burners located between tube rows will compound further the phenomena as indicated above. With top fired reformer concepts the heat flux is mostly concentrated at the top of the catalyst tubes where the heat transfer coefficient is the lowest. The concentration of heat flux at the inlet of the catalyst tubes can result in local overheating of both tube and catalyst, in particular when operating at partial load. As a consequence of the above, the catalyst tube and catalyst life is reduced. During start-up, warm-up, and stand-by of the reformer again all heat liberated by the large down-fired burners will remain at the top with a very hot radiant cell arch but no preheated refractory wall containing the flame. This can result in uncontrolled flame and detrimental after burning conditions between the catalyst tubes arranged in parallel lanes. In case of induced draft flue gas fan failure, hot flue gases will be trapped at the top of the down-fired radiant box since no draft is available. Therefore the excessive concentration of heat and the possibility to have slight pressure at the top of the down-fired reformer is the risk of injury to operating personnel possibly present on top to radiant cell, under the penthouse.
A partial list of Steam Reformer Heaters, both Terrace Wall and down-firing designed and built by Foster Wheeler is given hereto attached.
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Date
Company and Location
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
2007 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2005 2004 2003 2001 2001 2000 1999 1997 1997 1997 1997 1996
Lukoil Nizhegorodnefteorg (Russia) Slavneft (Russia) Ufaneftechim (Russia) Bangchak (Thailand) Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) AO Mozyr (Belarus) Chevron EGTL (Nigeria) PNCHZ (Kazakhstan) AO Mozyr (Belarus) Aramco (Saudi Arabia) Petrom (Romania) Esso (Germany) Huntsman (England) Refineria Isla Curaao (Neth. Antilles) Ampco (Equatorial Guinea) Lagoven (Venezuela) Saskferco (Canada) Qafac (Qatar) Air Liquide (Portugal) Thaioil (Thailand)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Hydrogen Ammonia Syngas Syngas Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Top Fired Top Fired Box Top Fired
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
50 40 50 (*) 40 75 22 27 15 22 20 22 10 37 22 (2500) 50 (1500) (2750) 10 35
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1995 1995 1995 1995 1994 1993 1993 1989 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1987 1985
MRC (Malaysia) Pemex (Mexico) Tupras (Turkey) NIOC (Iran) Qafco (Qatar) Hanwha (Korea) CNTIC (China) Esso (Singapore) Pertamina (Indonesia) Petrotrin (Trinidad) CENEX (Montana) Tupras (Turkey) NIOC (Iran) Newgrade Energy (Canada) Newfoundland (Canada) NSM (Holland) Tringen (Trinidad) NPC (Iran) Mitsui Toatsu (Japan) KNPC (Kuwait) Aramco (Saudi Arabia)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Syngas Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Top Fired Top Fired Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
15 90 52 50 (1500) (1000) (1000) 15 75 40 12 44 50 60 42 (1700) (1400) (250) 11 50 50
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1985 1985 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1982 1982 1982 1982 1981 1980 1980 1980 1979
Adnoc (Abu Dhabi) Wycon (Wyoming) Unocal (Illinois) Petrosar (Canada) Shell (Canada) KNPC (FUC) (Kuwait) Suncor (Canada) KNPC (RMP) (Kuwait) Petrocanada (Canada) Phillips (Texas) Chevron (Mississippi) Petral Gas (New Zealand) Powerine Oil (California) Kaltim (Indonesia) NSM (Holland) BP Chemical (England) AGCL (Canada) SEMADCO (Egypt) Aramco (Saudi Arabia) Techmashimport (USSR) Kipco (Korea)
Hydrogen Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Top Fired Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1
65 (400) 14 55 35 42 41 42 36 60 95 (1200) 19 (1500) (1500) 48 (1200) (1200) 66 8.5 17.7
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1979 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1975
PGW (Pennsylvania) NIOC (Iran) KNPC (Kuwait) Petrocanada (Canada) Mobil (New Jersey) Tucson O & G (Arizona) BP (Ohio) Chevron (New Jersey) CNC (Georgia) Techmashimport (USSR) Grace (Oklahoma) Unocal (Alaska) Trinidad Nitro (Trinidad) Amoco (Alabama) OMS/SIR (Italy) BP (England) Rhone Poulenc (France) Mckee (Venezuela) AGCL (Canada) FAR (Italy) Sir (Italy)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Hydrogen Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Syngas Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Confid. 34 70 17 21 6 42 7 (1200) (1500) (1200) (1500) (1200) 16 (450) 48 7.6 29 (600) (120) 34
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1974 1974 1974 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972
NIOC (Iran) Amoco (Texas) Borco (Bahamas) Public Service G & E (New Jersey) ISAB (Italy) MCN (Holland) SIR (Italy) AGCL (Canada) N.W. Nat Gas (Oregon) Transco (Pennsylvania) Greenvale Michel (Australia) Irving Oil (Canada) BP Lavera (France) Public Service G & E (New Jersey) Salzgitter (Romania) Grace (Tennessee) NIOC (Iran) Tokai Denka (Japan) Esso Creole (Venezuela) Showa Yokkaichi (Japan) Canada Petrofina (Canada)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Syngas Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Red-Gas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Box Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Box Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
32 1 35 9.5 20 (1100) 6 (600) 5 10.5 4,4 40 29 1 (1000) (1000) 30 1.9
31.1 45.8
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970
Pemex (Mexico) Idemitsu-Kosan (Japan) Lurgi (Taiwan) Armco Steel (Texas) ICI (England) Pennzoil (Pennsylvania) Chevron (Mississippi) Shell (Texas) Air Products (Florida) Asahi (Japan) Vistron (Ohio) MCN (Holland) Georgia Pacific (Louisiana) Sao Paulo (Brazil) Marathon (Illinois) Shell (Canada) Shell (Illinois) Terni (Italy) Sonatrach (Algeria) Techmashimport (USSR) MHI/Kashima (Japan)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Syngas Syngas Red-Gas Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
52.5 17 (120) 62 (1100) 1.65 80
(300) (1000) (1500) (1100) (1000) 4 26.5 35 55 (225) (1000) (1200) (1500)
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1970 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968
Monsanto (Texas) Mobil (Louisiana) Mobil (Texas) NSM (Holland) Farmers Chem (North Carolina) CIC (Ship Mounted) NIPAC (Oklahoma) Ultrefertil (Brazil) Imperial Oil (Canada) Invest-Import (Yugoslavia) Unocal (Alaska) Esso (Holland) Sinclair (Iowa) Prosint (Brazil) Dupont (Texas) Borden (Louisiana) Daikowa (Japan) KNPC (Kuwait) NATREF (South Africa) Petrobas (Brasil) BP (England)
Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1000) 26 60 (1000) (600) (1500) (200) (600) (600) (700) (1500) (1500) (1000) (90) (2000) (540) 12 39 22 220 80
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Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1967 1967 1967 1967 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966
KNPC (Kuwait) NIOC (Iran) Montesud (Italy) DSM (Holland) Daikoyowa (Japan) Montesud (Italy) Tenneco (Texas) NTGB (England) Atlantic Refining Pennsylvania Nohon Kihatsuyu (Japan) Hercules (California) Gulf Oil (Wales) NIOC (Iran) Mobil (California) Arco (California) BP (Ohio) Chevron (Mississippi) Austr. Pacific (Australia) Mobil (Texas) Ensa (Yugoslavia) KFC (Kuwait)
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Syngas Syngas + H2 Syngas Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
70 33 2.2 (1500) 2 5,6 (240) 50 50 28 (200) 12 30 50 55 26.9 (1500) (750) (1030) (650) (560)
Page 15 of 17
Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964
Unocal (California) Agrico (Arkansas) Federal Chem. (Trinidad) Terni (Italy) Toyo Koatsu (Japan) IFW/Chang Chung (Taiwan) Chevron (California) Hercules (Missouri) Phillips Pacific (Washington) Olin (Louisiana) Rohm & Haas (Texas) Grace (Tennessee) ESFC (Philippines) Ketona Chemical (Alabama) American Cynamid (New Jersey) Esso Fawley (England) West. Ammonia (Texas) PEC (France) Tenneco (Texas) PPG (Wyoming) ANIC (Italy)
Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Syngas Syngas
Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall GTE Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(700) (1000) (750) (150) (100) (55) 67,5 (200) (170) (1400) (100) (220) (340) 2.3 2 1.6 (90) (130) (363)
(200)
Page 16 of 17
Date
Service
Type
No.
Size
MMSCFD (T/D)
1963 1963 1963 1962 1962 1962 1961 1960
Linde Nasa (California) Columbia Nitro (Georgia) Nitrin (Illinois) British American (Canada) Chevron (Mississippi) Grace (Texas) California Chem. (Iowa) Union Carbide (Texas)
Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia Syngas
Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall Terrace-Wall
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
26 (363) (400) 11 20 (275) (340) 8
(*) 75% vol. H2 content at SMR outlet
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Steam Reformer Heaters Experience by Foster Wheeler