Chemistry 121

Lecture 9

Outline
I. Molarity (CH 3) - Stoichiometry - quick review II. Three Classes of Chemical Reactions (CH4) -The Solution Process - Electrolytes - Precipitation Reactions (class I)
- Solubility Rules - Net Ionic Equations

Molarity

Molarity (M)

A Conversion Factor between the amount of solute and the volume of solution!!!
REACTING COMPONENT

M = Molarity = moles of solute L of solution

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)
BEFORE:

2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)

22.8 mL 0.100 M

15.0 mL ?M

Moles MgCl2 ? Moles AgNO3

A. 0.304M

B. 1.20M

C. 0.152M

D. 0.405M

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) = 0.00456 moles AgNO3

0.0228 L

0.100 mols MgCl2 1L

2 mol AgNO3 1 mol MgCl2

= moles AgNO3

MgCl2
A. 0.304M B. 1.20M C. 0.152M D. 0.405M

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)

Molarity = 0.00456 moles AgNO3

0.0150 L

A. 0.304M

B. 1.20M

C. 0.152M

D. 0.405M

Chapter 4
Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions Acid/Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX) Reactions

A closer look at the Solution process

Formation of a Solution
Na+ and Cl- ions On the surface of a NaCl crystal are attracted to polar water molecules. In solution are hydrated as several H2O molecules surround each.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bonds and reality

Ionic uneven e- sharing (e-transfer) NaCl

HCl

covalent (e- shared) H2

Even vs. Uneven sharing of bonding electrons

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bond Polarity

Bond Polarity: a measure of the degree of inequality in the sharing of electrons between two atoms in a chemical bond

Polar Covalent Bond - Uneven sharing of bonded electrons

H
H2

Cl

Nonpolar Covalent Bond - Evenly shared bonded electrons

Trends in Electronegativity
Electronegativity = Measure used to assess polarity between 2 bonded atoms

Polar Bonds and water, the molecule is not linear and the Polar Molecules In bond dipoles do not cancel each other.
Therefore, water is a polar molecule.

Formation of a Solution
Water separates the ions by replacing the electrostatic attraction between the ions with a preferred attraction between the water molecules and the ions.

Ions become solvated.

Soluble Ionic Compounds in Water

(Soluble ionic compounds dissociate completely into ions)
H 2O

NaCl(s) -------> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H 2O

KBr(s) -------> K+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Ionic Compound Dissolution

If an ionic compound is soluble, ions will separate and become hydrated.

Not all ionic compounds are soluble in water.

Mole Relationships
Soluble Ionic Compound

If you have a 2.5 M solution of CaCl2, How many moles of Cl- ions are there in 35.2mL of this solution? 2 mole Cl1 mole CaCl2 = moles Cl-

0.0352L (2.5 mole CaCl2) 1L

= 0.18 moles ClCaCl2(s)

H 2O

Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Soluble Ionic Compounds in Water electrolytes

In water, KBr solution will conduct a current of electricity. (implies movement of the ions)

H 2O

KBr(s) -------> K+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Soluble Ionic Compounds in Water electrolytes

In water, KBr solution will conduct a current of electricity. (implies movement of the ions) A substance that conducts a current when dissolved in water is an electrolyte.

H 2O

KBr(s) -------> K+(aq) + Br-(aq)

The electrical conductivity of ionic solutions.

The electrical conductivity of ionic solutions.

The electrical conductivity of ionic solutions.

Is Solution an Electrolytic?
Questions Does solid dissolve in water? YES NO Does the solution produce ions? YES NO
Electrolyte - may be strong or weak depending upon the degree of ionization.

Learning Check
How many moles of K+ are present in 343 mL of 1.27M K3PO4 solution?(Assume K3PO4 is a strong electrolyte) H2O K3PO4(s) 3K+(aq) + PO43-(aq) a. 0.436 b. 1.31 c. 0.145 + 3 mols K = Moles K+ 0.343L 1.27mols K3PO4 d. 3.70 e. 11.1 1L 1mol K3PO4

Covalent Compound Dissolution

Most covalent compounds do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water Exception: acids Therefore, most covalent compounds are nonelectrolytes

Question!

Which of the following substances would you expect to conduct electricity? (Assume that the ionic compounds are soluble in water.)

1). KBr (aq)

IONIC & in Water (aq)

A. YES

B. NO

Question!

Which of the following substances would you expect to conduct electricity? (Assume that the ionic compounds are soluble in water.)

2). CH4 (aq)

Covalent (Molecular)

A. YES

B. NO

Question!

Which of the following substances would you expect to conduct electricity? (Assume that the ionic compounds are soluble in water.)

3). KI (s)

Ionic, but not in H2O

A. YES

B. NO

Reactions that form a solid (precipitate)

Precipitation Reactions

Two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product - a precipitate. Predicting whether a precipitate will form: 1). Note the ions present in the reactants 2). Consider the possible cation/anion combinations 3). Decide whether any combination is insoluble.
(Page 121 of text - Table 4.1)

Precipitation Reactions

Two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product - a precipitate. Predicting whether a precipitate will form: 1). Note the ions present in the reactants 2). Consider the possible cation/anion combinations 3). Decide whether any combination is insoluble.
(Page 148 of text - Table 4.1)

Reaction Types

Predicting Products

Double Replacement
In a double replacement, Two elements in the reactants exchange places

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

ZnS(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)

Example of a Double Replacement

Precipitation Reactions

Two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product - a precipitate. Predicting whether a precipitate will form: 1). Note the ions present in the reactants 2). Consider the possible cation/anion combinations 3). Decide whether any combination is insoluble.
(Page 148 of text - Table 4.1)

Table 4.1 Solubility Rules For Ionic Compounds in Water

Soluble Ionic Compounds 1. All common compounds of Group 1A(1) ions (Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) and ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble. 2. All common nitrates (NO3-), acetates (CH3COO- or C2H3O2-) and most perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble. 3. All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-) and iodides (I-) are soluble, except those of Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+.

Insoluble Ionic Compounds

1. All common metal hydroxides are insoluble, except those of Group 1A(1) and the larger members of Group 2A(2)(beginning with Ca2+). 2. All common carbonates (CO32-) and phosphates (PO43-) are insoluble, except those of Group 1A(1) and NH4+. 3. All common sulfides are insoluble except those of Group 1A(1), Group 2A(2) and NH4+.

Precipitation Reactions
A. No ppt will form B. AgBr C. KNO3
Examples from Table 4.1 Soluble Ionic Compounds All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-), and iodidies (I-) are soluble, except those of Ag+, Pb2+ and Cu+ and Hg22+ All common nitrates (NO3-), acetates and most perchlorates are soluble.

AgNO3(aq) + KBr(aq)

AgBr(?) +KNO AgBr(s) KNO (aq) (?) 33

Reactant Ions: Double Replacment - Reaction Type + + Ag (aq) + NO3 (aq) + K (aq) + Br-(aq)

Equations for Forming Solids

A molecular equation shows the formulas of the compounds.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Equations for Forming Solids

A molecular equation shows the formulas of the compounds.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

An ionic equation shows the ions of the compounds.

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Equations for Forming Solids

A molecular equation shows the formulas of the compounds.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

An ionic equation shows the ions of the compounds.

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

A net ionic equation shows only the ions that form a solid. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s)

Writing Net Ionic Equations

2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaF2 (?) + 2NaCl (?)

Table 4.1 (page 148) All common fluorides (F-) are soluble, except those of Pb2+ and Group(2A).

Fig. 4.5

2NaF + CaCl2

CaF2 + 2NaCl

Writing Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation: 2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaF2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Writing Net Ionic Equations

2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq)

CaF2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Total Ionic Equation:

2Na+(aq) + 2F-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

CaF2(s) + 2Na+(aq) +

2Cl-(aq)

Writing Net Ionic Equations

2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq)

CaF2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Net Ionic Equation:

2Na+(aq) + 2F-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

CaF2(s) + 2Na+(aq) +

2Cl-(aq)

(remove spectator ions - ions that do not participate in the reaction)

Writing Net Ionic Equations

2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq)

CaF2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Net Ionic Equation:

Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq)

CaF2(s)

Net Ionic Equations

Which ion(s) is/are spectator ions in the formation of a precipitate of AgBr via combining aqueous solutions of CoBr2 and AgNO3? a. b. c. d. e. Co 2+ and NO3NO3- and BrCo2+ and Ag+ Br NO3-

Ions: Ag+, Br-, Co2+, NO3-

AgBr(s)

Acids/Bases

Common Acids

Vinegar, Lemon Juice, other citric juices, wine, carbonated soda.

Common Bases

Ammonia, Baking Soda in water, hydrogen peroxide, milk of magnesia,..

Acid/Base Reactions (Neutralization)

Acid (Arrhenius definition) is a substance that produces H+ Ions when dissolved in H2O.
Example: Hydrochloric Acid
H2O

HX

H+(aq) + X-(aq)
H2O

HCl

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Acid/Base Reactions (Neutralization)

Base (Arrhenius definition) is a substance that produces OH- Ions when dissolved in H2O.
Example: Sodium Hydroxide
H 2O

MOH
H2O

M+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NaOH

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Acids and Bases, Another Definition

Acids (Bronsted-Lowry definition)

Proton donors Proton acceptors

Bases (Bronsted-Lowry definition)

Acid/Base Reactions (Neutralization)

Acids and Bases are categorized in terms of their strengths - degree to which they dissociate into ions in aqueous solution. Strong acids & bases - dissociate completely into ions (strong electrolytes). Examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 / NaOH, KOH Weak acids & bases - dissociate into ions very little (weak electrolytes) Examples HF, H3PO4 / NH3

The extent of dissociation for strong acids.

Strong acid: HA(g or l) + H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

The extent of dissociation for weak acids.

Weak acid: HA(aq) + H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

Equilibrium = CHEM 122

Acid/Base Reactions (Neutralization)

What is happening with a strong acid/strong base reaction?

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Write total ionic and net ionic equations.

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)

Acid/Base Reactions (Neutralization)

What is happening with a strong acid/strong base reaction?

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Acid

Base

Salt

+ Water

Write total ionic and net ionic equations.

H+(aq) + OH-(aq)

H2O(l)

Titrations: Reactions Used to Determine an Unknown Concentration

Acid-base reactions are often used in an analytical technique called a titration.

1. A known volume of an acid with UNKNOWN concentration is put in a flask. 2. A small amount of an indicator is added. 3. An base of KNOWN concentration is added until the indicator changes color.

Titrations: Some Important Terms

Indicator

A substance whose color is different in the acid than in the base The point in the titration when the moles of H+ ions present originally have reacted with an equivalent amount of OH- ions from the buret The point in the titration that occurs when a tiny excess of OHions changes the indicator color permanently to its color in base

Equivalence point

End point

Group Work: Titration Problems

Suppose you are titrating an unknown sample of hydrochloric acid with magnesium hydroxide. It takes 14.28 mL of 1.35 M magnesium hydroxide to titrate a 23 mL sample of the acid. What is the molarity of the acid?

2HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

Mg(OH)2

HCl

Group Work: Titration Problems

Suppose you are titrating an unknown sample of hydrochloric acid with magnesium hydroxide. It takes 14.28 mL of 1.35 M magnesium hydroxide to titrate a 23 mL sample of the acid. What is the molarity of the acid?

2HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (aq)

BEFORE:

MgCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

M=?

1.35 moles Mg(OH)2 1L 0.01428L Moles Mg(OH)2

0.0

0.0

0.023L Moles HCl=?

AFTER:

0.0

0.0 Moles of HCl X 1L

Group Work: Titration Problems

Suppose you are titrating an unknown sample of hydrochloric acid with magnesium hydroxide. It takes 14.28 mL of 1.35 M magnesium hydroxide to titrate a 23 mL sample of the acid. What is the molarity of the acid?

2HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

=0.0386 moles HCl 0.01428L1.35 moles Mg(OH)2 1L

2 mols HCl
1 mol Mg(OH)2

= moles HCl

HCl solution Mg(OH)2 solution Moles HCl = Molarity of HCl = 1.7M 0.023L

Hydronium Ion
H 2O

HBr(g) --------> H+(aq) + Br-(aq)

More accurate rendering: HBr(g) + H2O(l) -----> H3O+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Hydronium Ion
H 2O

HBr(g) --------> H+(aq) + Br-(aq)

More accurate rendering: HBr(g) + H2O(l) -----> H3O+(aq) + Br-(aq)
Hydronium Ion (a hydrated proton)

Hydronium Ion

More accurate rendering: HBr(g) + H2O(l) -----> H3O+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Hydronium Ion (a hydrated proton)