Botkin & Keller- Earth as a Living Planet: 8th Edition Guided Reading Assignment Chapter #11Agriculture, Aquaculture and

the Environment Case Study: Biofuels and Banana Chips: ood Crops vs! uel Crops 1: Why do pig farmers ha e to feed their pigs !junk-food" Be#ause the demand for $iofuel ethanol% produ#ed from #orn and other #rops has dri en up pri#es of feed to the point &here it $e#ame #heaper to feed his animals our sna#k food' Agroecosystems: (: E)plain ho& agroe#osystems halt e#ologi#al su##ession' *t has halted e#ologi#al su##ession in an early su##essional state' +ost #rops are early su##essional spe#ies eaning they gro& fast and spread their seeds &idely and rapidly' ,nder natural #onditions #rop spe#ies &ould e entually $e repla#ed $y later su##essional plants' -lo&in gor stopping natural e#ologi#al su##ession' .: What is the pro$lem &ith gro&ing !monocultures" *t makes the entire #rop ulnera$le to atta#k $y a single disease or a single #hange in the en ironmental #onditions' /: Why does gro&ing plants in neat ro&s and fields make it easier for pests" 0he #rop plants ha e no pla#e to hide' 1: 2o& does plo&ing fields o er and o er damage the soils" E"plain' E)poses the soil to erosion and damages its physi#al stru#ture% leading to a de#line in organi# matter and a loss of #hemi#al elements' 3: What are the other ( &ays that agro#ultures are harmful to e#osystems" 4a#ks layers of soil and soils #an $e made unsustaina$le from plo&ing' #he $lo% $u&&le 5: 2o& mu#h of the top soil in the ,'-' has $een lost sin#e European settlement" A$out 16. of topsoil has $een lost% making 87 million he#tares unprodu#ti e or only marginally produ#ti e' Can 'e eed the 'orld( 8: What per#entage of the &orld8s land area is used for agri#ulture" Appro)imately .89 )o% 'e Starve :: What is the differen#e $et&een undernourishment and malnourishment" ,ndernourishment ; results from insuffi#ient #alories in a aila$le food% so that one has little or no a$ility to &ork or e en mo e and e entually dies from la#k of energy' +alnourishment ; results from a la#k of spe#ifi# #hemi#al #omponents of food% su#h as protiens% itamins% or other essential #hemi#al elements'

17: Why does pro iding food aid to #ountries in need a#tually &ork against in#reased a aila$ility of lo#ally gro&n food" Be#ause free food under#uts lo#al farmers they #an not #ompete &ith it' 'hat 'e *ro% on the +and 11: +ost of the &orld8s food is produ#ed $y only <<<1/<<< spe#ies' 4ist them $elo& in order of importan#e: &heat% ri#e% mai=e% potatoes% s&eet potatoes% manio#% sugar#ane% sugar $eet% #ommon $eans% soy$eans% $arley% sorghum% #o#onuts and $ananas 1(: What is a forage #rop" Gro&n as food for domesti# animals > alfalfa% sorghum and arious spe#ies of grasses gro&n as hay' 1.: ?efine the follo&ing: ,angeland: pro ides food for gra=ing and $ro&sing animals &ithout plo&ing and planting $asture: plo&ed planted and har ested to pro ide forage for animals' 1/: What impact does the num$er of li esto#k around the &orld ha e on rangeland and pasturelands" +ore than ./ mill kilos are used for permanent pastures &orld&ide' 2alf of the Earth@s land areas are used as rangelands' 11: Why are feedlots #onsidered to $e a $ig sour#e of lo#al pollution" Be#ause &ith the $uild up of manure large mounds pollute lo#al streams &hen it rains' 13: What is a $enefit of farming animals rather than #rops" 0he land too poor for #rops that people #an eat #an $e e)#ellent rangeland% &ith grasses and &oody plants that omesti# li esto#k #an eat' Soils 15: 2o& does rain&ater affe#t the soil hori=on" E"plain! Rain&ater is a#idi# meaning it #ontains forms of #ar$oni# a#id and as a result &hen rain&ater mo es do&n into the soil% iron% #al#ium% magnesiuma and other nutrientionally important elements are lea#hed from the upper hori=on' 18: What is soil fertility" 2o& it is determined" *s the #apa#ity of a soil to supply nutrients ne#essary for plant gro&th' *t@s determined &hen soils ha e formed on geologi#al young materials that are nutrient ri#h' 1:: Why are soils in humid and tropi#al areas #onsidered to $e poor" What happens to them after deforestation? Be#ause they are hea ily lee#hed and relati ley nutrient poor due to high rainfall' Reforestation may $e diffi#ult' (7: What is the pro$lem &ith soils in semi-arid regions" *f soils a##umulate #ertain #lay minerals in semiarid regions they may s&ell &hen they get &et and shrink as they dry out% #ra#king roads% &alls% $uildings and other stru#tures'

(1: Why are coarse-grained soils more sus#epti$le to erosion that soils that #ontain more #lay" Be#ause sand and gra el ha e large spa#es $et&een grains so &ater mo es through them Aui#kly' ((: Soil )ori&ons: )ori&on -: hori=on is mostly organi# materials in#luding de#omposed or de#omposing lea es and t&igs' 0his hori=on is often $ro&n or $la#k' )ori&on A: 2ori=on is #omposed of $oth mineral and organi# materials' 0he #olor is often light la#k to $ro&n' 4ea#hing o##urs and mo es #lay and other materials like iron and #al#ium into hori=on B )ori&on E: Bomposed of light #olored materials resulting from lea#hing of #lay% #al#ium% magnesium% and iron to lo&er hori=ons' 0he A and E hori=ons together #onstituent the =one of lea#hing' )ori&on B: Enri#hed in #lay% iron% o)ides% sili#a% #ar$onate% or other material lea#hed from o erlying hori=ons' Cone as the =one of a##umulation' )ori&on C: Bomposed of partially altered parent material% ro#k% allu ial in nature like ri er gra es in other en ironments' 2ori=on stained &ith red and iron o)ides' )ori&on ,: ,n&eatherd parent material' ,estoring -ur Soils (.: What is the differen#e $et&een organi# and inorgani# Dartifi#ialE fertili=ers" Frgani# ; animal manure inorgani# ; is a #hemi#al and not natural' (/: Define the following: .acronutrient: a #hemi#al element reAuired $y all li ing things in large amounts' .icronutrient: #hemi#la element reAuires small amounts or in moderate to small amounts for some forms of life' +imiting actor: fa#tor that is limited and if it is not impro ed no #hange &ill $e made' Controlling $ests (1: *n the ,'-% ho& mu#h of the potential har est is lost to pests" A$out 16. of the potential har est and a$out 1617 of the har ested #rop' (3: What is the definition of a weed" Glant in a pla#e &e do not &ant it to $e' $esticides (5: What are the differen#es $et&een inorganic and organic pesticides" *norgani# ; pesti#ides in forms of inorgani# #hemi#als Frgani#- made from organi# #ompouns' (8: What are some of the reasons &hy pesti#ides are #onsidered to $e ineffe#ti e" Gests de elop a resistan#e gene so the pesti#ide has no effe#t on them'

(:: ?efine /ntegrated $est .anagement 0/$.1 AC? explain 2FW it &orks: ,ses a #om$ination of methods% in#luding $iologi#al #ontrol% #ertain #hemi#al pesti#ides% and some methods of planting #rops' What *G+ is is the idea that the goal of #ontrolling $ests instead of eliminating them' .7: What is the use of 2iological control and give an example: *n#ludes using one spe#ies that is a natural enemy of another one effe#ti e is the $a#terium &hi#h #auses a disease that affe#ts #aterpillars and the lar ae of other inse#t pests' .1: What &as the !green revolution" Grograms that ha e led to the de elopment of ne& strains of #rops &ith higher yields% $etter resistan#e to disease% or $etter a$ility to gro& under poor #onditions' *enetically .odified ood: Biotechnology, arming and Environment .(: What are the 3 practices of geneti# engineering" faster and more effi#ient &ays to de elop ne& hy$rids introdu#tion of the terminator geneti#ally transfer of geneti# properties from &idely di ergent kinds of life ..: What are the GRF- and BFC- of de eloping hy2rid crops" GRF lead to hy$rids that reAuire less fertili=er% pesti#ide% and &ater BFC gro& &here they are not &anted and $e#ome pests ne& hy$rid #hara#teristi#s #ould $e transfeered $y inter$reeding &ith #losely related &eeds ne& hy$rids might $e de eloped that #ould gro& on more and more marginal lands superhy$rids might reAuire more fertili=er% pesti#ide and &ater' ./: What is the terminator gene and what does it do" +akes seds from a #rop sterile% it pre ents a geneti#ally modified #rop from spreading' .1: What are the politi#al and so#ial #on#ern &ith #ompanies using seeds &ith terminator genes" Harmers in less deeloped nations% and go ernments of nations that la#k geneti# engineering #apa$ilities are #on#erned that it &ill allo& the ,'- and a fe& of its maIor #orporations to #ontrol the &orld food supply' .3: 2o& are GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) helpful" 0hey #an gi e food ne& nutrients and produ#e a higher #rop yield' .5: 2o& #an G+F8s $e harmful" 0hey #an #ause diseases to animals like #aterpillars and endangered spe#ies like monar#h $utterflies' Aquaculture .8: What is aquaculture and ho& #an it $e helpful" *s the farming of important sour#e of protein in $oth marine and fresh&ater ha$itats % gro&ing rapidly

and $e#oming one of the maIor &ays to pro ide food of high nutritional Auality' .:: What is mariculture" 0he farming of o#ean fish% through produ#ing a small part of the to al marine fish #at#h% has gro&n rapidly in the last de#ades and &ill likely #ontinue to do so' /7: 2o& #an aAua#ulture and mari#ulture harmful to the en ironment" Hishponds and marine fish release &astes polluting lo#al en ironments damaging $iodi ersity' Critical Thinking Iss e: !ill There "e Eno gh !ater to Prod ce #ood for a Gro$ing Po% lation& 1: 2o& might dietary changes in de eloped #ountries affe#t &ater a aila$ility" 0hey &ould demand more fruits and egeta$les and in order to produ#e them they &ill ha e to ha e enough &ater supply to fulfill the #iti=ens needs' (: 2o& might glo al warming affe#t estimates of the amount of &ater needed to gro& #rops in the (1st #entury" With the &eather getting &armer% more e aporation &ill happen as &ell as droughts making it more diffi#ult to pro ide the &ater needed to &ater the #rops% resulting to a loss of #rops and may$e some deaths due to la#k of food' .: Withdra&ing &ater from aAuifers faster than the repla#ement rate is sometimes referred to as !mining water' Why do you think this term is used" Be#ause &e are taking &ater a&ay like &e do &ith #oal' We look for it instead of using &hat &e ha e and or &aiting for it to #ome to us% ie rain' /: +any #ountries in &arm areas of the &orld are una$le to raise enough food% su#h as &heat% to supply their populations' BonseAuently% they import &heat and other grains' !ow is this e"uivalent to importing water? By gro&ing these produ#ts they are also using up their &ater resour#e' 0o them making money is more important then feeding their people' 1: .althusians are those &ho $elie e that sooner or later% unless population gro&th is #he#ked% there &ill not $e enough food for the &orld8s people' Anti-.althusians $elie e that te#hnology &ill sa e the human ra#e from a +althusian fate' Analy&e the issue of %ater supply for agriculture from 2oth points of vie%! .althusian 3 Gopulation &ill gro& resulting in demands for food to rise' Water &ill $e needed for this pro#ess so the more food that is needed the more &ater &ill $e needed in order to fulfill the needs of the people' Anti-.althusian 3 With population gro&th #omes gro&th te#hnologi#ally' With $etter te#hnology the #onser ation of &ater &ill $e more effe#ti e and &e &ill $e a$le to produ#e for the people and still maintain a sustaina$le le el of &ater usage' /nteractive Soil $yramid- 4nderstand )o% to Calculate the Soil Composition #ype go to: http:55courses!soil!ncsu!edu5resources5physics5te"ture5soilte"ture!s%f 4nderstand and 4sing Soil $yramids go to: http:66soils'usda'go 6te#hni#al6aids6in estigations6te)ture6 6irections: #sing the $oil %yramid %rogram- &dentify the 'ype of $oil with the (ollowing

%ercent )ompositions: -and: .7 Blay: .7 -ilt: /7 Ans%er: 7777777777Clay +oam777777777777777777 -and: /1 Blay: 17 -ilt: /1 Ans%er: 7777777777+oam777777777777777777 4nderstand Soils in Biomes Around the 'orld Go to: https:66php'radford'edu6Js&ood&ar6$iomes6 6irections: 6etermine the #ype of Soils that are Characteristics of Each Specific of #hese #errestrial Biomes and +ist 'hy( #undra: Co true soil is de eloped in this $iome due to the edaphi# fa#tors like permafrost' #aiga 0Boreal orest1: God=oli=ation o##urs as a result of the a#id soil solution under needleleaf trees' -oil is spodosol' #emperate Broadleaf 6eciduous: Bro&n forest soil that de eloped under the 0B?H' Broadleaf trees tend to $e nutrient demanding and their lea es $ind the maIor nutrient $ases' .editerranean Scru2: Much of the formation is considered a subclimax developed on degraded and eroded soils and maintained in part by fire and goats. It is from this region that many culinary herbs associated with Italian cuisine originate. The shrublands are known locally as maquis. #emperate *rassland: Bal#ifi#ation is the dominant soil forming pro#ess in semiarid regions' With the loss of loess the pro#ess is ri#h in #al#ium and #reates the &orld@s most fertile soil #herno=ems Scru2land: Goor de elopment of hori=ons that a##umulate #al#ium #ar$onate near the surfa#e sparse egetati e #o er and tiny lea es result in little humus and soils' Aridosols are the dominant soil order' #ropical ,ainforest: Rapid $a#terial de#ay pre ents a##umulation of humus' Fn younger su$strates tropi#al soils may $e ery fertile #ropical Savannah: Soils vary according to bedrock and edaphic conditions. In general, however, laterization is the dominant soil-forming process and low fertility oxisols can be expected. Control of Soil Erosion- go to: http:66&&&('kenyon'edu6proIe#ts6farms#hool6types6tillage'htm 6irections: Define and descri e each of the alternative methods to traditional soil tillage 'ind2rea8s: +ethod pra#ti#ed often in flat areas% $ut useful in hilly regions' *t@s &here farmers plant trees along the $orders of their fields to #ut do&n on &ind erosion' Cover Crops: 0o stop soil erosion is to plant #rops that &ill gro& during the most erosi e fall and spring months' Rye or &inter &heat are &inter #o er #rops they a#t as a ground #o er and prote#t the soil from eroding' *rassed 'ater%ays: 0o keep soil from running a&ay &ith the &ater from the runoff on lands farmers plant grassy strips' E)#ess &ater is a$sor$ed $y gass rather than a#ting as an erosion agent' Contour Cultivation: Gro#ess of loosening up the soil $et&een the ro&s of a gro&ing #rop $y planting and #ulti ating #rops to follo& #ontour s of a field' 0he pro#ess produ#es furro&s that are perpendi#ular to the slope of the field' *rregular surfa#e of field $reaks up the flo& of &ater and makes it more diffi#ult for &ater to erode the soil' Strip Cropping: -trip #ropping may $e used in flat areas $ut also is a kind of #ontour farming &hen strips are planted a#ross the slope of a field' orages: like Alfalfa and hay are in#luded in rotation to #ut do&n on erosion' 4and is steep terrain and

the pra#ti#e of strip #ropping forage #rops and #rops su#h as #orn or &heat is a #ommon &ay to slo& erosion' Conservation #illage: 4ea ing stalks and lea es of a har ested #rop on fields% layer prote#ts the underlying soil from &ind and rain during the fall and &inter until a ne& #rop is planted in the spring' Bhisel plo&ing is one type of #onser ation tillage it mi)es #rop residue into the soil' 9o-#ill: Harmers lea e all of the last #rop@s residue in the soil &hile planting the ne& #rop' ,idge #illage: Harmers #an use spe#ial ma#hinery to form the soil into ridges and then plant seeds on top of the ridges' 0he soil and residue from pre ious #rops are not distur$ed during planting and #ulti ation'