Ujjain CDP - Final

City Development Plan For Ujjain
Submitted by
Ujjain Municipal Corporation

CMAMP INTACH CIC AHEMDABAD USAID FIRE -D
Executive Summary
Ujjain Citys vision tells us where we are supposed to go, but not how to get there. We all need to agree on how and what specific objectives do we need to achieve our Vision? This development Plan will help to focus all our energies on what is most important, and provide direction to each citizen on how individual jobs contribute to the Vision. The city development plan is an important first step in establishing a clear roadmap to accomplish our Vision. Strategy is a result of a process that begins with an examination of organizational Mission, Vision, Values and our community. It ends with the preparation of a development Plan, a plan that translates our Vision and Mission into actions and our actions into results. The holy city of Ujjain is a popular religious centre, well known for its temples. The City is a major trading centre in agriculture produce and is the second largest city of "Indore Agro Industrial Region".Tourism, Agricultural markets and trade are the main resources of economy for Ujjain. There is no major industry in the city. The city of Ujjain is shaped by geographical factors river Shipra, Mela ground etc. and has developed into two parts: old city having Mahakaal temple and the newly developed area. The pressure on core area is high due to several factors including high density of population and the violation of the bye-laws. Importantly, in state like Madhya Pradesh where level of poverty is relatively high it becomes important to analyse the reasons behind it. In Ujjain, nearly half of the population lives below Poverty Line and a large slum population translate into miserable and unhealthy living conditions, which affects the economic productivity and cumulatively that of the city as a whole. The inefficient water distribution system, disposal of human waste and garbage may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban services has traditionally been a municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important for Municipal Corporation to deliver quality services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently. Infrastructure forms the backbone of any economy and plays an important role in the development of a region. Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the livability principle of city. The analysis shows that Ujjain has potential in field of infrastructure but it lacks management and optimum utilization of resources. Ujjain has adequate drinking water stock for next 20 years and it can be perceived as a boon for any city. The major environmental concern is the insufficient sanitation facilities and underground sewerage system. The strong religious and heritage image of the city has yet not been fully exploited .Ujjain has got a very high tourism potential and the local economy can get a boost if proper strategies are adopted. In the context of Governance, inorder to enable the urban local bodies "to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units of self government", the 74th Constitutional Amendment was introduced in the Parliament and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

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reform act in the political context as well as in the administrative and financial aspects concerning the urban local bodies in India. Madhya Pradesh has been the pioneer in implementing this most concerted attempt at creating local institutions of self governance. A review of the Government structure and governance suggests that, the link between urban management and decentralisation has not yet been established in operational terms and has not reached ward levels in Ujjain city although planning capacity, human resource development, financial management is slowly getting boosted. Modernisation and upgrading of systems and procedures in city management through equipment, skill-enhancement and application, and updating of manuals and codes (e.g. GIS and MIS) are on the prime agenda to meet the current and emerging challenges. The corporation believes that, functional reorganisation and delegation of powers to the departments in the city is necessary to enable them to perform better. Basic elements of improved financial management (e.g. asset register, Double -Entry system in accounting, billing and collection, etc.) which has already been initiated must start functioning. JNNURM programme is seen as an opportunity by the Ujjain Municipal Corporation to develop Ujjain into a vibrant heritage city. Ujjain Municipal Corporation and the supporting authorities aims to develop Ujjain as knowledge and pilgrim centre -maintaining its great religious, ancient and cultural image providing a better and sustainable environment to all its citizens and visiting pilgrims. Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is an occasion to provide future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
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Acknowledgements
Ujjain Municipal Corporation gratefully acknowledges all the stakeholders, authorities and resource persons who have participated with enthusiasm in making this plan and have assisted the Corporation with their valuable advice. The corporation is thankful to the City Managers Association, Madhya Pradesh (CMAMP) and Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Regional Chapter Bhopal, for their technical support in formulating and preparing of this Development Plan. We wish to thank Mr. Malay Shrivastava, IAS (Commissioner,Urban Administration and Development Department,GoMP) for the interest and guidance provided, Mr. Neeraj Mandloi,IAS (Collector,Ujjain) for his interest and Mr. Ajit Kesari, IAS for providing us with guidance on the role of Mela office.We also wish to thank Mr. Pankaj Rag, IAS (State Archives,M.P) for his valuable suggestions. We extend our sincere thanks to all the officials and concerned departments for providing us with the information much needed for the preparation of this document, specially: - Ujjain Development Authority - Town and Country Planning Department, Ujjain - P.H.E. department We wish to thank Mr Narayan Vyas of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) & Mr. Maheshwari of the State Archaeology Department for sharing their knowledge of the cultural and historical Ujjain. We thank Mr Debasish Naik, Advisor Heritage Cell, Ahemedabad Municipal Corporation and Mr Ajit Koujalgi, Conservation Architect and co Convenor INTACH, Pondicherry for sharing their experience with us on heritage conservation.We also wish to thank FIRED for its support in preparing the document. The contribution of the people of Ujjain who attended the meetings to discuss and develop conceptual framework of the CDP is held in high esteem and regards. The peoples representatives, the councillors and the media have been extremely helpful and supportive. The representatives of various Trusts such as Mahakal Trust, Bohra Trust etc., the religious heads and the academiea and the enthusiasm with which all of them participated and vocalized their opinions is highly appreciated.
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Our special thanks to all the officials of Municipal Corporation for their kind support and cooperation particularly Shri B.K Sharma (A.E.), Shri C.K. Shukla (Sub Engineer) and Shri Harish Shrivastava for their continued involvement with the making of the CDP and data sharing. The support provided by Shri P.S. Kushwah (A.E.), Shri. Sumit Asthana (Sub Engineer), Shri Sharad Kulshreshtha and other Staff personnel is also gratefully acknowledged.
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Project Team
City Managers Association, Madhya Pradesh Project Manager Urban Planner Urban Planner Consultant (HR & training) Mr Ashish Agarwal Mr Pravin Bhagwat Mr Anubhav Shrivastava Mrs Renu Handa
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (Reg. Chapter Bhopal) Conservation Architect, Architect Historian, Convenor INTACH Heritage Lister Ujjain, Photographer, Designer Heritage Advisor, Consultant, Convenor INTACH MP Auto CAD and Maps Heritage Lister Ujjain Coordinates Infrastructure Consulting Financial Expert Mr.Gautam Patel Dr Ishwar Dass (Retd IAS) Mr Sadiq Khan Ms Sulakshana Choudhry Dr Meera I Dass Mr Huzoor Choudhry
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Contents 1 City as an Organic Entity .............................................................................................13 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain......................13 JNNURM Programme.............................................................................................13 Focus Areas.............................................................................................................14 Mission Objectives..................................................................................................14 Cities Selected Under the Mission ..........................................................................14 Selection of Ujjain City...........................................................................................15 City Development Plan for Ujjain ..........................................................................15 Aim, Objectives & Approach..................................................................................15 Vision ......................................................................................................................16 Concept and Methodology ......................................................................................23 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises..................................................26 Archaeological landscape .......................................................................................26 Historical landscape ................................................................................................28 Religious landscape.................................................................................................29 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies ....................................................................29 Location and regional settings ................................................................................29 Climate and Geology ..............................................................................................31 Demographic profile ...............................................................................................32 Work force profile...................................................................................................34 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti...............................................................38 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism ...................................41 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts............................................................43 The Ghats Of Ujjain................................................................................................45 The Chhatris Of Ujjain............................................................................................46 Wood Architecture In Ujjain...................................................................................46 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture..............................................................47 Gateways of Ujjain..................................................................................................48 Ujjain A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape...................................................48 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas .....................................................................49
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Ujjain: its landscape and people ..................................................................................25
Heritage Significance of Ujjain ....................................................................................38
Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature ......................................44
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3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Yatras and The Savari .............................................................................................49 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain The Saptasagaras......................................................50 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain ..........................................51 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas .....................................52 Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City................................55 Features of the Kshetras..........................................................................................56 Inferences ................................................................................................................85 About the heritage...................................................................................................86 Chourasi Mahadev ..................................................................................................87 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts....................................................................95 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar ................................................................................111 Gopal Mandir ........................................................................................................115 The Core Heritage Zone........................................................................................116 Sapta Sagar Sindhu ...............................................................................................118 Other Development Proposals ..............................................................................121 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University) ...................126 Kaliadeh Resort.....................................................................................................128 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart ...................................................................................130 Myths and Mythologies ........................................................................................131 Religious Activities and Tourism .........................................................................133 Introduction...........................................................................................................137 Growth pattern of the city .....................................................................................143 Urban Structure and Image ...................................................................................145 Key Issues .............................................................................................................152 Strategies...............................................................................................................153 Need ......................................................................................................................155 Status of Poverty in Ujjain ....................................................................................156 Slums in Ujjain......................................................................................................157 Issues.....................................................................................................................166
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Approach for Development ..........................................................................................55
Conservation and Development Proposals..................................................................86
Urban Planning and land Use Management.............................................................137
Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage ....................................147
Poverty and Slums.......................................................................................................155
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7.5 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5
Strategies...............................................................................................................166 Water Supply.........................................................................................................168 Sewerage and Sanitation .......................................................................................176 Social infrastructure ..............................................................................................181 Issues and problems ..............................................................................................182 Storm water Drainage ...........................................................................................183 Issues Identified for City Drainage System ..........................................................184 Solid Waste Management .....................................................................................185 Issues.....................................................................................................................189 Strategies...............................................................................................................190 Street Lighting.......................................................................................................191 Introduction...........................................................................................................193 Public Transport....................................................................................................195 Issues.....................................................................................................................200 Strategies...............................................................................................................201 Introduction...........................................................................................................204 Climatic analysis ...................................................................................................205 Land and physiography.........................................................................................207 Pollution Profile ....................................................................................................209 Urban greening......................................................................................................211 Issues.....................................................................................................................211 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality.....................................................213 Overview...............................................................................................................216 Revenue Account ..................................................................................................219 Capital Account.....................................................................................................223 Key Financial Indicators .......................................................................................225 Key Issues and Conclusion ...................................................................................227
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City Infrastructure and Services Review ..................................................................168
SWOT analysis: ...................................................................................................................174
Roads & Transportation.............................................................................................193
SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................201 City Environment ........................................................................................................204
Strategies...............................................................................................................212
Technical Review Municipal Finance........................................................................216
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Institutional Frame Work...........................................................................................229 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 Introduction...........................................................................................................229 Institutions and Organisation ................................................................................230 Area of Fragmentation ..........................................................................................239 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation .........................................................241 Key Observations and Issues ................................................................................248 Strategic Elements for Program Design................................................................250 Capacity Building .................................................................................................251 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview ..............................................................256 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status ....................................................................262 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies..........................................................266 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence ...................................268 Conclusion ........................................................................................................269 Methodology and Data Sources ............................................................................270 Visitor Plan ...........................................................................................................270 Environment Plan..................................................................................................271 PPP programme.....................................................................................................279 Project Identification and Costing.........................................................................282 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing.....................................................283 Total Capital Investment Requirement .................................................................296 Financing Plan.......................................................................................................298 Overview...............................................................................................................299 Key Assumptions ..................................................................................................300 Results of FOP ......................................................................................................310 Project Benefits and Impacts.................................................................................311 Policy Interventions ..............................................................................................313 Objectives..............................................................................................................314
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Heritage Management and Strategies .......................................................................270 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
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Capital Investment Plan .............................................................................................282 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4
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Investment Sustenance Plan .......................................................................................299 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4
Investment Phasing ...............................................................................................307
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Project Impacts and Policy Interventions .................................................................311 16.1 16.2
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Developing a Vision for the City ................................................................................314 17.1
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List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process ........................................................................17 Figure 2-7 Occupational break up ...........................................................................................34 Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021.................................141 Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras................................................144 Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums...........................................................164 Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks .........................210 Figure 11-1 Revenue Account Income ..................................................................................215 Figure 11-2 Revenue Account Expenditure Ujjain Municipal Corporation.......................222 Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing .......................244 Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC.......................................245 Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise.................................................................296
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Climatic components...............................................................................................31 Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC .........................................................................32 Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city ................................................................33 Table 2-4 Occupational break up.............................................................................................34 Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain ............................................................................35 Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain .........................134 Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs ...........................................................................135 Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991..............................................139 Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021..............................................140 Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use ...........................................................................141 Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population..........................................................................157 Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply .........................................................................161 Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums .............................................161 Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums .......................................................................................161 Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads....................................................................................161 Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity .............................................................................162 Table 7-7 Assess to basic services.........................................................................................162
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Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits ................................................................142
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Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain ............................................................163 Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources ......................................................................169 Table 8-2 Water connection Details ......................................................................................172 Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05........................173 Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators............................................................................173 Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency...........................................................174 Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021) ..............................................175 Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities ................................................................................................179 Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure.................................................................................180 Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City.........................................................................181 Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city ...........................................................................181 Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City...................................................................................181 Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory .......................................................................184 Table 8-13 solid waste details................................................................................................186 Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city.............................................................186 Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain .............................................................187 Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain ........................................187 Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City...............................................................191 Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock ................................................................................194 Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion..............................................................................195 Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages..........................................................................206 Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr) ..................................................................................207 Table 1Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation ....................216 Table 2 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the UMC ......................................................................................................................................217 Table 3 Revenue Accounts of UMC......................................................................................219 Table 5 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................225 Table 6 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................227 Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain ...........................................241 Table 12-2Financial Powers ..................................................................................................247 Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies ...........................266 Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project ............................283 Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation .................284
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Table 4 Capital Account of UMC..........................................................................................223
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Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage...................285 Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management ........................286 Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads...................287 Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and Transportation 15.6 ii) ...........................................................................................................288 Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting.....289 Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting .........................................289 Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services ............................................290 Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities ............................291 Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development and Heritage conservation .....................................................................................................294 Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC ..295 Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC ...............297 Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan .........................................................................298 Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax .............................301 Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges.............................302 Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges......................304 Table 15-5 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure ....................305 Table 15-6: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP ..................306 Table 15-7 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment ..........................................307 Table 15-8 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow..................................................308
Annexures
Annexure - 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution Annexure -2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation Annexure - 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation Annexure -4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees Annexure - 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office Annexure -7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06) Annexure -8: Ujjain City Development Plan Financial Operating Plan Annexure -9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP Annexure -10: Ujjain City Development Plan Schedules to FOP Annexure -11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP Annexure -12: Draft Heritage regulations
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Annexure -5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB ADP ATR BPL BOT CAA CBO CDP CDS CII CMAMP CPHEEO DDP DFID DLB DoE DoHFW EWS GIS GoI GoMP H&ED HUDCO INTACH JNNURM Kl Km LIC Lpcd/lcd LS M3 M&E MIC MIS Mld MoRTH MP MSW NGO NSDP O&M PHED PPP PRA PWD SADA SH SWM TCPO UMC UDA UADD WRD Asian Development Bank Annual Development Plan Action taken Report Below Poverty Line Built Operate Transfer Constitutional Amendment Act Community Based Organisations City Development Plan Community Development Society Confederation of Indian Industries City Managers Association Madhya Pradesh Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organisation Draft Development Plan Department of International Development Directorate of Local Bodies Department of Environment Department of Health and Family Welfare Economically Weaker Sections Geographical Information System Government of India Government of Madhya Pradesh Housing and Environment Department (GoMP) Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Kilo liter/ Cubic meter Kilo Meter Life Insurance Corporation Liters Per Capita Per Day Lum Sum Cubic Meter Monitoring & Evaluation Mayor in council Municipal Information System Million Liter Per Day Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Madhya Pradesh Municipal solid Waste Non Government organisation National Slum Development Policy Operation & Maintenance Public health Engineering Department Public Private Partnership Participatory Rapid Assessment Public Work Department Special area Development Authority State Highway Solid Waste Management Town and Country Planning Organisation Ujjain Municipal Corporation Ujjain Development Authority Urban Administration and Development Department Water resource Department (GoMP)
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C Ciit ty ya as sa an nO Or rg ga an niic cE En nt tiit ty y
All towns and urban centers strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter, transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centers offer ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. A well-maintained historic urban center has many advantages for its citizens. It is intimate and human in scale and often rich in diverse activities. An historic town is a multi-functional organism with residential, social, political, cultural and economical activities. Key to urban development in India today is the urban local bodies or municipal bodies (ULBs) who are the tools of delivery. Local bodies play a critical role in the delivery of social, economic and infrastructure services like public health, sanitation, primary education, water supply, and maintenance of road networks. Further, the local bodies will require to play an increasingly important role to conserve heritage. Till recently there were no proper responsible Government authorities to look after the Heritage issues, but with the enactment of the Seventy Fourth Constitution Amendment Act of the year 1992, municipal bodies have been vested with more powers in this area too. In a fast urbanising and globalising nation, it is still possible to have well managed cities and a good quality of life if these tools of delivery are encouraged to acquire capability. The capability can be in the areas of financial sustenance, organisational responsiveness and a general more mature and serious awarness of its key role in management and delivery of this vibrant human bowl of health, activity and energy that makes up a city.
1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain

Conservation is a movement activated by the realization that the natural and the cultural resources of this planet are limited and are being eroded at an alarming rate. Conservation has resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots and other social ills. The generative forces in any historic town are cultural and the town is alive with non-tangible cultural assets. Many of the Heritage cities in India have been poorly interpreted and understood. Their antiquities are nowhere to be seen having been destroyed completely at some point in history. Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore this character of these cities; there is no system in place that would address this issue in future either Ujjain represents a city rich in both heritage and religion, bound together by a culture drooped in history and tradition so rich that some of its elements are part the most popular Indian legends and conciousness. The Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) offers the city an unique opporetunity to provide future to its past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
1.2 JNNURM Programme

Considering cities incompatibility with the countrys socio-economic objectives and Indias growing role in the world economy, the Government of India has decided to launch, in the current fiscal year, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
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1.3 Focus Areas

Urban Renewal i.e. Redevelopment of inner (old) city areas. Development of Heritage Areas Preservation of Water Bodies Water Supply and Sanitation Drainage, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management Construction and Improvement of Drains/ Storm Water Drains Urban Transport including roads, highways/ expressways Parking lots/ Spaces on Public-Private Partnership basis
1.4 Mission Objectives

The objective of the JNNURM is to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector: Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under the Mission Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor Special focus on urban renewal programmes for the old city areas to reduce congestion Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.
1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission

The JNNURM proposes to give assistance for infrastructure development in the eligible cities/ Urban Agglomerations (UAs) across States in the country. These cities/ UAs have been selected based as per the following criteria: Cities/ UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census .07 Cities/ UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census..28
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Selected Cities/ UAs (State Capitals and other cities/ UA of religious/ historic and tourist importance) .28
1.6 Selection of Ujjain City

Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus with great religious and cultural importance. Considering its significant religious and cultural image it has been included in the list of selected cities under JNNURM scheme. The primary objective underlying the City Development Plan of Ujjain is protection of urban heritage, which includes its religious, sacred, historical character, and reshaping and reviving the city through heritage preservation. In view of this special aspect pertaining to Ujjain the information regarding the religious and cultural heritage has to be specially factored into the model of the methodology given above.
1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain

Ujjain CDP has been prepared by Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) in consultation with the people of Ujjain, experts and all those who have an intrinsic interest in the welfare of Ujjain. The working team consisted of engineers of UMC, City Managers Association Madhya Pradesh (CMA-MP) and Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH Regional Chapter Bhopal). There are 10 cities under the JNNURM that have status of the special city. Ujjain is one of the 10 cities chosen for its religious nature. The supplement to the Toolkit issued is meant to serve two purposes: To suggest that the main focus of the City Development Plan (CDP) for heritage cities should be on the heritage component- there will not be any justification to support such cities under JNNURM if their CDPs do not have this orientation or focus; and To provide a methodology that is to be followed to bring the heritage component into the framework of urban renewal. The objective of urban renewal of heritage cities is to leverage the conservation of urban heritage and to reshape and revive these cities.
1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach

The City Development Plan prepared for Ujjain City aims to: Establish an overall vision for the long-term future of Ujjain which will be widely accepted Explore opportunities for positive management with landowners, farmers, craftspersons, traders and all other agencies, such as will enhance the landscape character of Ujjain whilst respecting economic interest. Provide guidance and attract widespread support that will lead to increased understanding, respect and care for this exceptional cultural landscape.
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1.9 Vision
To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre maintaining its great religious and cultural image and providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks of life The contents of the City Development Plan flow out of this vision and so do the strategies and the projects that follow to achieve the vision. In accordance with the Mission Guidelines and the Toolkit the time horizon for its achievement is the year 2011. However, in the case of Ujjain the defining event is the Simhasta that takes place every 12 years. The next Simhasta will be in the year 2016 and, therefore, besides the annual and the five-yearly monitoring and reviews, a comprehensive review of the achievement of the goals and objectives of the strategies and projects ought to be taken up in 2011 in the context of the 2016 Simhasta.
1.9.1 The Contents of City Development Plan

The process of developing the plan has involved a great deal of research, survey and consultation. As part of this consultation process (meetings held on 7th,9th and 10th January, 2006 conducted by UMC with CMAMP and for the revised CDP based on Heritage Guidelines meetings were held on 31st May, 23 August and 26th of August 2006) , studies conducted by UMC, Mela Office, INTACH, Town & Country Planning Department (T & CP),Ujjain Development Authority and several other studies conducted by individuals and institutes and views as obtained from different stakeholders have been incorporated to develop a comprehensive database of a large number of cultural and environmental assets of Ujjain. It however needs to be held through Geographic Information System that should form the main building blocks of the City Development Plan (CDP). The Plan comprises a statement of the objectives necessary for the long-term preservation of Ujjain, and its landscape setting, aiming to balance the interests of conservation, public access, pilgrims and the interests of those who live and work in the city. The objectives are based on the values of the city, key management issues, and a need to improve the life of the people living in the city and the visitors by providing environment for improving the economic opportunities. The Development Plan has been specifically designed and formatted to foster its use as a working document that can be updated on a regular basis.
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Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process
1.9.2 Ujjain a religious, historic and heritage city:

The aim of this section of the CDP is to define Ujjains historic, religious character with significant areas within so that the following could be formulated: Policies that give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programmes; To develop scientific and technical studies and research and to work out such operating methods as will make the State capable of counteracting the dangers that threaten its cultural or natural heritage; To take the appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for identification, protection, conservation, presentation and rehabilitation of this heritage; and
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To foster the establishment or development of national or regional centers for training in the protection, management, operation and maintenance of the conservation of the cultural and natural heritage and to encourage scientific research in the field.
1.9.3 Goals and objectives of development of the identified areas

All towns and urban centres strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter, transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centres offer ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. The unique features of any historic towns can be recognized under the following principles
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The historic town consists of a complex interdependent network of crafts and skills that provides livelihoods in multiple ways and is difficult to replicate in any new development. Therefore these areas should be viewed as Economic Opportunity and not a liability. Conservation of inner cities and historic areas has (from the examples of countries that have adopted conservation as a deliberate policy) resulted in economic revival. In terms of Ujjain the bullion trade, handicrafts (textile printing, metal work etc.) are centred in city core area. An in-depth survey is required to identify area specific skills and strengths and development/conservation plans need to address their needs and growth. The historic towns are Socially and Culturally more alive and have provided civilization quality to India that is unique and exclusive giving it unity in its diversity. Having evolved over centuries it has resolved to a large extent the differences in religious, political, economic and cultural beliefs of the people. Conservation has resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots and other social ills. The generative forces in any historic towns are cultural and the town is alive with non-tangible cultural assets. Ujjain like other historical towns has distinct social and cultural manifestations in the matter of food, dress, recreation etc. that form the non-tangible and living heritage of the place. Non-tangible by its very nature is fragile and is dependent on both patronage and built/open spaces; hence, any insensitive development causes irreparable damage to them and therefore needs to be addressed in the development plan. Building controls favouring conservation, based on detailed studies and a blueprint for action is an urgent need and should form part of the planning proposal. Since the historic towns consist of Historic Layering it gives a sense of rootedness to people resulting in a more committed citizenry. It also dispels anxiety in individuals leading to better recognition of differences and is less hegemonic. Integrating historic areas into the development plan is a well worked out process where UNESCO has laid down several guidelines. Since India is a signatory to the UNESCO as well as other Charters for the protection of its Heritage, it would be in order to know the guidelines and to implement them. Historic towns have greater sustainability than a new development because it was based on evolutionary processes and was in tune with the micro-environment of the region of its location. Low on energy consumption, the planning assured comfortable living conditions. Several studies show that older buildings have better air circulation; insulation, water preservation and its compact planning provided sustainability even in terms of conservation of human energy. Any intervention to the existing infrastructure should precede proper documentation of the existing as the existing contains knowledge system that is still not completely known to us. Proper documentation and research of sewage systems, water system, and town planning of the historic architecture and town is of high importance and should be an integral part of planning process. Salvage Archaeology (archaeological assessment of construction excavations in identified historical areas and zones) is a norm in several countries and there is every reason to follow the example in Indian situation. One of the biggest regressive trends since independence has been in the field of our town and country planning. Today our towns and cities are overcrowded, polluted,
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chaotic, unplanned centres that are hostile to women, children, the old and the handicapped. They are anaesthetic and unappealing, visually marked with either undesirable slums or harsh concrete jungles. Historic towns on the other hand are aesthetically and environmentally appealing and pleasing leading to the Tourism Potential of a place. A good Conservation plan brings tourism benefits automatically as has been shown in several towns of Rajasthan, Goa and Kerala. Regulations can be put in place for preserving the historic character of the built heritage and conservation of its architecture, policy on traffic, transport, road surface, electric wiring, sewage, surface drainage, solid wasted disposal, baodies, wells, open spaces and parking in the historic area of the city. Regulations for new constructions, open spaces, plantation, pedestrian facilities, streetscapes, street furniture etc. is another area to be included in the planning process.
1.9.4 Comprehensive Study approach

While preparing the CDP the following components have been specifically identified, examined and recommended to be studied in depth before implementation of the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs): Study and Documentation of the Historical/Heritage resulting in an inventory (Listing) that should be published and marked in map of the area, complete with its location, ward no., ownership, status, photographs, description, historical and heritage significance, age etc. Buildings of heritage/historic value Drainage and Water systems such as fountains, tanks, wells etc. Streetscapes and culturally homogenous areas Crafts, skills and craftsmen of traditional crafts Open spaces and gardens including type of existing trees and plants The CDP specifically recommends looking into the legal issues for providing Legal Back-up with Regulations and Byelaws to the identified buildings and precincts after dividing them into: Heritage Zones Heritage Areas Heritage Sites Heritage Precincts Heritage Monuments/Buildings Specific Projects need to be formulated for the Conservation, Restoration, Preservation, Reconstruction of the identified Areas, Zones etc. with a view to revitalize the City centers. Demolition of historical/heritage building or buildings should be permitted only under special conditions and law. Encroachments should be dealt with firmly. This should be done with extensive and intensive consultation with the people and peoples groups including technical,
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Heritage Group of Buildings
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political groups etc. giving space for people to participate in more ways than one. Industrial houses, funding organizations, interested individuals (including Non-Resident Indians) should be approached for providing part funding for the projects. The care and maintenance of heritage must be entrusted to the local community, for which Public Awareness programs, Heritage Walks, Workshops, Educational programs must find place in the Heritage Management Plan. A nodal agency that acts as an interface between the people, Municipal Corporation, government and technical and financial matter should be identified to implement the Management Plan. Signage, public notices, road furniture, display boards, billboards, etc. should be designed to supplement the ambience of the historic/heritage area. Promotion of traditional cultural expressions and art should be given importance and special spaces, programs and facilities should be provided for the growth of such activities. It was considered that the CDP should focus on the conservation of the following: Public and Historic spaces Streets with heritage character Renewal of inner city areas and heritage precincts Natural heritage sites Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings Projects enhancing tourism
1.9.4.1 Critical Process
Restoration and conservation should be based on a clear definition of the heritage resource and its relationship to its setting. This process has four distinct steps: Survey: Methodical inspection, survey and documentation of the resource, its historical setting and its physical environment; Definition: Critical historical definition and assessment of the object and its setting so giving it its significance; Analysis: Scientific analysis and diagnosis of the material substance and associated structural system with a view towards its conservation; and Strategy: Long term and short term programs for conservation and management of change, including regular inspections, cyclic maintenance and environmental control. The aim of conservation is to safeguard the quality and values of the resource, protect its material substance and ensure its integrity for future generations. Every historic area and its surroundings should be considered in their totality as a coherent whole whose balance and specific nature depend on the fusion of the parts of which it is composed and which includes human activities as much as the buildings, the spatial organization and the surroundings. All valid elements, including human activities, however modest, thus have significance in relation to the whole that must not be disregarded.
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The whole of the historic areas should thus not be considered only in relation to an architectural framework; it should also include human values related to its social and economic context. Of particular importance is also the question of historic parks and landscapes. Since a heritage resource is unique in relation to historical time it is non-renewable.
1.9.4.2 Cultural Values
The recognition of outstanding universal significance in Heritage sites and their resultant treatment should be defined on the basis of these assessments with respect to historical substance and archaeological potential. Cultural values can be classified in a number of ways. Identify value (based on recognition): Values: This group of values is related to the emotional ties of society to specific objects or sites. It can include the following features: age, tradition, continuity, memorial, legendary; wonder, sentiment, religious and symbolic, political, patriotic and nationalistic. Impact: Consisting often of emotional perceptions, this group of values have a strong impact on the safeguarding, conservation and restoration of the resource. While these values could strengthen the treatment of the resource they could also cause over-restoration. At the same time, the lack of this identity could lead to neglect and destruction. These values can be promoted by creating awareness through education and training. Relative artistic or technical value (based on research): Values: This group of values is based on scientific and critical historical evaluations and assessments of the importance of the design of the heritage resource, and the significance of its technical, structural and functional concept and workmanship. Impact: These values result from search carried out by professionals, with the intention of demonstrating the relative significance of the resource in relation to its own time, to other periods, and to the present. They provide a basis for classification and listing, as well as strategy for treatment. Rarity value (based on statistics): Values: This group of values relates the resource to other constructions of the same type, style, builder, period, region or some combinations of these; they define the resources rarity, representative character or uniqueness. Impact: This group of values is related to the two previous value groups and influences the level of protection to be accorded to the resource. A high rarity may reinforce the significance of the qualities that have outstanding universal value, and therefore strengthen the possibility of listing as a World Heritage Site.
1.9.4.3 Contemporary socio-economic values
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Use values are related to presentday society and its socio-economic and political infrastructures. The following categories have been identified:
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Economic Value: Values: Since economics encourages the best allocation of resources to fit a wide range of needs, the economic value may not be restricted to a financial value. In terms of cultural heritage, economic value may be understood as a value generated by the heritage resource or by conservation action. Impact: Economic values have four potential sources of revenue: Tourism, Commerce, Use and Amenities. The mismanagement of any of these sources could lead to the undesirable development, or even the destruction of the heritage resource; this is often the case when profit value is erroneously measured instead of using a more collective cost-benefit approach. Functional value: Values : Functional value is related to economic value, as it involves the continuity of the original type of function or the initiation of a compatible use of a building or an area. In a ruined structure, the original functional value is lost, but a new one has been found in serving programmatic requirements for resource interpretation, or as a venue for activities such as the visual and performing arts. Impact: Continuity of traditional functions reinforces the meaning of sites in a manner that can never be accomplished by interpretative exhibits. An appropriate use will favour conservation; an inappropriate or ill-conceived adaptive use may cause degradation, undesirable changes or demolition. Educational value: Values: The educational value of a heritage resource includes its potential for cultural tourism, and the awareness of the culture and history that it promotes as a means of integrating historic resources in present-day life. Impact: The appropriate integration of World Heritage Sites into educational programmes is essential. Emphasis on tourism, however, could lead to unjustified reconstructions or the destruction of original fabric, causing a loss of non-renewable archaeological evidence. Social value: Values: The social value of a heritage resource is related to traditional social activities and to compatible present-day use. It involves contemporary social interaction in the community, and plays a role in establishing social and cultural identity. Impact: Social values can generate the concern for the local environment that leads to maintenance and repair of the fabric of a heritage resource; a lack of this social coherence and appreciation can handicap conservation. Such grassroots interest has been the driving force behind the Civic Amenity movements. Political Value: Values: Political value is often related to specific events in the history of the heritage resources with respect to its region or country. The present-day significance of the resource could be influenced by these events insofar as they coincide with intentions of contemporary political priorities. Impact: The political significance of a monument or site may assist in raising funds and drawing the attention of the general public to safeguarding and protection. On the other hand, ill-advised action may lead to undesired development and destruction of authenticity.
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The City Development Plan envisages the establishment of a Heritage Cell as a distinct department within the Ujjain Municipal Corporation with the needed technical and other staff and budget, to be regulated and advised by a Heritage Conservation Committee so as to ensure that the above mentioned criteria and unique heritage characteristics of Ujjain are preserved and, in fact, enhanced, through the suggested strategies and projects.
1.10 Concept and Methodology

A City Development Plan is both a planning process and a product which promotes partnership among the various stakeholders in a city (the city government, the private business sector, civil society, academe and national government agencies) to jointly analyze growth issues, develop a vision for the future, formulate development strategies, design programmes, prioritise projects, mobilize resources, implement, monitor and evaluate implementation. The preparation of a City Development Plan can be understood as a consultative process where the municipality and parastatal agencies responsible for provision of services and overall development of the city will play a pivotal role. The firms and institutions will be required to work in partnership and close collaboration with municipal and other related institutions such as the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, Development Authorities, together with other key stakeholders, civil society groups, and non-governmental organisations. The CDP will be anchored on the following principals of a sustainable city: Liveability - what can be done to ensure a healthy and dignified standard of living for the city's residents? Competitiveness - how can the cities be more competitive in the global economy? Bankability - how can the cities be more sustainable? Good Governance-how can a citys management be improved? How can accountability, integrity, and transparency be made an integral part of city's management?
Bankability
Livability
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Sustainable City Competitiveness Managability
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O Ob bjje ec cttiiv ve es so off C Ciitty yD De ev ve ello op pm me en ntt P Plla an n
a) Develop a consensus building process to establish the city's priorities, strategies and actions b) Formulate strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor c) Assist local authorities outline their financing and investment strategies d) Build local capacity for more effective urban management e) The goals of a city development plan include a collective city vision and action plan aimed at improving the infrastructure, urban governance and management and systematic and sustained reductions in urban poverty. Ultimately, it is expected that the CDP will result in strategic platform that facilitates development, decisionmaking, investment programming, the efficient allocation of resources and in city ownership of their own economic and social development processes.
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U Uj jj ja aiin n: : iit ts s lla an nd ds sc ca ap pe ea an nd dp pe eo op plle e
Ujjain (also known as Ujjaini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Situated on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River, the city was called Ujjayini in ancient times and is referred to as Ozene by Ptolemy. It is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held here every twelve years. It is also home to one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva. Ujjain, the city of Mahakal has been a seat of learning where all disciplines of knowledge have flourished since time immemorial. Great poets like Vedavyasa and Kalidasa have eulogized the city. Vikramaditya, the legendary emperor, ruled the city with his famous Navratnas (nine jewels) including Kalidasa.
Figure 2-1 Location of Ujjain
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2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises

The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. Although never visited by the Buddha, many theras (elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was born at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. Mahakaccayana became the arihanta and was present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma. Pali text of Deepvansh and Buddhvansh mentions his spread of the message of Buddhism from Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to the Buddhist faith. Candpajjotas mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at Kanchanvan (Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is known today as Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State carried out excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa. Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division. The Brahminical texts of Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and Brahmvaivartpurana and many other Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located inbetween Mangalnath and Ram Janardan Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where the sage Sandipani gave instructions to Krishna and Balaram. The Avanti Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir at Avanti (Ujjain). One of the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani, which is frequently visited by the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of Saint Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya.
2.2 Archaeological landscape

Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the preMauryan period. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3rd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up to the time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four places with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. In the excavations in and around Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from the second century B.C. Inscriptions are yet another source that confirm the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of terracotta bearing inscription Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa and Asadevasa in Brahmi characters of 1st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis, namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani wherefrom the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja, Udaditya, Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain and testify to the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.
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The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of todays Ujjain. Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artefacts and remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa 700 500 B.C. To save the city from destruction by floods in the Kshipra the inhabitants of this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near the ramparts of the citadel In the pre independence era Ujjain witnessed the scenes of socio cultural rejuvenation, industrial and commercial growth on modern pattern and the struggle for the freedom. In 1948 the Shinde regime came to an end as the Gwalior state merged into the newly formed Madhya Bharat. Presently, Ujjain is a Commissionaire and district headquarters in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Figure 2-2 Panoramic view of Ram Ghat
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2.3 Historical landscape
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2.4 Religious landscape

Ujjain has accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava and Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the Natha sect Gorakhanatha also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced asceticism staying away from worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain. Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the Parmara period.Later, in the 16th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava Sampradaya delivered his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram Parisar and established the 73rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here. The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late Mughal period and brought their unique customs along with. The Roza at Ujjain is highly revered place of the Bohras and an yearly congregation is held here which is attended by people from across the world.
2.5 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies

One to whom the God of creation, out of fear of this world, bows; One who stays happily in the hearts of the mahatmas who are calm, meditative and who have a tranquil soul; One who wears the art of the moon, skin of snake and marked skulls; Mahakalvan where Shri Mahakal sits burning like fire the sins, even as deplorable as the killing of a Brahmin. This is the favourite shamshana (cremation ground) of Shri Mahakal who plays here. It is this shamshana from where Vikram carries his Betal, to loose him every time he is forced to answers the questions posed by Betal. The narrative traditions (both oral and visual) that India is so proud of can be seen here at Ujjain in its Myths and Mythologies. The wisdom of King Vikramaditya, the poetry of Kalidasa and the celestial calculations of Varahamihira are kept alive in the landscape of Myths and Mythologies.
2.6 Location and regional settings

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Ujjain is situated on a unique geographical location from where tropic of cancer passes. It is the 'Greenwich Mean Time' of India for Panchang. The tilting of earth at angle of 23 on its axis and geographical line of tropic of cancer has special cosmic influence making it fit for absolute time location. Situated on the bank of river Kshipra, the only river that travels straight from South to North, Ujjain reflects distinct character of socio-religious cultural
Figure 2-3 Location of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh
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ethos.
Distance of Ujjain from major cities Cities Bhopal Indore Ahemdabad Mumbai Distance 183 kms 50 kms 402 kms 655 kms
A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Mandsaur, Along with Indore and Dewas, Ujjain is among the three most important centres in this region. Bhopal Ratlam broad gauge railway line passes through it and the NH3 is only 35 km, away. Besides these national connections, there are many state level highways linking it to the major regional and state centres.
Figure 2-4 Ujjain City linkages
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2.7 Climate and Geology 2.7.1 Climate

The city of Ujjain comes under Malwa region that is famous for its climate, which permits normal activities all the year round. The following table gives the overall climatic picture of the city:
Table 2-1 Climatic components
Geographical location
23-11 Northern Unique geographical location from where tropic of cancer passes Latitude 75-45 Eastern Longitude
Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Average annual rainfall
39 5 900 mm
The hottest months are April to June Coolest months are from December to February
Shallow ground water(pre 20 mts monsoon) Shallow ground 8 mts water(post monsoon)
2.7.2 Topography and soil

The city of Ujjain is divided into Pedeplain (shallow, deep & moderate), Denudational hill; Residual hill, Valley fills, Flood plain etc, out of which geomorphic features like pedeplain (deep) & valley fills have good ground water Decadal growth potentials. Low drainage density in the pedeplain deep and flood plains indicates that 70 59.74 these geomorphic features are good recharge 60 zones. On the other hand pedeplain shallow, 44.7 50 35.31 denudational hill and residual hill indicates 40 28.5 poor recharge conditions due to hard and 30 18.69 compact lithology. 20 11 Geologically the city is, by and large, monotonous. Deccan traps, which lie over the older formations, consist of massive, zeolitic and vesicular basaltic flows of varying thickness. Generally, the hard massive trap is underlain by zeolitic and vesicular trap.
10 0 1,29,817 1,44,161 2,08,561 2,82,207 3,62,633 4,30,427 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Figure 2-5 Ujjain Decadal growth
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Various flows are at times inter bedded with inter trappean. The common sedimentary rock of thin inter trappean is limestone which is generally siliceous. At places alluvium has also been noticed in the valley of the rivers Khan and Shipra. The geological formations underlying the Ujjain area are largely sandstone. Soils of the region are of mixed type and there is no distinct boundary between any two types of soil. Tonal variation in the satellite data indicates the difference in soil texture, intensity of weathering and mineral composition of soil. Deep black soil, lateritic soil and alluvial soil are the three different types of soils identified in the study area. Deep black soil, which is fertile in nature, occupies major part of the district. Black cotton soil is generally found with depth of 1to 3mts.
2.8 Demographic profile

The city of Ujjain has seen an average growth rate of 31.8% in the last four decades. The growth rate decreased from 44.7% (1971-1981) to 18.69%(1991-2001).The major reason behind this has been the economic stagnancy, closing down of industries and decreased birth rate. The current census (2001) population of UMC is 4.3 lakhs and the total number of wards is 54. The city has experienced relatively moderate growth rates in population during the last two decades- 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (28.50 and 18.69 per cent, respectively) The reduced growth rates in population during the last two decades are attributed to the slowdown in the local economy, especially between 1991 and 2001. This is evident from the fact that the total workforce participation rate (main workers and marginal workers as a percentage of the total population) was stagnant at 27 per cent during 1991 and 2001. The next decadal growth rate of the city shall get increased as a result of financial boost up in the economy due to Sinhastha.
2.8.1 Population Density

Population density is an important demographic index, particularly from the point of view of exploitation of the resources of the area. The density has increased three-fold from 2192 persons/ sq. km in 1961 to 4644 persons/ sq. km in 2001. Area under UMC has been constant and the density has risen by 8% in the last decade. Table 2-3 displays the change in population density trends in UMC area.
Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC
Year
Population in Lakhs
Area in Sq. Km n.a n.a. 92.68 92.68
Population Density 2050 2940 3913 4644

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1971 1981 1991 2001

Source:UMC
246433 282203 362633 430669
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Year
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 2011 2021
Madhya Pradesh
1,86,14,931 2,32,17,910 3,00,16,625 3,81,68,507 4,85,66,242 6,03,85,118
Ujjain City
1,29,817 1,44,161 2,08,561 2,82,207 3,62,633 4,30,427 4,78000(estim ated) 5,03000(estim ated) 6,88000(estim ated)
Decadal growth
59.74 11 44.7 35.31 28.5 18.69
Figure 2-6 Projected population for the Ujjain city Source:UMC
Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city
Census 2001details Population below 7 years age SC Population ST Population Male Population Female Population Male Literates Female Literates No. of Census Houses No. of Occupied Houses
Source:UMC
Nos. 55,619 75,946.00 8,316.00 223,745 206,188 173,508 134,248 77,099 75,548
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The above table shows that Ujjain has nearly 20 percent of SC population. The sex ratio can be said to be satisfactory. The male literacy level is quite high, that is 77% in comparison to female literacy rate of 65%.
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2.9 Work force profile

Ujjain which is a regional and tourist centre and has good linkages by way of road and railway has grown to become a trading and tourist centre in the region. The industrial character has been waning during the last two decades. Ujjain houses the offices of the headquarters of several district and regional level government offices. A considerable proportion of the citys workforce is engaged in these establishments, whereas a large proportion of population is involved in trade and commerce. This is clearly evident from the workforce participation structure of the city, discussed in subsequent sections of this note. The primary drivers of the economy of Ujjain are the primary sector, service sector (mainly public sector establishments) and trade and commerce. Manufacturing and processing industries, especially household and small-scale engineering industries, also contribute to the citys economy, though marginally. Among the poor households, the core poor had the highest proportion of main income earners in informal employment. The mean household income for the city has been recorded to be at Rs.4102 and expenditure at Rs.3501. the table given below shows the major occupational structure of the city.
Table 2-4 Occupational break up
Occupation category Primary sector Household industry Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Transport, storage and communication Banking and insurance Trade and business Services Total
Source: Municipal Corporation of Ujjain, 2001 Figure 2-7 Occupational break up
No.of workers in lakh 0.24 0.2 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.49 0.15 1.4
% Total 17 14 11 2 4 6 1 34 11
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Services 11% Trade and business 34%
Primary sector 17% Household industry 14%
Banking and insurance 1%
Transport,storage and Construction communication 4% 6%
Electricity,gas and water supply 2%
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Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain
Economic base
Years 2001 2005 (estimated) 2227 15270 870
Manufacturing Employment Production

Source:UMC
1800 12500 700
2.9.1 Trade and Commerce

A large proportion of the citys population thrives on wholesale and retail trade and commerce. The city serves as a regional wholesale market for food grains and other commodities. It also serves as a market centre for agricultural produce such as soybean, wheat, flowers, rice, pulses, oilseeds, maize, etc., which are cultivated in the rural hinterland. Ujjains hinterland has rich soils that are most suited to the cultivation of food grains, oil seeds, horticulture and floriculture, strengths that could be exploited to develop trade and commerce. Ujjain also functions as a distributing centre for agriculture implements, fertilizers, drugs and medicines, iron and steel, cement and minerals, petroleum products and forest produce such as timber, etc. and ready made garments and textiles. The commercial activities have diffused along most of the main roads of the city, although the character of these activities is not similar throughout the city. Ujjain functions as the most important centre for trade and commerce in the district. In 1991, 21.5% of the main work force was engaged in trade and commerce activities (District Census Handbook, Ujjain, 1991). In 1975, the land utilization rate for commercial use was 0.19 hectares per 1000 persons, which is inadequate. In terms of workers in trade and commerce, commercial area is 3.8 hectares per 1000 workers. It was estimated that Ujjain required nearly 7.5 hectares per 1000 workers. This would satisfy the floating population visiting the city during religious festivals. The commercial activities nearly double during the Kumbh mela. (Ujjain Development Plan, 1975). The present land utilization rate has been discussed later in the chapter on land use and management.
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Markets for specific commodities have flourished in groups along certain roads. General shopping is however; spread all along the main roads; wholesale and retail transactions in various commodities take place in these areas. Except Freeganj market, no market seems to be well-planned .All the other markets have come up due to organic growth of the town in a ribbon development fashion. Most of the markets are located on both sides of the roads leading to temples. There are no exclusively specialized markets. Shopping is mainly in the form of bazaars. In 1971, Ujjain housed nearly 5000 establishments classified as shops and other business establishments, which increased to 7649 in 1985.
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2.9.2 An overview on Ujjain city economy

Ujjain, once the seat of the ancient kingdom of Vikramaditya is an important religious, educational and cultural centre and a destination for millions of Hindu pilgrims. As well as regular visitors, (about 200,000-300,000 per year), once every 12 years, there is a flood of devotees to the city (5 million in 2004). About an hour by road (56km) from Indore, the city, once important for cotton manufacture has suffered considerable decline. All four of the cotton mills closed over ten years ago and there is little alternative for the 7,000 strong retrenched workforce. Religious tourism, services for the local population and some small-scale industries including power and handlooms and packaging are the mainstays of the city's economy. The industrial areas within the city are Maksi Road and Dewas Road. Numbers of businesses are reported to be 458 in Maksi road but of those only 200 are actually operating. This would indicate that more than 50% had either closed down or were sick. About 200 are reported at Dewas Road. It is not known how many of these are actually in operation. Power supply and skill level of the workforce are just some of the problems that exist. Outside the city, some small industrial areas with less than 10 units include Bandka Tehsil, Ghatiya, Padya Kalan and Birlagram and another semi urban area at Mahidpur with around 40. Industrial products/sectors include cotton cloth, incense sticks, tiles, chemicals, packaging, yarn manufacture and food processing. Proximity to Indore and the industrial estates nearby with better infrastructure means that Ujjain is not and is even less likely to become a favoured destination for manufacturing units. Private and public services registered are reported by CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) as Banking and insurance (122 establishments), hotels and restaurants (1890); hospitals and clinics (50); educational establishments (970) and shops (18,100). Government run health institutions are reported to be struggling in comparison to privately run hospitals and nursing homes that are performing reasonably well. Informal sector activities include cloth printing that is reported to employ over 1,700 persons.
2.9.3 Pilgrims
Ujjain, the summer capital of yesteryears is a popular tourist destination today. Although permanent population of Ujjain is low it receives large number of tourists. During peak days, on an average 3000 tourists visit the place. Apart from this, on the occasion of religious fairs held on Nagpanchmi and Mahashivratri nearly 3 to 5 lakhs pilgrims come to Ujjain. Study of past data indicates that the number of foreign tourists and secular tourists visiting Ujjain is negligible. The average number of such tourists is nearly 100 per annum.
Figure 2-8 Pilgrim gathering during Sinhastha
The tourism potential of Ujjain has not been exploited to its fullest. There are many interesting tourist attractions in and around Ujjain, which if properly planned and developed, could give boost to the local economy by attracting not only pilgrims but also secular tourists and visitors, both domestic and foreign. It is hoped that this CDP will lead to the making of an Ujjain-specific Tourism Development Plan with a similar time horizon (2011 for the
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JNNURM and 2016 for the next Simhasta) that would exploit the heritage and cultural assets identified in the CDP. The following chapter spells out the heritage significance and lists the heritage assets of Ujjain whose proper conservation and development should help give a boost to the economy of Ujjain.
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H He er riit ta ag ge eS Siig gn niif fiic ca an nc ce eo of fU Uj jj ja aiin n
3.1 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti

Ujjain is known all over as an ancient city that has its origins as a sacred landscape in the remotest historical past of India. However, much of it is based on the ancient texts such as the Vedic literature, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The epics and the Puranas are recognized as a rich source of historical and geographical information about ancient India. The Markendeya Purana contains a description of Jambudvipa and mentions the forests, lakes and mountains around Meru. It mentions the nine divisions of Bharata, the seven mountain ranges in India and twenty-two separate hills. It describes the course of the Ganges and refers to the famous rivers in India, grouping them according to the mountain ranges of the country. The extensive Mahatmyas literature that contains portions from the Puranas or Samhitas, deals with the topography of the various tirthas or holy places. The Pali Buddhist literature is important as it provides glimpses of the scene in India in Buddhas time. The Pali Pitaka, especially the Vinaya and the Sutta, contains incidental references to cities and places connected with the gradual spread of Buddhism. They supply us with information concerning the Madhyadesa or the Middle country and the localities bordering it. Madhyadesa was one of the five traditional divisions of India, according to the early Indian texts. They correspond to the East (Pracya), the West (Aparanta), North (Uttarpatha), the South (Dakshinapatha) and Central (Madhyadesa). The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. As many as fourteen of these great states are said to have been included in the Madhyadesa, the remaining two, viz., Gandhara and Kamboja being in Uttarapatha or Northern Division. From about the time of the Buddha to about the time of Ashoka the great literature of the early Buddhists is certainly the main source of the historical and geographical information of ancient India, supplemented by Jaina and Brahaminical sources here and there. For later periods we have epigraphical, numismatic and archaeological sources and literary sources as well as the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims. It is worthy of note that the exploration of practically the whole of India had been completed in or about the 4th century B.C. and the people felt the necessity of a comprehensive term for the territory extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south. The term was Jambudvipa that was then used. In Sanskrit Buddhist texts we have references to Jambudvipa. The Minor Rock Edict No. 1 of Ashoka mentions Jambudvipa that denotes the vast country ruled by the great emperor. By the 6th and 7th centuries of the Christian era the whole of the Indian continent with its major divisions and sub-divisions, cities, countries, provinces, rivers, mountains, etc., had become too widely known to its people. In fact, Claudius Ptolemys Geographica written in the 2nd century A.D. gives detailed information about towns, rivers and mountains of India and their coordinates that in many respects is surprisingly accurate. Since the Greek and Macedonian visitors saw little of the country for themselves, this information must have come from local inhabitants who knew their country well.
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3.1.1 Ramayana
Avanti is mentioned in the Kishkandha Kand of the epic, Ramayana. Ujjayani is mentioned in the Mahabharata. The capital of Avanti that was one of the sixteen great janapadas, was Ujjayini which, according to Dipavamsa, was built by Accutagami. Avanti roughly corresponds to modern Malwa, Nimar and the adjoining areas. Ancient Avanti was divided into two parts: the northern part had its capital at Ujjayani and the southern part called Avanti Dakshinapatha had its capital at Mahismati or Mahissati (corresponding to Mandhata or Omkareshvar or Maheshwar, most probably the latter?). The Avantis were one of the most powerful of the Kshatrya clans in ancient India. According to the Matsya Purana the Avantis originated from the Haihaya dynasty of which Karttaviryarjuna was the most glorious ruler. There were marital relations between the royal families of the Avantis and the ruling dynasty of the Yadus. The Avantis occupied the territory that lay north of the Vindhya mountains. They were one of the four chief monarchies in India when Buddhism arose and were later absorbed into the Mauryan Empire. They were an ancient people as the Mahabharata points out. Their dual monarchs, Vinda and Aavinda, led Duryodhanas army in the battle of Kurukshetra, and really speaking the Avantis made up one-fifth of the entire Kuru host. They fought bravely in the field until they laid down their lives at the hands of Arjuna and Bhima.
3.1.2 The Skanda Purana

The Skanda Purana mentions that Ujjain was known by six different names in different kalpas; those were (1) Sarvasringa, (2) Kushasthali, (3) Avantika, (4) Amaravati, (5) Chudamani, and (6) Padmavati. According to Somadeva (of Katha Sarit Sagara) Ujjayanis different names were Padmavati, Bhogavati and Hiranyavati. Other variations of the name were Kumudvati, Kanaksharanga, Nawateri Nagar, Pratikalpa, Sivapurhi and Vishala. The name Nawateri appears to have been given to the place probably for its supposed dimension of 9 x 13 kos. It is interesting to note here that there was a tradition that believed that Ujjayani is coeval with the existence of the world. In historical period, however, Kalidas knew it as Vishala. The name Avanti for Ujjain was current till the second century A.D. as is referred to in the inscriptions of Kshatrapa Rudradaman. The Avanti Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir at Avanti (Ujjain). It also refers to two tanks, the Surya Kunda and the Brahma Kunda. People from nearby villages have a ritual dip in the Surya Kunda even today. Remains (fragments) of the old temple are found scattered all over the area. The Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and Brahmvaivartpurana Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located in between Mangalnath and Ram Janardan Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where the sage Sandipani gave instructions to Krishna and Balaram. The Puranas mention that the Ashram met its water needs from the Gaumati Kund nearby. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) pottery and pre-Mauryan sculptural fragments were discovered here during excavations dating the region to the sixth-seventh century BC. This should make this area along with Garhkalika as the most ancient in Ujjain. Later, in the 16th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava Sampradaya delivered his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram Parisar and established the 73rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here. Avanti was one of the most flourishing kingdoms of ancient India and produced abundance of food and the people were wealthy and prosperous. Extensive excavations of Ujjain have
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proved that the period between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C. was of great prosperity. Terracotta ring wells were very common in this period. The ancient Garhkalika area was densely populated and was a center of trade and commerce. Ujjain thus became a great commercial center. Here met three routes, from the western coast with its seaports Surparaka (Sopara) and Bhargukaccha (Bhroach), from the Deccan and from Sravasti in Kosasla (Oudh). The trade route from Rajgriha to Pratishthan had Saket, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Vidisha, Ujjayani, and Mahishmati as the main trading centers. There were large water wells or kundas constructed on the route to meet the needs of the traders. One such large well dating to the Maurya Shung period was discovered at village Satkhedi near Ujjain in Shajapur district. This water source was renovated in the 1st-2nd century A.D. A second route led to Bhroach. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea by an anonymous Greek merchant is a guidebook that was written in the last quarter of the 1st century A.D. and it contains an account of trade and commerce that was carried on from the Red Sea and the coast of Africa to the East Indies (Indonesia). The Periplus points out that from Ozene (Ujjain) was brought down to Barygaza (Bhroach) commodities for local consumption or export to other parts of India and outside, e.g., onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-tinted cotton, etc. The early Buddhist texts mention a trade route from Paithana (Patan) in the Deccan to Srivasthi, the route passing through Ujjain and Vidisha. Sher Shah (1540-54) opened the Agra-Burhanpur route, planting the roadside with trees and building sarais. In Mughal period two great routes lay through Central India. One from Bijapur to Ujjain, passed through Bhikangaon , Diktan and Fatehabad to Ujjain, where it turned east and met the main route at Doraha (Sehore district).
3.1.3
Coinage & The Ancient Character Of Ujjain
3.1.4 Inscriptions of The Ancient Times

Inscriptions are yet another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of terracotta bearing inscription Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa and Asadevasa in Brahmi characters of 1st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis,
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Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the preMauryan period. The Ujjain coin has a distinct place of its own among the ancient Indian copper coins. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3rd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D. The coins that were current in Ujjain have a special mark. On some of the rare coins the word Ujeniya is incised in Brahmi characters of the 2nd century B.C. Generally on one side is found a man with a symbol of the sun and on the other is seen the sign of Ujjain. On some coins a ball within a fence or the Bodhi tree or the Sumeru hill or the figure of the Goddess of Fortune is seen on the other side. Some coins of Ujjain are quadrangular while others are round. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up to the time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four places with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. The class of round coins found at Ujjain display a special symbol, the cross and balls known as the Ujjain symbol. In the excavations in and around Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from the second century B.C. A stone casket has also been discovered dating to cir. 2nd century B.C.
namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani where from the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja, Udatitya, Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain and testify to the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.
3.1.5 The Ancient Settlement of Garhkalika

The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of todays Ujjain. Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artifacts and remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa 700 500 B.C. The people of the period lived in mud houses and used iron in the form of spear and narrow heads and knives. Terracotta beads and figurines, bone styluses and diverse pottery characterized their cultural equipment. A type of red ware dish was akin to its counterparts from Ahichchatra and Kausambi. To save the city from destruction by floods in the Kshipra the inhabitants of this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near the ramparts of the citadel.
3.2 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism

During the lifetime of Buddha itself Avanti became an important center of Buddhism. Many theras (elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was born at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. He went to the Buddha who taught him the Norm with such effect that, at the end of the lesson, he with the attendants was established in arhantship with thorough grasp of letter and meaning. Mahakaccayana used to be present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma. Being himself a native of Avanti Mahakaccayana worked with zeal for the diffusion of the new faith amongst his countrymen. According to the narration in the Pali text of Deepvansh and Buddhvansh he spread the message from Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Residents of Ujjayani made donations for the construction of the stupa at Sanchi as is evidenced by the donor plates there. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to the Buddhist faith. Candpajjotas mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at Kanchanvan (Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is known today as Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State carried out excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa. This stupa is said to have a diameter of 110 meters and a height of 32 meters. The excavation showed that this stupa was cladded with bricks during the Mauryan period by Vaishyaputri Devi, the wife of Asoka as evidenced by the discovery of Mauryan bricks. Alongside is said to have been the site of a Buddhist monastery called Dakshinagiri that sheltered hundreds of Bhikshus. Ashokan pillar capitals with elephants and lions have been gathered from places near Ujjain and kept in Vikram Kirti Mandir Museum of the Vikram University. Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and
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the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division. One of the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani which is frequently visited by the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of Saint Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya. The city was visited by the Chinese pilgrim, Yuan Chwang, in the 7th century A.D. According to him, Ujjayani was about 6,000 li in circuit. It was a populous city. There were several convents but they were mostly in ruins. There were many priests. The king belonged to the Brahmin caste. Yuang Chwang mentions in his chronicler that not far from the city there was a stupa.
3.2.1 The Mahakal Van

The Kot or fort area of Ujjain in the north of the city was known by the general term Mahakal Van that is the forest of Mahakal. Mahakal predates the Shunga period as is evidenced by the discovery of a Shung period brick wall and architectural fragments and remains of the period found during excavation carried out in 1980. One of the residential areas of the Mahakal Van is known even today as the Kot Mohalla. The gateway, Chaubis Khamba is at the northern end of the Kot. The royal seat was shifted from Garh to Mahakal Van by the first Parmara king, Siyak in 9th century A.D. and a wall around the area was built in the very first stage of the Parmara rule. A royal palace is also said to have been constructed there although there are no archaeological evidences available today. Mahakal Van is densely populated today but extended over a large area with four gateways. The gateway in the north of the Mahakal Van is called Chaubis Khamba for its 24 supporting pillars, made of beautifully carved black stone. In fact, Chaubis Khamba is the only ancient structure that survived the sack of Iltutmish and exists even today. During the Parmara rule Mahakal Temple served as a seat of Sanskrit learning. The Parmaras king, Raja Bhoja of Dhar made many extensions to the original temple in the eleventh century. However, that temple was completely destroyed by Altutmish in 1235. The modern shrine on the same site near the older temple was built by the Prabhu Kayastha, Ram Chandra, Dewan of the Peshwa in 1745. According to Ferishta Iltutmish carried the Shiva Linga of Mahakaleshvar with him to Delhi and broke it there into several pieces. However, the belief amongst the people is that the idol was thrown into the adjoining reservoir and it remained there till the new temple was constructed on the same site and the deity was enshrined. Near the Mahakal Temple and in front of the Rudra Sagara is situated the temple of Harsiddhi Mata, who is probably none other than Annapurna, flanked by Mahalaxmi and Mahasaraswati. On a niche in the temple there is a stone slab with the words Sree Yantra engraved on it. Annapurna is said to have been the tutelary deity of the Parmara rulers. It is also reputed to have been the Kuladevi of King Vikramaditya. A wall that has four gates surrounds the temple complex. It also has the temple dedicated to Mahadev that was the main site of the Nagvanshi Bharshivas as is evidenced by an inscription. The complex at its center has the image of Mahamaya. The pillars and many of the images within the complex indicate
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that the temple was embellished during the rule of the Parmaras. The complex has a Baodi that has an inscription dating it to 1447 A.D. An undated painting (see copy of print enclosed) at the National Museum, New Delhi shows the Ujjain Town at its center within the folds of the sinuous river Kshipra. At the left is the Mahakal temple while Mangalnath temple can be seen at the bottom right. Steps are also shown. Other temples are also shown in the painting. The seven water tanks (the Sapta Sagaras) in the groves around the city are clearly marked. Stylised people and trees can be seen in the intervening areas. Maps are sometimes found in miniature paintings, the one referred to here being one such. Similar paintings of Hindu pilgrimage sites are also frequently found. The rich pilgrims could order maps to be specially prepared for them while the poorer ones bought smaller pictures that had been painted in bulk. One of their uses could also be the need to establish the coordinates of the birthplace for travelers who wished to have their horoscopes drawn. It is known that geographical religious charts (somewhat like maps) were in use by travelers who visited sacred places during the course of their pilgrimages. There is no record when such charts and paintings were first used. They are in the form of a square with Ujjain, one of the most sacred cities for Hindus, in the center and on all four sides divided by step-like rulers, are named the places as they occur in order from the center, with the eight points of the compass named. Figures are given beside each name, but it is not known to what they refer. It is well known that Ujjain was marked as the first meridian by early Indian geographers though this was later moved to Varanasi and then Kurukshetra.
3.3 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts

Ujjayani has been also a great center of learning and the arts right from the ancient times. The celebrated grammarian Panini refers to Avanti in one of his sutras. Patanjalis Mahabhasya also refers to it. The Bhagvata Purana mentions Ujjayani as a city. . The Skanda Purana refers to it as a holy city. The Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana states about nine Durgas, twentyfour Divine Mothers (Matrikas), twelve Adityas, six Vinayakas, four Hanumans, eleven Rudras and six Bhairavs in ancient Ujjain. None of these are extant in their original form today and the concerned images have often come to light only in fragmentary conditions. Only the Chaurasi Mahadev concept has come to stay where four of these viz., Pingleshwara, Kayavarohaneshwara, Vilveshwara and Dardureshwara are regarded as the deities of Avantika Kshetra. The Yoginitantra also mentions Ujjayani as an ancient city. Ujjain accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava and Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the Natha sect Gorakhanatha had also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced ascetism staying away from worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain. Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the Parmara period. Iltutmish demolished most of these structures during the invasion in the 13th century. The only remains are the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Cave. The earlier period of the first millennium AD was a golden period for the renaissance of the arts and literature and Ujjain was very much at the center of this revival. The dramas of Kalidasa were performed on the occasion of the Spring Festival before the Viceregal Court c. 400 A.D. Nine famous persons known as the Nava-Ratna (nine gems) adorned the court of Vikramaditya, king of Ujjayani, usually identified with Chandragupta II (circa 375 A.D.)
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who is said to have expelled the Scythians and established his power over the greater part of India. Popular literature of India of comparatively modern age is full of stories relating to King Vikramaditya of Ujjayani. The tradition on the whole, suggests that Ujjayani became a great center of Sanskrit learning under his liberal royal patronage. The nine gems of Vikramadityas court are said to have been Kalidas, (the author of Meghadutam, Raghuvansham, Shakuntalam), Varahamira (the author of the astronomical and astrological treatises, Brihatsamhita and Brihat Jatak), Amar Singh (the author of the Sanskrit lexicon, the Amar Kosha), Dhanwantri (the author of the medical text, the Sushrat Samhita), Ksharpanak, the logician, the historian, Betal Bhatta, the grammarian, Vararuchi, the great scholar, Shanku, and the rhetorician, Ghatakpar. The names of Kalidasa and Ujjayani are inextricably linked together in the Indian traditions. It is in Meghdoot, a poem of a little over hundred verses, describing the anguish of a yaksha, separated from his beloved by a curse, sending a message to her in the city of Alka through a rain cloud from his exile in Ramagiri (now identified as Ramtek near Nagpur) that Kalidasas love of Ujjayani finds full expression. The poet describes the imaginary passage of the cloud over Ujjayani, and it is almost as if he is loath to move on, for in 12 verses (27-38) there is a lyrical description of the city and the people which conjures up a vivid picture of a civilized attractive society, a leisured class, intensely practical and yet imbued with deeply religious and philosophical preoccupations.
3.4
Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature
Though blessed with the waters of Kshipra Ujjain nurtured the concept of tanks and wells for both daily needs and sacred attributions. Seven natural reservoirs have been institutionalized
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The second revival (the first could be considered to be the period of Chanragupta II who also assumed the title of Vikramaditya) of the arts and literature took place during the rule of the Parmaras. Parmara rulers of extraordinary political, literary and creative caliber including Munja, Bhoja and Udayaditya ruled the region either from Ujjain or Dharanagari. Ujjain as a settlement is an ancient city but its built-form does not reflect that antiquity. The early history of the city undoubtedly had a major role in structuring its development and, may be, detailed archaeological investigations may reveal some of the basic principles of the present town form, but the data being limited, the observations tend to become conjectural. Undoubtedly the remains of the stupa at Vaishya Tekri and the mud walls of Garhkalika do indicate the ancient character of the city. A definite picture of Ujjain, however, emerges only from the Parmara period onwards. The activity zones and movement lines of the riverine part (on Gandhavati and the Kshipra) were formed during this period and stone being the principal material of construction many of their structures have survived to date. Chaubis Khamba, stepwells, Chaurasi Mahadevs and parts of temples like Chintamani Ganesh, Kal Bhairav, Mahakal, Harsiddhi, etc. stand as testimony to the Parmara rule. In fact, although Altutmish destroyed most of the structures which remained as such throughout the rule of the Sultans yet the Hindu Subedars (like Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur) of the Malwa during the Mughal rule and most prominently the Marathas in the 18th century could rehabilitate and reconstruct the temples and other structures that had been destroyed by Iltutmish. In fact, the Maratha rule could be reckoned as the third Hindu revival in the history of Ujjain. Nearly all the temple complexes, Ghats and Chaurasi Mahadevs bear their stamp. Embellishments in the use of timber in houses and streetscapes owe much to their patronage. Even today this is a characteristic feature of the urban landscape of Ujjain.
in the name of Sapta Sagaras that find mention in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana. There are many stepwells in temple complexes and elsewhere some of which are being used to date. Due to the higher ground water levels these wells are not as deep and intricate as those of other regions but have their own typicality in negotiating the levels and treating the surfaces. Tanks traditionally known as Munjasagara after the famous Parmara king Munja (970-1000 A.D.) exist at Dhar, Mandu and Ujjain which were the most important cities under the Parmara rulers. The Gandhawari copper plate of Munja dated to 974 A.D. also refers to a Shiva Tarag (tank) at Ujjain. The kundas within the Mahakala Parisar and nearabout are similar to the kundas (wells) of the Parmara period. Kotitirtha is a small reservoir (in fact a large kunda) within the courtyard of Mahakaleshwara Temple that was renovated by the Parmaras and later by the Marathas.
3.5 The Ghats Of Ujjain

Ujjain began as a riverine city but the present pucca ghats date from the Maratha times. The natural heritage in the form of river Kshipra and Rudrasagar has dictated much of built heritage and qualify amongst the most important heritage elements of Ujjain. Much of the image of Ujjain is read through the Ghats, the water city interface. Some of the ghats are small yet quite picturesque. Narsingh Ghat on the east bank, the Pishacha-Mukteshwar Ghat with its temple of Pishacha, Mukteshwar Mahadev, the Sangameshwar Ghat, the Ram Ghat, the Chhatri Ghat connecting Kshipra with the Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia, Maulana Ghat with the tomb of Maulana Mungis-ud-din, Udasi ghat with an akhada of Udasis, Gandharva Ghat, Sonar Ghat, Dashashvemedha Ghat, Ganga Ghat and Mangleshwar Ghat with the temple of Mangaleshwar or Angarakeshwar. Mention should also be made of the Siddha Vat Ghat on the Kshipra at Bhairogarh, 9 km away from Ujjain. It has a Vata tree (Ficus Bengalensis) that is reputed to be more than a thousand years old. The Siddha Vat ghat is just below this tree and is of similar sanctity. Most of the ghats in their present design were built by the Marathas on pre-existed consolidated river bank. These ghats are low lying with a leisurely ambience and are known by the names Ramghat in the southern half and Gandharva Ghat in the northern half. The level of the river being shallow there are not many steps, yet they incorporate small madhis, platforms and shrines giving the ghats their sculptural appearance. The built-form along the ghats has imposing scale at places like Ramghat and intimate scale at the northern Gandharva Ghat. As an ensemble of temples, steps, dharamshalas and large platforms the ghats of Ujjain are an indivisible element of the citys heritage. Steps, landing strips, projecting platforms and temples present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along the length of the ghats. However, the growth directions during the last hundred years have taken the spread of the city away from the river. Such unidirectional growth of the city meant that the ghats lost their prominent position in the city and the old city got increasingly cornered within the total town. The densely populated north along the Kshipra has the holy places but it is the south that has the modern facilities and the open spaces. The resulting seclusion of the historic precincts has on one hand preserved their ambience but on the other kept them at bay for the busy visitor. It is the drive of pilgrimage that keeps these precincts frequently visited and perhaps improved, especially at the period preceding the periodic twelve year cycle of the Simhasta.
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3.6 The Chhatris Of Ujjain

Right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was the headquarters of a Sarkar of the same name. In 1658 Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who fought the Battle of Ujjain at Dharmatpura near Ujjain on behalf of prince Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb named the place of the battle as Fatehabad. One of the beautiful monuments of Ujjain that has a link with Jodhpur is the Chhatri of Vir Durga Das who belonged to the ruling Rathor family of Jodhpur. He spent the last years of his life on the banks of Kshipra at Ujjain and on his death he was cremated there. The Jodhpur rulers constructed a beautiful Chhatri in the Rajput style on the cremation site and installed a statue of his likeness at its center. The Chhatri is embellished with floral and vegetative patterns, horses, elephants, etc. and scenes from the life of Lord Krishna. A festival and fair is held every year on this site on the day of the Vasant Panchami. The Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia (1720-45) who acquired a footing in Malwa for the Marathas and fixed his headquarters at Ujjain, is built near the Chhatri Ghat at the Kshipra.
3.7 Wood Architecture In Ujjain

Religion and pilgrimage are among the strongest assets of Ujjain and it derives an identity from them. Accordingly, major temple precincts and smaller shrines are geographically spread around like a recurring theme for the city. Timber buildings, representing the best of residential architecture is another such recurring element that dot all over the old part. Areas like the Bohra Bakhals, Kartik Chowk, Khara Kuan, etc. have a concentration of wooden houses contributing to the historic character of the city. Coupled with religious and the attendant commercial activities, the old part exudes an ambience missing in other city parts. However, the manner in which these historic properties are being maintained ought to be a cause for concern. Most of them did get renovated in the past, especially during the Maratha period. However, the later additions are unsympathetic to the original finishes. An extreme case in point is Sandipani Ashram Parisar, which is both the most ancient as per mythology and the most modern as per its todays architecture. No wonder many pilgrims feel disappointed at its present image. Reinstating the authenticity of the ancient precincts and structures and their finishes is necessary to preserve their authenticity. Islamic rule in-between the Parmara period and the rule of the Marathas made its own characteristic contribution to the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs. Muslim influences on Ujjain led to the development of typical provincial building styles which can be seen at Kaliadeh Palace, the Hammam near Mahakal, Bina Neev ki Masjid, Begum ka Maqbara and Begampura masjid. The Turks, Sultans of Malwa and Mughals all contributed in diverse manners including architecture, decorations, music and painting. The stepwell near Pushkar Sagar area of Begumpura had good paintings on the faade wall; there are geometric designs in the Begumpura gateway and Mahakal Hammam entrances. The pavilions of Kaliadeh have plaster stucco finishes and the Begum ka Maqbara has a beautiful stone screen wall. The name Kaliadeh or Kalidah is not mentioned in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana, which mentions the earlier name Brahma Kunda. The Avanti Khanda refers to a temple which once stood here, a statement that is supported by the numerous carved stones in the masonry work and the remains of old foundations near the water palace that was constructed by the Malwa Sultans by bridging the narrow left branch of Kshipra by a massive bed of masonry on which chambers, capable of being kept cool during the hot weather, were
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erected. These chambers or Tahekhana form a gallery that runs along the western side. These chambers were cooled by means of damp khas grasss mats kept moist by water led over them through conduits connected with the river. The water after flowing over the chambers along the masonry bed fell in a cascade into the Kaliadeh or the Brahma Kunda, a pool at the northern end of the structure. The water palace stood in the midst of fine groves and gardens, the garden within the enclosure being called the Firoz Bagh. The kiosques constructed on the stone basement are later Mughal additions that are faced with sandstone while the rest of the structure is of basalt. There might have been some tank or ghat in the pre-Islamic period that may have been exploited with advantage in constructing the edifice. The Avanti Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana mentions, besides the Brahma Kunda, also the Surya Kunda and a large Surya Mandir at this site. Madho Rao Scindia ( 1886) reconstructed the temple which was later converted into the existing Surya Mandir by Vijaya Raje Scindia.
3.8 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture

Bohra colonies like Ibrahimpura deserve special mention due to the sheer exuberance of their residential architecture. The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late Mughal period and brought their unique customs along with. Besides religion and festivities architecture too is a part of their typical customs. All houses have internal courtyards and exquisite timber faade where timber is used for both decoration and structural purposes. The Bohra Mohalla is a socially and physically knit entity with each Mohalla clearly demarcated with 2-3 entry gates. It is in the invaluable wooden architecture that Bohras have greatly contributed to the built heritage of Ujjain. Using seasoned teak wood expert craftsmen have carved beautiful images with strong quality of surface relief. Structural members like columns and brackets are also finished with carved parts and delicate surface textures. Residents used to apply oil on a periodic basis to maintain them. Bohra Bakhals like Nayapura, Bahadurpura, Ibrahimpura and Roza complex have exquisite wooden houses, mosques and Jamatkhanas. The marble Roza is a structure of splendid proportions and was built before the headquarters established by the Bohras at the time of their migration was shifted from Ujjain. Using carved and costly wood in their dwelling has been a part of the Bohra way of life. As a tradition loving and well knit society with collective community living as its hallmark the Bohras maintain their traditional and comfortable drawing and sitting rooms and costly interiors and, in some cases, the wooden elevation as well although some of them have replaced the wooden elevation due to preservation costs. Theirs is an important attitude towards preservation of physical heritage that is so much part of the built heritage of Ujjain.
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The tradition of having wooden houses with beautifully carved facades and interiors continued during the Maratha period. Areas like Kartik Chowk, Pan Dariba, Singpuri, Dani Gate, Khara Kuan, Namak Mandi, etc. are not resided by Bohras but have streetscapes of beautiful houses. It is interesting to note that in Malwa the houses are of brick or of stone. A plinth of basalt is first laid upon which a framework of wood is placed. The roofs are either tiled or thatched or, as in bigger houses, of cement concrete. In Ujjain the faade of the upper storey is ornamented by picturesque carved wooden balconies and projecting windows (jharokas). It is unfortunate that some of the earlier magnificent buildings in Ujjain like Maina Bais Palace at Chhatri Chowk and Maratha Palace at Maharajwada area have not survived the ravages of time.
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3.9 Gateways of Ujjain

Gateways are a characteristic feature of the built-form of any old city. Ujjain is no exception. As an urban center, Ujjain is endowed with proportional gateways, active spaces and memorial Chhatris that structure the city in their own way. The oldest is Chaubis Khamba Darwaza and the rest are from medieval times. Akbar put an end to Baz Bahadurs hegemony over Malwa and had a city wall constructed with gateways for controlling the entry and for the defence of Ujjain. While Sati Darwaza and Dani Darwaza remind us of past personalities, Nadi Gate, Kaliadeh Darwaza, Dewas Darwaza, and Indore Darwaza highlight directions of approach. The twin spaces of Gopal Mandir Chowk and Chhatri Chowk are among the prominent urban spaces in Ujjain. Clock Tower of Freeganj has a well-organized space around it while the forecourt of Mahakal, though not organized, symbolizes organic principles of space. Worth noting are the Chhatri at Chhatri Chowk, Veer Durgadas ki Chhatri and Scindia Chhatris that have an amalgamation of Rajput and Maratha styles. Like the other princely states, the Scindia rule also came under European, especially British, influences in art and architecture from the close of the nineteenth century onwards. Ujjain was no exception to this. Madhavnagar planning draws heavily from foreign principles and Kothi Palace is an amalgamation of Rajput and Gothic styles with an entrance influenced by Buckingham Palace. The Clock Tower in Freeganj is an impressive urban space contained within by buildings of mixed styles. The Chhatri Chowk while being Indian in its space planning is European in its architectural undercurrents.
3.10 Ujjain A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape

Thus the multiplicity of contributions and their accommodation in the spatial structure of the city have played a decisive role in shaping the built heritage of Ujjain. Ujjain has had a multifaith history with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism co-existing peacefully for a long time. Islam has made its own contribution and Ujjain is one of the revered pilgrimage centers of the Bohras in the country. However, the dominant presence at Ujjain is of a city dedicated to Shiva with Shri Mahakaleshwar at its center. In fact an interesting stone tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all the 80 Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4 Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center. Ujjain has truly been a sacred landscape revered and visited by pilgrims from all parts of the sub-continent for centuries. However, the temples and the religious buildings and institutions that constituted this sacred landscape for centuries were effectively and completely destroyed by Iltutmish who invaded Central India in 1235 A.D., A narration of this has been given by his chronicler, Ferishta who accompanied him in these campaigns. According to Ferishta, Iltutmish carried the Shiva Lingam of Mahakaleshwar to Delhi where he broke it into many pieces. By and large the picture of desolation continued all through the rule of the Delhi and the Gujarat Sultans. During the Mughal rule after Aurangzeb the Hindu Subedar of Malwa, Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur did construct Janardana Temple but much of the revival of Ujjain took place only during the rule of the Marathas in the late seventeenth century onwards. For Bohras, a sect of the Shia faith amongst Muslims with a unique way of life, Ujjain is a place of pilgrimage.
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3.11 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas

This listing of the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs provides information about individual heritage properties and precincts. However, there are certain built complexes and features that deserve special mention here. One such is the concept of the Chaurasi Mahadeva. Most of the religious centers of India are attributed with mythological associations and some are believed to be physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain is among the few places that fully embody this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van and Chaurasi Mahadev. To state simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread in and around Ujjain that are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically they are representations of the Puranic concept of Time (Kala).as stated in the Skanda Purana. The life of Universe is divided into 4 Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these 84 Kalpas. The Yugas end with Pralayas when everything in the universe dissolves but these Mahadevs do not get dissolved and are believed to be Achala, the immobile and permanent. Accordingly, the value attributions on these Shivalingas relate to all the Yugas of Indian temporal calendar. The main source for mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana. There are detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering of the Mahadev, the origin of names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship Him. The pilgrim route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity even after visiting Varanasi. The Adhik Mas of the lunar calendar is the most auspicious period for undertaking this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshiped at any time. The 84 Mahadevs are spread throughout Ujjain and cover almost all of it. Those located within residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests while some of them are considered as the deity of the mohalla. Historically, most of these temples (Mahadevs) were built in Parmara period (9th to 13th century A.D.), possible on predated sacred sites. Post-Parmara period saw the decline of religious focus on Ujjain and these temples also must have suffered heavily. The credit of rejuvenating them goes mainly to the Maratha rulers from the 17th century onwards and accordingly most structures are built by Marathas on Parmara platforms. An interesting stone tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all these 80 Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4 Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center. At the extreme ends there are four Mahadevs in four Panchkroshi night halt stations. All the major temple precincts like Mangalnath, Siddhnath, Mahakal, Ramjanardan, etc invariably have one or many Mahadevs located within. As an area of concentration the identified Heritage Zone has the majority of them spread all over the residential areas. Few Mahadevs are in the outskirts of the city and, as such, have been left uncared for. Some of them have no proper access today while at least three known Mahadevs have lost their original location. Majority of the Mahadevs are in good structural condition although some of them where the priest has his residence as well, have suffered encroachments and unsympathetic changes and additions. Presently these Mahadevs are not maintained on a regular basis and get attention only during the Simhasta which comes once in twelve years. An analyis of all the 84 Mahadevs has already been done at the beginning of this chapter.
3.12 Yatras and The Savari

As an ancient city with a sacred landscape symbology has been instrumental in defining many traditional religious practices of Ujjain. The Mahakal is the abode of Shiva and is one of the twelve jyotirlingas of India. Not only that, it is one of the four places (the
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others being Haridwar, Nasik and Allahabad) where a kumbh is held every twelve years by rotation of three years because the holy nectar that resulted from the churning of the mythical milky ocean (Khshir Sagara) by the devas and the asuras fell at these four places and hence immortalized them. The Chaurasi Mahadevs are the representation of the 84 Kalpas. All of these are geographically located within Chardwaras at four extreme corners such that Ujjain Kshetra has a circumference of Panchkroishi. Sacred tanks and temples are spatially distributed in accordance with concepts like Ashtatirthi and Sapta Sagaras (see accompanying map). Most of these symbolic images get an orientation by the sacred river Kshipra along which are located all the major temple precincts of Ujjain (also see copy of painting referred to above).The manifestation of these symbolisms can be seen in the yatras that are such a characteristic feature of the ancient sacred landscapes in India, such as in Vrindavana, Varanasi and many other sacred landscapes. Ujjain is a hallowed sacred landscape and the yatras (that are, in fact, Parikramas or circumambulatory walks) are a very significant feature of its calendar. The most significant event of Ujjain is the Simhasta that is held once in twelve years on the banks of the Kshipra. Chaurasi Mahadev Yatra covers all the 84 Shiva temples. The idol of Shri Mahakaleshwara is taken out in procession called Mahakal Savari during the month of Shravana (July August). Panchkroshi (Pancheshani) Yatra is taken up in Vaisakha (April May); it lasts five days, covers a distance of about 122 km and passes by the four sacred corners (see accompanying map). It is in essence a Shiva Yatra. Ujjain s geography is that of a rectangular space and at its center is its guardian presiding deity, the Mahakaleshwar with temples at every yojan (four kosas) radiating from the center. There are the four dwarpalas, Pingleshwar in the east, Kayaverohaneshwar in the south, Vilveshwar in the west and Durdureshwar in the north. The Panchkroshi Yatra. is said to have existed since time immemorial. In fact, the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana states that the five days of the Panchkroshi Yatra of Ujjayani taken up during the month of Vaisakh bestows greater merit than the yatra of Varanasi. The Panchkroshi Yatra received an added impetus during the rule of Vikramaditya but got discontinued during the Sultanate period in the 14th century A.D. when there was heavy outmigration from Ujjain. It got revived with great vigour in the 17th century during the Maratha rule and has continued unabated since then. The Panchkroshi Yatra starts from Nagchandreshwar at Mahakaleshwar after a bath in the Kshipra and proceeds to Pingleshwar (a distance of 12 km) which is the first resting night halt (See Map). The yatra continues on the second day and proceeds to Kayavaruneshwar (23 km) which is the second night halt. On the third day it proceeds to Vilvkeshwar (31 km) with a midday resting halt at Nalwa. On the fourth day it proceeds to Durdhreshwar (28 km) with a midday resting halt at Kaliadeh. On the fifth day it proceeds to Pingleshwar and after making a midday resting halt at Undasa it terminates at Kshipra Karktirth Ghat (Reti Maidan) (28 km). The Asht-tirtha Yatra that touches 8 Tirthsthanas and terminates at Mangalnath immediately follows the Panchkroshi Yatra.
3.13 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain The Saptasagaras

Saptasagara Yatra takes the pilgrims for the holy dip in the seven sacred tanks. Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana makes references to the Sapta Sagaras of Avanti. The natural heritage is a very vital component of Ujjain. Its hinterland is the plains of Malwa that are endowed with rich black cotton soil that has always yielded excellent crops of wheat and cotton and, at a later period, of opium. These crops have been the mainstay of the prosperity of its people and of its importance as a center of trade and commerce right from the ancient
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times. The natural heritage within Ujjain has been an inseparable part of its built heritage. It has had not only religious significance but also ecological connotations. The large area of the Mahakal Van, though densely populated today, was once a densely forested area. So were also the area around the Ankpat Parisar and Kal Bhairav Parisar. The area adjoining Ram Janardan temple complex is thickly wooded and hunting was prevalent till 1966. The tanks and the river Kshipra are the other main components of Ujjains natural heritage. In fact, the built heritage of Ujjain would lose its significance and meaning without them. And yet today both are under severe threat of deterioration and even decimation. A prime example is the very large Rudra Sagar that is situated alongside the Shri Mahakal Temple Complex.. It is one of the major sagaras of the Saptasagar Yatra. Some of the most important buildings like the Shri Harsiddhi temple, Shri Mahakal temple and the Maharaj Wada surround it. Its catchment area is heavily urbanized and the water draining into it brings urban wastes. The water body has shrunk because of erosion of the banks and the consequent silting Sewage drains leading into this water body aggravate the situation further as it is also a recharge area with two paleo-channels. Ancient texts make references to a river flowing from Rudrasagar to the Kshipra. The other tanks of significance that have been part of the Saptsagaras are Vishnusagar located to the east of Ram Janardan temple on Ankpat Road, Khshirsagar now in the form of large-sized kund near the railway station, Govardhan Sagar that has almost lost its existence, located in the east of Nikas and south-west of the hill of Nagar Kot Devi, Purushottam Sagar as Ankpat Sagar in the north of the Idgah, Ratnakar Sagar (the Undasa Lake constructed in the 16th century and having ghats and a chhatri inside the lake but primarily an irrigation tank today) located on the Ujjain Maksi Road close to Madhavpura village, and Pushkar Sagar not far from Rudra Sagar (the tank reduced to a baoli now for use by pilgrims for performing rituals). All these water bodies are in a sorry state today. Only cosmetic solutions implemented preceding a Simhasta can hardly provide longterm solutions for their sustained revival and continuance. These Yatras and processions and events have coded instructions about the route that they cover, and the period and propitiating powers. Their spread covers the entire sacred geographical landscape of Ujjain.
3.14 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain

A special mention must be made of the astronomical and astrological significance of Ujjain. The Hindu astronomers reckoned their first meridian of longitude from Ujjayani. Ancient India as described by Ptolemy also mentions this. The ancient concept of time and space is closely associated with Ujjayani and, therefore, the Mahakal as the presiding deity of Ujjayani. According to the ancient astronomical texts on 21st March the day lasts six months at the North Pole Star and after another three months thereafter the sun is at its remotest point from the southern horizon. At that time the sun is directly above Ujjain. In ancient period Ujjain was the seat of astronomical studies. The city, being at the center of the country, was the place where scientific astronomy first evolved. The students of astronomy then fixed the meridian here in relation to other places for their astronomical calculations. Ptolemys Geographica (150 A.D.) is a work of great importance for understanding the geography of ancient India. He fixed the position of Ujjain at 77 23 from where the meridian starts. Under Asoka Ujjain attained the highest state of prosperity. He is said to have funded a college here where astronomy and astrology were taught as special subjects. Ujjain continued to be the center of astronomical studies under the Guptas.
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Varahimira, one of the Nav Ratnas (nine gems) of the court of Chandra Gupta II, was an astronomer who wrote the ancient treatises Brihatsamhita and Laghu Jataka on astronomy and astrology. He is believed to have been born at Kayatha near Ujjain. Udayagiri (near Vidisha) is an ancient site that has an inscription in one of the caves that mentions the presence of Chandra Gupta II. The twin hills of Udayagiri and the saddle in between have remains that indicate that the site may have been used for astronomical observations. Incidentally, the Tropic of Cancer also passes through Udayagiri. Ujjain continued to be the seat of astronomical studies down to the days of Bhoj Parmara to whom is attributed the astronomical work named Rajaamrangaka. One sees a reflection of the Hindu view of the cosmos in the observatories established by Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber (1686-1743) in the 17th-18th century A.D. Over extension of the Mughul empire by Aurangzeb weakened its control and after his death in 1706 the local chieftains asserted their power. Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber sided with the weakened Mughal king Mohammad Shah (1719-48) and as a reward he was appointed the governor (subedar) of the provinces of Agra and Malwa in 1721. Jai Singh had strong interest in the Hindu concept of the cosmos. Besides establishing in 1728 the new city of Jaipur as his royal capital based on the concept of the Mandala he established astronomical observatories at Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, Benares and Ujjain. Ujjain had been at the center of Hindu astronomy for centuries and it is therefore not surprising that Jai Singh chose Ujjain for establishing one of his observatories. According to Hindu cosmological ideas the meridian of Ujjain runs through the center of the world. For that reason all their astronomical calculations were focused on this place. This is somewhat similar to the English making the Greenwich meridian and the French the Paris meridian into the line of reference for taking their readings. Maharaja Jai Singhs book Zig Mohammad Shahi gives an account of the instruments extant at that time for making astronomical observations. Father Teffenthaler who was the first European to write about the instruments at Ujjain in 1785 had made the following observations: Ujen, the capital of Malwa, is a very large, heavily populated and built-up town on a large plain. There are also two very large lakes in the town; one at the ox market, the other known as Garsathi, and charmingly situated to the south-west, is full of water-birds and has several bays. Not far away is the suburb built by King Jesing, former governor of this province, which is alongside an observatory and other equipment constructed of mortar; there are, for instance, two equinoctial sundials, an upper and a lower one; a wall whose upper edge forms an angle with the horizontal plane equal to the local latitude pointing towards the pole and situated on the meridian, with a geometrical quadrant on both sides; in addition there is a limestone gnomon and a meridian line engraved on stone.
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However, when Kaye came to Ujjain in 1915-16 he found only ruins. In accordance with his detailed suggestions for restoration the instruments were reconstructed from a scratch by the Archaeological Survey of India. The observatory now has the following instruments: Samrat Yantra, Dakshino Vritti Yantra, Nari Valaya Yantra and Digamsa Yantra.
3.15 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas

The revival and rejuvenation and extensions of many of the ancient temples and precincts in Ujjain took place during the rule of the Parmaras in the 9th-12th centuries. This is evidenced by the discovery of the remains and fragments of the Parmara period during excavations within the Mahakal Parisar. During the excavation of the foundation for the construction of
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the Pravachan Hall in this Parisar part of a Parmara period Shikhar was found. In fact, the present Mahakal temple was constructed by the Marathas alongside the remains of an older temple of the Parmara period that was destroyed by Iltutmish. Thus the Parmara period could be said to be the second revival of the Hindu arts and tradition in Ujjain. Iltutmish effectively and completely destroyed the temples of Ujjain during his invasion in 1235. The neglect continued during the period of the Sultanates during which period there was also heavy outmigration of the people from Ujjain. Certain revival took place during the rule of the later Mughals especially when Malwa had Hindu governors such as Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur. Maharaja Jai Singh also undertook the construction of a few well-known temples. One such is the Ram Janardan Temple in the Ankpat Kshetra constructed in 17th century. It has the temples of Ram and Janardan (Vishnu). The site appears to have been an ancient temple site as many of the images installed therein belong to the tenth and the twelfth centuries. That should place this site to the period of the Parmaras. Later, the Marathas constructed a boundary wall around it and a kund during the 18th century. Such fortifications in and around the temples also acted as defence against attacks. This complex has paintings in the Maratha style depicting the scenes from the life of Ram and Krishna. It is a beautiful example of the Maratha art. It was during the Maratha rule that Ujjain became the meeting ground of painters of the Poona and Kangra styles. The impact of the two different styles of painting is distinctive. The examples of Maratha style are found in the temples of Ram Janardan, Kal Bhairav, Kalpeshwar and Tilakeshwar while the traditional Malwa style can be seen in the Sandipani Ashram and in many large houses of local seths. That large temple complexes also acted as fortification for retreat during attack and for defence is borne out by the construction of a fortification wall and a large kunda within these large temple complexes. Kal Bhairav is one such ancient temple whose reconstruction and revival was undertaken by Maharaja Jai Singh during his tenure as governor of Malwa However, it is really the Marathas that led the revival and reinstallation of the temples and other religious traditions and institutions. Thus, the third revival of the Hindu arts and tradition could be said to have taken place during the Maratha rule of the Malwa. Ujjain passed on to the Scindias around 1750. The Maratha domination of Malwa gave impetus to a cultural renaissance in the region and modern Ujjain can rightly be said to have come into being during their rule. Most of the temples of Ujjain were constructed during this period. One of these is the Gopal Mandir built by Bayaja Bai, wife of Daulat Rao Scindia during 1848-56 and dedicated to Dwarkadheesh, the tutelary deity of the Scindia family. The Shikhar and the garbhagriha is in white marble while the main idol, the porch and the galleries are of black stone. The main entry door to the garbhgriha is of silver that was originally part of the Somnath Temple. Ghaznavi carried it to Ghazni as part of his loot. Mohammad Shah Abdali brought it to Lahore. Mahadji Scindia during his sack of Lahore brought it to Ujjain and had it installed at the Gopal Mandir. The patronage of the Marathas extended to the arts, such as painting, and the revival of the Hindu cultural traditions. The influence of Maratha architecture and the use of wood for construction and embellishment are visible even today. The shifting of the capital to Gwalior (Lashkar) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810 did, however, lead to the decline of the commercial and administrative importance of Ujjain. The pull today is as a religious landscape that draws huge numbers of pilgrims throughout the year and especially on occasions such as the various yatras and the Simhasta.
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Ujjain undoubtedly has the flavour and recognition as an ancient city. It has always been revered as a sacred landscape and as a center of the arts and literature. This is borne out by the description given in the Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana. However, the earliest archaeological evidence dates it to the 7th-8th century B.C. Excavations at Garh Kalika, a couple of kilometers to the north of the existing city have shown the existence of a mud citadel wall besides coins and many artifacts of daily use. The excavations at Sandipani Ashram similarly yielded PGW pottery dating to 6th-7th century B.C. The temples mentioned in the Skanda Purana (Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya) may have existed since time immemorial but the earliest archaeological evidence dates to the Parmara period (9th to 12th century A.D.). May be that the Parmaras constructed these temples on the pre-existing platforms and extended them further. Unfortunately, all these temples, including the Mahakaleshwara, were effectively and completely destroyed by Iltutmish during his invasion in 1235. The only buildings of that period that have survived are the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Caves. The rule of the Sultans accentuated the decay of the city and led to out migration of the population. There was some revival during the period of the later Mughals when Malwa had Hindu Subedars such as Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur. But the real restoration, revival and reconstruction took place only during the rule of the Marathas during the 17th century onwards. The primacy of Ujjain with the Scindias continued till the capital was shifted to Lashkar (Gwalior) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810. Thereafter its importance continued as a religious city for pilgrimage. The most important event is undoubtedly the Simhasta which takes place every twelve years. The next Simhasta will be observed in 1916 and that should provide a defining moment for the success of Ujjains City Development Plan. What follows in the next chapter is the suggested approach to ensure this.
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UJJAIN

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A Ap pp pr ro oa ac ch hf fo or rD De ev ve ello op pm me en nt t
Ujjain city, located on the banks of River Kshipra, is one of the seven important religious centers in India, the others being Ayodhya, Mathura, Gaya, Kashi, Kanchi, and Puri. The religious importance of Ujjain town has been attributed to the presence of the deity Mahakaleshwar on the banks of holy river Kshipra. Mahakaleshwar is considered as one of the twelve jyotirlingas in India. Several religious congregations are held throughout the year in the city. After every 12 years Kumbh mela, also known as Simhastha, is held during which a large number of pilgrims visit Ujjain. Ujjain today is the most poorly interpreted and understood city of India. Its antiquity is not apparent immediately, the city having been destroyed completely at some point in history. Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore this character of the city; there is no system in place that would address this issue in future either. JNNURM is an occasion to provide future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride and brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
4.1
Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City
How to define Heritage Component of the city--- monuments, religious places and sacred sites, buildings of architectural significance or traditional values? The very land one traverses is ripe with myths, mythologies and the sacred footsteps of the divine, the semi-divine, the demons and the mortals making sacred the entire landscape. This landscape has been described in the previous chapter as consisting of: Ancient Religious Landscape of Canonical Treatises Archaeological Landscape Historical Landscape Religious Landscape These landscapes are viewed as overlapping qualities of the geographical area that constitute Ujjain and gives it its character of a sacred landscape. Therefore Sacred Landscape or Kshetra approach is adopted rather than monument approach. Sacred Landscape is not a single entity but encompasses the entire environment of the area that includes water, landscape (hills, rocks, etc.), air, forests, animals etc. or in other words is a microcosm of the world. There is also not one single homogenous Sacred Landscape Ujjain but is manifested in several Sacred Landscapes with their own micro worlds. Each such landscape has its special characteristics that holds it together and is geographically demarcated into Kshetras/(Heritage Zones). These Kshetras are cultural zones and are different from the smallest administrative boundaries called Wards. Delimitation of Wards is based on population density and does not address the issue of manifestations of cultural beliefs of the people that result in religious festivals, rituals, architecture type etc. The idea of Kshetra is to find the largest geographical spread of a particular type of cultural manifestation. Kshetras are not bound by Wards and sometimes one Kshetra flows into several Wards making it important for the Wards to work in harmony to achieve the common goal of heritage welfare. A new paradigm has to be framed to achieve harmonious, symbiotic and cooperative method
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of working between the wards. The subject has been dealt with in Chapter on Heritage Management Strategies.
4.2 Features of the Kshetras 4.2.1 Criteria For Division Of Ujjain Into Kshetras (Area Delineation)
Ujjain is accordingly divided into Kshetras or Heritage Zones. Heritage Zones are geographical units or zones that are : Homogenous in character or cultural manifestations such as the preponderance of any particular architecture quality, treatment of streets, religious beliefs, rituals etc. Architectural qualities, street treatment and spatial constructs are closely related to the time at which they were constructed. They are part of the time line and form the synchronic and dychronic threads of the built fabric of a town. Kshetras address the antiquity of the area while addressing its heritage both tangible and nontangible. As mentioned above the Kshetras are demarcated based on the preponderance of cultural similarities. This is quantified on the basis of number of similar religious institutions in the area. The monuments invested with the unique quality in each area are quantified and listed but it has to be kept in mind that the unique quality is something difficult to grasp or pinpoint and should not be seen as being invested in the individual monument alone. Hence conserving the monument may not be enough and its spatial quality and context may all have a meaning. The very land on which these monuments stand has to be treated with equal care and respect. Multiple approaches to the Kshetras based on micro identity of each would determine the development objectives, management approach and administrative guidelines. The architectural norms and Town Planning byelaws should be based on detailed documentation, analysis and understanding of each area separately keeping in mind multidimensional and multi-directional character of the landscape. It is suggested that Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) be prepared for each Kshetra after micro studies and inventory of its tangible and non-tangible assets and its analysis. Conservation is indeed the most appropriate development path and all additions, modifications and improvements of infrastructural services must centre around the unique quality of each Kshetra. A list of eighteen (18) Kshetras has been identified on the basis of the above mentioned three critera. They have been discussed in the section below.
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4.2.2 Kshetras as Management Units

S.No. Name 1.Bhairav Kshetra 2.Mahakal Kshetra 3.Gopal Kshetra 4.Roza Kshetra 5.Kaliadeh Surya Kshetra 6.Madhav Kshetra 7.Mill Kshetra 8.Jaisinghpura Kshetra 9.Vaishya Tekri Kshetra 10.Bakhal Kshetra (BK) (MKK) (GK) (RK) (KDSK) (MDVK) (MK) (JSPK) (VTK) (BKHK) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
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UJJAIN
4.2.2.1
Bhairon Kshetra
Area Definition The area falling within the following points is considered in this Kshetra Junction of Vir Durgadas marg and Gautam marg. Junction of Badnagar Road -Ranjit Hanuman Road with Vir Durgadas marg. Nagda Unhel road and Mozamkhedi road Bhairongad police thana turning Siddhanath Mangalnath Ankpat gate, Gayakota and Solah Sagar. Predominant characteristics of the Kshetra Predominantly Bhairon temples Ancient fortified city of Ujjain Ankpath Kshetra mentioned in ancient treatises Archaeological remains dating as early as 8th century BCE Sacred tanks and ghats. Presence of myths and mythologies. Traditional textile printing of Bairongarh prints. Heritage spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra Sn o. 1 Name of Locatio Monument n Siddhawat Siddha wat marg Ownership Curre nt usage Private Special features Date CE 1200 Grade I Fair
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Grading
State
Templ Parmara e period remains Jail
Bhairongarh Fort
Govt.
8th cent 1600 CE remains
Grade II Huge expan sion under way Grade I Poor maint enanc
Kal Bhairon
Dharmasth Templ Dome, a Trust e wooden structure,
1000
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UJJAIN
10th cent images 4 Fort wall and Gate Pataleshwar Mahadev Govt. Gate and wall Akbars time 1600
e Grade II Negle ct Grade II Siva templ e in the botto m Grade III Grade IV Recon struct ed Fair
Dharmasth Templ Parmar and 1200 a Trust e Maratha paintings
Shiv temple
Private
templ e
Maratha style
1700
Vikrant Bhairav Okhaleshwa r Tomb Tomb Tomb
Dharmasth Templ Parmar a Trust e image outside Govt. Private Private Trust Ghat Wors hip
1900
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Garkali ka road
Parmara in 1200 part Nath community 1700
Grade II Fair Grade III Grade IV Poor Fair
Vindhyavasi ni Ganesh Temple Garkalika temple Pir Matsyender Bhartari Gupha Rumi Makbara
Templ 80 year old 1900 e pillar Parmara Pillar 1300 640 1300 800
Grade II Fair Grade I Grade I Grade I Additi ons Fair Fair
Parmara
Memo Monument 1400 rial of Turki
Grade II Poor
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Templ Parmara e temple
place 18 Baodi Private Water body Tomb
Merchant Persian 1600 well with steps Turki British 1700 1800 Grade IV Grade III Grade III Grade I Poor
19 20 21
Satichatwar Tomb
State Archaeolo gy Private
Fair Fair Fair
Vishnuchatu shtika Hanuman Temple
Templ Late Gupta 650 e image Broken temple, wooden pillars Brick shikhara Broken temple Reconstruc ted Maratha period 1800
22
Grade II Poor
23 24 25
Shiv Temple Krin Mukteshwar Mangalnath Temple
Trust
1850 1850
Grade III Grade III
Fair Fair Fair
Ancie Grade I nt site
26
Uttereshwar Mahadev
Mangal nath marg
Private
Templ Garbhagrih 1850 e a pillar Parmar Sama dhi Stone 1760 pillars with flower decoration Parmar period Ancient learning place for Krishna Of ancie nt antiq
Grade I
Recon struct ed Fair

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27
Samadhi Anand Rao Panwar, Dhar State Ganga image on Ganga Ghat Sandipani Ashram Complex including
Grade III
28
worsh ip Trust compl ex
Grade II Fair
29
Grade I
Fair
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UJJAIN
baithak and Gomti kund 30 Ramjanardh Chitrag an temple upta complex marg Templ e compl ex
and Sudama
uity Grade I Fair & grade II
Parmara 1600remains, 1800 maratha architectur e and paintings 1700
31
Ankureshwa r Mahadev 39 Dharmaraje shwar Temple Sati monument Lalbai Phoolbai temple Shiv temple
Templ Maratha e Period Nandi
Grade III Grade I
Fair
32
Image of 1200 Chitragupt a Sati pillars 1700
Fair
33 34
Lalbai Phoolba i marg
Private Public
Homa ge
Grade II Good Grade II Good
Templ Remains of 1300 e Maratha architectur e Templ Late e Parmara Garbha griha Mandapa pillars important 1500
35
Savitri Devi Trust
Grade II Good
36
Main tam temple Hanuman Temple Ganesh temple Urdupur a
1200
Grade II Good
37
Private
Templ Hanuman 1700 e in Chapat mudra Four armed Ganesh 1500
Grade II Good
38
Grade I
Good
39 40
Shree Ram Mandir Four tombs Ankpat Marg
Mahant Shyam Sundar
Sacre d Maratha architectur e
1800 1600
Grade I Grade III
Fair Fair
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Das 41 42 43 Chhatri sati Chhatri sati of of Lalbai Phoolba i marg Trust Resid ence Decorated Pillar 1700 1800 1800 Grade III Grade III Fair Fair
Kabirpanthi Math North facing Hanuman Narsimha mandir
Grade II Fair
44
Savitribai Trust Savitribai Trust
Templ e templ e
1800
Grade II Fair
45
Lalbaip hoolbai marg
Maratha 1500 stye garbha griha Samadhies 1700
Grade III
46
Math with Ankpath Udasi group of marg Sampradai samadhies Trust Glass temple of Shri Ram Ram Laxman temple
Grade II
47
Mahant worsh Shyamsun ip der Das Trust Private templ e templ e
Temple without shikhara
1300
Grade II
48
1700
Grade II
49
Indore Khalso Ram Janki temple Devnarayan Temple Ravindr anath Tagore Marg Ravaind ranath Tagore Marg Namdar pura
Private
Maratha architectur e
1600
Grade II Not good
51
Sheetla Mata Temple
25 ruined 1850 images of Vishnu, Shiva, Chamunda etc.
Grade III
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50
Public
Templ e
1900
Grade III
Fair
52
Ambamata Temple
Opp Jiwajiga nj Police Station Namdar pura Gautam marg
1800
Grade III
53
Mankamane shwar Temple Trilochanes hwar Mahadev Temple 84 Kotilingesh war Temple
1800
Grade III Grade I
Fair
54
East facing
1700
Fair
55
Abdalpu Audichya r Brahmin Panch Sabha Private
Parmar Image
1200
Grade II
56
Radhakrishn a Temple RadhaKrish na temple
Brick wall 1700 and Shikhara 1900
Grade II
57
Trust Hindu temple sabha
Grade II Excell ent
58
Radhakrishn Ravindr a temple anath Tagore marg Rukmini Radhakrishn a temple Wamanesh war Temple Ankpat marg Private carpenter Panch Institution
Wooden Ent. Gate
1850
Grade III
Fair
59
1890
Grade III Grade III
Good
60
Maratha architectur e
1600
Fair
61
Jain Temple Mahavir Swetamber Marg Nayapura Jain Temple Swetamber
Public
16th cent 1500 architectur e 17th cent. 1600 architectur
Grade II Fair
62
Grade II Fair
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e 63 Jain Shrawak Sangh Jain Upasara Giranari Hanuman Temple Grade II
64 65
Tilkesh war Marg
18th cent.
1800 1700
Grade III Grade III Grade I
66
64 Yogini 64 Temple Yogini marg Sheetla Mata Temple Shahbaba Dargah archaeologi cal mound Gautam marg Agar Road Bhairon tekri
Trust
Reconstruc ted on ancient site Reconstruc 1200 ted on ancient site 1600
67
Public
Grade I
68 69
Notified and protected under the ancient monument ts act
Agric ulture, brick makin g and potter y makin g
Grade III
Fair
4.2.2.2
Mahakal Kshetra
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Area Definition Mahakal Hariphatak gate via over bridge to Ravishankar Nagar Colony Ravishankar Nagar Colony via Bhagat Singh Marg to Jaisinghpura From Lalpul along the banks of river Kshipra via Ramghat to Choti Rapat From Choti Rapat via Dani Gate to Kumharwada Kumharwada via Pan Dariba to Gudri and Mahakal Chowk.
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra The area was a small part of Mahakal Van and services the Mahakal Temple The entrance gate of this historic Van mentioned in several ancient treatises Sacred tank associated with the temple Some 84 Mahadev and Ganesha temples are closely associated with Mahakal worship Heritage Spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra Sn o. 1 Name of Location Monument Maharajwad a Bade Ganpati Panchmukhi Hanuman Vishnu Temple Bhoot Baodi Panchmukhi Hanuman Mahakal Marg Harsiddh i marg Ownershi p Governm ent Personal Curre nt usage Schoo l Templ e Special features Maharani Scindia first sitting Date CE 1865 Grade I Good Grading State
2 3
1900 Bronze 1872 image of Hanuman Parmara period image Mughal period hammam 1300
Grade II Good
Mahakal corner Mahakal marg
Governm ent Personal Personal
Ruine d worsh ip Templ a
1720
Grade III
ruined
6 7
1700 1700

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Shiv Parvati Mahakal jhoola Marg, Malipura Shiva Image Mahakal marg Shri Datta Mahakal temple marg Gate (like Mahakal chaubis marg
8 9 10
Governm ent
1700 1850
Grade II Good Grade III Good
Gatew Built by 1800 ay to Maharaja
Grade II Good
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Khamba)
Near Police station
school Madhav Rao. Paramara style images Hospi tal worsh ip Inside shivling 1870 1700 Grade II Good Grade III Ruins
11 12
Maternity hospital Stupa shaped monuments Sati ghat Ram temple Rudrasagar
Mahakal Mahakal marg Nadi marg Mahakal marg Harsiddh i marg
13 14 15
1700 Personal Governm ent Personal worsh ip Bathi ng woodwork Reconstruc ted several times 1700
Grade II Ruins Grade II Good Grade I Antiq uity lost Good
16
Vikramadity Harsiddh a marg i marg
Templ Judgment 1880 e seat of Vikramadit ya worsh ip worsh ip worsh ip worsh ip worsh ip worsh ip Maratha Period Muslim architectur e Parmara Period images 1800
Grade I
17
Mosque
Ramghat
Institutio n General
Grade III
Good
18
Ramghat Temple Nirmohi akhara Udasi Akhara Nirmal Akhara
Ramghat
650
Grade II Good
19 20 21 22
Nadi marg Nadi marg Nadi marg
Institutio n Institutio n Institutio n Dharmast a
1500 1800 1850 1550
Grade II Good Grade II Good Grade II Good Grade I Good

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Karkateshw Dani ar Mahadev Gate 22
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23
Vireshwar Mahadev 46
Dani Gate
worsh ip
Temple with shikhar
1500
Grade I
Good
24
Abhayeshw Dani ar Mahadev Gate 48 Omkarshwa Khatik r Mahadev wada 52 Vishveshwa Gonsa r Mahadev gate 53 Khatik wada Rownatesh war Mahadev No.56 Kartik Chowk shitalam ata lane
1600
Grade I
Good
25
1300
Grade I
26
Maratha architectur e Maratha period
1600
Grade I
27
1600
Grade I
28
Ghanteshwa Kartik r Mahadev Chowk No. 57 Shitalam ata lane Brahmeshw Dani ar Mahadev Gate No.65 Begum ka Begumb makbara agh Begum Begum Bagh bagh colony with compound wall
1700
Grade I
29
1600
Grade I
Good
30 31
Trust Private
reside nces Ancient houses
1300
Grade I Grade II
Good
4.2.2.3
Gopal Kshetra
Area Definition Gudri Chouraha Pandariba Kartik Chowk
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Mour dharmashal Dani Gate Tanki Chouraha Ramratan Sharma marg Brahaspateshwar Mahadev Temple Teliwada MPEB office Shakaracharya Marg Dadabhainavroji Marg Shripal marg Vyayam shala gali Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra Vaishnavite in nature Commonality of auspitious dates, rituals and prayers Temples attended by same pilgrims who visit several temples sequentially. Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra Sn o. 1 2 Name of Location Monument Gopal Mandir Govardhan Nath Temple
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Ownershi p
Curre nt usage
Special features
Date CE
Grading
State
Gangaur Darwaza Laxminaray an Shri Satyanaraya n Kartik Chowk Dhaba Road Trust Templ Dome with 1800 e stucco s work Templ Wall e paintings 1800 Grade II good
Nageshw arji Trust
Grade II Good
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Radhakrishn Dani a Mandir gate Govardhan mandir Shrinathji mandir Dhaba Road
Private
Wooden architectur e
1750
Grade II poor
7 8
Trust
Maratha style images
Marat ha perio d
Grade II good
9 10
Samaj Rammandir Khati ke mandir Jagganath ji Daudayal Mandir Laxmi Vyankatesh mandir Ram mandir Old Sarai Jahaz gali Trust templ e Dama ged Maratha Style Muslim architectur e, inscription 1608 1750 Grade II good Grade II good
11 12
13 14
15
Vaikunthan Dhaba ath ji Road mandir Narsimha mandir Rang Mahal Shankara chary marg Trust Dhara mshal a Wors Ancient city wall 1910 Grade III Grade I
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16
17
18
Shani
Private
One of the 1200
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UJJAIN
temple 19 20 Ramjanardh an temple Chakravarti Hanuman Temple Anandi Friend Circle Centre Shri Chintamani Parshwanat h temple Shri Adishwar Temple Sati Darwaza Bhagsipu Personal ra
hip
9 grihas
Marat ha Stamb ha Britis h period Wors hip Parmara period pillars Carved woodwork
1550
Grade II Fair
21
Kartik Chowk
Christian Centre
1895
Grade III
Fair
22
Kharaku wa Shripal Marg
Trust
1000
Grade II Excell ent
23
Kharaku Trust wa Dadabha i Naroji marg Dadabha Personal i Naroji Marg
Rest house
1700
Grade III
Ruine d
24
Raj Rajeshwari Temple Hanuman Temple (small) Kailash talkies
templ e
Wooden architectur e
1900
Grade II good
25
1900
Grade II good
26
Bamba Khana
Private
27
Yuwaraj Library
Chattri Chowk
Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam
Librar y
British architectur e
1915
Grade III Grade III
Fair
28
Tomb of Chattari Madhavrao Chowk
Marble 1885 image of Madhavrao Scindia
Fair
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Kalid as Monte ssary school
1930
Grade III
poor
29
Shahi Mosque
Chattari Chowk
Wakf
Parmara remains are used
1800
Grade II Fair
30
Fire Brigade Kanhaiy alal Manana Marg Water tank
Governm ent
1930
Grade III
Fair
31
Water storag e Hospi tal Scindia period British period worsh ip worsh ip Ganesh Parmara period
1930
Grade III Grade III Grade III Grade III
Fair
32 33 34
Hospital Post Office Municipalit y office Mankamane shwar temple Bajrangbali temple
Chattari Chowk Gopal Mandir Marg Gandhar vati river Kartik chowk
Corporati on
1928 1928 1910
Fair Fair Fair
35
1200
Grade II good
36
Constructe 1800 d by Samartha Ramdas a famous medieval saint of Maharastra
Grade II good
Area Definition Mazar-e-Nazmi to Khatikwada upto Porawal Dharamshala Porwal Dharamshala to Smawariya Chouraha Somawariya Chouraha to K.D.Gate Gautam marg upto Chand ka Kuwan corner Chand Kuwan to Sankadiya Sultan upto Khajurwali Masjid Khajurwali masjid to K.D.Gate upto Mazar-e-Nazmi.
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4.2.2.4
Roza Bhakhal Kshetra
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Sacred Place of the Bohras The pilgrim interest is common Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument Mazar-eNazmi ownership Current usage worship Special features High importance Date CE grading state
Quamari Trust marg
Grade I Excellent
4.2.2.5
Bakhal Kshetra
Area Definition Dabripita MPEB to Kalapura upto Shakracharya marg Shankaracharya marg to Kharakuwan to Shripal Marg upto Ganda Nala Ganda Nala to Indian Oversees Bank Predominant Characteristics Pilgrim Centre of the Bohras The residential quarters have a similar appearance Chronological similarity Streetscape and open spaces and a typical characteristic that homogenizes the architecture Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location ownership Current Monument usage 1 2 3 Mosque Sarai Dabri peetha worship residential British style Dining hall Special Date features CE grading state
Grade II Grade II
Excellent Good
Dastarkhana
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1800 Grade I
4.2.2.6
Jaisingh Vedshala Kshetra
Area Definition Hariphatak bridge to Yantra Mahal upto Lal Phool Lal Phool to Jaisinghpura and under Hariphatak to Ravishankar Nagar Ravishankar Nagar to Hariphatak ending at Sanwar Road. Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Chronological homogeneity Large Jain settlement in the area with several Jain temples Architectural uniformity Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra S no 1 Name of location Monument Yantra Mahal Yantra mahal road ownershi p Governm ent Current usage Special features Date CE gradi ng Grad eI state
For One of 1719 calculatio the five n etc. observat ories by Sawai Jaisingh Sits on archaeol ogical mound
Excellent
Jain Temple Jaisingh and pura museum Shiv temple Gau Ghat Gaughat Gaughat
Trust
temple
Ancient sculpture s
1800
Grad eI Grad e III Grad e II
Good
bathing
Parmara Vishnu anantash eyana image. Ghat renovate d.
1200
Fair
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temple
1800 s
Fair
Water works city
Gaughat of gaughat
Governm ent
Drinking water Old gate Persian of the inscriptio city n
1830
Grad e II Grad e III Grad e II
Good
Bhishti gate
1730
dilapidat ed fair
Neemwale baba mosque
Hariram Choube marg
Private
worship
1500
4.2.2.7
Mill Kshetra
Area Definition Beema Hospital Chouraha to Saraswati Nagar MR-4 to Ring road Ring road to Railway Phatak Railway Phatak to Railway line upto over bridge and Chamunda Mata Chouraha Chamunda Mata Chouraha to Beema Hospital Chouraha Predominant Characteristics of the Ksetra Industrial area with large shopfloors Dotted with Chimneys made of brick Colonial style architecture of brick Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. 1 2 Name of location Monument Hira Mill Sakhya Raje Sarai Sakhaya Raje Trust Marg Ashok Mandi Marg Sarai Scindia Period British style 1915 Grade III Good ownership Current usage Special features Date CE grading state
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Binod Mill
Government closed
1928
Ruined
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UJJAIN
Materity Hospital Bohara Ward
Ashok Mandi Marg
Government Hospital
British style
1910
Grade III Grade III
Fair
1915
Fair
4.2.2.8
Madhav Kshetra
Area Definition Over bridge Shastri park to Zero point Zero point via Kshapanak Munj corner to Dewas road corner Dewas road corner to Loti school chouraha Loti school chouraha to Shastri park
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Trading Area with Shops Colonial style architecture Grandure residences and hotel Chronological similarity Heritage Spots and Heritage Area in the Kshetra S Name of location no. Monument 1 2 Grand Hotel Gopal Temple Ghantaghar Freeganj Madhav nagar ownership City Corporation Trust Current usage Residence temple Clock tower Special features Scindia period Date CE 1886 1920 grading state Grade II Grade II
Fair Fair
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government
Manuscripts, Grade coins etc. 1910 II kept here 1936 Grade II
Fair
Dr Bharati Kala Dhanwantari Wakanakar Bhavan Marg art trust
Education
Fair
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UJJAIN
Theosophical Freeganj lodge Alakhdham Sandal Bhavan
Theosophical Prayers society Trust
Started by Grade 1800 Anne Besant II Udasin sect Grade British style 1875 II architecture 1913 Grade II
Good
Fair
private
Fair
4.2.2.9
Vaishya Tekri Kshetra
Area Definition Saint Paul school via Panchkroshi marg to Pingleshwar temple Pingleshwar temple via Maksi road to Shri Synthetics factory Shri Synthetics factory to Pandya khedi Pandyakedi via Ring road to Saint Paul school Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Archaeological mounds dating to 800 BCE Pre-Mauryan Stupa (very rare) Buddist landscape Parmara remains Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra S Name of location ownership Current no. Monument usage 1 Vishya Tekri Kumhar Tekri Tulawardi Tekri Ratnakar Sagar Undasa Lake road Undasa Lake Badrilal Patels property Special features Date CE 6th cent BCE Grade I Cultivated on the edges Grade I Grade I Grade I Good grading state
2 3 4
Lake
Notified monument ASI Excavated 1937 Maratha decorations
style 700 CE
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Buddhist Notified stupa monument ASI
Lake 5 Chattari Ratnakar Lake Undasa Gram Shiv Temple
road Chhatri Parmara temple remains Undasa Gram Undasa Private Private worship worship worship worship worship Maratha architecture Maratha arch. Parmara Parmara 1700 Grade II 1700 Grade II 1300 Grade II 1250 Grade II Good Good Good Good good Grade I Good
6 7 8 9 10
Sati Undasa Monument Sati Otla Undasa no. 2 Sheetla Mata Temple Ram temple Undasa
Images of Shiv 1200 Grade Parvati Vishnu, II Mahisasuramardini Maratha period 1800 Grade II
11
Undasa
worship
Good
4.2.2.10 Kaliadeh Mahal Surya Kshetra
Area Definition Bherugarh Police Station to K.D. Mahal K.D.Mahal to Kshipra Pala to Mangalnath via Kamed Mangalnath to Bherugarh Police station via Delhi Darwaza Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Medieval architecture Large open landscape with water front Unique Water Palace Sun temple visited by Pilgrims Guest house Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
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Maratha temple and early 19th century architecture
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UJJAIN
Name of location no. Monument 1 Kalideh Mahal Kaliadeh marg
ownership
Current Special usage features Water palace
Date CE 1400
grading state
Government none
Grade I Repairable
Sun temple
Kaliadeh Scindia palace Trust compound Kaliadeh Scindia Palace Trust compound
temple
Reconstructed on older ancient 1800 Suntemple site Guest house
Grade I Repairable
Guest house Ruined structure
Guest house
Early Grade 1900s III !900s Grade III
Useable
Government ruins
none
Repairable
4.2.2.11 Vikaram University Kshetra
Areas Definition Tagore Garden via Kothi Palace to Vikram Nagar Railway Station Vikram Nagar Railway Station to Nagziri Nagziri to Tagore Garden swimming pool Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra Kothi Palace is a large Palace made in Indo-Saracenic style. Unique gardens and water system that can be revived Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument ownership Current Special usage features Large garden with unique water Date CE grading state
Kothi Palace
Government
Govt offices
1886 Grade I good
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system Water system Gardens of Kothi Govt. palace Canal system with kundis
none
1886 Grade I neglected
4.2.2.12 Khipra and its Banks from Shani temple to Kaliadeh
Area Definition Triveni Ghat (Navgraha Shani Temple) Gau Ghat Chintaman Ghat Bhukhimata Ghat Karkraj Ghat (Reti Ghat) Narsingh Ghat Ram Ghat Gandharv Ghat Sunheri Ghat Shamshan Ghat Walmiki Ghat Rinmukhteshwar Ghat Rajamal Ghat Bharthari Ghat Mastyendra nath Ghat Vikrant Bhairav Ghat Okhaleshwar Ghat Ganga Ghat Mangalnath Ghat Angareshwar Ghat Siddanath Ghat Kaliayadeh Mahal Ghat Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra
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Kal Bhairav Ghat
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The principal quality of this kshetra is the quality and quantity of its water.
4.2.2.13 Nagar Kot Rani (Sagar) Kshetra
Area Definition Nikas Chouraha via Khak chowk to Mangalnath Mangalnath via Khilchipur nala Khilchipur to Beema Hospital Chouraha Beema Hospital chouraha to Nikas chouraha Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Historical in character but reconstructed during Maratha times Maratha style architecture Association of myths and mythologies Predominantly goddess temples Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of Current location ownership Monument usage Special features Gupta period image in the mini temple in front. Parmara kund in front. Date CE grading state
Nagar Kot ki Rani
worship
Grade I
Chousath yogini temple

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4.2.2.14 Yogeshwar Tekri Kshetra
Area Definition Nikas Chouraha to Beema Hospital chouraha Beema Hospital to Dewas gate chouraha Dewas gate to Doulatganj Chouraha Doulatganj to Nikas chouraha
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra Archetypal inner city core Complex socio-religio-economic character of the kshetra Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the kshetra Sn o. 1 Name of Location Monument Ownershi p Curre nt usage Police Statio n Medit ation centre Medit ation centre Visite d by Gand hiji Ancie nt Ayrve dic centre worsh ip Bathi ng place Trust Wors hip Hospital during plague Special features Date CE Grade III Grade III Grade III Grading State
Central Kotwali
Nazar Ali Marg
Governm ent Institutio n Institutio n
Scindia period
1890
Good
Arya Arya Samaj Samaj Temple Marg Gujrati Samaj Tilak Marg
1895
Good
1906
Good
Khadi Tilak Village Ind. Marg Bulding
Governm ent
1910
Grade II Good
5 Kalpabriksh a office Tilak Marg Private
1900
Grade III
Good
7 Kshirsagar 8 Seshshayani Vishnu Temple
Kshirsag ar Marg Kshirsag ar Marg
Lake. Sapta Sagar Parmar period
650
Grade I
Good
1200
Grade I
Ruine d
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Yogeshwar Hill
Arya Samaj Marg
In the heart 1500 of the city
Grade II Good
Vallabhacha rya Temple Nimbark Temple Hanuman Temple Nazar Mill Madhav College
Nazar Ali Marg Nazar Ali Marg Budhwar ia
Trust
Wors hip Wors hip worsh ip
Manuscript s are kept here Started by 1500 Nimack sect 1800 British period 1914
Grade I
Ruine d
10
Trust
Grade II Grade III Grade IV Grade III Grade IV
11 12 13
Public Private Governm ent
Good Ruine d Good
Ali Nazar Ali Marg Ashok Mandi Marg Dewas Gate
Unive rsity Musli m grave
Scindia period
1915
14 Grave 15 Well Madhav college compound Kherapati Hanuman
Private
1800
good
Dewas Gate
Governm ent
Water Maratha source Style
1750
Grade II Good
16
Laxmiba i Marg
Trust
worsh ip
One of 8 Hanumans 1300 of city Maratha style architectur e Devpaldev s inscription found here
recons Grade II tructe d Rebui ld
17 Shankar Temple 18 Thakurs Bara 19 Champa Kundi 20 Chateshwari Temple Khirwar kar Marg Laxmiba i Marg Private Khirwar kar Marg Private reside nce Bhadurg anj worsh ip
1750
Grade II
Maratha Water style source architectur e worsh ip Maratha style
1700
Grade III
good
Trust
1700
Grade II good
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1600
Grade II
21 Municipal Lodge 22 Hanuman Temple in Garden (now Busstand) Railway station
Rajabhau , Mahakal Marg Rajabhau Mahakal Bus stand Marg Railway station Marg
Municipa l Corporati on Municipa l Corporati on
reside nce
1850
Grade III
Rebui lt
worsh ip
Parmara period pillars
1885 re build
Grade II Good
23
Railw ays
British period
1885
Grade II Good
4.2.2.15 Kartik-Dutt Kshetra
Area Definition K.D.Gate via Gonsadarwaza to Porwal Dharmshala via Gonsa Darwaza Porwal Dharamshala to Shakaracharya chouraha and Bhukhi Mata Bhukhi Mata to Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha to Ambodiya Road Tiraha via Mullapura Ambodiya Tiraha to Sadawah Nagtalai Ranjeet Nagar via Baranagar bridge to K.D.Gate Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra Open spaces and scattered monuments Mela Kshetra Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument Kedareshwar Temple Gangeshwar Mahadev 42/84 ownership Current usage Worship Special features Old Date CE grading state Grade III Grade II Grade II
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Kharagdas private Sangmarmar Kharagdas Trust Sangmarmar
Ruined
Worship
old
Pruthukeshwar Khargdas Trust Sangmarmar Mahadev
Worship
old
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49/84 4 Shuleshwar Mahadev 51/84 Dutt Akhada Silawatwadi Bhadravahu Marg Trust Worship Parmara Grade 1200 shivling II 1600 Grade II Good
Institution Charitable
Good
4.2.2.16 Pushkar Kshetra
Area Definition Hariphatak to Doulatganj Chouraha Doulatganj Chouraha to Indore Gate Indore Gate to Hariphatak underbridge via Ravishankar Nagar Hariphatak under bridge to Hariphatak Chouraha Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra One of the major water bodies of sapta sagar Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument ownership Current usage charitable Water source Special features Maratha style Date CE 1930 grading state Grade III
1 2
Gurudwara Doodhtali institution Pushkar Sagar Shafis mosque Nalia Bakhal Nalia Bakhal, Ahilya bail Marg Doodh Talai Area Doodh talai Government
Good
Persian 1700 Grade I Good Inscription
Trust
worship
1300 Grade I Good

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Doodh Talai Piyau watertank for animals
Municipal Corporation
Lake
Maratha Period
1700
Grade II
good
Municipal Corporation
Drinking water source
Nath Trust Grade 1920 donated III
good
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4.2.2.17 Neelganga Kshetra
Area Definition Sindhi colony tiraha via Kavelu Karkhana chouraha to Shanti Nagar tiraha Shanti Nagar tiraha via Manchchaman Ganesh to Gadha Puliya Gadha puliya via Loti school to C.P.Shah Chouraha C.P.Shah Chouraha to Sindhi colony tiraha Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra The waters of Neelganga tank are considered Ganga water Ganga ji seems to have come here to wash off her dirt in Kshipra river The tank is associated with Anjali mata of Hanuman who prayed here for a son Open spaces dotted with temples Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument Neelganga talab Neelganga Hanuman ownership Current Special usage features Water tank Maratha style Date CE grading state
1 2 3
Govt.
Grade I Fair
Dharmastha temple trust
Mansaman Yantramahal Dharmastha Temple Ganesh marg trust Kabelu Karkhana Yantramahal Govt. marg Closed factory British Grade 1880 style III architecture Repairable
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4.2.2.18 Chintaman Kshetra
Area Definition Hasampur Parshwanath Neminathji Jaisinghpura Rishabh

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Shantinathji Karakum Digambar Jain Chanalprabhu Kshirsagar Jain Parshwanath Nayapura Avanti Parshwanath Doulatanji Glass temple Bherugarh Digamber Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra The main temple is associated with Ram- Lakshman The baodi is considered sacred Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra Sno. Name of location Monument Chintaman Ganesh Hasampur Avanti Parshavnath Jain temple Tekri Modeshwari devi ownership Current Special usage features Date CE grading state
Hasampur Dharmastha temple road trust
Lakshman Grade Maratha baodi II within
good
Jain Trust
temple
ancient
Grade I good
Modha trust
temple
Kuldevi of Modha ancient samaj
Grade II
good
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4.3 Inferences
The above gives the basic profile of each of the eighteen (18) Heritage Kshetras. Based on their analysis the following chapter discusses the Conservation and Development proposals for their heritage assets.
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5
5.1 About the heritage
C Co on ns se er rv va at tiio on na an nd dD De ev ve ello op pm me en nt tP Pr ro op po os sa alls s
As mentioned in the previous chapter, in order to address the heritage character of the city of Ujjain in the Development Plan the basic cultural units of the sacred landscape of Ujjain are identified as 18 Heritage Zones/Areas or Kshetras as shown in the map. A tentative list of heritage properties, based on the heritage listing conducted by INTACH in 1986, that fall within each Kshetra is attached as a sample to show the cultural uniformity and homogeneity of each Kshetra. A detailed listing of the heritage properties of both tangible and non-tangible kind would finally form the baseline data for the heritage development, conservation and investment plan in the Kshetras. On the basis of the preliminary data the projects for Conservation of Heritage are divided into following categories : Heritage Spots such as Monuments, Chowks, Gates etc. Heritage Precincts such as Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra Heritage Lanes and Streets such as Pan Dariba Street and Singpuri. Heritage units such as Akharas Heritage tanks such as Sapta Sagaras Heritage yatras such as the Chaurasi (84) Mahadev. Heritage is the raw material for attracting the tourists and Development of Heritage for tourist consumption is incorporated in the plan so as to reap the benefits of the investments in Heritage Conservation. The tourists can be divided into foreign and domestic tourists with diverse tourist interests. Heritage conservation when combined with the sacred can be projected to attract both secular tourists and religious tourists. Ujjain has all the ingredients to become a major tourist center of national and international stature. The following aspects of Ujjain are taken up for Heritage Development and are to be seen as revenue generating, pride inculcating and interpretation projects. The proposals are divided into following categories Pracheen Ujjain that brings the antiquity of Ujjain to the fore and interprets it for both tourist and domestic audiences. The project is supposed to generate revenue, provide education and showcase the ancient to the modern so as to generate awe and respect. Pracheen Gyan Vigyan is conceived to amalgamate the ancient sciences into todays world. The holistic approach of yesteryears and segmented approach of present sciences are combined to provide future for the ancient. It includes the knowledge of Sanskrit, Theatre, Poetry, Astronomy, Astrology, Ayurveda, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting etc., interacting and participating together towards a holistic vision of life. A library of international magnitude is recommended.
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Pracheen Vyapar where conservation of old textile mills and their reuse as flower mart is recommended. Commercial center, Freeganj of Scindia times should also be conserved to support the existing trading activities of Ujjain. Development of Heritage related tourism and infrastructures is proposed in the CDP. Apart from these tangible and its related non-tangible cultural heritage conservation and development activities, the CDP also proposes development of the non-tangible such as the oral traditions, narrative traditions and mythical and mythological traditions.
5.2 Chourasi Mahadev

Study and documentation of Chourasi Mahadev by INTACH in 1991 shows the problems and situation of each of these Mahadevs. It is our intention to extend the study to map them on the town plan so that a complete conservation plan could be prepared for all of them collectively and each one of them individually. The current situation is discussed in some detail while marking them out in the map.
5.2.1 Background
5.2.1.1 Mythological:
Most of the religious centers of India are associated with mythology and some are believed to be the physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain is among the few places that fully embodies this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van and Chaurasi Mahadev. Stated simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread in and around Ujjain which are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically, they are representations of the Puranic concept of Time as stated in Skanda Purana. The life of Universe is divided into 4 Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these 84 Kalpas. Each Yuga ends with Pralaya when everything in the universe dissolves, but these Mahadevs do not get dissolved and are believed to be Achala and immobile. Shivlingas relate to the Yugas of Indian temporal calendar. The main source of mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana. There are detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering of the Mahadev, the origin of the names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship Him. The pilgrim route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity even after visiting Varanasi. The Adhik Mas of the lunar calender is the most auspicious period for undertaking this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshipped at any time. Those located within residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests, while some of them are considered as the deity of the mohallah.
5.2.1.2 Archaeological
Most of the 84 temples are built on archaeological mounds and debris of previous temples destroyed during Altitmishs period. Parmara remains can be seen around most of the temples and it may safely be presumed that the temples were built around 10th century if not earlier. Some temples such as Pingleshwar have Shivlinga of Gupta period. There are Kushana Shivlinga around Mangalnath which may have been part of the 84 Mahadevs. An interesting
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tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharamraja Mandir at Ramghat which depicts all those 80 Mahadevs in Ujjain plus 4 Mahadevs at the corner points with Mahakal as the center.
5.2.1.3 Research
It is proposed that a research project be formulated with the help of Sanskritists and archaeologists to study the Mahadevs. To match the texts with the geography is one of the most difficult tasks of a historian and Ujjain is very uniquely placed to bring this out to the advantage of both our textual tradition (Puranic tradition) and continuity of traditions, their historicity and logic and reflection of it in the daily rituals, an approach to life that is truly Indian.
5.2.1.4 Theoretical and Excavation.
There can be two parts to the research one would require study of texts and based on the detailed interpretation excavation team can translate it into excavation plan.
5.2.2 Documentation
5.2.2.1 Existing Structures
Existing structures documentation is an important part of the process. Every Parmara fragment and any archaeological mound should be documented before any intervention is made. Possible reconstruction as old (at least few where possible) Most of the temples are Maratha reconstructions. It is proposed that some identified temples should be taken up for historical study and a reconstruction of the temple site should be attempted based on both textual and archaeological evidences.
5.2.2.2 Signage
Signboards explaining the origins, references, architectural explanations should be considered in Ujjains development plan. The boards can be of two types namely the following:
5.2.2.3 Information boards
These are both informative and interpretive boards and contain information such as: Number of the monument Its original design, conjectural reconstruction. Architectural descriptions, references etc. Directional Signs Way to the next Mahadev, maybe in a map.
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5.2.2.4
Conservation and Development Plan
Conservation and Development plan aims to respect the historicity of the tradition and its sanctity in the ancient texts along with reaffirming its spiritual and religious importance. Restoration, reconstruction and conservation would be its prime target as also making of its Management Plan. Landscaping, making of pathways, removing all undesirable additions and encroachments, providing toilet facilities where identified, visitors center if found wanting, drinking water, electrical work, forestation and landscaping etc. would form part of the proposal. Publications, folders and brochures to accompany the walk For the benefit of the visitors the walk could be accompanied by written folder showing the way as also a little description on the rituals and importance of each. The written text could be accompanied by illustrations. Book tracing its history, philosophy, sacredness etc. The message of this spiritual, religious and ritual journey could be carried far and wide through books or booklets.
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A list of Chaurasi Mahadeo showing existing condition details:

Sno Name 1 Agastyeshwar 2 3 Location History Architectural features Present condition Recommendations Behind Harsiddhi Mandapa Dome Shikhara Chajja on bracket Platform stones missing Vegetation removal Cracks Temple inside ParmaraArdhamanda Platform Vedibandha Square plan investigate Conservation of Guheshwar South of Ramghat Octagonal plan Platform hidden Stone displacement Paving on rooftop platform near Lingam on terrace Sanctum waterlogged Door needed Dhundeshwar From Ramghat to Parmara structure Structure with offsets Chajjas with Right side develop into sitting Madan Mohan Maratha renovations brackets Plastered surface Redo the platform Shikhar top temple MS angle to be removed Damrukeshwar Left of Ramsiddhi, Maratha structure on Pillars with sq. base, octagonal Brackets supporting Remove vegetation ReRamghat Parmara platform shaft and round capital mandapa beams electrificationRailing towards Shikhara in brick with Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels niches around to be treated Anadikalpeshwar Left of Viriddha Parmara base with Parmara Parvati Ornate structure Vegetation on Shikhar Remove vegetation ReMahakal Maratha sanctum and with offsets in plan Bands in electrificationRailing towards ardhamandapa elevation Mandap with dome roof Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels Larger temple earlier Chajjas on brackets Stone to be treated Chajja masonry replacements Pointing at places Remove oil paints from interior Swarnajalleshwar Southern end of Restored temple Inclined chajjas with brackets. Pointing to be redone Improve Ramghat opposite from Parmara Shikhar with manjari and surroundings Conservation MadanMohan ornamentation Plastered required Railing on platform temple drainage Flooring Trivishtpeshwar Left of entrance to Parmara renovated Square with offset Flat ceiling Sanctum flooded Ugly Proper Improved water tank Mahakal Nandi Parmara watertank Kalpaleshwar Dani gate to Sq plan with offsets with Vegetation rear chajjas Pointing needed Removal of Durgadas chhatri mandapa. Brick structure. Stone Encroachment around vegetation Front faade to be columns in Parmara style. Door repaired later addition Shikhar with nichesPlatform at GLvl. Swargdwardeshwa Naliya Bakhal , nr. Recent structure on A-centric to platform Symmetrical Dampness on walls r Pushkar Sagar old platform offsets Plastered walls Karkoteshwar Inside Harsiddhi Maratha structure on Ornamental superstructure High complex premaratha platform platform with offsets Shikhara with manjari, niches and bands. Col. With offsets and surfaces Parmara sculptures Plastering in lower parts Pointing on steps and platform Paving around temple Reelectrification
7 8
10
11
Siddhheshwar
Inside Sidhhavat Parmara structure Brick shikhara, stone walls Vegetation on shikhara. Replastering, removal of complex, nr with sculpted col.s whitewashed. Platform with Pointing incompatable. vegetation, roof conservation, Baikunth Dwar Ardhamandapa vedibandha. Eight stone cols of parikrama to be refloored, new recent different styles. Square plan with mandapa to be redone. offsets Nr. Harsiddhi Modern platform. Sq. plan small offsets. Chajja Wall damp. darwaza chouraha Nandi Parmara. without brackets. Plastered structure nearby. next to Yogeshwar surface. Nr Udasin Akhara Parmara base and Sq cols. Shikhar with niches and facing Kshipra platform. Later manjaries. Mandapa with sculpted shikhara cols. And domed roof New Parikrama needs railing Removal of new bldg. Stone conservation Platform repairs. Paving all around. Platform pointing. Vegetation removal.
12
Lokpaleshwar
13
Mankameshwar
14 15
Singpuri Maratha shikhara Nandi Parmara. Linga preparmara. Otla is covered Remove otla roof. Parikrama opp.Gopinath Vyas and Parmara Parkota wall. Old platform and later.Open water drain . kacch structure remove. Secure residence. platform ardhamandapa. the deity. Indradumneshwar Khokha mata gali to Ardhamandapa Stone cols. Brackets. Many Plastering peeling. Replastering. Repointing. the left of moti gali. Parmar. Rest sculptures on right wall. Sq. plan Horizontal cracks. Poor Parikrama as approach road Next to Maratha. with narrow parikrama.Original drainage should be stopped. Kalkaleshwar Nandi missing.
Kutumbeshwar
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16
Ishaneshwar
Modi gali. Jawahar Maratha structure. Shikhara with niches and bands. Chajja damage. marg. Parvati Parmara. Chajja without brackets. Plastered walls.
Paving and chajja repair.
17 18
19
20
21 22 23 24
Removal of Nr. Ishaneshwar M. Parmara structure Sq. plan with offsets. Chajja proj. Poor electrical fittings. Cleaning. collection encroachments without brackets. Shikhara with Garbage around. right of Moti gali. reconstructed around. Approach lane paving. bands. Plastered walls. Maratha times. Nagchandreshwar Left Jawaharmarg. Parmara platform Stone cols with ornamentation. Odd grill, vegetation, Waterproofing roof. Vegetation removal. Parapet repair. Nagchandreshwar with Maratha Shikhar with niches, manjari, leaking roof etc. Platform to be paved. Grill gali structure. chajjas with brackets, horizontal removal. Panchcrochi yatra bands plinth. Plastered walls begins here. Pratihareshwar Patni bazaar, nr. Platform and lingam Platform with domed pavilion. Platform repair. Main lingam to Nagchandreshwar old. Several lingam clustered around be emphasized. the main. Kukuteshwar Karkateshwar Chandrashekhar Modern renovations Shikhara, chajja with brackets. Many nails on wall. Platform repair. Plastering marg infront of Plastered walls Garbage. repair. Meghnadeshwar Jahaz gali from Parmara structure Surroundings multileveled. Sq Dampness. Shikhar Shikhar repair. Surroundings Sarafa redone later. plan with offsets no brackets. damaged plaster. cleaned. Mahalayeshwar Khatriwada behind Ancient platform, Sq plan with offsets. No brackets, Soil erosion. Roof Boundary wall. Waterproofing. Gopal Mandir. Side renovated temple. shikhara with bands. Domed roof leakage. with pendentives. Plastered wall. of Siddheshwar M. Nandi but no idol. Mukhteshwar Behind Gopal Old temple fully Shikhar with manjari and bands. Dirty. Clogging. Cleaning, drainage, flooring Mandir. Left renovated. No Chajjas with brackets. Plastered redone, electrification, repairs Saanpwale ki gali mandapa. walls. to retaining wall. assessment. Dani gate- durgadas Parmara temple with Partly enclosed pavilion with No chajja. Vegetation Structural wall reqd. Chattri rd. modern shikhar. sculpture mounted wall on one on shikhara. Many Retaining surrounding area paving. Surya image from side. Col. With sq base and shaft cracks. Boundary wall. of offsets. Parmara period. Indira nagar Old structure with Shikhar with band and niches. No Deformed platform. Platform repair. Community overhead tank. tank. Renovated mandapa, Nandi or idol. Plastered. space in front. Shikhar repair. fully. New structures to be removed. Badnagar rd. Gaya Old temple site. Archaeological mound, shivling Multileveled environs, kota under neem Opp. Maratha on platform, no superstructure. superstructure to be built. tree saptrishi Platform resurfaced and Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Dampness. Broken Repairs to chajjas. Ramghat nr. Maratha temple Plastered. chajjas Satigate temple Sq plan with no mandapa. Two Stone platform come Structural repairs. Flooring. Banks of Solah Old replacement. sagar towards Indira renovated Marathas. ent. One arched other rectangular off. Structural cracks. Brackets Archaeological Excavation. nagar.
Apsareshwar Kalkaleshwar
25
26
Someshwar
27
Anarkeshwar
28
Jateshwar
29 30
Rameshwar Jyaneshwar
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31
Khandeshwar
32
Patneshwar
33
Anandeshwar
34
Kanthareshwar
35 36
Indreshwar Markandeshwar
37 38 39 40
Shiveshwar Kusumeshwar Akrureshwar Kundeshwar
41
Lumpeshwar
42 43 44
Gangeshwar Angareshwar Uttareshwar
45 46 47 48 49 50
Trilochaneshwar Vireshwar Nupureshwar Abhayeshwar Prathakeshwar Sthavareshwar
Parmara gate and Sq plan without mandapa. Raised Steps need resetting. Platform repair. Excavations. lingam. No major platform Paving. Security. Nandi on idols pedestal. Agar rd. Khilchipur Maratha No mandapa or ardhamandapa. Flooring. Structural repairs, nala superstructure. Shikhar with offsets. Modern plastering. Ground leveling. Parmara lingam Nandi Flooring, approach road Shamshanghat Fully renovated No mandapa. New pavilion. surfacing, new pavilion to be Maratha structure Shikhar with niches, manjari and bands. Plastered. treated. Opp.Siddhavat Old platform with Sq plan with offsets. Brackets for No direct approach. Paving. Platform redone and temple Maratha structure chajjas. Stone masonry. Brick strengthened. Landscaping shikhar. Plastered. Durgadas chattri Parmara idol. Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Shikhar horizontal Nails to be removed. marg. Modern temple Low plinth. cracks. Surroundings paved. Shikhar Banks of Vishnu Maratha temple old Sq plan. Mandapa. Col. Capital. Poor drainage Retaining wall repaired. Paving sagar. Nr platform. Shikhar decorated. Doorway around. Platform repaired. Ramjanardhan flanked by images. Waterproofing. Inside Maratha structure. Sq sanctum. Pointing to wall new. Remove pointing. Nandi on Ramjanardhan Nandi old but from pedestal. Inside Ramjanardhan Location Nandi clear but no Poor drainage. Old images to be displayed Ramjanardhan temple built above it. Nandi. properly. Stone bands replaced. Maratha structure. Parmara lingam. Old platform Replace door. Platform Inside Possibly twin with nandi. Sq plan. repaved. Ramjanardhan Vegetation removal. Parmara, images. Excavation site Facing Sandipani Preparmara temple Shunga, Ardhamandapa has Rajput ashram bldg. site. Later temple. Paving. Waterproofing. columns. Ancient site. Structural treatment. Kalbhairav rd. Old platform modern Sq plan with offsets. Shikhara. Pointing, paving flooring, nandi temple Stone masonry. Chajjas without in enclosure. Platform brackets. extension. Mangalnath nr. Modern Shikhar Wider approach. Ghat level to Uttareshwar M. Madhi of ghat like match with platform lvl. Along Kshipra north Original Platform to be raised. washed Small Shivlingam on silt covered of Mangalnath Landscaping. away. Simhasta 1980 platform Mangalnath rd. nr. Parmara platform. Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with Platform reconstruction. Plaster temple Maratha structure. manjari and niches, no brackets. repairs. Shikhar cleaning. Old idols. Jiwaji ngr. Police Maratha temple with Brick structure, pedestal. Chajja Vegetation. Nandi Security, Station. Ramayan ki modern platform repair. Cleaning. platform missing Dhaba rd. towards Old temple new Sq plan. Offsets. Vedibandha. Plaster on some place. Vegetation removal. Cracks Dani gate mandapa. Old idols. Plaster. repairs. Encroachment removal Paving. Drainage. Plinth Dabri Peetha, Sati Maratha sanctum. Chajjas without brackets. Plain Vegetation. pointing. Gate shikhara. Plastered. Sq plan Maratha temple, old Sq plan. Dome roof. Shikhar with Platform. Paving. Plastering. Chandreashekhar plinth. bands. Pointing marg, Dani gate Nr. Kedareshwar Parmara platform. Nandi on old platform. Simple Temple later structure Sati gali. Also Parmara platform Chajjas without brackets. Beams Storage on mandapa Vegetative growth. approach called Shani temple. new temple. on brackets. Mandapa on girders. roof to stopped. widened.
Khilchipur village
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51 52 53 54
Shuleshwar
Platform paving. Levels around Kartik rd. nr. Old platform. Fully No brackets. Sq plan. treated. Excavation. Karkateshwar M. renovated temple. Cleaning. Pointing. Omkareshwar Teliwada street 11 Brackets for chajjas. High platform. Plastered. Vishveshwar Kathiawada. North Renovated on old Shikhara, no brackets. Plastered Painting with lots of Boundary demarcation. Railing. platform. colour of Shukeshwar Neelkantheshwar Bharavgarh rd. Pipli Old platform with Shikhar, small brackets for chajja Narrow approach Platform. Plastering. Cleaning naka Nandi. No mandapa. proj. sq plan, offsets. Plastered residential use Platform, landscaping. Steps Sq plan. No brackets, shikhar with Kacch approach. and approach. manjari, bands Revanteshwar Kartik chowk rd. Possibly Parmara. Closed mandapa. Shikhara. Parikrama closed, Plastering. Parikrama to be from Renovated 1971 Brackets. Column sq. octagonal misused. opened. Paving. Waterproofing. Chandrashekhar rd. shaft. Round top. Mandap to be treated. Ghanteshwar Kartik chowk. Renovated. Idols Triangular platform. Bracket. Vegetation. Parikrama Encroachment removal. interesting. Chajja, columns with offsets. closed. Landscaping. Flooring. Plastered. Platform. Security. growth. Plastering. Nandi to be Prayageshwar Prayag ghat, after Sq plan with small offsets. Vegetation installed. Drainage improved. Waterlogged. Chakratirth Without mandapa. platform Platform repair. Siddheshwar Behind Gopal Parmara period Rectangular plan. No offsets. Tiles flooring. Chajja Parapet. Parapet of Mandapa repaired. Mandir structure. Nandi Small mandapa. Col with offsets, damaged. later. no parikrama. Matengeshwar Pinjorwadi nr. Fire Shikhara, raised ground. Sq plan. Electrification. Platering. brigade Projections. Plastered. Soubhagyeshwar Kashiba Jamdar Old platform. Old Shikhara. Chajjas without Garbage dumped. Platform repair. Waterproofing. vada, Gopal mandir door. brackets, ornate columns with Dampness. beams on brackets. Platform for parikarama. Rupeshwar Simhapuri from Shivlinga Parmara, Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with Garbage dump. archaeological site. niches, plaster. Conservation. Janardhan gali. Collapsed platform. Boundary construction. Grill, Shahastradanukes Tilbhandeshwar Late Mughal period Ordinary. Dome roof. Platform repair. hwar ghat nr on ancient platform plaster Plastering. Platform. Pashupateshwar Jansapura, Durgadas Renovated temple on Shikhar with manjari, bands. Sq Interior plan with offset damaged Landscaping. old platform marg Brahmeshwar Chandrashekahra Renovated old Sq plan small offsets. Chajja with Settlement. Collapse of Platform repair.Flooring. marg, gali 65 structure. Parmar brackets. Shikhar with manjari. platform idols Plastered. Ornate doorway Simheshwar Behind Garh Kalika Maratha structure Jalpeshwar Kedareshwar Shamashan ghat, Sq plan plain. Pyramidical shikhar Chajja repair. Waterproofing. Kshipra . Boundary wall. for Nandi. Sonar ghat, Kshipra Parmara structure Simple plan. Elevation with Incompatible repairs. Pedestal with later shikhara. horizontal bands. Nandi without pedestal. Conservation.
55 56
57
58 59
60 61
62 63 64 65
66 67
93
UJJAIN

pbht
68 69 70 71 72 73
74
75
76 77
78 79
80 81
Mandapa paving. Drainage. Pishachamuktesh Ramghat, facing Old structure with Ornate shikhara. Inclined chajja Water-logging with brackets. war Ramsiddhi rare image of Sangameshwar Behind Harsiddhi, Maratha structure on Shikhar. Sq plan with offsets, Settlement. Vegetation, Excavation, Cleaning, structural old platform. Old chajjas with brackets, mound. structural defects stabilization. Ramghat rd. Duddareshwar Ramghat, nr Pyramidical roof, sq plan no Flooring, landscaping, Kukkuteshwar offsets, ornate ent. Drainage. Door Dampness, new Water proofing. Conservation. Yogeshwar Harsiddhi darwaza Modern platform and Sq plan, chajja, plastered. construction around chouraha. temple Sq plan, stone masonry. Drainage Chandradityeshwa Mahakal complex, Originally Guru ki New 1980 Karmeshwar Excavation in original site. tekri (archaeological (historical Reconstruction of original site) now in Kal importance) temple. Nr. Nagnath temple Old sanctum with Shikhara, chajjas, 8 columns with Paving courtyard. Parapet Rajashaleshwar in Bhagasipura kirtimukha and beams and brackets. mandapa. Boundary wall. (historical colonnaded mandir. importance) Sq plan no offsets. Levels around. Paving, platform making, Vadaleshwar Siddhavat temple Circular pillars. Plastered. ventilation and light complex, opp. shikhara improvement. Siddhavat temple Shikhara, no chajja. Paving. Repairs to shikahar. Aruneshwar Ramsidhhi nr. Maratha period Pishachamukhteshw Pushpadanteshwar Sonar Bhakhal in Medieval period but Sanctum at lower level. Cowshed attached. Boundary wall. Removal of water tank in front. Drainage. Simhapuri ardhamandapa old Landscaping. Security. Abhimukteshwar Simhapuri, nr Old platform. New Shikhara with niches, no brackets, TV antenna fixed on Encroachment removal. Paving. Rupeshwar M. temple. No mandapa. plastered top. Parikrama TV antenna removal. Approach road Hanumanteshwar Garh Kalika, Early temple later Sq plan without offsets Chajja Approach road poor. Paving. improvement. Landscape. Simheshwar M. superstructure No without brackets Shikhar with Parikrama unpaved. mandapa sculpted bands, manjari and niches. images structure Sq plan with offsets. Front Painted. jali Cleaning, security. Swapneshwar Within Mahakal Maratha with recent addition mandapa with dome. temple Excavation. Paint removal Pingleshwar Pingleshwar village. Maratha structure. Sq plan with offsets with etc.Boundary to be made. One of Panchkroshi The five lingas mandapa. Brick structure. Stone Landscaping around. stations. believed to be columns in Parmara style. Door Waterproofing. original. Shiva image later addition Kayavarohaneshw One of the Maratha structure Sq plan with mandapa Nandi on a Painted columns. New Excavation. Paint removal etc. ar Panchkroshi stations upon Parmara base colonnaded verandah. Recently structures within the in Karohan village. renovated shikhar boundary Landscaping. Excavation. Vilveshwar One of the Sq plan with Soil erosion. GI sheet additions Panchkroshi stations mandapa. Stone near Gambir river in base. Boundary should be marked. Daddeshwar One of the Maratha structure. Sq plan without mandapa. Front Plinth protection. Panchkroshi No antiquity found otla extended
82
83
84
94
UJJAIN
5.3 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts

The following important Heritage spots and Heritage areas fall within the Zone.
5.3.1 Siddhvat Mandir Parisar

Siddhavat of Ujjain holds a special place for the residents of Malwa region. Post-funeral rites are performed here. Skanda Purana has referred to this place as Preta-shila-tirth. This has also been a place of worship for followers of Natha sect. The enormous banyan tree on the banks of Kshipra, has been vested with the same religious sanctity and pinda danam as the Akashyavat in Prayag and Gaya, Vanshivat of Vrindavan and the Panchavata of Nasik. It is also a kalasarpa nivaran center like Nasik. The tree has a peripheral dependent zone with its social, religious and economic activities. Parvati is believed to have performed her penance here. Its present form is a Maratha contribution although Parma sculptures are embedded in the structure. It is an archaeological space. There is a strong need to perceive the complex as a whole and not continue on piece meal basis. PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-SVT-1/1 Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No enclosure Central space is underutilized Cluster of dharamshala shops Proposed intervention Amount in lakhs
A boundary wall recommended to define 4 enclosure. A garden with multi levels and soft areas 2 with stone paving proposed
around Should be shifted across the central garden, 6 thereby defining the movement line 3 1 4
No direct connection between A pathway is proposed Mangalnath and Siddhavat Land behind ghats to be Garden and forest is proposed attended to Ghats breaking and tilting Conservation of ghats
Parmara remains and Panda Small shelters or kiosks for Pandas with 4 services to find place pothi keeping facilities and shelter to Parmara remains Poor condition of toilet and Upgradation of existing toilet and drinking 2 drinking water water facilities
95
UJJAIN
Total Agencies 1 UMC/UDA The work to be designed by architect sensitive to the religious ,INTACH sentiments of the people
26 lakhs
5.3.2 Mangalnath ji
The temple of Mangalnath ji is situated towards the north of Ujjain on the eastern banks of Kshipra. Regarded as the birthplace of Mars according to the Matsya Purana it is one of the halting sites during Panchakroshi Yatra, Saptasagar Yatra and Simhasta Mela. Built on a high archaeological mound the temple has lost even its Maratha originality due to ad hoc additions. Worship is performed to remove adverse affects of Mangala grah in their horoscope by the virtue of bhata puja. PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-MN-1/2 WORK DESCRIPTION 1 2 Archaeological site and mound Visitors are left ignorant The mound and 100mt space around should be reserved as open space in future Small shelter with toilet, drinking water, seats 12 with boards of information and direction lakhs
AGENCIES INVOLVED 1 UMC/ UDA ,INTACH Kushan Shivlingam across the road should be shifter to the shelter and protected.
5.3.3 Kala Bhairava (Heritage Spot)

The worship of the eight Bhairavas is a part of the Saivite tradition. The chief among them is Kala Bhairava, believed to have been built by king Bhadrasen, on the banks of the Shipra. Avanti Khand of Skanda Purana mentions Kala Bhairava that is believed to be worshiped by Akhora and Kapalika sects of Saivites. The temple sits on an ancient archaeological site but the present parisar is of Maratha period with fortification wall and pronounced entrance gate, musicians hall at the upper floor, deepmalika etc. PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-KB-1/3 Work Description
96
UJJAIN
Problem 1 2 Archaeological mound
Recommendation The mound reserved as open space for future excavation
Amt. lakh
Rs
Structural Conservation and protection of the temple and 16 degradation and dharamshala under supervision of conservation timber dharamshala architect Visitor facilities Dharamshala new Toilets, drinking water, day shelter, etc 8
3 4 4
In keeping with the temple architecture by 12 conservation architect
Un-kept Landscaping work and plantation recommended. 3 surrounding, shoddy Protection to existing trees. appearance Erosion of mound No information Pitching and protection Signage and information boards Total 4 1 44 lakhs
5 6
Agencies involved UMC/ INTACH UDA Work under supervision of Conservation architect
5.3.4 Garh Kalika (Heritage Spot)

It is a famous Shakti Peeth of India and at the time of Navaratri, thousands of people assemble here. Kalika is supposed to be the Goddess of poet Kalidas, who is believed to have lived around the turn of the Christian era. There are some scholars who believe that this ancient temple Kalika was reconstructed by King Harshwardhan of Thaneshwar when he visited Ujjain. It is indeed the most ancient temple of Ujjain. The area around the Garh Kalika had been the site of the ancient settlement from around the 8th century BCE right upto Paramara period. Even today people find ancient coins in this area. The present temple seems to be a reconstruction in the typical Maratha style and has fortified wall, deepmalika, temple in the center etc. PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-GK-1/4 Work Description Problems Recommendations Amt. Rs
97
UJJAIN
lakhs 1 2 3 Archaeological site Pujaris residence Unauthorized construction the temple Area around should be reserved as open space for archaeological excavations. To be provided with alternative space nearby 8
Original built form to be restored after demolition 4 around of the encroachment Restore old entrance by appropriate landscaping To be removed Restoration and protection Total 4 18 2
4 5 6
Main entrance shifted Unsympathetic addition Historical baodi
Agencies involved 1 UMC/ UDA Work to be done under the supervision of INTACH/ASI/State conservation architect Archaeology ASI, Archaeology State Funding
5.3.5 Veer Durgadas Ki Chhattri (Protected monument by State Archaeology )

Veer Durgadas has an important place in the history of Marwar. In 1718 A.D. his funeral rites were solemnized on the banks of Kshipra in accordance with his wishes. In order to perpetuate his memory the rulers of Jodhpur constructed this beautiful monument in Rajput style. A statue of Veer Durgadas was also installed in this monument, which is protected by the Madhya Pradesh State Department of Archaeology, but unfortunately very little attention is being paid to it. The environs of the chhatri have been allowed to be used for totally incompatible uses like sump well and electric substation. PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-VDCH-1/5 Work Description Problem Recommendation Amt. lakh Rs
98
UJJAIN
1 2 3 4
Retaining wall and Pitching work and retaining wall to be protected embankment eroded Steep slope around Electric nearby
Filling and paving to brace mound, plinth 5 protection 4
station Too close, should be shifted
Sump pump ugly Should be camouflaged as per design and sight and water tank permanent tank constructed above it to provide nearby drinking water to people - to be taken up in the larger river bank development plan Approach road/parking To be taken up in the larger development plan of area Total 13
Agencies UMC/UDA Archaeology State Operating, maintaining and funding
5.3.6 Shri Bhartrihari Gupha Parisar

It has been a famous seat of Guru Gorakhnath, Bhartrihari and Gopinath. It is a group of caves partially constructed above ground with the help of stone columns and beams. The monument appears to be a Shaiva Peeth of Parmar period. There is also a Shaivite temple here, the remains of which are in the form of a small cave. The bank of Kshipra here is named as Yoga Tirth. The monument is under the protection of the states archaeology department but in practice it is being maintained by a pujari belonging to the Nath sect.
PROJECT SUMMARY BH-BG-1/6
1 2 3 4
Archaeological site, Should be reserved as open space for future Amt. Gupta period structure excavations lakh Unsympathetic additions Should be removed as they cause damage to the original structure
Rs
Leaking roof Gopinath Heavy growth of plants and grass. Cleaning and 2 Gupha waterproofing Stone beam broken Should be corrected under supervision of 1 conservator
99
UJJAIN
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rainwater Gupha Bhartrihari leaking Bats menace
goes
in Provide protection to entrance
4 4 0.20
Gupha Cleaning and waterproofing of roof Net door at the entrance of both caves in Should be stopped immediately Treatment under supervision conservation
Pujari Cowshed Gupha Walls bulging Sindhur statue on
architects 4
basalt Would cause damage to the image and should be cleaned and practice discontinued Removal of supervision plants under conservators 0.50
Vegetation growth Plinth treatment
Sandstone paving around the complex for plinth 3 protection Total 18.70
Agencies involved UMC/UDA ,ASI/State Work and development to be done under Archaeology supervision
5.3.7
Shri Sandipani Ashram Parisar
The Ankpat area is a famous mythological and cultural Vaishnavite center of the Parmara period. Kundeshwar Mahadev temple of the same period is located here. This temple is one of the 84 Mahadev temples. There are many rare images of Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects in this area. In 16th Cen. AD this place became the 73rd seat of famous Saint Vallabhacharya, the propounder of Pushti Marg. Today it is an important place of pilgrimage for the followers of this sect. It is believed that Krishna and Balram had come here for their studies as disciples of the famous sage Rishi Sandipani. Therefore this area is known as Sandipani Ashram. The Ashram has lost its ambience due to new unsympathetic constructions done by the followers of Pushti Marg and the Ujjain Development Authority .UDA had constructed an octagonal shaped hall for religious discussions, but unfortunately its rendering is not in harmony with the traditional ambience of the Ashram. Some modifications have been suggested to rectify this condition.
100
UJJAIN
PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-SPA-1/7 Work Description Problem 1 Archaeological Site 2 Unsympathetic of baithak 3 Structural defects Recommendation Amt. lakhs Rs
A detailed study of its archaeological extent 2 and depth including excavation if required
structure Modified to merge with the historicity of the 6 site and Structural conservation of all temples and 50 Gomti Kund Conservation by trained conservator Formulation of Master Plan to identify needs 3 2
cracks
4 Nathdwara paintings 5 New requirements 6 Visitors facilities
Interpretation and exhibition with 25 information, short course to relive the experience of studying in the Ashram sacred Acquisition of land and plantation Total 10 98
7 Landscape grove
and
Agencies 1 UMC/ UDA /INTACH / Conservation architect or architect with Religious Institutions on heritage background PPP basis. 2 State Dharmastha Trust Funding
5.3.8 Observatory
It is a unique observatory built by Sawai Jaisingh around 1795 AD. Later it was restored by the Marathas and then repaired by the Government of India. Presently it is maintained by the Department of Education and is a working observatory. Ujjain being a historic center of study in astrology, the observatory is of special importance as it is used for various calculations for preparing the Panchang.
PROJECT SUMMARY - YANTRA MAHAL- JSPK-YM-8/1
Work Requirement
101
UJJAIN
Problem 1 Conservation of yantras 2 Archaeological site 3 Visitors facility
Recommendation To be done by conservationist Excavation to determine historicity of site
Amt. lakh 8 6
Rs
Renovation to the existing structure for 50 toilets, information hall etc. Total 64
Agencies involved UMC/Dept of Science & Operating, maintaining and funding Tech./ASI/State Archaeology
5.3.9 Shri Harsiddhi Parisar

Harsiddhi, located along Rudrasagar facing the Mahakal, is perhaps the most popular temple in Ujjain after Shri Mahakal Temple. Its present style is typical of Maratha period with two deepmalikas in the courtyard, a stepped well, parkota wall and the main shrine in the middle. Tantric traditions refer this seat as a Sidha Pitha. PROJECT SUMMARY-HARP-MMK-2/3 Work Description Problem 1 Archaeological site Recommendation Excavation to mark the historic layers Amt.Rs lakh 4
3 Floor finish with stone of A unified flooring design and pattern is 24 different types and sizes recommended 4 Damaged boundary wall Restoration and repair of the ancient 12 boundary wall should be undertaken.
5 Dharamshala has damaged Upgradation of dharamshala to match the 16 the historic environment historic environment or shifting it to open
102
UJJAIN
2 Temple has undergone Restoration plan of the temple by a 30 several changes and has conservation architect is recommended lost its heritage value where removal of plaster repairs, paint, incompatible doors, windows, signboards, entrance gate etc. should be included. Demolition of additions that harm the ancient structure should be included
up the site for breathing and better vision 6 Incompatible smaller Relocation of the small shrine shrines between deepmalika and the temple 7 Entrance gates 2
Two entrances along the boundary wall be 6 completed along with gates.
8 Images and old fragments Images and sculptures from the premises to 12 scattered all over the place be displayed properly and with proper signboards and information boards. 9 Baodi covered with iron Iron grill to be removed and baodi restored 14 grills etc. for visitors experience. Total Agencies UDA, UMC, Archaeology INTACH State Operation and Maintenance Dept. 120
Dharmastha Dept., Financial support Culture Dept., ASI, other cultural funding organizations, peoples donation
5.3.10 Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar

Shri Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is located in the north of the existing settlement on the banks of Vishnu Sagar, a lake possible dating from the early medieval period. Durgeshwar is the oldest monument here that roughly dates back on the iconographical basis to 10th 11th century AD. During Parmara period there were probably more temples of which two are the Shaivite temples of 84 Mahadev list. During later Mughal period, Ram Mandir came into existence. It is believed to have been built by Mirza Jaisingh during Mughal period. The Holkar queen Ahilyabai built Janardhan temple and the stepped temple (1770 1790). In the north of Ram Janardhan Mandir is the famous RamTeerth where Chitragupta Mandir was rebuilt during the Maratha period. Two Maratha temples are standing in dilapidated condition in the east of Durgeshwar temple and west of Ankpat. The temple complex is maintained by the Scindia Devsthana Trust. Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is typical of the layout of Maratha period. A fortification wall encloses the temples and the stepped well. Following are the observations and recommendations in order to serve this heritage spot.
103
UJJAIN
PROJECT SUMMARY RJMP-BK-1/3 Work Description Problem 1 Archaeological site Recommendation Amt.Rs lakhs
Excavation by a team of competent 4 archaeologists on one side to determine antiquity
Damaged ghats and Restoration of the ghats and retaining wall 12 retaining wall of Vishnu Sagar The parkota wall This damages the visual quality and 6 altered and additions historical value of the temple complex and made to it. needs to be restored where ever possible Visitors facilities within the compound, incompatible function to the temples 10th cent remains Relocation of the visitors facilities just 18 outside with proper toilets, drinking water, information, interpretation, sale of literature, signboards and information boards complete. space located for the 4
5 6 7 8 9
structural Interpretation purpose.
Vegetative growth on To be removed during the conservation 4 the temples process Cluster of vehicles at A plaza in front is recommended the entrance Felling of trees around All trees within and around the parkota the temple wall must be protected
16
Baodi damaged
structurally Conservation work of the baodi is 8 required. Total 72
Agencies Scindia Devsthan Operation and Maintenance Trust, UMC,UDA INTACH
104
UJJAIN
Scindia Devsthan Financing Trust, Culture Dept., INTACH
5.3.11 Shri Chintaman Ganesh Mandir Parisar

In the popular mind this place is known as Chintaharan Ganesha. The temple, which was of Parmara times originally, was reconstructed during Maratha period. It consists of pradakshina patha and mandapa constructed out of Parmara pillars of carved sandstone. The temple finds mention in Prabandha Chintamani treatise. The mandapa and the garbhagriha have a granite shikhar over domed roof. The temple sits in premises protected with a fortification wall with an entrance gate. A boadi within the premises is associated with the myth of Shri Ram who on his return from Lanka after killing Ravana, passed this way and on feeling thirsty asked his brother to fetch some water. Laxman on not finding water anywhere, pierced the earth with his arrow from where emerged Ganga quenching their thirst and making sacred the site. PROJECT SUMMARY- CGMP-BK-2/4 Work Description Problem 1 2 Archaeological site Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs
Exploration and excavation on one side by 2 an archaeologist.
Structural damage and Cleaning, conservation of the roof, 12 deterioration to the shikhara and walls by a conservationist temple structure along with structural repairs in consultation with a conservation structural engineer Flooring of different Flooring of the temple as suggested by a 10 stones and of different conservation architect sizes Several incompatible Rehabilitation of the structures outside the 15 structures effecting the premises historicity of the temple Plaza outside is cluttered Designing of the plaza by a competent 20 and unorganized conservation architect adding landscaping, car park and shops. Visitors facilities such as toilets, drinking water and a small center where information, signage, directions and display of excavated material could be displayed.
105
UJJAIN
In last Simhasta an Conservation of the fortification wall and 2 incompatible entrance faade treatment of the passage gate and shaded passage has been added, which has affected the ambience and historicity of the place Baodi in a state of Conservation of the baodi along with 4 neglect and disuse plans for management of the asset is recommended Pilgrim facility Dharamshala just outside the fortified 8 premises with stay facility for pilgrims along with cooking facility for day visitors is recommended. It should be planned by a conservation architect who blends it with the surroundings Total 73
Agencies UMC, UDA Operation and Maintenance
Dharmasthala Dept., Funding organizations public donations, Culture dept
5.3.12 Chaubis Khamba

Chaubis Khamba is the only surviving Paramara structure in Ujjain located in the Patni Bazar. According to old tradition Chaubis Khamba constituted the majestic entrance gate of Mahakal-vana. Remains of the boundary wall are also in existing near this gate. Architectural design, of the twenty-four ornate columns, belongs to the ninth or tenth centaury A.D. Two images of Goddesses are installed, one each on the either side of the gate. The names inscribed on the footstools are Mahamaya and Mahalaya. Looking at the graceful forms of these guardian deities of the grand entrance structure one can imagine the dimensions of the boundary wall of the traditionally large area known as Mahakala-vana, which is now densely inhabited. Although this monument is under the protection of the State Archaeological Department, there apparently are no controls on the encroachments both over and around the structure.
5.3.13 Kothi Palace

It is a magnificent building constructed under the rule of Madhavrao Scindia with the help of the British Regency Council who also contributed 8 lakhs towards its construction. The work started in 1887 and was finished in 1888. A fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture
106
UJJAIN
inspired by the synthesis of Gothic, Rajput and Maratha architectural styles, here we have brick carved stone and stucco used with a balance pleasing to the eyes. A large garden was planned and a fine canal on siphon technique was executed from Silakhedi tank. It was originally intended for the Royal Palace but was not used even for a day because the capital got shifted soon after. Presently it houses the Collectorate and the courts, thus acting as the nerve center of the administration. The buildings are being maintained by the Public Works Department that employs standard maintenance and repair techniques, which are found not very suitable for the building type under consideration. It is recommended that a museum like information center be set-up in the palace where all the traditions, important places, maps, books, architecture of the city etc. can be explained and made available to the tourists. Some accommodation for stay, dinning hall for restaurants, conference etc. can also be planned. PROJECT SUMMARY- KP-VUK-12/1 Work Description Problem 1 Recommendations Amt. Lakhs Rs
Incongruent alteration Conservation architect should be consulted to 12.5 and additions study the palace and the gardens around. Consultancy charges Removal of existing This would include shifting of the offices, to 5 use to accommodate new premises etc. fresh use Building conservation The conservation work would include 200 and structural work for waterproofing, floor repairs, removal of its new use undesirable additions, cleaning of walls of paint etc. Landscape work Revival of water system, plantation of same 125 species of trees as originally planted, pathways, fountains, boundary wall etc. Based on the requirements and interior 150 designer 12.5
5 6
Interiors Computerization, signage, publications etc.
Total Agencies
505
107
UJJAIN
PWD, UMC/UDA PWD
Maintenance and Operation Funding
5.3.14 Rumi Ka Makbara

Stylistically the makbara belongs to 15th century CE and is in a very dilapidated state. Made of bricks the octagonal structure is covered with a dome with a long drum. The structure probably belongs to the Sufi saint Allaudin Rumi. Located near Bhartrahari caves the makbara is located on an archaeological mound and is of historical importance. PROJECT SUMMARY- RKM-BK-2/6 Work Description Problem 1 Dilapidated structure 2 Approach etc. 3 Information 4 Electrical lights Total Agency UMC/UDA State Funding, operating and Maintaining Archaeology Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs
Preservation of the monument as a historical 8 monument of the city An approach pathway and landscaping around 4 with benches to sit and view point Signboard with information 1.00 1.00 14
5.3.15 Chousatha Yogini

Legend associates the temple with Vikramaditya who is known to have worshipped here once a year. It has a special place in tantric form of worship and was an important center of Sakt sect. Although it is located in the Naibasti, a new housing area located over ancient mounds of Ujjain, it is a structure with mythical significance. The deities are all small stone pieces embedded on the wall and are so covered with sindhoor that it is difficult to gauge the antiquity of the images. Mythical importance. PROJECT SUMMARY- CY-NKRK-13/1 Work Description
108
UJJAIN
Problem 1
Recommendation
Amt. Lakhs 2
Rs
Extensively Cleaning painted with enamel paint Landscaping, signage, paving Archaeological site Excavation under archaeologist Total
2 3
6 1.00 9.0
Agency 1 UMC/UDA private org. Funding, operating and Maintenance
5.3.16 Bina Neev Ki Masjid

Located in Anant Petha, the masjid was constructed by the Mandu Sultan, Dilawar Khan Gori in 1337 CE. It is constructed out of the architectural fragments belonging to the destroyed Jain temple of 10th century CE. Architecturally, the masjid is like the Bhojshala of Dhar where the architectural elements of the a previous temple have been used. The masjid is in use today. PROJECT SUMMARY- BNM-NKRK-13/2 Work Description
1 2
Landscaping Signage
Historical landscape architect should plan 3.00 the gardens around Proper signage work with information board 0.4 mentioning the historicity of the masjid and also the architectural details would help in understanding the importance of the masjid Total 3.4
Agency 1 Wakf Board/Pwd, M&O and Funding UMC/UDA
109
UJJAIN
5.3.17 Nagar Kot Ki Rani

The area is located on an ancient mound of Dhoolkot and Parikhabhoot lake bund. The goddess is suppose to guard the south east corner of the ancient citys fortified boundary and hence is called Nagar kot ki Rani (City fortification Queen). Mentioned in Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana, Harshacharita and Vamana Purana she is associated with Nath Sampradaya while several mention Vikramaditya and Bhartrahari with the place. The temple per-se is not older than 70 years old but a kunda in front is of Parmara period while one of the two smaller temples nearby contains Kartikeya of Gupta Period. The historicity of the goddesses cannot be denied. PROJECT SUMMARY NKKR- NKRK-13/3 1 2 3 Landscaping Electrical work Cleaning of the temple and smaller rathas nearby Total Agency Dharmastha trust/ PWD, M&O and Funding UMC/UDA Including paving surroundings and improving the 3.00 1.00 0.6
Concealed wiring and underground cabling
4.60
5.3.18 Simhasana BattissiLegends of Vikramaditya and his wisdom are narrated in several tales that are collected in Simhasan Batisi kathas and Vikram-aur-Vaital stories. The stories at one time were narrated in every household and there was no fear of people forgetting it. Dying of oral traditions and shift towards visual aids threatens the very existence of these legends as no tangible space or object is associated with it. It is therefore important to keep the memory alive by perpetuating the narrations. It is suggested that a tract of land be allotted and landscaped to form a mythology trail that can be combined with a sound and light (Son-e-lumiere) projection.
5.3.19 Bada Ganeshji

It is situated near Mahakaleswar temple. The road passing by the side of this temple is on a lower level, which needs to be slightly elevated.
110
UJJAIN
5.3.20 Chitragupta Mandir

It is an old temple of Chitragupta situated on way to Mangalnath road. In olden times there was a tank too. According to Padma Purana Chitragupta mediated at this place.and God Brahma was pleased to give him darshan. It is an important religion place for Kayasthas.
5.3.21 Triveni (Navgraha)

It is situated at the confluence of the three rivers. A group of temple with Navgraha Mandir as the main temple is situated at this place. It receives large number of pilgrims particularly during poornima /amavasya when people take their holy bath in the triveni sangam and perform religious rites. During Simhastha (Kumbh) mela, the place receives large influx of people.
5.3.22 Digambar Jain Temples

There are 25 temples in Ujjain, out of which Avanti Parasnath is the main. In Daulatganj new temples have been constructed. The temple of Jaisinghpara is a famous one and in the rear of this temple, there is one archeological museum worth visiting.
5.4 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar

Mahakal is a temple of lord Shiva for which Ujjain is famous. Its description is found in many Puranas and Sanskrit literature. The temple of Goddess Harsiddhi is situated on the western bank of Rudra Sagar. The scattered temples of Mahakal, Harsiddhi, Ganpati as well as Rudra Sagar need integrated development. Shri Mahakal Mandir is the religious focus of not only Ujjain but also of the Malwa region. Although the location of the temple has remained the same for almost 2000 years, the parisar itself has been subjected to many changes. The present structure of the temple was recreated in 18th century from the remains of a temple of Parmara period. Evidence of this fact has been found while excavating for the foundations of the pravachan hall where parts of the Parmara period shikhar have been found. Some of these remains are now with the local office of the Department of Archaeology. During its reconstruction in Maratha period, a well-established plan was followed which was typical of that period i.e. courtyard with the temple sited in the middle. A water body was also typically provided which in the case of Mahakal is the Kothi Tirth. The original stepped well is now under water.
Figure 5-1 Mahakaal temple
Major Problems in and around the Precinct and Strategies for the Parisar
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PROJECT SUMMARY-MK-MKK-2/1 Restoration work and its description Problem 1 It is built on an archaeological site with several layers of its construction, destruction and reconstruction history The existing conservation Recommendations Amt. Rs lakh
Some area in front of the administrators office 4 can be developed in such a way as to show the chronological evolution of the Parisar where the models of subsequent temples could be shown, based on archaeological and historical studies.
temple The existing temple requires conservation 5 measures so as to prolong the lifespan of the Maratha period building. A maintenance manual should also be prepared by a conservation architect that deals with issues of temple additions and permanent additions in the parisar.
Improve ventilation and A detailed plan to deal with the situation should 1.5 light within be developed by conservation architect in consultation with the mahanta and the administrative authorities. Policy for shops, plaza A detailed plan in consultation with the 2 and other needs should conservation architect should be drawn be attended to showing further development around the precinct. Additions precinct within the Modifications to the structures around such as 12 shops, pipelines, electrical lines etc. should be so done as not to adversely affect the historicity of the temple in consultation with the conservation architect. Restoration of old Dharamshala for night 10 shelter.
6 7
Old Dharamshala
Shri Swapneshwar Restoration of Mahadev temple that forms part 5.5 Mahadev of 84 Mahadevs. Total 40
Development work and its description
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In order to improve the existing abrupt visual 20 and spatial experience of the visitors, a religious plaza has been proposed as an entrance plaza to Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar. This plaza will also act as a design feature to negotiate the level difference between the road and the internal courtyard, thereby making it an interesting and anticipatory experience to move closer towards Shri Mahakal instead of a routine experience of going down a long flights of steps. The proposed religious plaza can be designed to cater to possible requirements like shops for souvenirs and flowers, shoe holding area, movement of visitors during festivals etc. Introduction of sitting platforms and green area can be considered to make it a pleasurable experience. The introduction of another entry gate not only improves the visitor movements, but also provides a visual frame focus. The vertical boxes on both sides of the existing gate are recommended to be demolished to reduce its competition with Shri Mahakal structure.
A restaurant can also be part of this complex to enhance the usage of the area by visitors as well as residents of the city. The land behind the Maharajwada building can be used as an open air archaeological museum and for passive recreation as it allows a panoramic view of Rudra Sagar and beyond. These facilities will also supplement the much
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The balance between the old and the new parts 25 of Ujjain is being lost with the new parts using the old Ujjain as a commercial center only. Such a relationship tends to have a negative impact on the historic fabric of the city. In order to change this situation a cultural plaza can be introduced near the Maharajwada building. This space along with the religious plaza can take up the role of a civic plaza at the city level. Functions like the city museum, cultural club, archaeological museum, are recommended to be housed in Maharajwada building after shifting the existing schools to more appropriate locations.
needed tourist facilities. 3 4 Sulabh Shauchalaya needs to be upgraded 5
Adequate number of garbage bins should be 2 provided at all possible locations to enable the visitor and the resident throw garbage into them. The road leading from Shri Mahakal Mandir to 12 Shri Harsiddhi Mandir has potential to add to the image of the city. It is a space, which at present is being used only as a circulation space. It is recommended that a chowk be created in the middle of this road while providing appropriate space for resting and passive recreation. A chowk is recommended in front of Shri Harsiddhi Mandir by shifting the temporary shops to the opposite side thereby making the Harsiddhi Parkota wall and baoli visible from a distance - and providing a well defined entrance space to the temple. An open-air theater has been proposed on 30 Chaubis Khamba Marg using part of Rudra Sagar. A small pond can be maintained as a part of this theater as a foreground for the stage. The backdrop thus achieved will provide a panoramic view of Harsiddhi, Mahakal Maharajwada, Vikram Tila and Rudra Sagar. The land adjacent to the Mahakal Steps is being 15 constructed into a religious body. If possible this land should be acquired and converted into a public park or a permanent exhibition of carved stones found in various excavations.
Total Grand Total Agencies 1 2 UMC, UDA, INTACH Mahakal Trust Planning and executing bodies Managing / Contributing Organization
109 149
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5.5 Gopal Mandir

Gopal Mandir and Chhattri Chowk precincts, besides being a religious attraction, are the most important urban spaces of Ujjain. Actually, there are two spaces in sequential progression, with strong symmetry, architectural controls, geometric composition and intimate scale. Though built by the Marathas, they still retain most of the urban and architectural characteristics. Presently, however, there are different dynamics operating which call for immediate intervention to save the spaces. These chowks are multifunctional spaces that derive activities including town level transportation loads. The town municipality, Gopal Mandir and retail commerce are the triple magnets of this area, which attract considerable floating population. Resultantly, there are unorganized informal shops, add-hoc parking, additions to buildings and many uncoordinated activities. The following proposals have been framed for this area: PROJECT SUMMARY GD-GK-3/1 Work Description Problem 1 Congested front chowk Recommendations Amt. lakhs Rs
in Pedestrianization of the Chowk and changing of 40 the road surface to concrete blocks or stone paving, extending to all the Gopal Temples nearby such as Laxmi-Narayan, Bal Dau, Jagan Nath, Shri Nath etc. hall Restoration of Cinema hall to its original 44 the function of Town Hall for public functions. Sulabh Shauchalaya 14
2 Cinema inappropriate location 3 Visitors facility 4 Tourism facility
to
Information center, starting point of the 36 Heritage walk , public address screen to show things like election results, special events, lost and found announcements during Simhasta, announcement of new schemes etc. Signage, benches, canopies, lamp posts etc. 16
5 Street furniture
Total Agencies 1 UMC, Operation and Management
150
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2 Private Sponsorship etc.
Financing
5.6 The Core Heritage Zone

The core Heritage Zone has been identified as having potential to provide an image to the whole city of Ujjain. This is an area, which is perhaps the most frequented part of Ujjain. The core area having tremendous tourist pressure can be delineated by Chardham to Har Siddhi temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side, Hariphatak bridge road on east side and Jaisinghpura road on Southside. Following major tourist spots fall in the delineated area and are as follows Mahakal Temple Ramghat Har Siddhi Temple Chardham Temple Bada Ganpati Ram Mandir etc. Major Problems and Issues In many historic cities it is experienced that with environmental degradation of an area, its residents loose interest in the maintenance of the area that in turn speeds up the process. It is a negative cycle that ultimately results in total collapse in the relationship between the built environment and the residents. At this stage one finds a general trend of out-migration from the area resulting in further degradation. This is a progressive phenomenon till almost all original inhabitants, who can afford to move out, leave the area to immigrants who put the area to profit making in a very ruthless manner. This is why we find historic and old part of Indian cities getting converted into intense commercial areas and Central business districts in many cases. In Ujjain also large part of the old city is already moving towards this change and eventually towards total commercialization that is bound to bring about destruction of its historic architectural character. The identified Ujjain Core Heritage Zone is in the very initial stages of this change. It is felt that it is still possible to avert this major disaster by breaking the cycle as described earlier. Since an opportunity exists in the form of the JNNURM that has a time line to 2011 and the next Singhasta (2016), it is recommended that the government provide an input in the form of general up-gradation in the built environment of the area that should ensure that the residents maintain their surroundings thereby creating a positive cycle of improvement. It is an opportunity to revive the historic image of Ujjain as one of the most important and holy cities of ancient India. Traffic Congestion: Vehicular traffic has increased phenomenally through the years creating problems of parking, thus, blocking the visibility and accessibility of heritage buildings. Air pollution from vehicular exhaust is on the increase, causing irreparable damage to the
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heritage resources. Further widening of roads with insensitive design layout has caused increase in traffic problems eventually disrupting the total fabric. Encroachments: The visual character and aesthetic ambience of the heritage buildings/ precincts is totally engulfed by intense commercial activity, signboards etc. This is coupled with actual physical encroachments around these historic precincts. Inadequate Municipal Services: Inadequate and inappropriately located facilities for garbage collection, inadequate fire services due to congested lanes, shortage of water supply, storm water and sewerage connections has lead to overall deterioration of the urban fabric. Streetscapes : Major issues Ujjain has a few major atypical streetscape systems mostly concentrated in the old city core but few like Freegunj are also located on the outside. These streets play a major role in bringing the different parts of the central area together. In addition, some of Ujjains most distinguished landmarks and significant buildings can be found along these streets. Their rehabilitation and reconstruction should spark investment in neighbouring buildings and city blocks. PROJECT SUMMARY- HC-MK/GK/BK/YTK- /res/1 Work Description
Inadequate data
Inventorization of streets with houses and 11 other elements etc. (The CDP suggests the taking up of six (6) streets) of Restoration of atypical building facades, 1500 streetscapes and the elements that provide historic character to the street such as Pan Dariba Street, Ibrahimpura, Singhpuri etc. in partnership with the residents and loaning agency. Approx 300 residence Organizing pedestrian space and vehicular 4100 traffic & parking space etc.; approx length 3000m of 10m width
Restoration building facades
Traffic pattern
General ambience of On the basis of the present condition and 62 the streets. functions provide street furniture, signage, planting, paving, road marking, lighting etc. Altered facades Ruined structures Reinstatement of appropriate details where 300 buildings have been inappropriately altered Rebuilding ruins through infill development 2300 of the complete streetscape in partnership with residents and loaning agencies. Approx
5 6
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120 houses 7 8 Shop improvement front Shop-front improvement to reverse decline 350
Chowks and open Restoring the chowks and bringing life back 2000 space revitalization. to them Total 10600
Agencies 1 2 Management execution and UMC/ INTACH/ UDA/Housing Board
Other Contributing HUDCO, Agha Khan Foundation Historic City Support Bodies Program, Culture Dept., Cultural funding Trusts, INTACH.
5.7 Sapta Sagar Sindhu

The natural heritage is a very vital component of the city of Ujjain. Not only does it have religious significance but immense ecological connotations too. The tanks and the river Kshipra are the main components of natural heritage. Project Summary Location Character of the tank Problems Strategy
RUDRA SAGAR 1 Along Mahakal. Recharge zone, surroundings. Urban Contamination Ban on building percolates to activity around subsoil the tank . Plantation of trees and landscaping along the banks Erosion along edges Excessive silting Pitching of the sides and debris clearance. Sewers to be realigned and channelized. Rain water to feed the tank.
Fed by Sewer drains Ganda Nala Pollution and Hanuman Nala from city. contains calcium, magnesium, sulphates and nitrate salts.
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Appropriately located plazas and open air theatre is proposed. With Mahakal as the background Sonet-lumiere shows can be held. VISHNU SAGAR-2 East of Ram Discharge zone Janardhan Temple on Ankpat road Away from the city; therefore forested and wooded till 1966 such that hunting was banned . Does not retain Storm water for long should revived. Water be
To grow more trees to recreate the woodland which would also attract wildlife. Develop paths and trails along the tank that open into paved areas. Passive recreation.
Different species of birds can be seen in the tank during monsoon.
KSHIRSAGAR 3 Mentioned in Originally extended up to the Avanti Khand railway station and gave birth to streams like Gandhavati which dried up due to the Nai Sarak and Kanthal area development Natural source of water supply Desiltation blocked due to siltation cleaning and
Ghats and banks Repair and broken maintenance Cleaning water of Fishes to introduced be
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Garbage is Youth clubs, thrown into the watchmen and tank temple to ensure upkeep. GOVINDSAGAR 4 East of Nikas and south west of the hill of Nagar Kot Devi UDA and other bodies encroaching and reclaiming land. Ghats on all sides. Strict watch on any further construction. Aforestation as much as possible.
Defecation garbage
and Overhauling of existing sanitation system Major culverts feeding the tank with surface runoff need to be opened, cleaned and maintained.
PURUSHOTTAM SAGAR 5 Ankpat Marg, Contains water throughout the north of Idgah year and newly formed Indira colony Divided into sections and is used Time tested Should for singhara cultivation activity does not allowed damage the continue ecosystem RATNAKAR SAGAR 6 Maksi Road Irrigation tank providing water about 12-15 for industry and dairy plants. Has kms out of a spread of 10 sq km Ujjain close to Madhavpura village be to
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16th century CE tank.
Chhattri and Conservation of ghats are 16th the 16th cent century. structures recommended. Pitching of the banks of the tank Land use activities should be monitored and controlled.
Pingala Nadi serves the tank Good state today and measures should be taken to retain it in this state.
The villagers fish here and use it Defection and Awareness for their daily needs. detergent can program kill fish and cause eutrofication PUSHKAR SAGAR 7 North of Except for Surajkund the tank Heavily Cannot Sakhipur not has lost its original form. encroached and anything far from surrounded by Rudra Sagar houses area Baodi known as Pushkar Sagar is used for performing rituals. do
Baodi should be restored, desilting, reclaiming of water source to improve water quality.
5.8 Other Development Proposals

Although, as pointed out earlier, Ujjain has hardly much to show today on the ground physically about things ancient, most of it having been effectively demolished at some point in its history, its ancientness is deeply ingrained and embedded in the public memory, the myths and the mythology, the canonical texts, the Puranas and the epics, the rituals and the yatras that make every visitor feel the reality of its ancientness. In fact, the very mention of Ujjain evokes ancientness as if Ujjain and its ancientness are synonymous. The City Development Plan attempts to showcase this ancientness through the concept of Pracheen Ujjain Ek Jhalak, a concept that goes beyond the mere traditional museum or even that of
5.8.1 Pracheen Ujjain (Ancient Ujjain):EK JHALAK
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an interpretation center, but an area that is made alive in an interactive manner by showing this ancientness through the multi-facetted use of information technology. The objective is to make the pilgrim, the visitor, the tourist, be it the domestic or the foreign, experience this ancientness.
5.8.2 Garh-Kalika area

Excavations were conducted in 1956-57 and again in 1957-58 in Garh-Kalika area that yielded some very important material dating the ancient city to 8th century BCE and making it contemporary to Indus-Saraswati civilization. Mud rampart wall strengthened by wooden logs and sleepers at the bend of the river marked the edge of an ancient developed Ujjain.
5.8.3 Vaishya Tekri

In a separate excavation at a mound called Vaishya Tekri, a Buddhist stupa associated with Chandrapratjyots wife and brick lined during Ashokas times stands witness to the antiquity of religious discourse in the region. The sites find mention in canonical texts of Buddhists, Jains and Hindus.
5.8.4 Other sites

There are other sites of Shunga, Kushan, Gupta and Parmara periods that have been destroyed by some isolated yet detrimental incidents of history and should also find place in the unearthing of past. These were glorious phases of our past that brought out the best in the art, architecture, literature, dance, drama, music, astronomy and other intellectual pursuits of our civilization. We owe respect and duties towards such times and its people.
5.8.4.1 Excavation in selected areas
After careful study and research of the ancient sites it is proposed that the excavation, conservation and interpretation of these highly important sites should find mention in the City Development Plan. The act of excavation and presentation complements the ancient practice of Simhasta and presence of Mahakala in the area. The application of modern sciences to reveal the ancient material heritage (tangible) can be matched with the pilgrims continued reaffirmation of the values and beliefs (non-tangible) of the ancient.
5.8.4.2
Preservation of selected areas
It is the practice of the ASI to excavate such sites and to fill them up if it cannot be preserved. It is proposed that these sites should be preserved for the people to see and absorb so as to inculcate pride and belief in themselves. One would ask why the people of the country have been kept out of this exercise till now for which there are no convincing answers.
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5.8.4.3
Reconstruction of selected areas
Careful research and study of the excavated material should lead one to better understanding of what was the lived environment that brought such excellence in the fields of literature and science. A careful reconstruction of selected phases is recommended so as to make the experience of the past more comprehendible to the untrained. Since the older gets lower in stratography, the reconstruction can be done at various depths of various layers of history. Enclosures over the reconstructed site would keep it safe from the elements and would make it easier to contextualize the present in relation to the past. This would also attract tourists and bring in revenue to sustain the management of such an exercise.
5.8.4.4 Site as a Museum and Interpretation Area
Interpretation can take place at several levels and more than one voice can be vocalized. The target audience could be anyone from the school and college students to visitors from abroad and from domestic tourists to pilgrims (who need less affirmation of the past as they live it periodically and are our resource to understand the values and practices of the material revealed during excavation).
5.8.4.4.1 Stratography
The archaeological deposits that form layers or strata can be interpreted to the people in a pit showing various layers.
5.8.4.4.2 Tools, methodology

The tools and methodology applied for revealing the hidden layers can be shown in the museum.
5.8.4.4.3 Paths and walk through

Walkways around the site with excavation pits and corridors that can be largely landscaped and interspersed with sheltered indoor exhibits and interpretation centers.
5.8.4.4.4 Display and exhibits

Material from the site but currently in museums can be replicated in a real life situation here. Temples, residences, towns, fort walls, moats etc. can be shown virtually through computerized projections and presentations.
Excavated material can be displayed to make sense of the structural remains.
5.8.4.4.5 Parks, gardens and picnic spots (all with interpretations)

The larger area can be developed into landscaped areas with pathways and walkways with spots for picnic. Well drawn out facility centers such as food areas, toilets, handicraft shops along with signboards, pamphlets and guide books should make it interesting and meaningful to the visitors, be they pilgrims or secular tourists from abroad or from within the country.
5.8.4.4.6 Souvenirs and Crafts
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The coming of tourists should result in income generating activities. Bhairongarh nearby is famous for its prints and rangai work while metal craft of today can trace its antiquity to as early as 5th century BCE. The crafts of the region should find a market at such spots. The concept of handicraft and handloom Haat has been tried out successfully at Bhopal, Delhi and other centers. By all standards Ujjain appears to be an ideal place for such a market.
5.8.4.5 Funding
Since Nagar Nigam does not have the expertise or the fund to implement such projects it is proposed that the project be implemented jointly with experts from ASI or State Archaeology Dept., Vikram University or other such organizations. Funds to implement such a project can also be sought from cultural funding organizations such as Dorabji Tata Trust or International funding bodies such as UNESCO, Ford Foundation, Getty Foundation etc.
5.8.4.6 Management
Once the project is accomplished the project can be managed by Culture department of the State or the ASI or Nagar Nigam can also lease out the property for management to some professional body. The income accruing from the center can be shared on some formula derived for the purpose.
5.8.4.7 Development Bindu
It is seen that projects of this kind act as a bindu (nodal point) for development. Currently the archaeological mounds are notified as protected by the ASI but the land is being leased out to brick makers or potters, a practice that has to stop immediately. This is also an area that is regulated under the Mela Act. Facilities developed under the project can be utilized by the akharas that are allotted land for camping during Simhasta but the entire area must remain open with no construction, even of a temporary nature, strictly prohibited.
5.8.4.8 Road, Transportation and Parking
The Pracheen Ujjain (Ek Jhalak) can be linked by way of path/ road to the ghats, Bhartahari Gupha and Kal Bhairon temple. PROJECT SUMMARY PRAU- BH-1/ds 1 1
Identification Site contour survey of entire Bhairav area. This 25 lakh of Pracheen should be combined with extensive field survey for sites archaeological remains and pottery. Marking of these spots and spread on the map. Photographic survey. Monument survey. To be done by experts in archaeological/ historical/ cultural/ religious studies of an area approx. 500 acres Excavations The excavation is a slow process but should be 305 lakh both horizontal conducted continuously for minimum 2 years by a and vertical team under expert guidance of an archaeologist and
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type identified places.
of consisting of an architect historian, historian, assistant archaeologist, draftsman and labour. Visiting experts to be provided for, based on the needs from time to time. Preservation and restoration of monuments. The site development to take place under competent 330 lakh Architect with good understanding of historical and archaeological sites and interpretation. Large open spaces of archaeological importance to be left undisturbed. Mythology and Myth Trail with interpretation panels, find spots etc.
Site development and landscaping including location of building, pathways, boundary wall etc.
Buildings and To be done under Architect who can interpret 5000 lakh galleries to archaeological sites and develop interpretations shelter the excavations and shifting of jail from Bhairongarh fort. Interior and Simulated image projections, sound system, colour 1600 lakh interpretation schemes etc. including computerized projection Sigh boards, brochures, books, pamphlets and other publishing material 150 lakh
Trained staff Till the time the project becomes sustainable in 5 300 lakh including years guides and others of general category and their salary
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Responsible Agency
UMC/UDA and other Deptt. Total 7710 lakh
5.9 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University) 5.9.1 Concept

Made in the pattern of Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS), the center should aim to fill the gap between ancient knowledge and modern knowledge. Needless to say its primary objective would be scientific investigations into the indigenous knowledge, but its role would encompass a much larger area of disbursement of the knowledge and expanding its horizons.
5.9.2 Scope
The Indian way of thinking is holistic and it would therefore be most suitable to have all the knowledge collection under one roof. As Sanskrit was the language of discourse and English the language of modern sciences, it would be imperative to impart both the languages simultaneously. A state of the art library for ancient languages, literature, scientific literature, architectural literature etc. with facilities of interlibrary borrowing from international libraries such as Library of Congress in New York or British Library in London, should form the backbone of the university. Once the candidate gets a grip on the languages the ancient texts of science could be tested in labs that should be equipped with the most precise and technologically advanced equipments. Astronomical science should be equipped with telescopes and other precision instruments and also have linkages with institutes of modern Astronomy. In memory of Varahamihir and later Jai Singh the science can be revived and given a future. Applied astronomy had a great impact on the Town Planning and Architecture, which was one of the most advanced sciences of ancient sciences, should be imparted both theoretically and practically. Research into the ancient texts should form part of the curriculum. It should be kept in mind that Samrangansutradhara by Raja Bhoja, the most important treatises of town planning, was written here in Malwa. Sthapatya Kala was so integral to architecture and town planning that the study on the subject is incomplete without taking that into account. Chitra Kala and Sthapatya Kala went hand in hand. As early as 2nd century CE the plastered anda of the stupa was painted over completely, an example that was followed right from the earliest temples. The truth is that Natya Shastra was another facet of architecture, Sthapatya and Chitra Kala which was in turn integral to astronomical and astrological knowledge and incorporated the science of medicine, botany etc. Ujjain has been the Nagri of Kalidasa and the best way to pay obeisance to him would be to promote and revive the art of Sanskrit Natya Shastra and what better place to do it than Ujjain.
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Medicinal science (Ayurveda) should be equipped with all the materials and their testing labs required to understand the effect of ingredients in the formation of medicines. The complex should also be equipped with a Museum and Shopping Mall with provision for selling books, equipments, medicines, and other byproducts of the above exercise. Training center for the crafts related to the above knowledge should be incorporated and auditoriums where performances could be staged and lectures can be held. Residences for crafts person and temporary accommodation for visiting faculty should also be considered. Effort should be made that Pracheen Gyan Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya should dovetail with the existing scheme of the Government of Madhya Pradesh with the name of Shri Panini Sanskrit Vishwa Vidhyalaya (SPSVV). The SPSVV was declared to be established at Ujjain by the government of Madhya Pradesh on the 15th August 06 for which the legislature has been passed and an amount of Rs 6.79 crores budgeted. 100 acres of land near Lal Pul and railway crossing of Chintaman has been selected for the purpose. PROJECT SUMMARY PRAGYV- VUK-12/ds 1 Component Name 1 Location Gyan Vishwavidhyalaya Approx. amount (Rs in lakh)
An area of approx. 25 50 plus acres is required 200 which can be either procured within the city at Nazarali Mill compound where Nagar Nigam office is located or near Vikram University. It should be designed in atypal Ujjain style of 2000 architecture, replicating streets and lanes with old wooden facades, Maybe reproducing streets that are lost to us due to widening of roads. The entire exercise is based on research and exact replication of lost streets and lanes using the same technology and setting a standard by itself. Detailed documentation of the existing and of the construction should act as teaching tools in the architecture section and displayed in the museum. In modern style with high capacity computers and 1000 high-speed internet facilities. The museum to be furnished with facility for screening walkthrough simulations of ancient towns and buildings etc. An efficient environment and equipped labs with right quality of light. Library to be equipped with computerized catalogues and easy retrieval system. Water channels as suthradhar should tie the various 200 parts of the building so that the entire university works in unison. Van (forests) particularly Mahakal van should be replicated at some place
Buildings
Interiors
Landscaping
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here. 5 Equipments and material Staff Salaries Signage Software development Books, manuscripts, museum exhibits, high 3000 capacity equipments, state of the art scientific equipments etc.
6 7 8
and Scientists in the field of Sanskrit, Astronomy, 300 Architecture etc. plus all the resident staff Directional sign boards and information sign boards 25
Special software will have to be developed for 30 simulation of ancient towns, astronomical studies etc. TOTAL 6755
INITIAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT 1 Building Ministry of Tourism and Culture Dept of the State, cultural funding organizations such as Ford foundation, Getty foundation, UNESCO etc. Staff and University Grants Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology and University Grants Commission, Higher Education Dept.
2 3
University equipment Equipments materials
5.10 Kaliadeh Resort

Located to the north of the city and just beyond the limits of Pracheen Ujjain is the historic center of Kaliadeh. Leisure of the environment and scenic beauty of its location makes it one of the ideal spots for the tourists to stay. Luxury tourism brings in livelihood alternatives and helps in alleviation of poverty. The reason why this area should be taken up for development is that it contains Jal Mahal, which is unique and un-replicable in its technology of water system and palace building. It is also aesthetically a marvelous building with roots of its antiquity leading to pre-destruction times. It is an ancient site of Sun temple revived by the Scindias by building a new Sun temple. It is an archaeological site and till the time we are ready to look into the past properly, it needs to be kept in a state that facilitates such an action in future. Development of the site can be a good example of Public - People Participation where Culture Department, Scindias Trust and other bodies involved could work towards its revival. Although the question of ownership is complicated but not un-solvable as large part of the property belongs to the government while some of it is under dispute. The Sun temple however is with the Scindias.
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5.10.1.1 Physical and Historical background
Jal Mahal and Kaliadeh are part of each other. Constructed on the western stream of Kshipra river that bifurcates into two towards the south of Jal Mahal, Sultan Nasir-ud-din Khilji, the Sultan of Malwa- Mandu constructed this Jal Mahal in 1458 CE as a water resort to enjoy the cool environment that provided relief to his perpetually intoxicated state. The water of the western stream was trained to pass through 52 kunds and channels while the eastern stream was dammed to hold a reservoir. The Sultan is known to have spent all his time soaking in the waters of the tanks of the palace where he was later found dead. Ain-e-Akbari mentions Akbars appreciation of the intricacies and technicalities of the water system of the water palace while his son Jehangir shared the luxury of the waters with the resident Sultan. The beauty of the place attracts people even in its dilapidated state today. Surya Mandir constructed by the Scindias is built on a mound towards the east and overlooks the reservoir of the eastern stream. Currently owned by the Scindias the temple is in a state of neglect and needs immediate conservation efforts. The larger complex containing the Jal Mahal and Surya temple also has other structures of heritage importance such as the guesthouse and the serai towards the west. Much of these existing structures can be put to commercial use with little effort and imagination. PROJECT SUMMARY-KDR-KDSK/5/ds1 1 2 Stop Dam 50
Conservation of Jal This work is to be done under supervision of 500 Mahal and bridge conservationist and under scheduled program starting from documentation, measured drawings and conservation Restoration of Janana Mahal towards the west of Jal Mahal Guest house Scindias The work is to done under supervision of 300 conservationist and under scheduled program starting from documentation, measured drawings and conservation.
4 5
of Conservation and furnishing of guest house for the use 200 of tourists
Landscaping, Landscape architect should design the area gates, fountains etc. For the management of the site state Tourism Dept. should be involved Total
100
1150
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5.11 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart 5.11.1 Character and Current use
Periplus of the Erythrean sea written in 2nd Century CE mentions Ujjain as a noted trading centre where onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-coloured muslins and no small quantities of ordinary cotton as well as spikenard, kostus and bdellium were exported through the port of Barugaza or Baroach in Surat. In 1585 the traveler Robert Fitch visited the town ad remarks on the extensive local trade in raw cotton goods and the great store of drugs. The textile mills of Ujjain were part of this tradition and today stand desolate and ruined. Fall of a great tradition. Yet the large shop floors of an industry are great assets and can be used in variety of ways like Flower marts etc.
5.11.2 Proposal
It is proposed that space available in the abandoned mill compounds such as Nazar Mill, should be utilized for trading activities of indigenously produced goods. It should be mentioned here that Ujjain has got great flouriculture potential and is one activity that needs focus and promotion. It is a trade that has one of the high growth rates and has global market.The flowers are exported to Dahod, Baroda, Surat, Mumbai , Delhi and Chennai. The table below shows the production details of flowers in the Ujjain District:
S no Flower Ujjain Area Ha 229 344 29 40 Ton 4580 3355 29 390 Ghatia Ha 35 15 12 7 Ton 680 150 10 70 Khachrod Ha 5 5 Ton 90 40 Nagda Ha 3.5 4.5 2 1 Ton 65 45 2 9 Badnagar Mahidpur Ha 3 5 1 1 Ton Ha 60 40 1 9 2 1 1 Ton 38 8 1 Tarana Ha 0.5 0.5 Ton 9 4 Ha 278 375 45 52 Total Ton 5515 3642 43 508
1 2 3 4
Rose Marigold Jasmine Chrysanthi mum small
30
Chrysanthi mum annual 6 Gailladia 7 Others Total 5
254 24 920
3770 360 12484
3 3 75
75 45 1030
55
50
45
65
15
274 27
4075 405 14188
17
215
15
171
13
155
112
28
1051
Source : Office of the Deputy Director Horticulture.

The shop floors can be used as FLOWER MART where flowers growers associations of Ujjain and neighbouring associations are facilitated to establish their forward and backward linkages from flower growers- wholesale buyers-shippers-retailers. The spaces around can be used for the following activities: Flower shows, Inviting exporters Vendors Seeds
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Gardening ware Bonsai Landscape people Lecture halls Accessories etc. Peripheral activities such as herbal raw material and product people can be involved.
5.11.3 Funding
The activity can be supported for initial financing by Flower Export Association or the Madhya Pradesh Agro Industrial Corporation. PROPOSAL SUMMARY FM-MK-7/DS1 1 2 Conservation and restoration of remaining portion of the ruined 300 mill such as chimney etc. Developing Flower Mart in the remaining areas where forward 700 and backward linkages for the flower growers can be established. This would mean linkages with whole sale dealers, shippers, retailers, Promotional and diversification efforts, offices, lecture halls, shopping mall for accessories of flower related products such as pots, cards, vases, manure, ribbons, packaging material, landscape designing, tissue culture and all horticulture related products and services. To be designed by heritage/conservation architect Landscape Total 100 1100
5.12 Myths and Mythologies

Ujjain is a city of myths and mythologies. As mentioned earlier the city is a landscape of ancient treatises. Kalidasa, Skandapuran, Buddhist and Jain texts refer to the place in several ways. Several stories of wisdom are enacted in this landscape such as Simhasana Battisie and Vikram aur Betal. It is proposed that the oral tradition be addressed and Son-et-lumire (Sound and light) implemented along the banks of Kshipra. Town and Country map of Ujjain demarcates woods along the banks of the river. The ghats of the rivers include 6 sacred shamshans with historicity of mythical era where Siva danced and kept his kapala. The samshans include Chakratirtha Shamshan, Kal Bhairav Shamshan, Vikrant Bhairav Shamshan, Triveni Shamshan, Pavasa Shamshan, Rajamal ghat Shamshan and burial shamshan for infants where they burial takes place, All along the ghats are proposed Vans and these forests can be planted with Sound and Light program in mind. This would ensure its proper use and maintenance which can be built into the development
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proposal. Vikram aur Betal stories can be enacted and brought to life providing entertainment, moral teachings and cultural rooting to the tourists and residents alike. Spaces for enactment of Ram-lila that was the traditional cultural manifestation would form special feature. PROJECT SUMMARY KS-GH-10/1 Item 1 Plantation of trees Work Description Amount Rs lakh in
Designing of landscape and horticulture 400 advise by landscape architect, plantation of trees, seating area, lawn and landscape areas Light Professional body such as Philips to design 700 and execute the work complete with all equipments and sound recording with best and known voices and music to work on Operation and Maintenance basis. 20 Total 1120
Sound and program conceptualizing, recording implementation
Misc. for brochure printing, signage etc.
AGENCIES 1 2 Forest UMC Department/ Operation and Maintenance Financing
Religious trusts
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5.13 Religious Activities and Tourism

One of the most important functions of the city of Ujjain is to cater to religious pursuits. A large number of persons come to the city during religious fairs such as Simhastha and cultural functions like Kalidas Samaroh. The influx of people from outside ranges between 25 thousand to a lakh depending on the importance of the function and fair. During such gatherings the existing services and amenities are strained to a breaking point causing inconvenience to the visitors and anxiety to the administration. It, therefore, needs to be stated it in detail
Figure 5-2 Sinhasta
5.13.1 Simhastha
Simhastha is the great bathing festival of Ujjain. It is celebrated in a cycle of twelve years when Jupiter enters the Leo sign of the zodiac, known as Simha Rashi. Ceremonial bathing in the holy waters of Kshipra begins with the full moon day of Chaitra month and continues throughout the succeeding month of Vaishakh culminating on tenth full moon day. Tradition calls for ten different factors to be located for the grand festival at Ujjain. According to the Puranas, the legendary churning of the ocean by the gods (Devas) and Figure 5-3 Pilgrims at river Kshipra for the holy dip demons (Danavas) yielded, amongst other things, a jar (Kumbha) full of nectar (Amrita). Gods did not like to share it with demons. At the instance of Indra, his son Jayanta tried to run away with the jar and was naturally followed by some of the demons. During the struggle for its possession lasting over twelve days in heaven, a few drops of the nectar dropped at the four places, corresponding with Haridwar, Prayag, Ujjain and Nasik on the earth. The drops of nectar were received by the holy rivers at these places. The struggle for the possession of the nectar-jar (Amrita-Kumbha) lasted for twelve days in heaven, the equivalent time being twelve years on the earth. The festival at the other three places is known by the more popular name Kumbha. The cycle of twelve years is common to all the four places. Different planetary positions, like the crossing of Jupiter into Leo sign and certain other conjunctions for the fair at Ujjain, are noted for the kumbha-fair at these other places also. Besides being a city of remarkable cultural traditions, Ujjain is cited among the seven cities of sacred merit in India.
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5.13.1.1 Mela Authority
Government has constituted Mela Authority to organize the management of the event in which Sadhus, and worshippers of Shiva and Vishnu and their sects come in full force through their Jamats, Akharas, Pandals, Pravachans, Karma-Kands. One of the duties of the Authority is to formulate a working plan of the mela such that assets can be created so as to maximize the services to the pilgrims and visitors to this twelve yearly event.
5.13.2 Other Religious fairs and activities

The city attracts large number of pilgrims and tourists throughout the year. Religious fairs and melas are held on religious occasions when a large number of persons visit the city. The important fairs are Kumbha Mela. Kartik Poornima, Ganga Mela, Nav Durga Maha-Shivratri, etc.
The fairs and The festivals take place weekly, fortnightly, yearly and periodically in Ujjain. Some are considered very auspicious. The month wise distribution of these festivals and the estimated floating population on these occasions are shown in table below:
Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain
S no
Festival/Mela Period (month)
Duration (days)
30 30 5 9-11 Ashadh Kartik purnima to agrahayan Purnima Paush Magh Purnima 10 30 1-2
Place
Estimated No. visitors of
1. 2.
Simhastha/Kumbh Vaishakah Snan
After every 12 yrs Chaitra purnima Vaishakah purnima Vaishakah Vaishakah Jaisth
Mela ground Near Badnagar bridge,Ramghat and triveni Mangalnath Ramghat Ganga Ghat Gar kalika Near Badnagar
1-2 crore 20-25,000
5. 6.
Durga Shivavratra Kartik Snan
20-25,000 50-75,000
7. 8.
Makar Sankranti Magh Snan
Mahakal temple Near Badnagar
25-30,000 20-25,000
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3. 4.
Panchkroshi Yatra Ganga Pujan Ganga Snan Ganga Dashehra
25-50,000 20-25,000 20-25,000
Phalgun purnima 9. Maha Shivratri Magh/Phalgun
30 1-2
Bridge and Triveni Mahakal Temple 50-75,000
Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs
Total Registered tourists

Nag panchami Amavasya purnima snan Varoni fest Anant chaturdashi Mahakal savan sawari
1825000
100000 600000 10000 500000 700000
5.13.3 Activities centred around Mela and Festivals

5.13.3.1 Akhadas :
Sadhus of different sects constitute a high percentage of the total number of pilgrims. They are Naga Samprayadaya, Udasi Sampradya,Nath Sampradaya,Achrya Sampradya etc.
5.13.3.2 Dharmshalas,Hotels &Lodges :
There are 25 dharmashalas and 14 hotels and lodges. But these are not sufficient to accommodate the large floating population. Another major problem is that they remain vacant in rest of the period when no activities are taking place.
5.13.3.3 Camping Ground :
Staying in open space has become a usual feature during the important melas as it is free and is near to temples and ghats. Although temporary arrangements regarding drinking water supply, drainage, lighting etc are made by the mela authority, yet it often proves to be inadequate. Most of the pilgrims bring food materials with them for being cooked in the open space. So, the entire area becomes dirty and filthy.
5.13.3.4 Ghats :
Image of Ujjain is contributed by two elements temples and river Kshipra. Image of the river is read from its Ghats, the water-city interface. Most of the Ghats were built by Marathas on pre-existed consolidated river banks. There are about 15 Ghats along river Kshipra. At Ramghat steps, landing strips, projecting platforms and temples
Figure 5-4 Shpra aarti
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present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along the length of the Ghats creating a sculptural appearance. Most of the other ghats are newly built and unsympathetic towards the traditional designs and only done to fulfill functional aspects of the Ghats. The chapters that follow deal with the problems of infrastructure such as water supply, drainage and sewerage, road and transportation, electricity distribution and matters such as poverty alleviation and livelihoods, etc. However, at the micro level of the Heritage Kshetras the network of the infrastructure has to be predicated on the imperative need to protect and conserve (in fact, enhance) the cultural assets of the Kshetra.
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6
6.1 Introduction
U Ur rb ba an nP Plla an nn niin ng ga an nd d lla an nd dU Us se eM Ma an na ag ge em me en nt t
The study of land use and growth pattern gives an idea of the trends the city is following as well as the future demands of the city. In the following chapter an analysis of the growth pattern, land use and land management has been done for Ujjain city. The City is a popular religious centre, well known for its temples and has a strong heritage image. It is a major trading centre in agriculture produce such as food grains, vegetables and fruits. Ujjain is the second largest city of "Indore Agro Industrial Region" notified under MPTown & Country Planning Act (1973) which consists of six other districts viz. Indore, Dewas, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Dhar and Jhabua. The present chapter deals with the Land use and land management analysis of the city at first and subsequently talks about the Heritage related issues.
6.1.1 Physical Characteristics

The city is well connected by roads and railways with important urban centres and is connected by a broad gauge railway to Bhopal, Indore, Dewas, Nagda and Ratlam and by a meter gauge line to Indore, Badnagar and Ratlam. The city situated on the banks of Shipra, is one of the seven most important religious centres in the country. There are many ghats on the eastern bank of the river viz. Gaughat, Narsingh ghat, Ram ghat, Chhatri ghat, Ganga ghat, Mangalnath ghatand Sidhwat ghat. Places of historical importance are: Bharthari Caves, Choubis Khamba Gate, Bina-niv-ki Masjid, Kaliadeh, water palace, the old sarai and Jaisingh Observatory. Religious temples include: Mahakal Gopal temple, Harisiddhi and Triveni.
6.1.1.1 Ujjain planning area and Municipal area
Ujjain planning area is 15182.52 hectare and had a population of 441840 according to 2001 census. The Ujjain municipal area has 54 wards with a total area of 9268.10 hectare (92.68 sq.kms) and population of 430427 according to 2001 census.
T Th he eS Stta ag ge es so off G Gr ro ow wtth h
1938 to 1968: Maximum development in SE part in terms of residential and institutional land use followed by NW part in residential use took place in this period. These developments can be accredited to various factors. This phase saw the
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UJJAIN
Pre 1938 period: During this period, Ujjain was the capital of Lashkar or Gwalior. It was under the rule of Scindias. The city received maximum attention under the Scindias. This period witnessed various developments like pucca roads, railway links, hospitals, etc. Ujjain developed its identity as a great religious and cultural centre as well as an emerging centre for the textile industry (establishment of 4 textile mills in 1915, development of Freeganj area as an octroi free area in 1930 and development of several cotton and spinning factories on Agar road from 1920 to 1930 ).
emergence of Freeganj area as a major commercial area. Major educational institutions like Vikram University, Government polytechnic, Engineering College and Industrial Training Institute also came up. The development of Vikram Vatika catered to the need for greens in the city. Establishment of various large-scale industries like Dalda factory, Spun pipe factory on Dewas road, etc also contributed to the development. The addition of broad gauge railway line connecting Ujjain, Dewas and Indore led to new industrial developments in the region. Several new housing and rehabilitation schemes were also implemented in this time. The establishment of Chimangunj Mandi for agricultural produce also led to a major commercial change in the 60s. 1968 to 1979: Major development in SE part of the city in terms of residential and industrial areas was followed by developments in NE and NW parts. These developments trace their origin to certain activities, which took place during this period. This period saw the establishment of several educational institutions like girls inter college, government middle school and junior college, etc. A 33 KV power supply station was also set up near Freeganj area, which helped, in the further spread of industrial and residential areas. The establishment of Ujjain bus depot made commuting easier and faster and the industrial estate on Maksi road further propagated industrial development. Several major housing projects and private residential colonies were also taken up like: Lakshmi Nagar. Development of cultural complex and archaeological museum near the university were also contributors to the residential developments. Brick quarrying areas were provided along the SE banks of Kshipra. But this led to the development of squatters in the area. An ancillary industrial estate was also established in NE. 1979 to 1985: Marked development in residential, institutional and industrial areas occurred in the northeast followed by development in residential areas increase in the southeast. This period saw the development of Urban Development Authority in late 70s. Thus, public housing became a major criterion for development. New private residential colonies started coming up. New roads were formed joining Vikram Vatika to Maksi road. This enabled the development of residential colonies in the vacant land North of Vikram Vatika. Soyabean extraction plants were set up on Dewas road. Cultural institutions like Kalidas Academy were set up. Development of office complexes on Dewas road and development of several private colonies and slums and squatter development programmes were also taken up. Development of road connecting Gopal mandi and Hari Phatak Crossing made the old city accessible for development. A wholesale cloth market was also set up near Lajpat Rai Marg and the development of shopping complexes by UDA led to development of the industrial sector.
6.1.2 Ujjain Development Plan, 1991

The Ujjain Development Plan 1991published in 1975 under the provision of section 23 (2) read with section 18 (1) of MP Town & country Planning Act, and approved by the State Government under section 19 of MP Town & Country Planning Act in 1973. The plan of
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1975 identifies goals for a well-planned city and accordingly proposes future landuse. City's Functions identified in the UDP 1991; Religious Centre Trade and Commerce Centre Industrial Centre Educational Centre
O Ov ve er rv viie ew w
UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture. UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the entire planning area. UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture. UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the entire planning area. UDP 1991 plan has wide ranging proposals for road widening in the old city area, which, due to practical reasons, have been very difficult to implement as they involved extensive acquisition of private properties where the land value is very high and development is dense. Rather, innovative and more practical approaches to decongestion of public streets by adopting a mix of options such as pedestrianization, traffic routing systems, and limited road widening would have been appropriate.
On the whole, the Ujjain Development Plan, 1991, is over optimistic. This, coupled with inadequate implementation capacities of the implementing agencies, resulted in large-scale variations between the planned development for 1991 and the actual development by 1994, as evidenced from the table below:
Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991
S.No. 1.
Component Area and Housing In Development
Key provisions in UDP1991 In 1971, housing shortage was 8255 housing units. It includes backlog up to 1971, houses unfit for human habilitation and areas with poor living condition. Future residential development was mainly planned in the eastern part of Sanwer road and northern side of existing mill area. Some residential areas have also been proposed: behind Chimanganj mandi, on the westem side of Sanwer road on the eastern side of Vikram University.
Comments No reliable data available about the development nature of housing need and supply. In south of Ujjain (new Ujjain), UDA has been developing residential areas. Two major centrally sponsored slum improvement & poverty alleviation programmes implemented by UMC namely the Swarna Jayanti Sahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY) and the National Slum Development Programme.
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Behind the railway track near the proposed industrial area. Nearly 35000 persons are living in slums. The plan identifies slum areas for clearance rehabilitation and improvement. 2. Industrial Development Heavy industries including extensive industries were proposed on Agar road (mill area), Maksi Road and Dewas Road. Medium and small scale industries were earmarked on Maksi Road, Dewas Road and Agar Road. Development of bypass and new roads. Development of regional bus station and terminal Development of city bus terminal Provision of parking facilities at critical locations.
Source: ADB,IUDMP report 2002
Most of the industries are closed and sick in Makshi road industrial area. Very few industries have come up in Nagziri industrial area.
3.
Traffic Transport
&
Very little has been done on the implementation of transport development proposals except regional bus terminal
6.1.3 Land supply and utilization

As per the survey results, the total developed area in the Ujjain planning area, which includes the fringe areas outside the UMC limits was about 2857 Ha in 2004.The total land under residential use in the Ujjain Planning area was 51 per cent, with a net residential density of about 273 persons per Ha in 1994. About 19 per cent was under roads while, 16 per cent fell under the category of public facility and utility services. Land utilization status;
Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021
No.
Landuse Proposed area in 1991( ha)) Developed area 2005 ( ha) 1300 164 330 103 2150 510 2857 Land utilized(%) 89.04 80.00 73.33 19.07 90.90 75.56 74.69
1 2 3 4 5 6
Residential Commercial Industrial Recreational Public & Semi- public Circulation
1460 205 450 540 2645 (includes mela area) 675 3825
Developed Area
Source :Ujjain Development plan ,2021
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The above table shows that nearly seventy five percent of land has been developed from the proposed plan. In 1991 the proposed land utilization rate per person for the commercial use was estimated to be 0.45 ha/person which came out to be 8.23ha/person in the year 2002.The proposed industrial land was estimated with 1.0 ha/1000persons and which was coming as 450ha.but with the slow pace of industrial development only 330 ha land got utilized.
Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021
- Public Semi public 16%
Circulation 17%
Residential 45%
- Public Semi public 16%
Circulation 19%
Residential 46%
Recreation al Industrial 4% 12%
Commercial
Recreation al 17%
6%
Industrial 8%
Commercial
6%
Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use
No.
Landuse
1 2 3 4 5 6
Residential Commercial Industrial Recreational Public & Semi- public Circulation
Area in 2004 Existing Sq.km % 13.00 45.50 1.64 3.30 1.03 4.50 5.10 28.57 5.74 11.55 3.61 15.75 17.85 100.00
Proposed for 2021 Proposed Sq.km % 37.00 46.41 2.74 6.10 13.38 5.40 15.10 79.72 3.44 7.65 16.78 6.77 18.94 100.00
Developed Area
Source: Ujjain Development plan (Draft) ,2005 The total land under residential use in the Ujjain Planning area is 45 per cent, which is nearly the same for proposed 2021year. About 17per cent is under roads (proposed land use under circulation comes out to be 19 %) while, 16 per cent fell under the category of public facility and utility services.
The land use proposed for industrial activities has been decreased from 12 % to 8% which might be a step in the direction of conserving environment but would definitely reduce the local employment opportunities. Land allocated for commercial activities have been kept constant and on the other hand the recreational land allocation has been increased from 4% to 17%.it may have been done with a perspective of future Ujjain as a tourist city. The present land utilization rate is 6.14 hectare
Figure 6-2 Tower chowk
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per thousand persons which has been increased to 11.38 hectare per thousand persons. Residential use All the major residential development can be seen in between Indore and Dewas road .Areas such as Vivekanand nagar,Sant nagar ,Shastri nagar are high CBD area of density residential areas. Mixed land use can be observed along some of the The Ujjain -Freeganj roads in these areas. The residential density in some of these areas is so high and settlements are congested which results in to pressure on infrastructure and at the same time it becomes very difficult to initiate reform works. Commercial use The major commercial activities can be observed near areas such as Freeganj, Shaheed Park, Sabji Mandi. This area can be considered as the main CBD area of the city Sensitive areas some parts of the city are under sensitive zone. Mela ground ,Shipra ghats and some areas in the core city are some of the sensitive areas . Industrial use- Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi Road Industrial Area.Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri Industrial area The condition of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non performing asset that is not taxed. Existing industrial layouts that are unoccupied should be priority areas to accommodate further industrial land demand or converted to any other appropriate use.
6.1.3.1 Developed area
The present percentage of land developed in UMC comes out to be 30.82% which is nearly constant as compared to 2001.The main reason behind the low developed area is the restriction of any development in sensitive zones (mela ground etc.).
Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits
Year 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005

Source:UMC,Ujjain
Developed land (hectare) 2830 2830 2845 2857
Undeveloped land(hectare) 6438 6438 6423 6411
6.1.3.2
Area and Housing Development
D e n s iii ttt y D e n s y D e n s y
Due to the development of newer and planned colonies outside the core old city, the residential density has gone down considerably. But due to increase in the population, the urban density of the area has shown an increase. Urban density (Persons/sqkm);
Year 1971 1981 Density (p/sqkm) 2050 2940
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Development is being undertaken by the Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) and the MP Housing Board (MPHB) for their colonies or commercial centres etc. as well as by the private sector on land allotted by the UDA or on privately owned land. At present, MP Housing Board does not have any scheme due to the non-availability of land within the
1991 2001
Source: UMC,Ujjain
3913 4644
H Ho ou us siin ng gd de em ma an nd d
The housing scenario in Ujjain reveals that at present there is a shortage of 19652 housing units. The estimated housing demand for the year 2011 is 33000 housing units.
6.2 Growth pattern of the city

The city of Ujjain is shaped by several factors. The main features which have shaped the development of Ujjain are its topography and transportation routes. The city has developed in the form of sectors. The city can be clearly divided into two parts: One being the old city, which lies north of the Broad gauge railway line: This comprises of the old historic and religious area along with the old industrial area. This area is characterized by indigenous pattern of more or less organic development. The city here has a very dense and close-knit fabric. The population density in this area is very high compared to the newer areas. The development of this area has been dictated by the flow of river Kshipra, the location and pilgrimage routes of the historic temples. The other being the new area: This comprises of the area lying south and south east of the railway line. This area started developing with the construction of the railway bridge in 1930s. The area was thus made accessible and within reach. It catered to the need for the city to expand beyond the boundaries, which existed at that time. Development in this area started with the development of Freegunj area as a residential and commercial area, accessible by three major roads: Dewas road, Maksi road and Indore road. This area thus became the nucleus for future expansion of the city.
III n ttt e r e lll a ttt iii o n s h iii p fff D iii fff fff e r e n ttt U s e s n e r R e a o n s h p o D e r e n U s e s n e rR R e a o n s h po o D e r e n U s e s
Another major disadvantage is that the due to the high density of the city core, several land uses are ill housed, especially public and semi public uses, majority of which operate in unhygienic crammed up areas. Several commercial uses are also housed in residential buildings. The increasing population has overburdened the citys transport network. The city core provides minimal scope for widening of streets. Thus, all the major streets are congested
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The city core was full of incompatible land uses, i.e., land uses which do not fit in the environment of the area in which they are located due to several factors like traffic hazards, not in harmony with the surrounding land uses. For example: industrial land uses were located right in the city centre. The goods traffic generated by these factories leads to cluttering of the already narrow streets of the city. This was a major contributor to the city traffic. Such incompatible land uses had to be relocated in order to make them merge harmoniously with their surroundings but now most of the large units have closed down giving an end to the problem.
Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras
The above map shows an overlap of Heritage Kshetras over the Land use map of Ujjain city. It can be analysed from the above that the Heritage kshetras cover nearly all the Sensitive zones as marked under the Land use plan. The River Kshipra has been identified as the most sensitive and hence it has been included as a whole in the sensitive area list of Land use plan.It is noticeable that the Ujjain land use plan has delineated sensitive areas spotwise and on the other hand the City Development plan proposes to see Ujjain as a whole and hence all the important spots have been integrated and categorised as Kshetras.
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6.3 Urban Structure and Image

The built form of Ujjain is mosaic of various periods of building construction. Though most of the heritage has not survived, few buildings show the traces of the old glory that it once had in their times. In terms of an image, the city can be divided into the old city which lies on northern side as the Core City and the recent developments seen during last 50 years which is mostly on South side. The difference between the two is quite stark. The old city is organic development congested with densely located buildings which open out on narrow streets. The heights vary from ground to three storied structures. Most of the building shows amalgamation of Maratha and Rajput architecture with timber detailing. Urban development is taking over most of the historical core with old buildings being demolished and new constructed with no regards to the old fabric of the city. The city started developing on southern side during Scindia period with the development of Freeganj. It has grown in a horizontal or ribbon like form along the railway line. The architectural style shows influence of the British planning with wide roads and large open areas. Freeganj developed as commercial area has grid iron layout with shops lined on either side of wide road with Clock Tower forming the focus. The Kothi Palace of Scindias is an amalgamation of Rajput and gothic styles and has an entrance influenced by the Buckingham palace.
6.3.1.1
Agencies for Plan Preparation and Implementation in Ujjain
The responsibility for preparation of a master plan or development plan rests with the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, while plan implementation rests with the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain and the Ujjain Development Authority.
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Figure 6-4 Architectural image
T To ow wn na an nd dC Co ou un nttr ry yP Plla an nn niin ng gO Or rg ga an niiz za attiio on n
The TCPO is governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act). The State Government, as per the provisions of the Act, can declare an area as a region and define its limit. Such areas are then taken for development and a development plan for the region is prepared by the TCPO. The main function of the department is to carry out a survey of the region, prepare an existing landuse map, and propose a development plan or regional plan as the case may be.
U Ujjjja aiin nD De ev ve ello op pm me en ntt A Au utth ho or riitty y
The Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) formed under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) is responsible for the implementation of major proposals of the Development Plan prepared by the TCPO. The main objective of the UDA is to implement various schemes, by way of acquiring and developing land in line with the proposals of the development plan. Such developments are planned keeping in view the growth of the town. The primary functions of the UDA as per the Act are: Acquisition, development and sale or leasing of land for the purpose of town expansion; Acquisition, relaying, rebuilding, or relocating areas which have been badly laid out or which have developed or degenerated into slums; Acquisition and development of land for public purposes such as housing development, development of shopping centers, cultural centers, administrative centers, etc; Acquisition and development of areas for commercial and industrial purposes; Undertaking of such building or construction work as may be necessary to provide housing, shopping, commercial and other facilities; Acquisition and development of land for the purpose of laying out or re-modeling of road and street patterns; Acquisition and development of land for playgrounds, parks, recreation centers and stadia; Reconstruction of plots for the purpose of buildings, roads, drains, sewage lines and other similar amenities; and Any other work of a nature such that would bring about environmental improvements, which may be taken up by the authority with the prior approval of the State Government.
However, UDA has been functioning more as a colonizer (developer of serviced land and housing) than as an implementation agency of the citywide development plan for roads, parks and play grounds, and other public and social amenities.
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U Ujjjja aiin nM Mu un niic ciip pa all C Co or rp po or ra attiio on n
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) is one of the key actors in developing and maintaining the city. Governed by the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956, its functions include provision of core civic services and maintenance of public places, including roads and streets. The UMC is also responsible for regulating the construction of buildings and colonies within its territorial jurisdiction, according to the provisions of the Development Plan proposals and the Development Control Regulations prepared by the TCPO. Another major role recently entrusted to the UMC is that of regularizing the unauthorized colonies that have come up in the city, which as per the statute is one of the primary functions of the UDA. However, under the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, the Municipal Corporation would be fully authorized to prepare a development plan for the area under its jurisdiction, including local area plans in the form of zonal plans or town planning schemes. In such a case, the UMC would need to seek substantial technical assistance and build up a cadre of municipal, planners and other professionals within its organization set-up. One of the major criteria for a successful development plan is to be able to contain land development within the planning limit and not to allow growth outside the proposed limit. This means the plan has to fit within the area available and should take into account the current direction of growth. The modified development plan for 2021compromises on the earlier concept of a clear-cut pattern of road network and provision of higher order social facilities and amenities. Land requirements appear to have been worked out without considering the extent of vacant land that is generally present in a developing area. Hence, the land requirement envisaged is on the low side, while development has already occurred outside the proposed developable areas.
6.3.1.2 Role of UMC in planning Ujjain Development Plan, 2021
The role of UMC in town planning activities is more in the form of regulation of development activities occurring within its jurisdiction rather than actual planning activities. The Development Plan and the DCR form the basis for regulation. Accordingly, the role of UMC in plan implementation includes: Drawing up of town planning schemes; Sanctioning of building plans and construction; Issue of completion certificates; Sanctioning of colony layout plans; and
Regularization of unauthorized developments.
6.4 Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage

When a major event takes place then the old order changes giving place to new but if those in the new order are not sensitive to the sensibilities of the old order and its symbols that constitute heritage, the result is destruction of cultural heritage. What give identity to the city of Ujjain today are the heritage assets of the city.
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6.4.1 Changes in Legislation And Impact Of Master Plans On Conservation Of Cultural Heritage
It may be pointed out that planned urban development in the post states reorganization era started with the adoption of the Central Provinces and Berar Town Planning Act, 1948 for Madhya Pradesh in 1958. The town planning schemes under this Act were to be prepared by the urban local authorities, albeit with facilitation and technical help of the states Chief Town Planner. This approach underwent a sea change with the enactment of the Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973, following the circulation of a model bill by the Government of India that was primarily based on the legislation adopted in the United Kingdom (including the very word country, a word that is hardly used in India to describe non-urban or rural areas). The centrality of the elected urban local bodies was replaced by entrusting the responsibility of preparing the urban development plans to the newly created Town and Country Planning Department. The urban local bodies were to play a mere subsidiary role and were relegated, if at all, to the role of maintenance of the infrastructural assets created under the development (master) plan. Public participation became a mere expression, devoid of all reality. There was hardly any attempt to build the skills and competence of the urban local bodies in this direction or to put in place a vibrant and effective system of public consultation and participation as in the United Kingdom. Perhaps this was in keeping with the general techno-centric model of development that was adopted at that time in the country. In accordance with this approach the preparation of the urban development plans too became a techno-centric exercise with the bureaucracy playing a determining role in this endeavor. Cultural heritage and the built form that were organically linked with the social, emotional and cultural ethos of the urban fabric were merely viewed in technical infrastructural terms. Thus, though the Master Plan for Ujjain prepared in 1973 did recognize this need and stated that the Plan envisages among other things, social, cultural and emotional integration of its three separate units, namely, the old city, the new city it viewed this purely in terms of overcoming the physical barriers of the lakes, hills and the railway line that separated them. Facilitation of the transport linkages between the three units and also within the Old City was considered to be sufficient to achieve this integration. Today the city of Ujjain is popularly projected as a city of temples, heritage etc. Yet these were viewed as impediments in the development of the infrastructure of the city. Not only this, the primary and core interest of urban planning was for the ever expanding new virgin areas ; the social, cultural and emotional issues affecting the Old City that had the cultural heritage, both natural as well as man made was hardly addressed in these plans. The concerns addressed, even though peripherally, of the Old City, were for widening and improvement of roads, circulation patterns, land use zoning, slum improvement, re-development of the city area and similar issues. In this context, it is interesting to note the following provision of the Madhya Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1948 as adopted in Madhya Pradesh in 1958. Section 2-C, Clause 2(d): The Development Plan may, if the local authority considers it desirable so to do indicate, define and provide for: (iv) preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural scenery and landscape; (vi) preservation of features, structures and places of historical, natural, architectural and scientific interest and educational value
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Section 8: Subject to the provisions of a Development Plan a town planning scheme may make provision for any of the following matters: (i) preservation of objects of historical interest or natural beauty and of buildings actually used for religious purposes or regarded by the public with special religious veneration. It is worth noting that whereas the 1948 Act did have provisions for incorporating heritage concerns in the town planning schemes the 1973 Act (Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973) had no such provisions. To that extent it was a retrograde legislation. In describing what a development (master) plan should have it merely states that it should indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning area, and thereafter goes on to allocate broadly areas or zones of land for various purposes and for laying down plans for civic amenities and guidelines for architectural controls. The only heritage concern expressed is for making proposals for general landscaping and preservation of natural areas. The Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1966 was somewhat better as in describing what a development (master) plan should contain it mentions preservation of features, structures of places of historical, natural, architectural and scientific interest and educational value (and of heritage buildings and heritage precincts was added by an amendment in 1994), besides preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural scenery and landscape. The peripheral and perfunctory interest in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage in urban development comes out clearly even in the subsequent development plans for Ujjain. The Ujjain Development Plan (2001) adopted in 1975 makes only a passing and brief reference to some of the prominent cultural heritage assets (natural and man-made) in the Introduction to the report. But even there it merely expresses a wish and a hope that they would be protected in the interest of art and culture of Ujjain. There are hardly any policies or specific interventions suggested for the purpose. However, the same story is repeated in the latest development plan 2005. It is due for revision now and, may be, the time is ripe for the adoption of the Heritage Regulations framed under the land use rules (Bhumi Vikas Niyam) of the M.P. Town and Country Planning Act, 1973 and under consideration of the Madhya Pradesh Government for notification. The Listing of the Built Heritage of Ujjain has already been finalized by the Regional Chapter of the INTACH (Bhopal) and is awaiting publication for wide dissemination. The heritage properties (already mentioned in the chapter 3) listed therein could be notified under the proposed regulations and, thereafter, the case for their conservation could be factored into the revised development (master) plan for Ujjain. May be, this could become a test case for heritage conservation in urban development. Based upon the studies conducted by INTACH ( studies of conservation in development) in old towns and cities such as Chanderi, Varanasi, Bhopal ,Bhuvaneshwar and Ujjain came to the conclusion that conservation of built heritage in such conditions was possible only if heritage areas or heritage zones were identified and conservation plans were prepared for each such area on a location specific basis. Even within the heritage zone, a core zone was sought to be identified. Today, everyone recognizes that even a notified monument or heritage precinct has to be taken in its environmental context. That is why restrictions are sought to be placed for any development within 300 meters of the boundary of any notified monument or precinct. However, such a restriction does not necessarily identify or define the environmental context. The limit is obviously arbitrary and, therefore, instead of solving the problem, in many cases it aggravates it. One of the objectives of listing should be to identify and delineate heritage areas or heritage zones and core zones within them. In certain cases, the heritage areas could also be networked into an artpolis ensuring inter-visibility
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of such areas and strengthening their inter-relationship. Specific interventions for heritage conservation for such areas could then be suggested in the development (master) plan. However, it failed to suggest policies and interventions to arrest this trend. On the other hand higher densities (by way of increase in FAR/FSI) were allowed which resulted in commercialization and replacement of the streetscape by high-rise buildings (the buildings have traditionally been of two stories, a shop on the ground floor and the residence on the first floor).
6.4.2 Architectural Controls for Heritage Conservation

As elsewhere, architectural controls, by way of FAR or FSI, setbacks, faade /front elevation, height of buildings, etc are prescribed for Ujjain City on the basis whether the particular area is commercial or residential or industrial or whether it abuts a 40 feet wide road or a 60 feet road or a 100 feet wide road. There is no reason why a somewhat similar approach cannot be followed in laying down that the FAR/FSI in areas that are notified as heritage areas or heritage zones or core zones within these should be on the ground that heritage needs to be protected and conserved. The guiding principle in working out and prescribing such controls should be the protection and conservation of the built and natural heritage in that area. Maintenance of the skyline or the streetscape should be part of these controls. No change of the faade or the elevation should be permitted if such is the unique characteristic of that area. Thus, if the buildings are predominantly two storied then the FAR/FSI must be fixed accordingly. If there are open spaces within such as courtyards then such spaces must be maintained in working out the FAR/FSI. It is true that such restrictions should be in the overall interest of maintenance of the heritage character and ambience of that area and the individual buildings or complexes and precincts that are its constituents, as well as of the owners of these properties. Incentives have to be thought of that will ensure a reasonable economic return to the owners. Many of these heritage areas are in the inner city where the land prices are high. Any interventions that do not take into account the economic incentive part may not only be detrimental to the interest of the owners but may also lead to the deterioration of the properties on account of the value of land in such areas going down. How to solve this conundrum is a real challenge to heritage lovers and policy planners. One of the ways in which an incentive could be provided to the owners of the buildings and precincts in the heritage area could be by notionally giving them the FAR/FSI prevailing in another area, which they could trade in the area contiguous to the heritage area. This may perhaps provide an incentive for loss of economic return on the heritage property. Pragmatic and enforceable incentives and disincentives have to be thought of and debated for this purpose
6.4.3 Taxation Policies And Heritage Conservation In Urban Development

Taxation policies in respect of buildings and precincts as well as landscapes declared and notified as heritage properties should be sensitive to the cause of protection and conservation of such properties. For example, a certain percentage of the income derived from built up properties is deductible as expenses for normal maintenance for income tax purposes. There is no reason for not allowing a much higher percentage for heritage properties which in any case are much more expensive to maintain. In fact, the percentage
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allowable should be such as would act as an incentive for the upkeep and maintenance of such properties. Similarly, the imposition of property tax on such properties should be viewed from a similar standpoint. Although it is said that property tax is not a tax on income (like income tax, which is a Central tax) but a tax on property in the same way as land revenue is a tax on land held as property, the way it is administered it is treated as a tax on income. Even the Unit Area approach for imposition of property tax treats it so. Property tax ought to be a tax leviable for ensuring that the property is maintained in good order and the concessions, rebates and incentives should be built into the tax structure to achieve that purpose This principle should be followed as well for the proper upkeep and maintenance of heritage properties. For example, if keeping a heritage property vacant hastens its deterioration then no concession should be permissible on account of its having remained vacant. Certain categories of buildings and properties are exempt from payment of property tax. Heritage properties should be similarly exempt in the larger public interest. Such provisions should be built into any plan for urban development. Also, building byelaws of the urban local authorities should be based on the principle of continued conservation and upkeep of heritage properties and their unique character.
6.4.4 Conclusion
An analysis of the development (master) plans prepared for Ujjain City from time to time shows that identification of natural heritage and built heritage and their protection and conservation has at the most been of peripheral interest to the planners. Whereas almost all the cultural assets exist in the old city that is juxtaposed with the new city, no listing is done during the making of the development plans. No socio-anthropological studies are carried out to determine how the residential population views its symbols of cultural heritage; also, there is hardly any vigorous public participation in the making of the development plans. The analysis shows that the social, cultural and emotional integration of the new city and the old city is viewed merely in terms of strengthening the physical and social infrastructure rather than in terms of revitalization. Even here, the protection and conservation of cultural heritage takes only a passing mention. The analysis suggests that an area approach may be the viable approach for conservation of heritage areas, heritage zones, and of the core zones within them. The cellular and organic growth of these cities necessitates such an approach. Architectural controls specific to such areas need to be worked out. Building byelaws have to be sensitive to these needs.
Based on the experience of the manner in which the issue of environment has come to the center stage of public debate and concern, it is suggested that the legal instruments available for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage in urban development should be identified and used for similar purpose. It is suggested that the only way to influence the process of making the development (master) plans is to list the natural and built heritage for all such areas where development (master) plans exist but are due for revision and for areas for which the development (master) plans are under consideration and to have them notified as heritage properties. Such listings must conform to acceptable quality and standards and should be published for wide dissemination to creates a climate for the protection and conservation of the heritage properties mentioned therein. The information can then be factored into the development (master) plans.
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It is also suggested that, based on the listing, heritage areas, heritage zones, and core zones within these should be identified. Architectural controls should be worked out for ensuring that the heritage character of such areas is maintained. It is also suggested that the taxation laws (particularly income tax and property tax) and the building byelaws should be reviewed on the principle that the protection and conservation of such heritage properties is in the larger national interest.
6.5 Key Issues

Development Pattern The major issues in development pattern emerging from the past and current trends are discussed below: Pressure of urban development towards south of Ujjain: Development by UDA is, principally, towards the south side of Ujjain, as well as between Indore Road and Dewas Road. Some development is also occurring along the Aagar road and Makshi road. Pressure on existing infrastructure: During religious occasions, there is a tremendous pressure on the existing infrastructure. The variation in floating population during various religious occasions is vast. Encroachments in the main city centre area reduce the road width, which leads to congestion and pollution. No urban growth in Mela ground area: The existing development plan 1991 has recommended "no development in the area". However, illegal structures are coming up in these areas. Underutilised industrial areas: Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi Road Industrial Area. Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri Industrial area the condition of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non performing asset that is not taxed. Existing industrial layouts that are unoccupied should be priority areas to accommodate further industrial land demand or converted to any other appropriate use Concentration of illegal colonies: The city has many illegal colonies, which are mainly concentrated towards the north of the city Concentration of slums the city has 113 notified and 16 unapproved slums with a population of nearly 1.3 lakhs, many of which lack basic infrastructure facilities. Slums are scattered are densely concentrated in the north of the city.
It is acknowledged that past events and the on-going momentum of development generated by both public and private sectors in Ujjain, are not necessarily contrary to strategic objectives of the UDP. However, many of the issues cited above are (a) due to lack of sector co-ordination in service provision, and (b) inadequate enforcement of building by-laws and development controls.
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6.5.1 Physical planning issues

The primary issue with regards physical planning and growth management in Ujjain physical development and growth is haphazard and uncontrolled. The city is increasingly experiencing wide proliferation of unauthorized colonies across the city, flouting zoning and development control regulations and having minimal infrastructure facilities. Lack of planned interventions in the past and Unregulated physical development Increasing congestion in core areas (around Mahakaal) Lack of adequate organized recreational spaces and green belts decreasing percentage of open spaces due to fast growth of population in the past and likely growth due to induced opportunities through externalities Increasing commercial establishments and institutional use within core areas with inadequate infrastructure and services coupled with narrow lanes. Lack of ownership of the plan and absence of clear implementation accountability among TCPO, UDA and UMC, resulting in haphazard and uncontrolled development Overlapping implementation jurisdictions of UMC and UDA resulting in shunning of responsibility by either agency Current conventional development control regulations focusing on density and physical parameters of development, they lack provisions that would facilitate/promote alternate and innovative non-conventional development mechanisms Inadequate organizational and human resource capability within UMC to carry out comprehensive planning for development and growth management.
Management issues
6.6 Strategies
New commercial areas could be encouraged in the developing parts of the city to decrease the load in a few areas of the north The underutilized industrial areas south of the railway line could be made to use as museums, auditoriums, cine-complex or any other cultural or recreational use. The area north to the railway line could be developed as landscaped parks a huge necessity in the congested areas of the north
Development restrictions in Specific areas: Restricting development in specific areas like open spaces, cultural resources, sensitive land etc. shall be taken up by finalizing TP schemes with provisions for open/ green spaces acting as buffer zones Decentralised planning and increased citizens involvement in Development planning process. Public participation and consultation at neighbourhood level regarding the land use and growth patterns shall create social benefits and avoid non-conforming land uses. Increased citizens involvement in the development planning process shall be pursued actively to achieve the above mentioned social benefits
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Optimum use of Municipal Land and Inviting private sector to act coherently in the development work with the public sector. The land and real estate owned by the corporation in the city shall be utilized for commercial development either by themselves or through leasing out to private parties. This shall mobilise financial resources for implementation of the Capital Improvement Programme of the corporation Core area development plan is needed Heritage GIS maps
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P Po ov ve er rt ty ya an nd dS Sllu um ms s
When the rural migrant family arrives in the city, they discover that the housing, jobs, incomes and amenities that had 'pulled' them to the city are not available or are inaccessible. The authorities are not willing to help them find the 'dream' they aspired for, or simply ignore them. As a result, in cities of most developing countries, 30 to 75 percent of the population work and live in squatter settlements making a living with the few informal resources that is accessible to them. It is indispensable to analyse status of poverty for any city development exercise. Besides it becomes more important in the state like Madhya Pradesh where level of poverty is relatively higher. This section deals with the access of urban poor in Ujjain to basic services, drawing from secondary information as well as site visits to slums in the city, and interaction with local residents. It also reviews past and present programs for service delivery to urban poor in the city. The aim is to identify key issues in service delivery to the poor in Ujjain and suggest strategies that would enable the Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) to address issues and fulfil its mandate of providing basic services to the poor in the city.
7.1 Need
Slums play important roles, absorbing new arrivals onto the labour market, providing accommodation for low-cost labour and a home for the informal sector of the economy. The social networks of the urban poor are an important starting point for slum improvement. They allow slum residents to pool resources, share information, and gain influence. While their own local knowledge is valuable, information from elsewhere is required to enable them to innovate. In the slums of Ujjain there reside highly skilled craftsmen and people engaged in the informal market activities. There remains a very high involvement of people from this sector in the Tourist related activities too. Thus it becomes important to assess the need of this class
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of poor and think for the possible alternatives for upgrading their living conditions as well as enhancement of livelihood options.
7.2 Status of Poverty in Ujjain

Various estimates of poverty in Ujjain have converged to between 30 and 35 per cent of the urban population. As per the latest estimate made available by UMC and TCPO Ujjain, the slum population in the city stands at 1, 32,139 34 per cent of total city population. Apart from this, the city also has a population of pavement dwellers or homeless population, who are among the poorest in the city - there is no available estimate of the size of this population. It is now widely understood that poverty is experienced through a variety of dimensions of which low income is only one. Further that within the poor, there are important differences in depths of poverty, the ability of poor households to graduate from poverty and the relative vulnerability of different groups to withstand risks to livelihood such as unemployment, sickness and eviction. Effective poverty reduction programmes need to be able to differentiate these groups and design appropriate and targeted responses. A typology of three groups has been defined by the ADB1 as: Transitional Poor Those households, whose monthly per capita income is between the Poverty Line and 1.5 times the Poverty line, are likely to own productive assets and have access to basic services. They move in and out of poverty depending on particular and periodic circumstance. Intermediate Poor those households whose income is between half the Poverty Line and the PL itself, and have limited access to basic services. Core Poor those households whose income is less than half of the Poverty Line and who live in extreme poverty and vulnerability.
A total of 1,89,387 persons in Ujjain have been identified as those living Below Poverty Line (as per the UMC). This would mean that more than 40 per cent of total population in the city is living Below Poverty Line.
1 Reducing Poverty in Urban India, ADB TA 3480-IND

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Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population
Year 1993/94 1999/00 2004/05(estimated)

Source: UMC
Number of poor 25280 144705 189387
Total present pop. 4.65 (estimated)
Although the figures available suggest that a majority of slum dwellers in Ujjain are living Below Poverty Line. It can be analysed from the above table that nearly half of the population in the Ujjain city is below poverty line .A major poor population lives in the old city areas where they have ancestral shelter to live in but are unemployed.
7.3 Slums in Ujjain

Slums and squatter settlements are essentially products of urban poverty. In the context of urban basic service delivery, almost by definition, the population living in slums lacks access to basic infrastructure services like safe water, sanitation, solid waste collection and disposal, drainage, access roads, street lights, neighborhood amenities like safe play areas for children and community facilities, and electricity connections. Hence, for the assessment of service accessibility by the urban poor, slum settlements have been considered as an appropriate representation of the urban poor.The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar Figure 7-1 Poor condition of Slum houses tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P slum Area- Improvement & Relocation Act) defines slums in a similar fashion, taking housing conditions and access to services as the basic criteria for defining an area as a slum.2
2 The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P Slum Area - Improvement & Relocation Act) specifies that where the competent authority is satisfied in respect of buildings in an area that the buildings in that area are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety,
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A survey of slums conducted by UMC in 2004-2005 identified 129 slums, of which some slums now need to be de-notified (since they possess the requisite basic services) while new slums that have mushroomed, need to be notified. A large number of slums and slum population in Ujjain, some of which are as yet, unidentified squatters without any legal standing or secure tenure, translate into miserable and unhealthy living conditions, which affects the slum dwellers economic productivity and cumulatively, that of the city as a whole. The absence of water supply, disposal of human waste and garbage collection may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban services has traditionally been a municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important to examine characteristics of slums and slum population in Ujjain, and most importantly, the level of access to basic services and how best Municipal Corporation can deliver quality services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently. Provisional results from the 2005 (UMC surveys) indicate that Ujjain had a slum population of 1,32,139 or 34% of the total population. This is high compared with the State average of 15.16%. It may be mentioned that actual slum estimates depend much on how Municipalities have defined and notified informal settlements within their urban areas. Demographic characteristics like concentration of slum population, Service levels (percentage of households in a slum having access to a service like water supply, toilets, electricity, and percentage of pucca roads in a slum) in all 129 slums have also been looked into, in detail.
7.3.1 General Characteristics of Slums in Ujjain

The following observations are derived from the secondary data obtained for 129slums in Ujjain. Following are the major points analysed for Ujjain slums:
health or morals - it may, by notification, declare such area to be a slum area. Further, to specify that a building is unfit for human habitation, the criteria to be considered are repair, stability, freedom from damp, natural light and air, water supply, drainage and sanitary conveniences, facilities for storage, preparation and cooking of food and for the disposal of waste water.
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7.3.1.1
Social Set-up
The social composition of a majority of slums comprises Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other backward castes. Most of the slums or mohallas have predominantly one caste staying in it, for example, Patels or Chamars/Harijans or Bain Samaj or, people from one place of origin. However, in some of the slums, the original settlement housed a single caste or social group, but later, other social groups also started moving in, creating a wider social mix.
7.3.1.2 Employment
The main income earner in 35.8% of all poor households is in informal employment .A considerable section of the working population in slums is engaged in works like rickshaw pulling, construction labourers and daily wagers. Informal activities like roadside food and pan stalls, and home-based small businesses. Ladies are mainly engaged in incense stick making works. A majority of population belongs to skilled craftspersons. These Craftsmen are mainly engaged in the following activities: Papier Mache, a craft practised since time immemorial, finds expression in varied forms. Hand block printing is among the important crafts of Madhya Pradesh. Bherongarh near Ujjain as well as Ujjain has large printer communities who specialise in lugda, jajams, oudhnis and quilts. These printed quilts were also presented in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar and were exported to Europe during the pre-independence days by the East India Co. Tying and Dyeing The art of tying and dyeing fabric is known as Bandhani or Bandhej in Madhya Pradesh. This delicate technique represents the earliest forms of resist patterning. Batik is a resist process in which the fabric is painted with molten wax and then dyed in cold dyes. Batik is done on a large scale in Ujjain.
Figure 7-2 Local Handicraft of Ujjain
Other Small Scale industries

Ujjain is also famous for manufacturing good quality Mehndi .The Mehndi powder manufactured here is exported outside the country also. The place is also famous for manufacturing Rituals / Pooja samagris (items). It is interesting to note that there is great demand of Ujjains craft and still the makers of this craft are bound to live in very miserable conditions due to the absence of specific livelihood projects. Initiatives should be taken in order to upgrade the present scenario and the project should lay a great stress on building capacities of local institutions and communities and convergence of resources, schemes and efforts at the local level. The emphasis should be on seeking active partnership of people and their groups, civil society organisations and non-
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governmental organisations in planning, mobilising, execution and monitoring of different programmes for widening livelihoods of people on a sustainable basis. The present day need is:
7.3.1.3 Average Household Size
To initiate specific livelihood projects To give efforts on skill upgradation as well as technological upgradation Formation of Self Help groups
The average household size in slums in Ujjain is 5.74 versus 5.57 for the city as a whole. In Muslim households in slums, the average household size ranges from 10 to 12.
7.3.1.4 Average Household Income
Pucca type, 7685 Kutchha type, 6924
On an average, slum households have a monthly income of Rs. 1500 per month, the range being Rs. 600 to Rs. 5,000.
7.3.1.5 Housing Type
The analysis of housing types done is based on the different types of housing conditions. The housing conditions are divided in to Kutchha and Pucca type .The analysis shows the following results. Nearly 50% of the slum dwellers live in temporary shelters
Kutchha type Pucca type
Most of the houses are entirely made of makeshift materials wood, bamboo and plastic/tarpaulin sheets The above analysis shows that the city definitely needs schemes like low cost housing for slum free environment.
7.3.1.6 Basic services to Slums
Information on access to services in slums within municipal limits in Ujjain has been collected from a variety of sources. This section first analyses overall levels of access of slum settlements in Ujjain to basic services like: Water supply Sanitation Roads
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Access to basic services is now deemed a criterion for identification of the poor and poor areas in a city (essentially slums). The responsibility for service provision in an equitable manner lies with municipal government, which finds it difficult to meet growing gaps in service levels of a burgeoning urban poor population.
Electricity
W Wa atte er rs su up pp plly y
Access to individual water connections (which is ideal) in Ujjain slums is low and most slum households do not have easy access to public sources of supply (public stand post taps/hand pumps/wells) within 100 meters of their dwellings (UNCHS Habitats norm of 200 meters). The accessibility comes out to be one source of water per 150 persons, which is very low.
Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply
No.of slums 113 16 (unapproved)

Source: UMC
No.of household 14580 2113
Population 114279 17860
Area (acres) 812.66 82.65
Hand pumps 184 17
Stand posts 412 35
S Sa an niitta attiio on n
The overall picture shows that less than 10% of the total slum dwellers in Ujjain have individual toilets while rest of the population is using public toilets (it comes out to be 1public toilet per 175 persons).
Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums

Source: UMC
No.of househol d 14580 2113
Populatio n 114279 17860
Are a (acr es) 812.66 82.65
Individual toilets 8384 1240
Public toilets 679 24 -
Sewer line
Lack of access to sanitation (toilets) is a universal problem faced by the slum population across almost all slums in the city. Sanitation facilities are very poor in some of the slums where the population neither has individual latrines nor they have public toilet facilities. Some of the poorly facilitated slums are:
Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums
Source: UMC
R Ro oa ad ds s
By and large, most slums in the core area of the city have been provided Pucca roads under the National Slum Development Program.
Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads
No.of slums
No.of
Population
Area
Surfaced
161
UJJAIN
Name of slum Bherugarh naka Ahukhana Jogipura Gaundsamaj
No. of household 30 70 103
Population 200 350 524 10 15 -
Individual toilets 6
Public toilets -
Sewer line
113 16 (unapproved)
household 14580 2113
114279 17860
(acres) 812.66 82.65
roads(kms) 67.10 7.14
Figure 7-3 Existing slum conditions
E Elle ec cttr riic ciitty y
The data available reveal that a majority of slums in Ujjain have access to electricity.
Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity

Source: UMC
No.of household 14580 2113
Population 114279 17860
Area (acres) 812.66 82.65
Domestic connection. 14486 2113
streetlights 888 105
7.3.1.7
Overview on access to basic services
The following table gives an overall picture of accessibility of slum dwellers to the basic services:
Table 7-7 Assess to basic services
Year
No. of slum dwellers 108 113 129
1991 2001 2005(estimated)
Percentage of slum dwellers having access to Water Drainage Waste supply system service collection 20% 20% 35% 30% 30% 40% 40% 50% 50%
Source: Ujjain City, IDUMP Report, 2002
7.3.2 Status of Slums in Ujjain

The following section analyses the status of slums in Ujjain in terms of location, concentration of slum population, land ownership and tenure status and access to basic urban services. It collates secondary information collected for each of the 129 slums in the city and presents a picture of poverty and slums in the city of Ujjain.
162
UJJAIN
It can be analysed that nearly half of the slum population in Ujjain dont have accessibility to the basic services. There is an increase in the coverage of basic services to the slum dwellers but lack of interest among dweller to take legal connections is the major problem.
7.3.2.1
Location of Slums
No.H/H 1364 2123 2449 1127 2288 914 1008 1298 1859 1559 1652 1228 3526 1934 1067 1303 1590 2010 2208 1804 2570 1524 2143 3341 1808 978 1629 1650 1474 2095 2673 Slum H/H 741 1275 675 260 565 215 233 605 1022 450 490 300 1760 322 44 235 397 526 657 595 151 140 55 180 136 140 438 189 427 1665 1801 8 7 3 2 4 1 1 4 7 1 4 1 9 3 1 1 7 3 6 5 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 11 11 No. of slums Slum P 3600 6710 3965 1600 3550 1302 1547 4200 6209 250 3150 2000 9618 1865 259 1409 2006 2833 4264 3675 875 1064 275 1060 570 600 1656 766 1364 9785 10362 Total P 9477 11242 13171 6610 13146 5715 5969 9643 10929 9061 8955 6386 18427 9991 7013 8694 8847 11672 11857 9425 13707 7307 9729 15558 9536 5398 9121 8740 7665 10925 14350 % to Total 38 60 30 24 27 23 26 44 57 3 35 31 52 19 4 16 23 24 36 39 6 15 3 7 6 11 18 9 90 72
Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain
Ward No. Ward No.1 Ward No.2 Ward No.3 Ward No.4 Ward No.5 Ward No.6 Ward No.7 Ward No.9 Ward No.11 Ward No.24 Ward No.25 Ward No.26 Ward No.27 Ward No.28 Ward No.32 Ward No.33 Ward No.35 Ward No.36 Ward No.37 Ward No.38 Ward No.39 Ward No.41 Ward No.42 Ward No.43 Ward No.46 Ward No.48 Ward No.49 Ward No.50 Ward No.52 Ward No.53 Ward No.54
Source: UMC
7.3.2.2
Concentration of Slums
Slums in Ujjain are spread all over the city, with the maximum number located in Wards 53 (having 11 slums), 54 (having 11 slums), 11 and 27(7 and 9 slums each). The map below fig7.4 presents the ward-wise concentration of slum population.
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UJJAIN
18
Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums
O Ow wn ne er rs sh hiip p
Most slums in Ujain are located on government and private lands. Government land includes land belonging to the central, state or municipal government. Private land, on the other hand, belongs to individuals. Certain slums are spread over adjacent government and private lands.
T Te en nu ur re eS Stta attu us s
Though all the slum areas are on encroached public or private land, Government has from time-to-time issued the slum households (legal ownership/title of land), as part of its policy to ensure tenure security to the poor and landless.
7.3.2.3 Unapproved Slums and Homeless Population
While the identified slums have some security of tenure and fall under the purview of municipal service provision, the unidentified or informal slums and peri-urban settlements fall outside the net of formal service provision. People living either in unrecognized slum settlements or on pavements, live in virtual absence of basic services. There is no available estimate of this population in the city, or the coping strategies adopted by them.
164
UJJAIN
7.3.3 Urban Poors Perception of Service Levels in Ujjain

The views of poor households in Ujjain must influence the strategy for improvement of service levels in slums. Studies done on the slums in Ujjain and informal group discussions with the community revealed: Virtually very less attempts have been made to assess the needs and priorities of people living in slums prior to provision of basic services. Community Participation or involvement in slum improvement is therefore lacking In terms of satisfaction of the urban poor with the levels of basic services, electricity is the only service that they have few complaints about Sanitation is the least satisfactory of all public services. Women, in particular, articulated the need for functional public toilets close to their slum. Some also desire individual low cost toilets. The need to clean the open drains regularly was another expressed need Responsiveness of UMC to needs (e.g., complaints lodged for regular cleaning, or, stated need for functional public toilets, or, pucca inner lanes, or, for larger number of standposts) is stated as unsatisfactory by the urban poor in most of the slums visited As mentioned earlier most of the poor population are skilled craftspersons and there is an urgent need of initiating Special livelihood project for them.
7.3.4 Review of Urban poverty reduction programmes

There are mainly four programmes going on for poverty reduction /slum improvement in the city. They can be divided mainly in to two types according to the objectives and focus areas of the programmes: Employment generation programmes...SJSRY Programmes for provision of infrastructure/ shelter...NSDP, ILCS, VAMBAY Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: SJSRY is a centrally sponsored programme and it mainly emphasizes on the poverty reduction through employment generation. Main target groups of the programme are: Urban poor, Women, SC/ST, Disabled Programmes for slum improvement / provision of basic urban services: NSDP: A Centrally assisted Slum Development Programme NSDP is mainly for improvement in the environment in the slums as a broader objective through provision of infrastructure facilities and shelter for improving living conditions in the slums ILCS. This scheme is for low cost sanitation in the slum areas
VAMBAY: Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is a central government scheme to provide housing to the poor. It was launched in the state of MP in the year 2001. Under WMBAY scheme, an amount of Rs. 50,000 is extended to a beneficiary in a city with more than 10 lacs population while in cities having population less than 10 lacs, each beneficiary gets Rs. 40,000. Fifty percent of the amount is central government grant while the rest could be taken as loan from HUDCO/other nationalized banks, state government/Urban local bodies
165
UJJAIN
Recently initiated programmes Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under Jawaharlal Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) beginning from the year 2005-2006 JNNURM is a 7 year mission. The major objectives for the BSUP programme are: Focused attention to integrated development of basic services to the poor. The basic services include security of tenure at affordable prices, improving housing, water supply, and sanitation. Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that the basic services to the urban poor created in the cities, are not only maintained efficiently but also become self sustaining over time.
The projects on further augmentation, construction and maintenance of basic infrastructure projects shall come under the financial provisions of the JNNURM project fund.
7.4 Issues
Following are the issues based on the analysis done through secondary sources as well as observations and discussions with government officials, community based organizations and slum dwellers. Major issues in brief are given below: Negligence of Crafts persons Increasing size of BPL and vulnerable population The rapid increase in the density as well as number of slums has made the available infrastructure inadequate and overstressed Lack of comprehensive urban poverty reduction strategy In absence of proper strategy and policies to create affordable housing stock for the urban poor in the city, the growth of new slums will remain unabated Unregulated physical development Lack of planned interventions in the past has led to the growth of squatter settlements on public lands. The present scenario shows increased inadequate serviced land for housing within municipal limits
7.5 Strategies
The Slum dwellers of Ujain are mostly skilled labours and hence the main emphasis would be on the enhanced livelihood alternatives. Involvement of NGOs for speedier implementation of the SNP and formation of SHGs for better Livelihood options. Explore options for private sector participation in this project Evolve strategies for provision of housing for the Economically Weaker Sections to accommodate the urban poor in proximity to major industrial areas, commercial hubs etc., by reserving adequate lands for EWS housing.
166
UJJAIN
Channelise all programs and activities of various government agencies for the urban poor through the Special Purpose Vehicle. Motivate private sector to participate in slum up gradation projects. Slums development programs can be combined with heritage conservation programs by unifying the basic features of the vernacular architecture of Ujjain into the new development. The basic features of the vernacular can only be arrived at by documenting heritage buildings and analyzing the data.
167
UJJAIN
C Ciit ty yI In nf fr ra as st tr ru uc ct tu ur re ea an nd dS Se er rv viic ce es sR Re ev viie ew w
Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the liveability principle of city. They act as catalysts for economic development. Thus, infrastructure may be defined as the basic facilities, which any developed area requires in sustaining the activities being carried out in it. Therefore, infrastructure facilities play an important role in fostering economic growth and enhancing public welfare. By and large, the infrastructure may be divided into two categories: (a) Physical infrastructure including Water supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Solid Waste management and Street lighting, Fire Services and so forth; and (b) Social infrastructure including Education, Health, Markets Recreational facilities etc. This chapter attempts to present the status of urban infrastructure and services in the Ujjain City. The analysis is based on the secondary data collected from various Parastatal agencies such as Ujjain Municipal Corporation, Health and Sanitation Department, Public works Department, Electricity Board and from UDA. The study approach shows all the sub sectors of urban services covered in the chapter. Firstly, the status of all the sub sectors is discussed and detailed, followed by Performance indicators, SWOT and Problems and Issues.
8.1 Water Supply

At the city level, the institution responsible for delivery of water supply is UMC. The fig below shows the various functions performed by UMC in Water Supply delivery and their linkages. The decision to undertake the project is taken by UMC. The plan preparation, construction of reservoirs, laying of transmission lines and distribution lines, their maintenance and financial inputs are all borne by UMC and State Government. The UMC is also involved in providing house connections and collection of registration and user charges.
8.1.1 Sourcing and Treatment

Ujjain is situated on the bank of river Kshipra from where the city used to obtain its water. The river is, however, not perennial and the flow significantly reduces from the month of April until arrival of monsoon in July. Thus there was a need to capture new sources for water supply which have emerged in the form of Gambhir dam and Undasa tank. The Gambhir dam accounts for nearly 96 % of water supply to the city while Undasa tank caters to the rest 4% of the population. Sahebkari tank along with Shipra river are the other surface resources but are these are rain dependent. Another problem with the river Kshipra is that it gets mixed with the river Khan near Triveni (Ujjain) and gets polluted from the industrial waste. However there are water treatment plants installed near the river but still the water gives the problems of bad odour and pale colour. Other than that, the city also depends on surface-subsurface and other sources for water supply. As far as Water Treatment us concerned, a water treatment plant (WTP) was built on the bank of Kshipra River in 1952 for 27 Mld capacity. With increase in population the water supply was augmented in 1967 by a 4.5 Mld capacity WTP with water from the Undasa irrigation tank. This latter facility was mainly used for the industrial area and only a small portion of the city could be served by this scheme. The tank is entirely rain dependent and unreliable.
168
UJJAIN
With the city facing acute water shortages the authority decided to collect water from a dam constructed on the river Gambhira by PHE department 21 km from the city. Thus a 23 Mld WTP was constructed in 1980 along with a distribution system to cater to un-served areas. Subsequently the authority installed a new WTP of 4.5 Mld with raw water from Sahebkheri Irrigation Tank and augmented the Gambhira WTP to 57 Mld in 1984 and 1992 respectively. The schemes included laying of new distribution lines to new areas. Although the river Gambhir is non-perennial and the flow is dependent on rain, due to its large catchment area and dead storage capacity enough water is stored to fulfil both irrigation and city water supply requirements. For the commencement of Simhasta festival in 2004 (a special religious feature in Ujjain once in every 12 years), the State government sanctioned a project for Rs.23.93 crores as grant to the municipality to augment the water. Under this project it was proposed to build a 27 Mld capacity WTP by the side of existing Kshipra WTP with raw water drawn from Gambhir dam for both the existing and new plants. Laying of a 21 km long 800 mm dia DICL rising main from Gambhira dam to the WTP site was done. Raw water pumps at intake well near Gambhir dam, Clear water pumps at new WTP along with adequate clear water feeder mains to the existing overhead tanks, electric substation at intake Figure 8-1 Water supply coverage well and new water treatment plant were included in this project. The project does not include any new service reservoir or distribution pipelines. The work got completed by March 2004. With the completion of the Simhasta water supply project, the quantity of treated water is reported to be sufficient to serve the 2021 projected city population of 688,000 with more than recommended norm of 135 lcpd and after allowance for losses.
Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources
169
UJJAIN
Surface Source
Source 1 Source 2 Total Gambhir Dam Undasa Tank
Capacity in MLD
90.00 4.50 94.50
Percentage coverage
95.24% 4.76%
170
UJJAIN
Figure 8-2 Institutional role in service delivery
171
UJJAIN
8.1.1.1
Storage and Distribution System
At present, there is reluctance among the people to adapt to protected water supply, and as a result, the household connections are less. Nearly half of the Ujjains population is dependent on standposts and handpumps as source for water. However, other water requirement of water for other purposes in such houses is met with individual water supply like tube-well or dug-wells fitted with small pumps. The Ujjain Municipal Corporation is divided into 54 wards. The total number of households in the city is about 77,099 of which 45,403 (67%) have house connections. Supply is also made available to the public through 3,000community stand posts and 885 handposts. A further 872 connections are made to commercial and industrial establishments. In addition, the municipal authority estimates that there are about 10,000 unregistered connections. The water supply to all these consumers is provided through 25 overhead service reservoirs and about 400 km of distribution network. There are 25 overhead reservoirs in the city having a total capacity of 30.26 ML. Presently there are no ground level service reservoirs in the city. The distribution system has a total length of 472 kms including distribution mains of 400 kms and Clear Water Transmission Mains of 72 kms. Also, the production capacity in the treatment plants appears to be much lower than the installed capacity due to reduction in the efficiency of the equipment. In addition, there appears to be considerable losses from the distribution pipelines. As a result the authority only supplies water for about 1 (one) hour a day and during scarcity it is curtailed to 1hour every alternate day. Although the production capacity of treated water is 93 Mld, the quantity reaching the 437,410 population of the city after offsetting the production deficiency and all losses is about 34 Mld or 83 lcpd which is less than the recommended minimum norm of CPHEEO for having a sewerage system. During summer months, due to depletion in the sources, water production is restricted and the supply rate becomes insufficient. The total storage capacity in service reservoirs (24.75 Ml) is adequate but their connection to water deficient areas is required.
Table 8-2 Water connection Details
Metered
a b c d Domestic/ Residential Non Domestic/ Commercial Industrial Institutional
No.of connections Proportion

259 85 344 45,059 45,059 45,403 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 75.29% 24.71% 0.00%
Total- Metered Unmetered a b c d Domestic/ Residential Non Domestic/ Commercial Industrial Institutional
Total- Unmetered Total Water Connections
172
UJJAIN
8.1.1.2
Public Standposts
The number of beneficiaries per stand post is about 43, which is much less than the EIUS recommendations. But, it is necessary to restrict the stand posts in the city in view of large wastage arising out of these outlets. The number of individual house connections should be increased and standposts restricted to where physically necessary, perhaps only serving slums and economically weaker sections (EWS).
8.1.1.3 Unaccounted For Water (UFW)
There is substantial wastage in the public standposts during supply hours. In addition, there are significant leakages from the pipelines on which there is no systematic flow recording. However on the basis of limited investigation and discussions with the O&M staff, the total water loss in the distribution system is estimated to be not less than 23%. Taking into account of loss of water in process, transmission, wastage in standposts, unauthorised connections, the unaccounted for water (UFW) estimated by the authority is not less than 64%.
8.1.2 Operation and Maintenance

The production rate faced by UMC comes out to be Rs 4.26 per 1000 lts. The UMC is charging a flat rate of Rs.60 per domestic connection per month which should be Rs 130 for successful maintenance of water works. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of the treatment plants and distribution system is undertaken by the municipality. There are about 914 staff, including 21 of engineering cadre, provided under the UMC for O&M of the headwork and distribution system. The annual cost structure of O&M is shown in Table below:
Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5
Cost Head
Raw Water Charge Leak & Other Repairs Chemicals Energy Staff Salary & Administration Total Cost of O&M
Cost per Annum (Rs. In lakh)

20.02 389.46 34.30 446.77 524.08 1414.63
Per Capita Water Supply- Gross (2001 Population)

Normal Season Dry Season Weighted Average Distribution Network Coverage (w.r.t Road Length) Houses/PT Assessments with Water Connection Non-domestic Connections to Total Connections
value
231.17
unit
lpcd lpcd lpcd 135.37 62.94 % % %
173
UJJAIN
Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators
Slum Population per Public Standpost (PSP)

Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency
43.07
Nos.
Service Cost & Efficiency Indicators

a b c d g h Expenditure per 1000 Litres of Water Produced Expenditure per House Service Connection Revenue per 1000 Litres of Water Produced Revenue per House Service Connection Share of Estab. Expen. in Water Expenditure % Cost Recovered through Water Charges (General & Special)
value
1087.29 316.17 692883.73 37.47 37.70
unit
Rs./KL Rs. p.m. Rs./KL Rs. p.m. % %
SWOT analysis:
Issue
The water supply systems does not cover 100 % population
Strength
The city has adequate water capacity up to 2020
Opportunity
The JNNURM mission will play a major role for implementation of water supply projects
Weakness
Poor condition of existing water supply lines
Threat
People are not willing to pay for the individual household connections No domestic metered connections Improper maintenance of supply system
Condition of Water supply pipelines are below standards Lack of interlinked networking
The network coverage is sufficient
Ambodia and Kshipra are the two major supply systems Water availability throughout the year due to stop dam
The whole city can be catered without failure if the systems are linked Financial assistance will help in combating the existing hurdles
8.1.3 Future requirement

Based on the projected population of 2011, the water demand is expected to rise to 82.15 MLD in 2011 @155 lpcd. To make available the required quantity of water, the existing sources will be sufficient Gambhir dam
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UJJAIN
Kshipra river is still not a dependable source due to poor water quality
300 -400 mm pipelines are further branched which results in improper water supply The systems are not linked .Half of the city lacks water supply in case one of the two systems fail Even if there is Water treatment plant, the supplied water fails colour and odour standards
Khan river mixes with Kshipra near Triveni (Ujjain) and pollutes the river with industrial waste
Undasa tank
A broad estimate of 4143.10 lakh has been prepared by UMC to cater the future water demand which involves the following components:
Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021)
Present (2005)
90MLD
demand Current Status
Supply Future Demand (2011)

82.15 MLD
Gap
-
(90 MLD) (90MLD) covered
Note : Presently the water supply is been done at a rate of 180 lpcd and the future demand has been estimated at a rate of 155 lpcd.
Present demand(2005)
90MLD
Current Status
Supply Future Demand (2021)

106.67 MLD
Gap
20%
(90 MLD)
(90MLD) covered
Thus it can be concluded from the above results that there will be as such no water scarcity in Ujjain city till 2021.the above calculations have been done with an excess provision of water per capita. It can be analysed that the city will also be capable to provide sufficient water for the floating population during Simhastha.
8.1.4 Problems and issues

The key issues regarding water supply in Ujjain are: Inadequate water supply coverage despite availability of surface water source in Kshipra River /Gambhir dam Inequitable distribution of existing water, due to leakage, inadequate distribution network capacity, old pipelines and in-appropriate zoning system Large number of un-registered/ un-authorized connections (estimated at 15,000 connections) and public stand posts resulting in untapped cost-recovery potential Dilapidated condition/mal-functioning of plant and equipment- flow recorders, meters, dosing equipment and choked sand beds at filter-plants Arbitrary trial-and-error based deviations in the water supply zoning and operating system in order to attempt equitable and timely supply; and Absence of a formal operation and maintenance manual and negligent preventive maintenance- basic information on the water supply network, like pipe diameters, material, location on map, age, etc., not available The number of household connections by protected water supply in UMC are very low There is a general reluctance amongst many to adopt piped water connection for their houses A large number of commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants do not have water connections
175
UJJAIN
Some of the distribution pipelines are very old and have become hydraulically inefficient. Objectives of Efficient / Sufficient Water Supply
The overall analysis of problems and issues shows that despite of water adequacy in the city, there is a problem of proper coverage and service. Looking at Ujjain citys future as a pilgrim centre and a place with great religious sanctity it will be required that the city should have proper infrastructure for its inhabitants and the floating population. Following are the objectives to achieve the required goal: Objectives
To give access to safe water supply to all communities To initiate community involvement for the rational use of water To initiate programmes for Rain water harvesing for recharge of ground water Action plan Roof top Rainwater harvesting can be made mandatory especially in the shallow aquifer zone and against any new boring wells Regulations and control of unregistered connections is the need of the day The water taxes applied should be at an affordable range for all communities Repair of leakages and reduction in stand posts wherever required must be undertaken A Distribution network mapping and analysis is required for the entire area Based on the record plans a hydraulic analysis should then be done to allow proper design of any future system expansion Educational Programmes for the rational use of water must be propagated. Encouragement for research and training in new techniques of water conservation Political will must be mobilized Sufficient levels of investment should be made
8.2 Sewerage and Sanitation

Of many things that can make for healthy cities, clean living conditions are very important. 'Sanitation is a basic component for development .It is not only the problem of keeping clean , it is also an economic and social problem of raising production and promoting a good life.' (Pathak) At present, Ujjain city lacks the Sewerage network. Under the predominant system of sewage disposal, therefore, the untreated effluent over flowing from soak-pits and draining into the citys drainage system tends to pollute the water considerably apart from emanating foul smell into the atmosphere. All the sewage thus generated in the city flows through the open drains and discharged to nallahs and ultimately to the river Kshipra. In the old Figure 8-3 Poor sanitary conditions areas of the city an attempt was made for laying some sewers about 60 years back, but is only about 7 km in length.
176
UJJAIN
8.2.1 Present status

The city of Ujjain is partially covered by underground sewer system which is about 7 kms in length (recently laid 3.5 kms line), and most parts of the city depends on septic tanks. Many of the houses use septic tanks that are inadequately designed and the partly treated effluent from these tanks is allowed to flow into the open drains. Unhygienic dry latrines and open defecation is common in several areas. Open drains carry waste water from kitchens and bathrooms. There are eleven main nallas flowing through the city. These nallas carry sullage water and discharge the same into the river Kshipra and thus contaminate the river. In order to intercept the flow of these nallas, skeleton sewer lines were laid from time to time particularly on the advent of Simhastha fair, so that the offensive sullage could be pumped away from ghats into farms. A scheme for prevention due to pollution on bathing ghats of Kshipra river amounting to Rs.18.05 lakhs was prepared by P. H. E. Department; and executed by Municipal Corporation during the year 1968-69. Under the above scheme laying of ghat sewers on Somwaria nalla, construction of Chakratirth pumping station with pumping machineries and 24" pumping main etc. were executed. A scheme for prevention of pollution of river Kshipra due to Hanuman nalla, was prepared by P. H. E. Department at an estimated cost of 4.63 lakhs. It was executed during the years 1966-69. Before the construction of this sewer, sullage carried by Hanuman nalla was discharging into the river Kshipra on its upstream side of the existing water works intake causing contamination of the source of water supply. Diversion of this nalla prevented the contamination of river to a large extent. The above sewers have reduced to a great extent the pollution of Kshipra. A complete underground drainage system is essential to improve the sanitation of the city particularly the central area which has highest densities and most unsanitary conditions.
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UJJAIN
Figure 8-4 Sewage disposal process
8.2.1.1
Earlier efforts
In the earliar efforts the following sewers were laid:
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UJJAIN
One 225 to 300mm diameter laid from Dewas gate, Gudri crossing, Kartic chowk to old sump well (2180m) 300 to 375mm diameter sewer runs from Bheru, Helawadi, Sumwariya to old sump well (length 3000m) Smaller length (161m) sewer joining to new sump well.
These sewer lines are in dilapidated condition and most parts of the city are thus dependent on individual or community septic tanks. The new colonies such a Indira nagar, Sandipani nagar are completely dependent on septic tanks. The waste which is carried by the sewer system and the nallahs is taken to the nine pumping stations,namely at Ram ghat, Badnagar Bridge, Chakratirth, Rudra Sagar, Manshaman Ganesh,Gaughat, Dani gate, Somwariya, Ayurvedic College and Bhairavgarh. The sewage is then pumped up to the sewage farms. Ujjain has a present population of 464,000(estimated) distributed in 54 wards. Of this about 40% is living in the core area and 28% in the surrounding developing area, while the balance 32% live in rural areas. The sanitation in the rural areas with low population density (19 persons/ha) is not critical that in the densely populated city core area (420 persons/ha) and in the developing areas with medium population density (225 persons/ha). It is therefore required to provide sewerage to the entire core area (100%) first and part coverage (80%) to the developing areas later.
8.2.2 Recent projects (Sewerage)

Ujjain is a religious city, which attracts about half a million of pilgrims every year. The River Kshipra flowing through the heart of the city is regarded as a holy river and plays an important role for the religious pilgrims. In view of the potential health risk to bathers the GoI undertook a project to stop the pollution of the River Kshipra under the National River Conservation Programme (NRCP). The GoI provided a grant of Rs.140 million to the PHED for intercepting sewage flow in the major water channels discharging to the river. The intercepted sewage is pumped to a STP, treated and discharged for irrigation. Under this scheme there was no provision for providing sewerage within the city. On completion of the scheme the river is substantially free of pollution but there is little appreciable improvement to the city sanitation.
8.2.2.1 Detail of Sewerage system in the city
Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities
Sanitation Facilities
a b c Septic Tanks Public Conveniences Low Cost Sanitation units
Population covered
397000 21000 12000 65000.00 850.00 7554.00
(no. of units)
179
UJJAIN
Septic tank is the most common mode of disposal of sanitary waste disposal in Ujjain. The other modes of disposal and household distribution are shown in Table below. It is evident that about 85% of households have an access to Safe mode of sanitary disposal i.e. by the means of Septic tanks, Dug latrines. However, about 15% of households do not have an access to safe mode of sanitation.
d e Total
Dry Latrines Others
430000
0.00 0.00 73,404
Source:UMC, PHED
8.2.2.2
Tourism Consideration
Considering the large number of floating population there is a need for provision of Public toilets and Pay and Use toilets especially in the commercial localities and other public places like bus stand, rickshaw stand, etc. public amenities such as these are essential in order to keep the surrounding clean and environment healthy.
Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure
s.no.
1 2 3 5 6 7
Sewage Pumping Details

No. of Pumping Stations No. of Booster Stations No. of Pumps Total- Pumping Capacity (MLD) Total- Pumping Capacity (HP) Total- Sewage Pumped (MLD) 8.00 1.00 39.00 57.50 2461.65 17.25
Source:UMC, PHED The city of Ujjain is considered as a holy city. The provision of community toilets and Sewerage system augmentation will be done keeping in mind its heritage image.
8.2.2.3
Present status of sewage generation
The present status of sewage generation is as follows: Total population of Ujjain = 4.65 lakh Water supply= 64.53 MLD Considering 80% of water supply as disposed sewage, total sewage generated = 52.75 Mld/day.
8.2.2.4 Future Requirement
Table : Future demand assessment Components

Future Sewerage Generation
Year
2011 2021
Total MLD
generation
in
57.24 MLD 73.40 MLD
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UJJAIN
It is estimated that around 57.24 MLD sewage would be generated in 2011. To have an efficient sewerage system, it would require to lay a complete sewer network for the entire city which comes out to be 139.5 kms. For fulfilling the future sewage treatment demand an additional sewage treatment plant of 22 MLD is proposed.
Components
Sewerage network Sewage Treatment
Standard
100% of the area 100% of waste
Present Capacity
52.75 MLD
Future Demand
Entire city to be sewered 73.40
Gap
100% 21.55MLD
8.3 Social infrastructure

Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City
Government Schools
a b c d a b c d No. of Schools No. of Class Rooms No. of Students No. of Teachers No. of Institutions No. of Class Rooms No. of Students No. of Teachers 145 533.00 25,419 1,032 285 1,073 64,175 2,921
Private/ Voluntary Organisation Schools
Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city
Medical Facilities
Municipal Medical Facilities a b c d e No. of Medical Centres/Clinic/Dispensaries No. of Doctors No. of Nurses/ Compounders No. of Beds Avg. No. of Patients per Day 550.00 7 5 3
Non-Municipal Medical Centres Medical Centres Run by: a b Government Private Sector Total Doctors b Private Sector Total
Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City
16 25 41
102 216
Number of Fire Tenders by Type

a b c Fire Water Tender Water Tanker Cum Fire Tender (local make) Jeep Mini Fire Tender Nos Nos Nos 6 6 -
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Government
114
d e
Fire Tender Others Total
Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos
1 13 2.00 1.00 7.00
Other Equipment a b c d Hydraulic Platform Portable Pump Trailer Pumps Lader
8.4 Issues and problems

No underground sewerage System Coverage: There is no sewerage network in Ujjain presently and some of the population even dont have sanitation facilities. Septic tank is the major mode of disposal that may pollute the shallow ground water with microbial pollution. In some parts of the city the effluent from the soak pits is directly being disposed into the river. Public conveniences are not adequate in the city. Mixing of storm water with sewerage during monsoons: Infiltration of rainwater into the sewage lines in some areas further aggravates the problem during the monsoon months. Unhygienic dry latrines or open defecation still exists. The partly or wholly untreated effluent flows into open drains. Absence of a proper drainage system in the older and even newer areas of the city. A city can grow better only if has healthy citizens. With a vision to bring Ujjain on the world map as a city with great religious image it is must to develop it as a clean and hygienic city first. Following will be the objectives for sanitation provision in the city : The provision of infrastructure will be sensitive to the heritage image of the city. Access to safe sanitation systems must be ensured for all communities
Objectives of proposing sewerage and sanitation facilities
Sanitation systems being implemented must be safe and adapted to the economic means of the users. Genuine community involvement must take place in both planning and management of systems. The sanitation systems should not lead to water or land degradation. The systems should be designed to recycle to the maximum extent the renewable resources, such as water and nutrients present in human excreta, as well as nonrenewable resources. Strategies
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To promote indigenous and low cost sanitation technologies-like the sulabh flush compost toilet at household level Sulabh flush compost toilet is a two-pit pour flush toilet technology. Easy to construct with locally available materials. The design and specifications can be altered to suit the needs and paying capacity of the user. Harnessing non-conventional energy sources from human waste to save fuel and forests, like for example, biogas generation from the excreta at public toilets To educate people not to defecate in the open and prevent environmental pollution Building community toilets with bathing, washing, urinal facilities on pay-and-use basis at public places Cross subsidization of public toilets in the rural areas with urban areas Procure manure from public toilets to use for agricultural practices. Effluent after treatment can also be used in the agricultural farms, for gardening or discharge in the water bodies.
8.5 Storm water Drainage

There is no planned storm water disposal system in the city. Small and medium surface drains constructed along the roads carry household wastewater and discharge it to open areas or small water courses like Hanuman nallah, Sombaria nallah, etc. These nallahs in turn discharge to the river Kshipra. None of the city nallahs are capable of carrying storm water and overflow immediately after heavy rain. Further, due to construction activities without proper regard to the drainage there are several disruptions in the alignment leading to Figure 8-5 Poor SWM practices stagnation of water in residential and business areas. The situation is aggravated due to dumping of solid waste in the drains, blocking the flow.
There are about 12 major flood prone areas in the city such as Somwaria, Kartik Chowk, Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jasingpura, Awantipura, Ramghat, Indore Gate where drainage is inadequate with flooding at least 4 to 5 times in every year lasting from 4 to 6 hrs. The average rainfall in Ujjain in monsoon months (June-September) is 952 mm. approximately 30% of the tertiary and secondary drains require re-sectioning and re-grading to improve their performance.
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Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory
S.no
Nallah
Observed Flow (Mld)

1996 2.75 3.03 3.55 7.73 0.82 8.34 3.88 3.17 1.93 1.80 0.08
Design Flow (Mld)

2011 3.36 3.71 4.34 9.45 1.00 10.20 6.34 3.93 2.28 2.20 0.09
1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Nanakheda Alakhadham Shastrinagar Hanuman naka Rajivratna Somwaria Piplinaka Hammalwadi Indira nagar Siddhawat Jaisinghpura
The major cause for overflow and flooding is silting and blockages by solid waste. The performance of the drains can be significantly improved with better management. About 20% of the total drain length is kutccha, which should be lined after proper de-silting. There is no storm water drainage master plan prepared for Ujjain based on which the development can be guided.
8.6 Issues Identified for City Drainage System

Clogging of drains occur due to encroachment over the drains in old areas not allowing regular cleaning and dumping of solid waste in open drains. Ground and surface water contamination occur due to transfer and disposal of the wastewater through unlined canals; Hanuman, Sombaria and Ganda nallah into the River Kshipra. Water logging occurs due to inadequacy and inefficiency of storm water drains at Somwaria, Kartik Chowk, Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jaisinghpura, Awantipura, Ramghat and Indore Gate. Approximately 20 % of the total drain length is kutccha.
Construction activities without proper regard to drainage lead to stagnation of wastewater in the drains and also cause flooding.
8.6.1 Action Plan

Laying of new drains to carry waste water and storm water wherever required Covering of open drains at all the uncovered stretches
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Removal of encroachment over the drains in the commercial areas above the railway line Regular cleaning of existing drains Proper lining of drains to reduce contamination. Waste water recycling through root zone treatment, underground treatment etc.
Drainage Rehabilitation Programme
8.6.1.1
Under this programme, a study shall be taken up to identify the flood spots within the city. This shall be based on the past history of floods and survey of all the drains in the city and their conditions. Mere cleaning of the drains could drain most of the flood spots. In almost all the cases, strengthening of the drains and construction of leading drains will have to be taken up. Desilting exercise has to be taken up in all the natural and open drains. Based on the requirements that arise out of the study, the drains are to be remodelled from the origin to the outfall.
8.6.1.2 Construction of Roadside drains.
Priority has to be given to the construction of roadside storm water drains (both open and closed) to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains.
8.7 Solid Waste Management

Historically health and safety have been the major concern in waste management. Today, society demands more than this as well as being safe, waste management must also be sustainable. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the synergy between economic development, social equity and environment. Sustainable waste management should be economically affordable, socially acceptable and environmentally effective. Solid waste management is an urban service that requires a lot of attention and is one of the very important obligatory functions of any urban local body.
Corporation data, discussion with UMC authorities and visits to the disposal site all indicate inadequate solid waste management. Municipal waste as collected is mixed in nature including bio-waste, night-soil waste and septic tank sludge. Storage facilities are inadequate, solid waste accumulates in the city and is not removed regularly. Primary collection involves
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The Ujjain municipal Corporation estimates that 160 T/day of solid waste is generated in the urban area, which includes the impact of the floating population drawn to Ujjain as a city of great religious significance. Most waste seems to end up on open land or outside the containers. Waste generation estimates suggest that about 83% of generated waste is actually removed. There is a strong decline in the standard of services with respect to collection, transportation and disposal. Presently municipal waste is simply dumped at MR-V Agar Road trenching ground, at about 4 km from the city.
multiple-handling, and is not synchronized with transportation, using inadequate manual loading unloading methods. Waste transportation is often by open trucks. The overall waste generation and related available facilities and equipment with UMC are summarised in Tables below. Table indicates the total staff engaged in solid waste management.. Transportation facilities, which include type and age of vehicles, number of trips and distance covered, are summarised in Table later.
Table 8-13 solid waste details
Waste Generation source(tons)

a b c d e f Total Domestic Commercial & Trade Industrial Hospital Construction and Demolition Others (Floating Population)
Waste Generation source(tons)

66.00 50.00 5.00 1.00 30.00 7.00 159.00
Proportion
41.51% 31.45% 3.14% 0.63% 18.87% 4.40%
8.7.1 Waste generation

The above table shows that the major contributors of solid waste are domestic and commercial places, which combinable account for more than 70 % of solid waste. The city has adequate dustbins covering nearly 85% of the city area. The average dustbin spacing is nearly 500 mts the expenditure per capita on conservancy comes out to be Rs.2.5 for every meter.
8.7.2 Waste collection

Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city
Primary Waste Collection

a Community Bins 4.5 cum. community bins- nos. Others- nos. Total- nos. Total Waste Collected (kgs) b Handcarts Nos. Capacity (kgs) Secondary Waste Collection a Vehicles LMV- 1 ( 2.5 ton) Total Loader- 1 (2 ton) Total Nos. 7 7.00 2 2.00 103.00 20,000.00 110.00 599.00 709.00 136,355.00
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HMV- 1 (2 ton) HMV- 2 (4 ton) Total b d Average Distance (km) Total- Vehicle Capacity (tons)
5 6 11.00 20.00 132.00
Disposal of municipal waste is by open dumping at MR-V Agar Road to the south-west of the city, which generate obnoxious odours, blowing of litter and breeding of vectors. Burning of the waste at disposal site is very common, which generate poisonous hydrocarbons such as carcinogenic dioxins. Two new disposal sites has been identified but not yet acquired: at Jalankheri, to the west of the city. The other site is in the East-south direction at Manpura village.
Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Staff
Total Strengt h
Nil 1 1 5 5 34 Nil 1064 7
Zone Wise Distribution of Staff

1 2 2 9 274 2 2 1 1 9 242 2 3 1 1 8 222 2 4 1 1 8 215 1
Chief Health Officer Health Officer Chief Sanitary Inspectors Sanitary Inspectors Sanitary Supervisors Jamadars Ward Supervisors Safai Karamcharis Drivers
Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain
(All the Values are in Percentage on wet weight basis) Sl. N o Items Biodegradab le of Organic Fraction
18.02 52.88 27.08 68.65 24.79 30.03 31.36
Pape Pla Me Bior & stic tals resist Card ant boar d
3.09 13.56 16.66 8.49 2.14 5.53 2.25 9.8 6 2.3 7 12. 53 6.7 8 5.1 3 13. 21 8.0 4 0.5 6 0.8 3 1.2 8 2.4 6 0.3 7 10.97 6.79 14.58 3.39 16.45 9.91 7.88
Glass & Cera mics

2.82 1.35 1.66 0.85 0.75
Inert (Ston e, Brick s)

15.24 6.78 10.00 1.69 9.19 1.23 8.04
Fine Earth <20 mm

39.44 16.27 16.66 11.00 40.17 37.63 41.31
Othe rs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Commercial Area Indra Nagar HIG Rishi Nagar Mandir Area Mahakal Disposal Site Industrial Area Dawagar Rd Slum Area Bhroo Nallaha (LIG)
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Commercial
4.9 4.6 11.88 15.33 8 0 MIG Indra 45.08 4.35 2.7 0.9 7.95 0.49 5.68 Nagar 2 9 Veg. Market 88.59 1.20 1.2 0.60 0 Industrial Area 28.70 1.22 2.8 1.6 13.24 8.24 3 2 Disposal Site 22.47 4.92 5.1 0.5 6.72 2.58 15.50 7 2 Sindhi Colony 18.63 6.34 6.3 6.98 2.54 20.49 4 Disposal Site 17.28 7.83 4.8 1.9 4.87 1.95 20.27 8 5 Juna Samwaria 25.77 2.58 7.0 1.1 3.75 0.47 12.18 (LIG) 3 7 MIG Outside 38.48 2.03 3.2 0.6 5.23 0.73 16.68 Area 5 5 Mandir Area 69.55 2.76 1.6 3.88 6.10 6 Veg. Market 64.45 3.99 3.1 0.8 3.99 1.06 0.88 3 8 Hospital Waste 18.50 18.00 16. 1.2 22.50 12.50 75 5 Hospital Waste 17.57 12.12 11. 2.0 44.05 4.04 11 2 Organic fraction - Leaves, fruits waste, flower, food waste, hay & straw etc. Textiles, leather, rubber, wood and synthetics etc.
39.09
16.47
7.66 32.74 8.41 44.15 42.12 38.68 40.97 47.05 32.95 16.05 21.62 10.50 9.09
8.7.3 Present status

In Ujjain the main source of waste generation is from households, hotels and market. Waste generated from hospital and clinics, which could be toxic/hazardous in nature, is currently not separated from domestic waste. There are no industries in the area hence the problem of industrial waste is non-existent. Solid waste generated in civil area is not segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable category. Waste is collected in open trolleys/tractors daily in the morning hours. It is dumped together and burnt intermittently along with biomedical waste. After burning ash remains as it is at the disposal site. People including hoteliers dump the waste near or outside the community stand posts but rarely inside it. After collecting the waste from community stand post in the cantonment area waste is disposed in the final dumping site. Basic three stages of any waste management system in Ujjain comprise collection, transportation and disposal that is discussed in the following paragraph.
8.7.3.1 Collection
Household waste is disposed of either via door-to-door collection, which is quite uncommon, or in the primary collection points or dustbins provided by Municipal Corporation. Excluding posh residential colonies most of the households, shops and other commercial establishment like hotels, waste is generally thrown on streets, open spaces and drains as and when it is generated. At some places where primary collection bins, (concrete/plastic) have been
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provided they are either placed at a distance or their size is too small. According to the authorities it was found that a large number of community bins are either dilapidated or managed poorly. In some of the bins garbage was found to be spilling over. During the visit it was also observed that unhygienic condition compelled people to throw waste from a distance. Stray animals like cows, buffaloes, pigs and dogs spread the waste from the bins. As small number of people have to cover large area for cleaning and sweeping certain important roads and market area, are swept daily and some are swept on alternate days depending on importance, concentration of population and type of activity. Rag picker cum waste material merchant of Ujjain picks material from waste having recyclable value.
8.7.3.2 Transportation
After street sweeping and primary collection waste is normally dumped in the community concrete garbage bins by the primary collector with the help of hand cart. From here it is transported to disposal site. In Ujjain manual methods are used for loading of waste that is than transported through tricycle, tractor trolleys and trucks. Various trips are made to collect the waste from primary collection points and dump it at the garbage yard. It was observed that vehicles are often under loaded. Complete waste is also not lifted on daily basis creating backlogs particularly on holidays. Information provided by the UMC suggest that all types of waste, be it from house hold, slaughter house, commercial waste, hospital waste or construction gets invariably mixed while transporting.
8.7.3.3 Disposal
In general parlance disposal of waste means dumping. In Ujjain in general waste is simply dumped in an abandoned area it is learnt that every fortnight layer of lime is sprayed over the dumping site to prevent infection. However no composting is done with soil or using machines. They invariably burn the waste in small heaps on roadside. Waste collected at the community dust bins is also either burnt or used for reclamation of low lying pits as there is no identified major dumping site.
8.7.3.4 Heritage areas consideration
The waste coming out of areas such as temples etc. need a separate handling. This waste cannot be mixed with the other. The waste coming out from the temple areas is mainly organic waste that can be decomposed further to prepare manure.
8.8 Issues
Number of community dustbins need to be increased, simultaneously existing bins should be maintained properly. Dustbins should be designed in such a way that they are beyond the reach of stray animals.
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The Municipality collects garbage from households and commercial establishments within the Ujjain city by using tractors and lorries that create air and noise pollution. Looking at the sanctity of heritage areas the municipality should acquire non-polluting utility vehicles that can be used for the collection and disposal of household garbage in the heritage areas of the city. Self help groups can also be encouraged for the waste management practices.
Dumping of waste is not disposal of waste. In Ujjain this is perhaps the weakest link in the waste management system. Existing dumping site is merely a garbage yard. By no means it can be considered as a sanitary land fill (SLF) which is a scientific method of refuse disposal. Existing open dumping system may cause not only health hazards and fire, but is potential breeding ground of vectors and diseases. It may also contaminate ground water if the rock profile allows the leachets to percolate. Waste is burnt at the dumping site.
8.9 Strategies
With the above cardinal points in mind, following specific measures are recommended for improving solid waste management practices in Ujjain. All households may be encouraged not to throw any solid waste in their neighbourhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains and keep the food waste/ bio-degradable as and when generated, in any type of domestic waste container, preferably with a cover, and keep dry/ recyclable wastes separately. All shops and establishments may be asked to refrain from throwing their solid waste/ sweeping etc. on the footpaths, streets, open spaces and keep their waste on-site as and when generated in a suitable container until the time of doorstep collection. Similarly all hotels and restaurants should be directed to refrain from throwing their dry and wet solid waste/ sweeping on the footpath, streets, open spaces or drains. They should store their waste on-site in sturdy containers. The container should have appropriate handles on the top or side and rim at the bottom for ease of emptying. All street food vendors may be directed not to throw any waste on the street or pavement. They must keep bins or bags for the storage of waste that is generate during their activity. Their handcarts must have a shelf or sac below for storage of waste generated in the course of business. If required a total ban on use of polythene bags and other plastic packaging material be imposed in the eco-city area. Government of Madhya Pradesh is also coming up with a regulatory provision to ban use of polythene of less than 20 micron. Segregation of recyclable/ non biodegradable waste: It is essential to save the recyclable waste material from going to the waste processing and disposal sites and using up landfill space. Salvaging it at source for recycling could make profitable use of such material. The Municipal Corporation towards segregation of recyclable waste may take following measures: Door to door visits to create awareness among the local residents Some areas should be selected for a separate waste collection scheme. The waste collection scheme should be supported financially by the residents, shops, hotels and the Municipaliuty. Self help group can be given the task of collecting household organic and recyclable waste in to differently marked containers. Introduction of vermi-composting plant should be done
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Cleaning of Surface drains -Provision of litterbags/ Garbage Stations: For keeping the streets clean it is necessary to provide facilities of litter bins all over the town so that people can deposit the litter in hand into such bins while on the move and keep the streets litter-free. Zero Solid Waste
Waste Collection: In order to make the waste collection more practical and hygienic, and to encourage segregation of the organic and non-organic wastes- 90% of the waste being organic- the following schemes are to be implemented: Gau-shala carts: Gau- shala carts can run across the heritage streets to collect kitchen wastes and cooked wastes to go for the cows. Several cycle carts can be equipped with open bins where the contents can be emptied. Improvement of waste collection: Green and white bins to be placed in the market for shopkeepers to dump their organic and non-organic wastes respectively. Individual motivation of the workers and of the shopkeepers: Sessions with shopkeepers, encouraging them to participate in the waste segregation to be carried out with the municipal workers. Involvement of the NGOs working and organizing rag-pickers: Rag-pickers to be organized by NGOs for collection of door to door collection of garbage. Metal wastes and other recyclable wastes to be segregated at source.
8.10 Street Lighting

Compared to the total road length of 348.68 KMS the number of poles is around 16,478, which is found to be quite adequate for the city. There is no lighting in 10% of the road network, mostly falling in slums, illegal colonies and peri-urban areas. The illumination type consists of tube lights, mercury vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps.
Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City
Street Lighting
Type (nos.) A B C D E F Total High Mast Lamps Halogen Lamps Mercury Vapour Lamps Sodium Vapour Lamps Tubelights Others (CFL)
Nos.
14 9,526 6,924 14 16,478
Proportion
0.08% 0.00% 0.00% 42.02% 0.08%
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57.81%
8.10.1 Recent project:

E ES SS SC CO Op pr ro ojje ec ctt ffo or re en ne er rg gy ys sa av viin ng g iin ns sttr re ee ett lliig gh htts s5 5n no os s llo ow w tte en ns siio on np pu um mp ps s
The project was initiated in the month of Dec 2003. The work were executed in the month of Nov 2004 and completed in the month of January 2005 .In this project total tube lights which were installed previously were replaced by waterproof tube light with a load of only 32 watt without choke. The load monitoring system with micro process was also installed at 119 switching points. The no. of tube lights replaced was about 6000.The consultant for whole project was Econoler international Canada. The savings were measured as 35 % in street tube lights. Saving on by LMS is about 18 to 25 %.The total cost of this project was Rs 2.5 crores. The project cost will be given to the company by revenue earned by energy saving as explained. Consultancy and project fee will be paid by 80% of the expenditure saved by UMC.
Results achieved- Presently UMC is successful in minimizing its expenditure on streetlights by nearly Rs. 10 lakhs.
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9
9.1 Introduction
R r Ro oa ad ds s& &T T ra an ns sp po or rt ta at tiio on n
Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of any economy and plays an important role in the development of a region. It is also one of the most important infrastructure facilities of any city. For a city like Ujjain, where there is heritage at every next stride, it becomes more important to undertake this sector in a very sensitive manner. The objective of studying the transport sector is to analyze and understand the role of transport in the present scenario of the city (with a special emphasis upon Heritage precincts) and the surrounding and to understand the existing potentials, strengths, weaknesses and constraints of the Transport sector and consequently arrive at strategies and projects, which will form an integral part of the City Development Plan. Road and Rail sector occupy the significant roles in the transport sector in Ujjain and surrounding areas. By and large, all the major travel and movement for both goods and passenger traffic is being met by roads. The status of road transport sector has been analyzed under the following aspects: (a) Network and traffic characteristics (b) growth of vehicles (c) Parking scenario; and (d) Public Transport system. The analysis is based on the secondary data collected from UMC and surveyed data based on study conducted by TCPO.
9.1.1 Regional linkages

A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Mandsaur, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua. Along with Indore and Dewas, Ujjain is among the three most important centers in this region. Bhopal Ratlam broad gauge railway line passes through it and the NH3 is only 35 kms, away. Besides these national connections, Figure 9-1 Regional linkages of the Ujjain City there are many state level highways linking it to the major regional and state centers. Within this region, Ujjain is the only place of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all the major festivals like Amavasya, Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there are occasional peak demands on the transport network. Ujjain city is connected to various major nodes in the region through five radial roads and a broad gauge railway line to Bhopal.
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The state highways / MDRs connecting the city are Indore Road, Dewas Road, Agar Road, Maxi Road and Badnagar Road. Out of the five roads Agar Road, Dewas Road and Indore Road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. There is no bypass / ring road for the city except for a very small portion connecting Indore Road through an ROB.
9.1.1.1 City level road network
The urban structure of Ujjain reflects a linear form, which has been formed by its restricted road network due to Kshipra River. The road network of the city is unorganised with more of intercity and local roads. Moreover, there is no definite hierarchy of the road system with most of the city roads also serving the intercity traffic. The city is distinctly divided into two parts, with the old city housing all the major religious and trading activities and the newly developed portion south of the railway tracks. The connectivity for both parts is only through an ROB near railway station. Due to this, it has to carry a huge amount of traffic comprising of significant slow traffic. The road network of Ujjain is mostly North-South oriented, Agar Road passing in front of railway station, bus stand, agricultural grain market etc and skirting the old city area is busy and congested almost throughout the day. The other important roads are Indore Road and Dewas Road which are in East-West direction. Like all other cities the road network in the old city area (Mahakaal Kshetra), with little or no scope for widening, is quite inefficient and inadequate for the present day traffic. Moreover, there is a very high degree of pedestrian traffic; commercial activities including the informal sector, absence of any organised parking space make the situation worse. Though some traffic management measures in the form of banning of heavy vehicles, one-way operation etc. are in place, but due to lack of strict enforcement measures it fails to give any relief to the core area.
9.1.1.2 Type of road construction
Ujjain has a total road network length of nearly 350 kms and most of the roads in the city are tar roads, accounting for nearly 86% of the total road length. Concrete roads account for nearly 13% and nearly 1% is earthen and other roads.
Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock
Surface Type length (km) Concrete Black Topped /Tar WBM Stone Paved Earthern & Others Total
Source: T&CPD and UMC
Total road length 42.25 301.73 2.40 2.30 348.68 Kms
proportion 12.12% 86.53% 0.00% 0.66% 0.69%
The per capita road length comes out to be 0.81 meters. The total drain percentage in comparison to the road is coming out to be 118% which should be 130% for a satisfactory condition. Thus there is presently a gap of nearly 12% .The already existing drains are also not in a good condition and require restoration.
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Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion
Component % Total Drains to Total Road Length % Pucca Drains to Total Road Length
Proportion (out of 200%) 118.72 110.63
9.2 Public Transport

Railway station is situated in the core area of the city; There are two major bus terminals. One is at Dewas gate which is near to the railway station and the other is at Nanakheda. Presently the Dewas gate bus stand is very congested since all the buses plying to Mehidpur, Badnagar, Agar, Dewas, Maksi, Indore and Tarana start from this terminal. Nanakheda bus stand came up during the Simhastha 1992 for the convenience of the tourists and pilgrims. It also aimed in reducing the load of the Dewas Gate bus stand, with an aim to cater to the traffic going and coming to Indore and Dewas. There are very few tempo stands in the city. Tempos running on the road do not stop at the designed stops due to which the flow of traffic is disturbed. The present tempo stands are haphazard and do not occur within a regularized interval.
Intersections: Few intersections where congestion has been observed are:
Kamari Marg Chauraha: vehicles coming from the Dani gate, K.D.Gate, Patni Bazaar, Gopal Mandir and Tanki Chauraha lead to the congestion problem Bhargav Tiraha: Vehcles coming from K.D.Gate, Tanki chauraha, Budhwaria and Khajurwali Masjid give rise to the problem of traffic. Chamunda Mata Chauraha: the presence of a park, std booth interrupts the flow of traffic at this junction. K.D.gate: the presence of temple at the intersection interrupts the flow of traffic Tanki Chauraha Indore gate and Dewas gate Fawara chowk Teen batti chauraha Chhatri chowk Tower chowk
Gol chauraha
At present there are few roads in the city that are busy and congested. These roads are: Daulatganj to Mallipura Dewas gate, Mahakal ghati to Topkhana Daulat ganj, Kanthal to Sati gate, Patni Bazaar, K.D.Gate to Bhargav Tiraha, Dani gate to Tanki Chauraha, Tanki Chauraha to Khazurwali Masjid, Road passing through Madhav College, Road passing through the Daulat Ganj sabzi mandi.
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9.2.1 Travel Characteristics in Ujjain city

The city of Ujjain is served by 6 regional roads namely Dewas Road, Indore Road, Badnagar Road, Unhel Road, Agar Road and Maksi Road. Out of the five roads, Agar road, Indore road and Dewas road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. Agar road passing in front of the Railway station, bus stand, agricultural grain market and skirting the old city is busy and congested (peak hour traffic volume count is nearly 6000 PCU. Indore road and Dewas road within the city carry peak hour traffic of about 3000 PCU and 2200 PCU. Percentage of the slow moving traffic is higher in the part of the city lying north of the railway line, while the southern part of the city has a higher percentage of the fast moving traffic.
M Mo od de eo off T Tr ra av ve ell
The predominant mode of travel (motorized) in Ujjain, is two-wheelers and private transport. As per discussions with the authority, nearly 23 per cent of the respondents use non-motorized Mode of travel to work place modes of travel to work place (by walk, Two bicycles,cycle rickshaw and tongas). About 32 wheelers Non 32% per cent use two-wheelers and 45 per cent of the motorised respondents depend on private transport. Thus a 45% major working population uses private transport Private for their workplace which is definitely not a transit good indication for the future traffic 23% management proposals.
M Ma as ss sT Tr ra an ns siitt
Figure 9-2 Percentage wise distribution of Mode of travel
The transport system in the city, comprises mainly of 3-wheeler tempos auto rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and tongas. One of the major problems in the mass transit system is the absence of public transport facility. There are many unplanned routes for tempos, mostly originating from the city center and connecting to the fringe areas of the city. However, operation of tempos does have many problems such as: Not an environmentally friendly public transport Lack of proper tempo stops with basic amenities Reckless driving by private operators Rampant overcrowding of tempos Commuter safety is totally ignored Slow moving transport system Poor quality of service and comfort to passengers
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T To ou ur riis sm ma an nd d ttr ra an ns sp po or rtta attiio on n
Being a religious city, thousands of pilgrims and tourists visit Ujjain approximately once in every 15 days and hundreds of pilgrims visit the city daily. Presently, there are as such no arrangements done by the concerned authorities for tourism transportation. Also, there are no facilities like tourist information centre, tourist buses etc. Keeping in mind the vision of the city and future prospects Ujjain would definitely need a proper tourist transportation system. Need of a Mass transit system Development of cycle tracks and non polluting and efficient transport system is perceived as a priority. The 130 diesel three-wheeler tempos providing public transport services in Ujjain are considered as a highly polluting mode of transport. The less affluent people are affected the most because they dependent on this mode of transport and have high exposures to air pollution and traffic hazard. To minimize the impact from polluting modes of mass transportation, Battery operated threewheelers, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquid Figure 9-3 Major parking areas Petroleum Gas (LPG) operated buses and public transport to operate on the main routes and feeder routes. The biggest barrier to the diffusion of such transport is the lack of infrastructure and a coherent programme of deployment and dissemination. Unlike the petrol/diesel stations that have been provided by oil companies, there are no battery charging stations (BCS), CNG and LPG stations at Ujjain. To overcome this barrier, funds have to be mobilized to set up BCS, CNG and LPG stations in the heart of the city. The roof of the stations can be built with less energy intensive ferrocement and rainwater can be harvested for groundwater replenishment. The State Electricity Department has to be involved to assure good quality battery chargers and round the clock power supply. While the UMC can remain the owner, the BSC can be given on lease to a trained local NGO with adequate competence and experience to provide battery charging service. The lease fee can be structured such that it would allow the UMC to maintain the site and upgrade the BCS periodically, in a sustainable manner. Pondicherry is already operating such Battery operated vehicles in their heritage areas. Effective Public Address system with large LCD/ Plasma screens to be installed at critical places which can be used for communication with the large number of people visiting the city on occasions such as Simhasta, Figure 9-4 Battery operated tourist vehicles Yatras etc. The same system can be linked with the News network to show important events, government announcements and other welfare programs. Two such screens can be installed at present to check the usefulness of the gadget.
P Pa ar rk kiin ng g
There are no organized on-street marked parking arrangements in any of the major commercial areas of the city. Most of the core market areas of the city are characterized by narrow roads with a high proportion of pedestrian and slow moving traffic. Even if the there
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has been traffic restriction on the road in front of Mahakal temple, it is still under the immense pressure of traffic and crowd due to which on and off it needs repair and it is very difficult to do it frequently. Similarly unorganized parking and shops lead to the heterogeneous crowding of vehicles and people in clusters. In this context existing road parking and shopping area is proposed to be organised, widened and improved. The capacity of the roads is further reduced by vehicles parked on the roadsides. This, in fact, is one of the major bottlenecks to smooth flow of road traffic. Following areas were identified as the places that can be developed as the parking areas in order to reduce the congestion on streets as well as to manage the future vehicular growth Dussera maidan Freeganj commercial area Maksi road,sabji mandi Bharatpuri administration area Kothi area Mahakaal commercial area Traffic Elements
A city street comprises four components. The first is the pavement, which is a civil engineering element. The second is the traffic that runs on it. The third is the traffic policeman that controls traffic and the fourth is traffic furniture, signage and road markings. The fourth element is nearly missing in Ujjain. This element is the most visible, and not only lends character and aesthetics to the city, but plays a major role in making the road safe for its users. Some of the serious shortcomings that have been observed are: Footpaths are missing in most of the roads Where footpaths are provided, pedestrian railings are missing Improper channel islands at junctions Absence markings of road
Absence of signage
Absence of street name boards Absence of organized and marked on-street parking.
Core area
9.2.1.1
Considering the perspective of Ujjains historical, cultural and religious importance, the road and transportation projects need
Figure 9-5 Core city area (Mahakaal)
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to be incorporated in the core area. The area mainly covered under core city can be roughly delineated as Chardham to Har Siddhi temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side, Hariphatak bridge road on east side and Jaisinghpura road on southside. Following major pilgrim tourist spots fall in the delineated area and are as follows: Mahakal Temple Ramghat Har Siddhi Temple Chardham Temple Bada Ganpati Ram Mandir etc.
This area is about 2 Sq.Km in which the estimated existing population remains about 15000 and floating population varies from 10,000 to 10,0000 per day on festive occasions and during Simhastha it ranges from 10,00,000 to 15,00,000 people per day.
M Ma ajjo or rP Pr ro ob blle em ms s ((c co or re ea ar re ea a))
With respect to the present traffic and transportation systems following problems are analysed Congested approach roads, inadequate for heavy vehicles. Inadequate drainage, poor lighting and encroachment on approach roads. Improper zigzag shape on turnings causes hindrance to the smooth traffic flow Unorganized insufficient parking spaces. Lacking signage system, leads to accidents Traffic system is not properly organized Need of new roads to be developed to cater increased traffic demands Dilapidated existing roads need repair improvement Approach and Parking provision near Mahakal Temple Improvement of existing road in front of Mahakal Temple Improvement of south approach road to Ramghat Development of parking area at south side of Ramghat Development of parking area at north side of Ramghat Improvement of Chaubis Khamba marg Improvement of Ramghat marg Widening of existing Harsiddhi marg
Looking to the problems following projects should be incorporated:
Improvement of existing road on south side of Mahakal Temple
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Improvement of Mahakal to Bada Ganpati road Construction of Rudra Sagar east embankment road Construction of Rudra Sagar west embankment road Improvement of Bhagat Singh marg Improvement of Jaisingh pura road Improvement of Mahakal marg from kot mohalla square to Mahakal Construction of new road linking, proposed parking near Mahakal to Rudra embankment Sagar embankment road Development of parking at north side of Ramghat near Chardham mandi
Future Requirement
9.2.1.2
To meet the growing demand of an efficient city road network, UMC through inputs from the CDP workshop, and an internal assessment has identified the requisite road works to be undertaken. It is proposed to increase the area under roads in the city by linking up the poorly connected areas of Ujjain, restoring and widening up the major roads, which would help relieve congestion. Based on public consultation and meeting with UMC officials, several junction improvements and traffic management are being undertaken. Several road improvement projects, bridges and other development projects have been proposed phasewise for the next 16 years up to 2021 to improve the traffic scenario in Ujjain. These are listed in Table and the total project cost is estimated to be Rs 20,000 lakhs.
9.3 Issues
The key issues regarding planning and providing for traffic and transportation in Ujjain city are: Lack of coordination among agencies involved in planning and providing for traffic and transportation; Reduced capacities of major corridors and roads in core city and market areas due to encroachments, high proportion of slow-moving traffic and absence of pedestrian paths and organized parking facilities Limited coverage of public transport system and poor quality of service and associated infrastructure (like bus terminals and tempo stops) Absence of a comprehensive and scientific traffic management system existing traffic management measures arbitrary (one-way systems in core city and market areas and ban on truck entry into city) and signals improperly designed; Absence of appropriate safety and visibility enhancement parameters like signage, markings, channel islands, street name boards and other street furniture
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Inadequate organizational and human resource capacity and lack of finances in UMC to plan and provide for traffic and transportation facilities.
SWOT analysis
Issue City road network strength The Citv has Good road network that covers most part of the city weakness The road network of the town is unplanned opportunity The transport infrastructure can be strengthened under the JNNURM scheme Threat Most of the intersections in the city are characterised by poor geometries and y Shape' which increases conflicts and is not conducive to smooth traffic movement. -
Road condition
Most of the roads are in satisfactory condition presently If properly undertaken, UMC can generate good revenue out of it. Most people of the city are dependent on mass transit system
Improper maintenance and on road parking Haphazard parking all along the main roads
Absence of Authorized parking facility in UMC Absence of an integrated public transport transport system in the city
No initiative in the field of public transport
Maintenance and road development projects will get a boost under the above scheme Thousands of tourist visit the city daily, the better parking options can exploit the chance Daily available tourist passengers
The present parking scenario is constantly reducing the existing road capacity. Public transport,if not initiated the private transport providers can start doing monopoly .
9.4 Strategies
The strategies are towards covering the entire area and population of the city with an effective road network by 2021 and improving the surface conditions of the roads to withstand all weathers by 2021. In fact keeping in mind the next Simhastha the basic transport infrastructure must be finished before 2016.
A Au ug gm me en ntta attiio on na an nd dA As ss se ett R Re eh ha ab biilliitta attiio on n..
Action - While the peripheral areas are to be provided with surfaced roads, up-grading of the existing roads shall be taken up to extend, renovate and enhance the roads (with an emphasis on Dewas, Indore, Agar and Maksi road ). Plans shall be taken up in a phased manner so as to optimise cost and surface condition. The programme shall also include completion of the ring road and avoid discontinuity.
W Wiid de en niin ng ga an nd dS Sttr re en ng gtth he en niin ng go off R Ro oa ad dS Sttr ru uc cttu ur re es sa an nd dR Re em mo ov va all o off E En nc cr ro oa ac ch hm me en ntts s..
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Action - With due consideration to growing traffic intensity, major roads, corridors in the city are to be extended and expanded. This shall involve construction of fly-overs, bridges etc., the proposal works on which are already in progress. This shall also involve removal of encroachments on margins of the roads and strengthening of road structures with pavements, footpaths.
T Tr ra affffiic cS Sttr re ea am mlliin niin ng ga att I In ntte er rs se ec cttiio on ns s
Action - Channelizers, Traffic islands, Traffic Signals, Dividers, Lane separators and Traffic Police Control shall be introduced at all important junctions based on Traffic Management Plan The study has proposed detailed improvement designs/plans for the junctions in the city.
I Im mp pr ro ov ve em me en ntt o off P Pa ar rk kiin ng ga an nd dP Pe ed de es sttr riia an nF Fa ac ciilliittiie es s..
Action - All new commercial developments would have to adhere to the minimum provision of parking facilities. Apart from providing public parking spaces on important roads steps shall be initiated to avoid parking at junctions. Footpaths of enough width, pedestrian crosswalks and subways should be introduced and vehicular traffic should be banned and made limited to just access lanes in certain stretches of the CBD and core city areas near Mahakaal where the Bus Stand and Railway station exists.
C Co om mp pr re eh he en ns siiv ve es sttu ud dy yo on nT Tr ra affffiic ca an nd dT Tr ra an ns sp po or rtta attiio on n
Action - A study needs to be undertaken on traffic and transportation as a whole. Earlier study was largely focussing on the intersections. In order to look into the problem holistically, it is imperative to take all the parameters in consideration at one time and evolve an overall traffic and transportation management plan for the city.
D De ec co on ng ge es sttiio on no off tth he eC CB BD Da an nd do olld dc ciitty ya ar re ea a..
Action - Proposals shall be drawn to decongest the core and CBD, which has a mix of commercial and public activities taking place inviting a lot of traffic. Options at alternate site location for the existing Bus Stand shall be explored. The existing terminal can be utilised as an alighting point. Also possibilities of shifting certain wholesale activities to new locations can be explored.
I In nttr ro od du uc cttiio on no off n no on n p po olllu uttiin ng g ttr ra an ns sp po or rtt ffo or rh he er riitta ag ge e tto ou ur r
The initiatives should be taken to introduce non-polluting vehicles (mainly battery operated) for transporting tourists who would like to take a ride and appreciate the rich heritage of the town within the time limit.(the project can be adopted by Pondicherrys Asia Urbs initiative.) The heritage tour can be managed by INTACH in the partnership with local Tourism authority.
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C Co on nc cllu us siio on n
Transport Sector is a very important sector for the development of the city owing to the Strategic location. However the current status and trend of growth in Ujjain reveals the inherent problems and issues in the transportation system. It is needless to remind that an inefficient transport system causes avoidable social, economic and financial wastage, increasing the costs and driving out investments. To achieve the principle of Liveability in the concept of CDP, it is important to improve the transport infrastructure, which is a basic and critical component of the overall infrastructure sector. And it is essentially needed to cut costs for the economy and improve competitive position of the region. Looking to the importance of the Urban Transit to the citys economy and quality of life, upgradation of public transit has been suggested since a full fledged Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) may not be immediately viable given the size of the town. A BRTS can be considered up at an adequate scale and required design in the second phase.
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10
10.1 Introduction
C Ciit ty yE En nv viir ro on nm me en nt t
The rapid increase in industrial and economic development has led to severe environmental degradation that undermines the environmental resource base upon which sustainable development depends. The economics of environmental pollution, depletion and degradation of resources has in fact been neglected as compared to the issues of growth and expansion. Historically health and safety have been the major concern in the field of environment management. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the synergy between economic development, social equity and environment. The exponential growth together with rapid urbanization and tourist pressure in Ujjain over the years has substantial impact on the environment management of this city. Ujjain is a place of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all the major festivals like Amavasya, Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there is always a great pressure on the environment of the city.
Figure 10-1 Ujjain city ghats
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Urban environment is an important component for the sustainable development of a city. This chapter attempts to assess the existing status of the urban environment of the Ujjain City. This chapter has been structured into five sections. The first section gives the study approach followed in analyzing the urban environment; fig below shows the study approach. The second section gives the status of the components of the environment, the third section assesses the environmental status using the selected parameters, which helps in evolving ecologically sensitive zones and protected zones. The fourth section gives the problems and issues related to these sensitive zones. The policies and Environmental Management strategies needed for these ecologically sensitive zones are discussed later.
Figure 10-2 Methodology adopted for Environmental Assessment
10.2 Climatic analysis

T Te em mp pe er ra attu ur re e
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May is the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40c and mean daily minimum at 24c. Days are extremely hot with temperature rising to 45c. With the onset of monsoon by about second week of June there is considerable drop in the temperature. After the withdrawal of monsoon there is slight increase in the day temperature but the nights are progressively cooler. After October, both day and night temperature decrease. January is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature at 26c and mean daily minimum temperature at 8c. cold waves affect the district in the rear of western disturbances passing across north India during the cold season. The table below shows average temperature for each month in Ujjain.
Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages
Months Jan
Temp c 17.8
Feb
19.9
Mar
24.5
Apr
29.0
May Jun
32.3 30
Jul
26.05
Aug
25.1
Sep
25.15
Oct
24.15
Nov
20.45
Dec
24.4
The climate of this region on the whole is dry except during the south- west monsoon season. The year can be divided into four seasons: Cold season, from December to February Hot season, March to middle of June South west monsoon season, till September end Post monsoon season, October and November
R Ra aiin nffa alll
Records of rainfall in the district are available for 5 stations. The average annual rainfall in the district is 892.9 mm. The rainfall increases from West to East. About 92% of the annual rainfall is received during the monsoon months, July being the rainiest month. On an average there are 42 rainy days (250cm or more) in a year in the district. The average rainfall for the city is 900 mm. Ujjain witnessed very low rainfall in the year 2000-01.
Rainfall (mm)
2000 1500 1000 500 0
9 -9 98 20
-8
-6
-6
-7
-7
-9
-8
-8
-9
-7
-9
68
65
71
77
80
86
74
83
89
92
95
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Year
Figure 10-3 Decadal Rainfall Data of the Ujjain city
19
01
-0
W Wiin nd ds s
During the monsoon season winds blow from directions between northwest and south-west. In the post monsoon and cold season winds are easterly and north easterly in the mornings and blow from directions between southwest and northeast through west in the afternoons. In the summer winds are predominantly from west or North West.
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Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr)
Jan
5.5
Feb
5.8
Mar
7.1
Apr
9.1
May
15.7
Jun
20.5
Jul
17.6
Aug
15.6
Sep
10.7
Oct
4.6
Nov
4.1
Dec
4.8
Annual
10.1
Source: IMD , New Delhi
H Hu um miid diitty y
Except during the monsoon season the air is dry, afternoons being drier than the mornings. In the post monsoon and winter months, relative humidity in the afternoon is between 30 to 40% while in the summer season the relative humidity is less than 20%.
10.3 Land and physiography

The city lies on the Malwa Plateau at a general level of 500m. The slope is very gentle being about 2-3 .The variations of the altitude ranges from 450m in north to 558m at southern isolated peaks. The present city occupies relatively plain land with few hillocks like Jogeshwar, Tekri, Mashya Tekri and cut up along river Kshipra .The general slope of the city is towards the North.
S So oiill
The whole area is covered with Black cotton soil underlain by basaltic lava and trap rocks on mounds and hills residues along the water divides. The presence of alluvium along the river and basaltic lava with varying degree of vesicular determines the rate of percolation of water. The western part of the Ujjain urban area has a thick alluvium cover of 10 to 20 m. Alluvial soil with sticky clay does not allow surface water to percolate down. The North-Western parts of the area near Chakrawada, Azampura, Jogikheri has basaltic lava flows containing thick massive basalt and fragmentary basalt which has less vesicularity. The south-eastern and eastern parts which have vesicular basalt in each lava flow is suitable for artificial recharge. The eastern parts upto 5 km away from River Kshipra have basaltic lava flow with thick vesicular basalt and thick weathered massive basalt.
G Ge eo ollo og gy y
H Hy yd dr ro ollo og gy ya an nd dw wa atte er rr re eo ou ur rc ce es s
General slope of the land is towards the northern side. The important rivers in this region are Chambal, Gambhir, Kshipra, Khan, Choti Kali Sindh etc with their tributaries flowing from south to north. The other rivers are Chamla ,Lakhunder, Kudel and Bageri. Kshipra also known as Avanti nadi flows through Khachrod, Ujjain, and Mehidpur tehsils in the district
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The lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age collectively named as Deccan trap and locally in Madhya Pradesh as Malwa trap form one of the most prominent and widely spread rock formation in the region. The lava flows are generally 10 to 20 m in thickness of which top 25 to 40% is vesicular/ fragmentary. The vesicles are filled with secondary minerals like calcite and zeolites. The characteristic red bole beds form the marker horizons between successive lava flows.
and finally joins Chambal. Its not navigable and the water of Kshipra is used for irrigation as well as drinking purpose. River Khan which is a tributary of Kshipra carries industrial waste of Indore and pollutes River Kshipra. The city drains its stream water and sullage water through nallahs locally known as Hanuman nalla, Sombaria and Grand nalla into river Kshipra on the downstream side. During rainy season the low-lying areas of Ramghat, Indore gate, Railway colony, Kartik Chowk, part of Harsiddhi etc are flooded. Water bodies called sagars are conspicuous by their presence in Ujjain. Rudra Sagar, Pushkara Sagar, Ksheer Sagar, Govardhan Sagar, Purushottam Sagar, Vishnu Sagar, Ratnakar Sagar are the seven sagars. Among these, Ksheer Sagar has been partially reclaimed and converted into a playing field; Pushkara Sagar is also under the process of reclamation. Rudra Sagar has become a part of the inhabited area Most of these Sagars and Kunds rely on rainfall. Some of them have inlet only at one foot below, to drain the water during the rainy season. Water table varies from 15 to 40' deep in Ujjain. Good aquifer exists from Freeganj to Chhatri Chowk with a width of 0.8 km and with a thickness of 35.
F Fllo or ra a
Around 80 types of trees are present in Ujjain. Amongst them seven of them are commonly found in the region: Mango (Mangifera woka), Shisham (Delbergia sisoo), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Ashoka (Saraca indica), Kachmar (Bauhinia acuminata), Champa (Bauhinia pwipurea), Neem (Azadirachta indica) The general composition is disturbed by nature on few sandstone hill tops and moist areas. Under former conditions Salai (Boswellia serrata), Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), jhingan (Lannea grandis)and Khair (Acacia catechu) are seen. In the moist areas Chhind (Phoenix acauhlis) and Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) are seen. The streets in central areas have no vegetation, they are only found in and around the city limits and along the road leading to Dewas, Indore, Maksi and Kotni. In organized open spaces the common shrubs which can be identified are: Hemeroeallis, Gramineae, Rose, Euphorbia cease, Aspala, Compasitae. Gondrali(Anthistiria ciliata), Phuli(Apluda aristata), Bhur bhusi (Erogrostis tenella) Paonia(Sehima sulkata) are the common species. ( Ujjain Development Plan,1991)
F Fa au un na a
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The faunal composition comprises of mainly terrestrial species and aquatic species. As a result of pollution in river Kshipra due to domestic and industrial wastes and due to stagnated water in water bodies, the aquatic life has reduced greatly. Only few wild animals are occasionally seen. Amongst the birds Peacock, Bhat-titar, Kabutar are most common. Common amongst them are fowl and semi aquatic type of ducks. Sarus crane is common in the fields. Bagula is common in the watercourses and ponds. Common pet birds are Parakeet and Grey Partridge.
10.4 Pollution Profile

The burgeoning population and various human activities have led to the concentration of pollutants in our natural resources. Pollution of air and water is detrimental to our health since these two elements are vital for our survival.
W Wa atte er rQ Qu ua alliitty y
DO level at Ramghat and Mangalnath is very low which is unsuitable for the survival of most plants and animals living in water. Decrease in DO levels at Ramghat and Mangalnath is due to slow moving discharge of sewage decaying plants and animals and religious waste. water,
High DO levels at u/s and d/s is due to moving water and the availability of more water for dilution of wastes coming into it. Total hardness is within the limits and thus safe. The hardness values increases at Gaughat and Mangalnath, which is due to domestic and industrial discharge coming from Khilchipur nallah at Mangalnath Chloride values are safe within limits from upstream to down stream of the river. Ramghat has the highest chloride value along the river that is due to discharge of domestic waste that contains human excreta (6mg/day/person). Chloride ions are due to dissolutions of salt deposits, discharge of effluents from industries, irrigation drainage.
P Po olllu uttiio on n iin n tth he eR Riiv ve er rK Ks sh hiip pr ra a
River Kshipra faces serious problems of pollution and consequent decrease and deterioration of water quality and quantity respectively. The sources of pollution can be classified as follows: Pollution due to Khan river - River Khan joins Kshipra at Triveni. At times, during mansoon season, the discharge in river Khan is more than that of Kshipra. Khan carries industrial waste and domestic sewage of Indore town. Religious functions Lakhs of devotees come to take a dip in the sacred rive all the year round. The river ablution is also an important factor for various festivals where a large number of devotees throng the river for a dip. Also, Ujjain being a major centre for after death rituals large no of people visit Ujjain for post cremation rituals like pinddan in river Kshipra with a belief of attaining moksha to the departed. Flow in the river seizes few months after monsoons and religious ceremonies in the stagnant water further deteriorate the water quality. Cremation along the riverfront adds to the pollution profile of the river. Religious waste is a major contributor to the river pollution with almost all the religious offerings from flowers, hair, ashes to post cremation waste being thrown in the river. Discharge of sewage: Earlier a lot of sewage was discharged directly into the river from many nallahs. With NRCP project it was minimized reducing pollution loads on river Kshipra.
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UJJAIN
Sewage pumping station for Somwaria nallah at Chakratirth Ghat
Agricultural practices: River also gets contaminated by the chemical fertilizers used in the surrounding agricultural fields that flow into the river during monsoon. Though no comprehensive data is available but considerable impact on the river is seen. Others sources: Brick kilns at Datta Aakhada Kshetra dump the waste into the river and also pump out water from the river at different points. A study done by Pollution Control Board revealed that the most critical points in terms of pollution are Gaughat, Ramghat and Mangalnath. This might be due to high religious potentiality of this area that is visited by maximum religious tourist. Potential Areas for Intervention and Development For determining the most critical area various parameters studied were superimposed as shown in the graph.
Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 T ri ve ni Ga ug hat Bh oo khi Ma ta Na rs i ng h gh at Ra mg hat Dh obi gh at Ch akr a te e rt h Ra nje et Ha nu ma n Raj am al R in Mu k te sh wa r Bh a rti har i V ik ra n t + Kal Bh a ir av Ga ng ag hat Ma ng a ln a th S id dh aw at Kal ia d eh R ive r W ate r A vaila bility In fra stru ctu re (To ilets + C h a n gin g R o o m s) E xistin g C o n ditio n M a in te n a n ce R e la tive Im p o rta n ce E xistin g U se A cce ssibility
P o p u larity
In fra stru ctu re (A m e n itie s)
P o te n tia l
The above analysis shows that Triveni, Ramghat and Mangalnath are the major areas of concern
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UJJAIN
R Re ec ce en ntt iin niittiia attiiv ve es s
Rudra Sagar is situated on the west side of the Mahakaal Temple Complex. Being part of the Sapta Sarovar the tank has a great religious and historical significance. During festivals like Panchkroshi Yatra and Simhastha it is ritual to take holy dip in the lake. Apart from this Rudrasagar acts as recharge zone. At present the tank has a densely populated slum area on its southern side, Mahakal Temple Complex on eastern side, Settlements and temple complexes on western side and Ramghat on North West side. Due to rapid urbanization and absence of public sewerage and drainage system in Ujjain, the tank at present is converted in to a collection tank of the dirty water. The present system of carrying the sewerage is not functioning properly due to many reasons. Out of those most important are mixing of solid and liquid waste and inadequate sizes at the disposal points. UMC took the initiative for revitalization of the Rudra Sagar recently.
10.5 Urban greening

Considering the density of human influx within the Ujjain city, the rather limited existing green areas are under severe stress. Schemes should be developed for soft and hard landscaping and upgrading some green spaces.
10.6 Issues
Sustainable Riverfront Development: The stress of the city is being felt on the river and development is likely to continue all along the river that would have large scale impact on the river. Pollution Due To Religious Activities: This is major issue threatening the survival of the river and is closely linked to the religious nature and functions of the city. Water augmentation throughout the year: Low rainfall, lack of flow in the river substantiates the pollution problems and also threatens the religiosity of the city which is closely linked with the river. No proper collection of solid wastes.
Other major issues of the city
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UJJAIN
Direct mixing of untreated sewage. Direct disposal of solid waste on streets and drains. Solid waste disposal site creating air and land pollution. Open defecation on riverbed. Continuous honking of rickshaws around hospitals and schools. High noise pollution. High RSPM, during peak hrs. Erosion of soil from the banks of the rivers. Intensive agricultural land use along the river and high dependency on river water for irrigation. Utilization of ghats for washing and bathing. High levels of use for religious activities like mass bathing, pind-daan etc. Polluting activities like cremation, commercial washing of clothes. Water resourcing for brick kilns and agricultural purposes. High siltation rate due to erosion prone area After death rituals along the ghats - Ritual waste being thrown directly in the river.
10.7 Strategies
Strategy -1 Prevention of Localized Damage to the River Action Manage and control developmental activities at the waterfront. Manage and prevent polluting factors and activities on the riverfront with alternatives for disposal methods. Religious activities- Many alternatives measures for preventing throwing of ritual waste has been taken by providing kunds for disposal ,it has been not very successful due to lack of awareness and strict enforcement. Strict enforcement and penalty for the polluter should be taken as a measure for prevention of this. Dhobighat - Though new structures for it have been built as a part plan of NRCP, water supply and other facilities need to be provided at these points Cremation - Awareness to use the electrical crematorium should be done. Practices like dumping of the ashes directly in the river need to be controlled. Awareness within the local population Awareness programmes and creation of local groups for action against polluting activities can be done.
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UJJAIN
Regular cleaning and maintenance Maintenance should not be concern only for Municipal Commission but peoples participation programmes should be worked for cleaning of river Kshipra.
Strategy 2 Erosion control and Control of usage of water from the river for agricultural and other activities. Action Afforestation for prevention of soil erosion from the banks of the river could be done. Since most of the land is under agricultural holdings agro-forestry can be propagated with high fruit yielding trees of local variety of fruiting trees depending on the market saleability of the agro products. Strict enforcement should be done for prevention of water usage for agriculture practices. People should be encouraged to have Dabri system ponds to conserve water and use it judiciously for the agriculture Strict enforcement for prohibition of sand mining practices. Strategy 3 Maintaining a minimum flow in the river for pollution abetment Action No pollution prevention scheme can be effective if some flow is not maintained in the river. This would require a detailed study and analysis of the river bed, depth, flow velocity etc. a working and management system of check dams and release of water should be designed to maintain the flow throughout the year. University of Roorkees study on river Kshipra
10.8 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality

The attempts at reviving water bodies have been found to be too energy intensive, the approaches rely on the round the clock use of expensive aerators- fountains, which spray water upwards, increasing the dissolved oxygen levels in the process. Recently, however, S.K.Billore, professor at the Institute of Environment Management and Plant Sciences in Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P. has devised a cost effective technique to revive water bodies. Billores method relies on artificial floating islands (AFIs).
The islands are made up of local riparian reed grass, Phragmites Karka, which is known to draw away nitrogen and phosphorous from soil. The plants have a special root system which enable them to hold the organic waste and digest it as well. The reed grass also has a hollow shoot system which pumps oxygen into water, improving its dissolved oxygen level. This process improves the quality of the water body over time. But Billore says, Floating plants do treat waste water, but they are rarely found in the quantities sufficient enough to treat the pollution load of our water bodies. This gap has to be filled by eco-engineering AFIs.
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UJJAIN
In 2004, the Union ministry of water resources commissioned Billore to undertake a threeyear research project, the main goal of which was to restore water quality of Kshipra in Ujjain. For starters, Billores team installed a 200sqm AFI in the least turbulent part of the river. Floating islands are widely used in many countries including Japan and China, but Billores project was the first of its kind in India. In fact, the Vikram university professor had been working on the concept for a while. In 1994, he had treated wastewater from 400 household in Ujjains Ravinder Nagar, using the reed and bed system. The projects success spurred Billore to conduct more extensive research on reed beds. And in 2005, he upscaled the same concept to treat Kshipra River. The scientist points out, Kshipra is the lifeline of Ujjain, but now sewage from fast growing city of Indore has virtually sounded the death knell of the river. He installed the eco-engineering AFIs in Kshipra near Jiwaji observatory where phragmites were growin in 200 sqm float. The coir base was made using locally available bamboo. Over a period of time, the root of the grass extended to more than a meter and its dense root system helped in arresting suspended organic matters. This provides a congenial environment for the breeding of insects and micro invertebrates. The system became a house for micro and macro organisms, which started sapping up organic matters trapped in the root system. The root system became a home for beneficial bacteria, which improved biological processes such as the nitrogen cycle. The AFI ecosystem enhanced the self-purification capacity of water bodies with oxygen surging through the hollow floating reed stem-rhizome-roots. The AFI can effectively meet primary goals of removing nitrates, phosphates, suspended solids and BOD by 50-80%. Besides improving water quality, AFIS protect the littoral zone, improve the waterscape and provide a habitat for fish and birds. A comparative analysis of samples taken below the floating islands and from a distance, in March 2006, shows a considerable improvement in the river quality.
10.8.1 Floating islands work

Parameters in mg/l Dissolved oxygen Biological (BOD) Chemical (COD) oxygen oxygen Away from AFIs 3.5 demand 40 demand 62 4 Below AFIs 4.3 23 32 2 Difference % 22.8 -42.8 -48.4 -50
Oxygen nitrogen Source Vikram University Ujjain
Creating floating islands of the kind devised by Billore means a one-time cost of around RS 6.00 lakhs. The system requires minimum maintenance. During high currents, floods, or when the Kshipra is in peak flow, the floating islands have to be dragged to the banks to
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UJJAIN
prevent them from getting carried away by the river. This problem is, however confined to floating islands in river. Islands in ponds do not face this problem. In June 2006, Billore and his team successfully implemented the AFI system in the temple tank of Mahakalaleshwar temple to reduce the algae growth. After his success in Kshipra river, Billore and his team developed a wetland system Ekant Park in Bhopal. The Ujjain university professor is today serving as a consultant to M.P. Environment Planning and Coordination Organization for projects that aim to develop a wetland system that will treat wastewater sources from Bhopal city. Installation of this wetland is part of the Bhoj Wetland Projects that aims to conserve and manage the upper and lower lakes of Bhopal.
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UJJAIN
11
11.1 Overview
T e T ec ch hn niic ca all R Re ev viie ew wM Mu un niic ciip pa all F Fiin na an nc ce e
Municipal governments have been assigned a range of functions related to the provision of the public services. They strive to meet the costs of constructing and maintaining urban facilities and services. Revenues must be raised to cover capital investments and recurrentrevenue expenditures, as well as employees salaries and debt services. The raised revenues must be utilized to attain the needs of the public as well enhance the development of the city as a whole Meaning, management of revenues and expenditure planning is very important aspect for any local body. Ujjain Municipal Corporation maintains municipal Account for managing the finances of the Municipal Council. The accounts of the municipal fund are maintained on an accrual based double entry system (Under Process). Section 132 of Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act, 1956, mandates the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to levy and collect taxes approved by the State Government and notified in the Official Gazette. This section contains a description of the municipal finances, the sources and uses of funds, and an assessment of municipal finances based on important financial indicators. The Municipal Accounts code of Government of Madhya Pradesh prescribes the organization of the municipal Accounts in to three broad categories of General Account and capital Account. Data collected from the annual accounts of the UMC have been compiled and analyzed under these categories. For the purpose of municipal fiscal assessment, financial data pertaining to the last seven years (2000-01 to 2006-07) is mentioned below in Table 3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Table 3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Particulars
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
200607(Esti mated )
Rs. Lakh Revenue Account Revenue income Revenue expenditure Surplus/Deficit Capital Account Capital income Capital expenditure Surplus/Deficit
2217.15 2536.12 -318.97
2063.6 2727.44 -663.84
2390.43 2766.81 -376.38
2109.89 2888.57 -778.68
2370.18 3542.53 -1172.35
2867.53 3292.51 -424.98
3123.84 3420.08
627.98 163.83 464.15
348.75 292.15 56.60
1356.75 489.88 866.87
4272.88 3051.11 1221.77
2480.18 2195.29 284.89
1633.10 360.99 1272.11
1027.24 405.38 621.86
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis
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UJJAIN
-296.23
Further UMC is highly dependent on the Government transfers. Main revenue source is the octroi compensation transferred by the GoMP, though its proportion is again decreasing. The establishment expenditure is the major component in revenue expenditure of UMC. Contribution from each elements of revenue and expenditure of the corporation is given in the following
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the UMC
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UJJAIN
Particulars Revenue Receipts Tax Receipts Property Tax Consolidated Tax Miscellaneous Tax Water Charges Income from Municipal Property Income from Municipal land and assets Income from Market Fees, Service Charges and Penalties License Income Income from Advertising Income from Map sanctiomning etc. Miscellaneous Income Revenue Transfer Octroi Compensation Stamp Duty Transfers Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Total Revenue Receipt Capital Receipts Grants- Water Supply Grants- Other Infrastructure SFC & Basic Services Grant Central/State/District Grants for Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA Total- Capital Receipts Revenue Expenditure Administration &Establishment Expenditure Establishment & salary General Administration O & M Expenditure Lighting Water Works Health Public works & Roads Wiorkshop &Stores Miscellaneous Total- Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Water Supply Road Construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Total- Capital Expenditure
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
200607
(Estimated)
6.72 2.84 0.28 22.19 2.01 3.37 5.38 0.11 1.17 5.07 41.21 2.06 7.58 100.00
8.00 3.26 0.69 22.42 2.00 3.87 2.77 0.08 1.25 3.16 43.09 1.94 7.49 100.00
8.61 3.43 0.39 14.91 2.24 2.94 2.79 0.09 1.57 4.22 51.34 0.54 6.93 100.00
10.58 4.18 0.42 14.90 2.15 3.28 5.65 0.23 1.89 2.86 39.97 2.59 11.30 100.00
10.36 4.07 0.44 12.59 1.77 2.40 3.56 0.18 1.75 2.22 49.38 2.73 8.54 100.00
10.99 3.89 0.43 13.19 1.58 3.05 1.15 0.08 3.75 1.24 47.23 5.94 7.50 100.00
10.72 3.91 0.52 13.93 1.29 2.56 1.18 0.05 4.32 2.70 43.22 4.40 11.20 100.00
39.57 23.81 36.62 0.00 100.00
43.14 34.12 18.94 3.80 100.00
13.25 14.23 6.01 66.52 100.00
4.61 3.61 7.74 84.04 100.00
13.13 8.33 17.95 60.59 100.00
10.74 11.90 42.71 34.65 100.00
17.93 22.69 59.38 0.00 100.00
53.01 1.95 4.59 28.91 3.67 2.64 2.88 2.34 100.00 19.54 8.01 0.00 31.07 10.83 30.55 100.00
59.43 2.10 5.17 23.93 2.92 1.60 2.77 2.07 100.00 47.07 2.94 0.00 9.34 7.55 33.09 100.00
51.20 2.40 6.67 26.71 4.13 1.57 4.63 2.70 100.00 54.36 16.97 0.00 0.00 9.61 19.06 100.00
53.72 3.21 7.45 20.44 5.03 2.68 4.33 3.12 100.00 26.12 53.16 0.59 0.74 13.54 5.85 100.00
48.59 3.81 6.57 18.00 12.87 1.01 4.15 5.00 100.00 35.69 38.06 0.46 2.42 15.03 8.34 100.00
57.44 4.31 7.53 16.24 5.56 1.48 4.65 2.80 100.00 0.00 39.13 0.00 2.84 12.07 45.96 100.00
218
59.23 2.11 9.06 16.42 0.64 4.36 5.12 3.07 100.00 0.00 40.99 0.00 2.66 11.33 45.02 100.00
UJJAIN
11.2 Revenue Account

The Revenue Account comprises of recurring items of income and expenditure. These are essentially all financial transactions related to the day-to-day operations of the Municipal Corporation. Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMCsummarizes the status of the Revenue Account. Overall revenue receipts of UMC are increased over the year which is also resulted in reduction of revenue deficit. Own Sources/Non Tax comprises of income from municipal properties, fees on municipal services (building permission, etc.), user charges (water and sewerage tariffs) have not been introduced yet and income from special services (educational and medical). On an average, through the assessment period, own source/non tax income constitutes 12.10 percent of the total revenue income. The revenue transfer includes grants other than capital grants from Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP)/State transfers of municipal income collected by the state line department. The income items include surcharge on stamp duty, entertainment tax, motor vehicle tax, and other transfers. Collection of entertainment tax has been discontinued for the last three years. The amounts of funds transferred to the UMC under this head have fluctuated largely during the assessment period, indicating irregular transfers. Revenue transfer constitutes average 56 per cent of the UMCs total revenue income.
Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMC
Revenue Receipts
2000-01 710.14 119.26 260.25 1127.50 2217.15
200102 709.22 120.99 149.70 1083.69 2063.6
200203 653.76 123.75 207.15 1405.77 2390.43
200304 634.79 114.52 224.36 1136.22 2109.89
200405 650.93 98.73 182.76 1437.76 2370.18
200506 817.18 132.74 178.03 1739.58 2867.53
2006-07
(Estimated)
Tax Receipts Income from Municipal Property Fees, Service Charges and Penalties Revenue Transfer Total Revenue Receipt Revenue Expenditure Administration &Establishment Expenditure O & M Expenditure Total Revenue Expenditure Revenue Surplus
908.222 120.17 257.91 1837.55 3123.84
1393.95 1142.17 2536.12 -318.97
1678.33 1049.11 2727.44 -663.84
1482.90 1283.91 2766.81 -376.38
1644.57 1244.00 2888.57 -778.68
1856.38 1686.15 3542.53 -172.35
2033.00 1259.51 3292.51 -424.98
2097.93 1322.15 3420.08 -296.23
11.2.1 Revenue Income

The revenue income of Ujjain UMC has increased gradually from Rs. 2217.15 lakh in 200001 to estimated Rs.3123.84 lakh in 2006-07 a CAGR of about 5 per cent. Revenue income consists of the following major sources shown in the Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of each component of revenue receiptgiven below.
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UJJAIN
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis
Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of each component of revenue receipt

3500
Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Stamp Duty Transfers
3000
Octroi Compensation
2500
Miscellaneous Income Income from Map sanctiomning etc.
2000
Income from Advertising License Income
1500
Income from Market Income from Municipal land and assets Water Charges Miscellaneous Tax
1000
500
Consolidated Tax Property Tax
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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UJJAIN
Own Sources/Tax comprises of income primarily sourced from consolidated property tax3 and consolidated tax (general purpose tax, water tax, lighting tax and scavenging tax, educational cess, city development cess). On an average, through the assessment period, own source/tax income constitutes average 28 percent of the UMCs revenue income, with consolidated property tax4 constituting about 10 percent of the revenue income. UMC levies a consolidated property tax of 6 to 10 per cent of the Annual Rateable Value (ARV). Income from the aforesaid sources is showing an increasing trend over the assessment period with a CAGR of 12 percent. Revenue Grants and Contribution is comprises octroi compensation grants, State Finance Commission (SFC) grants, special establishment grants and other special grants that the State Government may transfer from time-to-time to the UMC. In case of Ujjain, octroi compensation is the only significant grant and it accounts for an average of about 45 per cent of the total revenue income over the assessment period. Income under this head has grown at a CAGR of about 5.74% per cent over the assessment period.
11.2.2 Revenue Expenditure

The revenue expenditure of Ujjain Municipal Corporation has grown at a CAGR of 5 per cent during the assessment period, slightly higher than the growth in revenue income. Revenue expenditure comprises broadly of two categories of expenditure establishment, operation and maintenance.
As elsewhere in India, in Madhya Pradesh property tax is levied under the, M.P. Municipal Corporation Act, 1956 (Section 135) at the rate not less than 6% and not more than 10% of the annual letting value (ARV) of a building or land. In 1991, a new method of levying property tax was introduced [MP Municipality (Determination of Annual Letting Value of Buildings/Land) Rules, 1997] under which all ULBs were required to switch to a zonal area-linked system involving self-assessment of annual rental value (ARV) by the assesses. For this, the municipal corporation area was classified in more than one zone on the basis of, as far as possible, similar locations of the buildings and lands situated therein. These were then classified based on quality of construction, use of property and location. The ULBs were authorized to fix separate rates according to the zone-wise classification.
4
Introduced in 1998-99 allover MP, this tax is levied at a fixed annual rate and is collected along with property tax.
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UJJAIN
Figure 6 Chart showing component of revenue expenditure

4000
Miscellaneous
3500
Wiorkshop &Stores
3000
Public Works & Roads

2500
Health
2000
Water Works
1500
Lighting
1000
General Administration
500
Establishment & salary

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The accruals to the municipal fund are applied to carry out designated municipal functions and services comprising: General Administration and Tax Collection comprises expenditure on pay and allowances of elected representatives, salary and other operational expenses related to general administration and revenue collection, pension and gratuity payouts and provident fund contributions. The annual expenditure under this head is to the tune of about Rs. 2097.93 lakh (2006-07) accounting for about 60 per cent of the revenue expenditure. Water Supply Expenditure on water supply comprises salaries of all relevant staff and operating expenditure incurred largely on electricity charges and purchase of chemicals for water treatment. Water Supply expenditure accounts for average 21 percent of the total revenue expenditure. Street light and public health conservancy are largest expenditure head in the municipal fund, account for an average of over 6 and 5 per cent respectively of the revenue expenditure over the assessment period. This heads cover expenditure incurred in conservancy operations of the UMC, including salaries of supervisory and field staff and operation and maintenance of
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UJJAIN
a fleet of vehicles for solid waste collection and transportation. On an average, over 90 per cent of expenditure under these heads is attributed to salary expenses, and electric bills. Expenditure under these heads has increased at a CAGR of about 21 percent combine over the assessment period. Debt Servicing comprises interest payments on external borrowings. According to the financial data provided by the UMC, there has been no debt servicing during the assessment period.5
11.3 Capital Account

The Capital Account comprises of income and expenditure, for and on capital works. The below given Table 6 Capital Account of UMCdescribes the capital account of the UMC. The capital surplus have positive trend. The capital grants are mainly raise in the Singhstha years.
Table 6 Capital Account of UMC
Capital Receipts
2000-01 248.48 149.54 229.96 0 627.98
200102 150.46 119 66.04 13.25 348.75
200203 179.72 193.02 81.51 902.5 1356.75
200304 196.99 154.27 330.76 3590.86 4272.88
200405 325.63 206.51 445.29 1502.75 2480.18
200506 175.41 194.36 697.43 565.9 1633.1
2006-07
(Estimated)
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.) SFC & Basic Services Grant Central/State/District Grants for Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA Total- Capital Receipts Capital Expenditure water Supply Road construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction
184.18 233.06 610 0 1027.2
32.01 13.12 0
137.51 8.6 0
266.29 83.14 0
796.91 1622 18
783.43 835.56 10
0 141.25 0
0 166.1 0
The State Finance Commission devolution made by the State Government takes cognizance of outstanding debt/liability of the urban local bodies (ULB) in Madhya Pradesh. Devolution is made after appropriating ULB dues to financial institutions/lending agencies.
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UJJAIN
Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Total- Capital Expenditure Capital surplus
50.9 17.75 50.05 163.83 464.15
27.3 22.07 96.67 292.15 56.6
0 47.08 93.37 489.88 866.87
22.49 413.27 178.44 3051.11 1221.77
53.13 329.99 183.18 2195.29 284.89
10.26 43.56 165.92 360.99 1272.11
10.7 45.93 182.5 405.37 621.863
11.3.1 Capital Income.

The sources of capital income comprise largely of grants under state/central government schemes, loans, and own sources including consumer contributions towards one-time connection charges for water and sale of municipal capital assets. The Figure 7 Chart showing component of Capital Receiptsshows the contribution of each component in the capital receipt of the UMC.
Figure 7 Chart showing component of Capital Receipts
4500
4000
Central/State/District Grants for Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA
3500
3000
SFC & Basic Services Grant
2500
2000
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.)

1500
1000
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance

500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Major chunk of the capital grant comes from the State Finance Commission which contributes about 60 percent in year 2006-07 followed by PHED WTP grant. It can be clearly defined that the Singhstha year affects the capital receipts dramatically.
11.3.2 Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure comprises all capital expenditure on creation of infrastructure systems and purchase of plant, equipment and machinery. Most of the capital expenditure incurred
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UJJAIN
during the assessment period has been on roads and water supply. Figure 8 Chart showing capital expenditureshows the capital cost elements over the year.
Figure 8 Chart showing capital expenditure
3500.00
3000.00
Recommendation work for all ward members
2500.00
Other/Misc.
2000.00
Drainage work for small localities
1500.00
Stadium & Swimming pool Construction

1000.00
Road construction
500.00
0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
water Supply
It can be derived that the road construction and water works has been done mainly during the Singhstha which tends to be increased. While the recommendation of work from the various stake holders is remains about to same for all years.
11.4 Key Financial Indicators

Financial sustainability of any institute can be judged by financial and performance ratio. Here some ratio pertaining to income, expenditure and performance of UMC are given below in Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC.
Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC
Particular
2000-01
200102
200203
2003-04
200405
200506 25% 118%
2006-07
(Estimated)
38% 79%
41% 69%
26% 116%
15% 256%
19% 165%
31% 92%
Tax Revenue As a % of total income As a % of revenue income Property tax
25% 32%
29% 34%
17% 27%
10% 30%
13% 27%
18% 28%
22% 29%
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UJJAIN
Income Ratio Own sources of Revenue as % Of total Income Govt. Transfer as % of total revenue income including revenue transfers)
As a % of total income As a % of revenue income Revenue transfer As a % of total income As a % of revenue income Income from Municipal properties As a % of total income As a % of revenue income Fee & User Charges As a % of total income As a % of revenue income Expenditure Ratio Establishment Expense As a % of total revenue expenditure As a % of total expenditure As a % of income from own sources Administrative expense As a % of total revenue expenditure As a % of total expenditure O & M Expenditure As a % of total revenue expenditure As a % of total expenditure Capital expenditure expenditure Performance Ratio Income per citizen (In Rs.) Revenue Income Capital Income Expenditure per citizen (In Rs.) Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Maintenance and Repair ex. Per citizen (In Rs.) Rev.Exp./Rev.income Capital grant utilisation ratio Total Income / Rev.exp as % of total
5% 7%
7% 8%
5% 9%
3% 11%
5% 10%
7% 11%
8% 11%
40% 51%
45% 53%
38% 59%
18% 54%
30% 61%
39% 61%
44% 59%
4% 5%
5% 6%
3% 5%
2% 5%
2% 4%
3% 5%
3% 4%
9% 12%
6% 7%
6% 9%
4% 11%
4% 8%
4% 6%
6% 8%
53% 50% 123%
59% 54% 165%
51% 43% 144%
54% 26% 159%
49% 30% 185%
57% 52% 168%
59% 53% 157%
2.0% 1.8%
2.1% 1.9%
2.4% 2.0%
3.2% 1.6%
3.8% 2.4%
4.3% 3.9%
2.1% 1.9%
45% 42% 6%
38% 35% 10%
46% 39% 15%
43% 21% 51%
48% 29% 38%
38% 34% 10%
39% 35% 11%
515.62 146.04 589.80 38.1 265.62 1.14 26% 1.12
469.58 79.36 620.63 66.47 238.73 1.32 84% 0.88
532.24 302.09 616.04 109.0 285.87 1.16 36% 1.35
459.66 930.89 629.31 664.7 271.02 1.37 71% 2.21
505.25 528.70 755.16 467.9 359.44 1.49 89% 1.37
598.12 340.64 686.76 75.29 262.71 1.15 22% 1.37
637.55 209.65 698.01 82.73 269.84 1.09 39% 1.21
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UJJAIN
The following table described the efficiency indicators in terms of collection efficiency etc. Concrete plans are afoot to increase the efficiency on these fronts as there is scope.
Table 8 financial performance indicators for UMC
EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Tax Collection Performance a. Consolidated Tax b. Property Tax c. Water Tax d. Conservancy Tax Property Tax Demand per Assessment Population per P.T Assessment
Source: Ujjain UMC and analysis.
13.53 % 28.40 % 23.49 % 13.49 % 1,079.80 5.97
11.5 Key Issues and Conclusion

Key issues and conclusions are based on the review and assessment municipal finances and discussions with relevant municipal officials.
M Ma aiin ntte en na an nc ce ea an nd dR Re ep po or rttiin ng go off A Ac cc co ou un ntts s..
The common municipal accounts code is not fully adhered to, especially in cases where new transaction item heads are encountered. Apportionment of revenue and capital items of income and expenditure is not carried out appropriately due to non-clarity in principles of such apportionment at the local level, while it is reported that the State Government deducts debt due by the UMC and then transfers funds (SFC devolution), the UMC records do not capture such apportionment. A common accounting and financial reporting code, updated annually, with interim updations when required, supported with a user manual and organized training of municipal accounts staff will help in streamlining financial accounting and reporting.
R Re ev ve en nu ue eR Re ea alliiz za attiio on n..
Taxes and charges are major own sources of revenue income. Being more dynamic in nature and within the control of the UMC, these revenue incomes have potential to contribute more to the municipal fund. Besides low tax rates and charges levied, the actual demand itself is not established. Key issues regarding the above comprise:
Lukewarm response to the self assessment scheme of property tax assessment and declaration; High reliability on revenue grants for operations revenue grants contribute about 44 per cent of revenue income; Inappropriate record keeping with regard to property tax and water charge assesses; Unclear status on extent of outstanding taxes and charges collectable.
F Fu un nd dA Ap pp plliic ca attiio on n..
Key issues regarding application from the municipal fund comprise:
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UJJAIN
Most of the revenue expenditure (61.82 per cent) is accounted for by establishment item heads, leaving very little for expenditure on operation and maintenance of services;
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UJJAIN
12
12.1 Introduction
I In ns st tiit tu ut tiio on na all F Fr ra am me eW Wo or rk k
In order to enable the urban local bodies to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units of self government, the 74th Constitutional Amendment was introduced in the Parliament and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great reform act in the political context as well as in the administrative and financial aspects concerning the urban local bodies in India. The 1992 amendments aim at empowerment of local bodies by requiring the state governments to; Establish an adequately represented electoral base at local levels with a fixed tenure of five years, and a provision for holding elections within six months in the event of premature dissolution of local councils; Set up mechanisms for consolidating and coordinating planning and development initiatives and actions of municipalities; and Consider expanding the role of municipalities, and correspondingly strengthen their fiscal jurisdiction and power and authority.
Madhya Pradesh has been the leader in terms of progress on the front of decentralisation. Since the Amendment in 1992, the State passed the conformity legislation in 1993, conducted three rounds of elections to local governments and has been one of the first states to constitute and implement the recommendations of the SFCs (1996 and 200). In July, 1957, the State Government enacted the following legislation, replacing the diverse legislations in operation in different parts of the state: The Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961 The Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956
The following Acts were in operation earlier to the formation of new state of Madhya Pradesh and were also continued in operation till their replacement by new legislations. The Central Provinces and Berar Municipalities Act, 1922, as amended between 1927 and 1956, applicable to Mahakoshal region The Ujjain Municipal Corporation Act, 1948 The Madhyabharat Municipalities Act, 1954 The Vindhya Pradesh State Municipal Act, 1954 The Madhyabharat Municipal Corporation Act, 1954 The Ujjain State Municipal Act, 1955 Heritage Related Acts Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951
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UJJAIN
A draft of Heritage regulations has been attached as annexure 12.
The Constitutional amendment Act, 1992, gives local bodies a constitutional status, assigns them a large number of functions (Annexure1-11), ensures them stability, provides a suitable framework to function with greater freedom and also makes institutional arrangements for devolution of larger financial resources. To meet the constitutional requirements and aspirations, the Madhya Pradesh government made necessary amendments in the existing legislations relating to local bodies in the state.
12.2 Institutions and Organisation

Urban management in India is facing new challenges in the form of large concentrations of population in urban areas, opening of the economy and the resultant demand for quality services, growing number of urban poor, inadequate financial resources and complexities of urban situations. As a result, urban management has not remained an exclusive responsibility of the municipal corporations. There are other organizations that are responsible for urban management like urban development authorities, special purpose boards and corporations, and the State Government department controlling the affairs of urban development. As a result of these agencies and the definite roles assigned to them in overall urban management, the municipal corporation is required to closely work with and share the responsibility of urban management with them. Besides Ujjain Municipal Corporation other agencies involved in urban management and development in Madhya Pradesh (and in Ujjain) are:
12.2.1 Urban Administration and Development Department

With the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, major urban related tasks have been transferred to Local Bodies. The Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) through its Urban Administration & Development Department (UADD) is responsible for overseeing urban sector reforms, in terms of capital investment in basic infrastructure for the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The UADD is also responsible for implementation of various public welfare schemes sponsored by the Central and State Governments. Some such schemes include Conversion of Dry Latrine Program, Swarna Jayanti Urban Employment Scheme, National Slum Development Program, Social Security Group Insurance Scheme, Janashri Insurance Scheme etc. These schemes are implemented through the District Urban Development Agency.
Being the parent organization of Municipal Corporations, UADD monitors the functioning of all municipal corporations in the state.
12.2.2 Town and Country Planning Department

The activities of Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are guided by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Nivesh Niyam, 1973 (the Rules). The State Government, as per provisions of the Rules declares a region including major urban areas and its surrounding settlements as a planning area, and orders the preparation of a development plan for the region.
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The implementation responsibility of the development plan proposals vests with the Ujjain Municipal Corporation and the Ujjain Development Authority within their respective jurisdictions. Enforcement of development control regulations and other guidelines vests with UMC for areas within its territorial jurisdictions and with T&CPD in the rest of the planning area. However, in case of large commercial and residential developments within UMC, a no objection certificate from T&CPD is mandatory for sanctioning building plans.
12.2.3 Ujjain Development Authority.

The Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) provides for formation of development authorities in the State. The primary objective of UDA is the implementation of the development plan prepared by the T&CPD for Ujjain planning area, which includes the area under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC) and surrounding villages.
12.2.4 Public Health Engineering Department

PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995. Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staffs works under tile functional control of the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here and accountability is blurred .
12.2.5 Madhya Pradesh Housing Board

Madhya Pradesh Housing Board (MPHB) falls under the administrative and functional control of the Housing and Environment Department of GoMP. The operations of the Board are governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Housing Board Act, 1972. Although MPHB is a semi-governmental organization, GoMP rules and regulations pertaining to establishment and administrative matters are applicable to it. The Ujjain office of MPHB is actively involved in construction of housing colonies and other government buildings like schools and buildings, as deposit works.
Implementation, supervision and monitoring activities pertaining to Central Pollution Control Acts and Rules vests with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India, and the respective State Pollution Control Boards formed/constituted under its rules. Madhya Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) headquartered in the state capital, Bhopal, carries out its operations through seven regional offices, each located at the divisional headquarters. The main function of the regional offices is to monitor the implementation of provisions of various Acts governing pollution control and prevention.
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12.2.6 Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board and EPCO
12.2.7 Heritage related Agencies

12.2.7.1 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Three areas are notified by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951. They are notified as : Vaishya Tekri Kumhar Tekri Garh Kalika The notification does not define the boundary of the monuments and greater clarity is needed in this case. The properties notified are however in the possession of private persons and also needs to be acquired.
12.2.7.2 M.P.State Department of Archaeology, Archives and Museums
Choubis Khamba Durgadas ki Chattari Tilkeshwar Mahadev Vishnu Chatushtika Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir
12.2.7.3 Government Administered Devsthala
Zone 1 S No 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 57 88 59 58 Name of Temple Shri Kapakeshwar Mahadev Shri Ghanteshwar Mahadev Shri Mahadev Place Virdurgadas Marg Path 4 Rajabhau Mahakal Marg Ward Reg. 9 10 11 346 66 99 248 351 392/1
Pushparanteshwar Jawahar Marg Gali 2
Shri Apsareshwar Mahadev
Jawahar Marg gali 1 Shri Pal Marg gali 2
11 11
152 Shri Mati Sahkari Shri Ramkrishna Mandir
60
Shri Nagchandreshwar Mahadev Shri Pal Marg gali 2
11
393/1
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Shri Kalkeshwar Mahadev
Rajamau Mahakal Marg gali 11 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
61
Shri Prathareshwar Mahadev
Shi Pal Marg gali 2
11 11 11 11 10
394/1 97 26 418 62 276 367 375 381 110 04 137 146 406 373 112/1 235 372/1 396 397 397/1 398
Shri Ramji Mandir (Kailash Jawahar Marg gali 2 Narayan) Shri Bairavnath Mandir Shri Ganesh Mandir Shri Ganpati Mandir Jawahar Marg gali 2 Shri Pal Marg gali 2 Rajabhau Mahakal Marg
Shri Indradumneshwar Mahadev Ragabhau Mahakal Marg gali 11 6 Shri Indreshwar Mahdev 54 Shri Mankameshwar Mahadev Shri Durdheshwar Mahadev 220 Shri Abhimukeshwar Mahadev 192 Shri Vireshwar Mahadev 194 Shri Abhayeshwar Mahadev 195 Shri Prashrukeshwar Mahadev 72 78 Shri Bhuteshwar Mahadev Shri Trilokpaleshwar Mahadev Shri Riddhi Siddhi Ganesh Shri Ganpatiji ka Mandir Shri Duttatrey Mandir Shri KalBhairov Mandir Shri Karmeshwar Mahadev Shri Kapthedkar Mahadev Shri Bhairavji ka Mandir Virdurgadas Marg Gali 4 11
Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali 10 1 Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali 10 1 93 Jawahar Marg gali 2 38 Chandrashekhar marg 11 Azad 9
102 Chandrashekhar Azad 9 marg 9 Kshipra Marg gali 1 10 Virdurgadas Marg gali 1 6 Kshipa Marg gali 1 Siddhavat Marg Siddhavat Marg Sidhhavat Marg Bhairavgarh Siddhavat Marg gali 1 Siddhavat Marg gali 1 Siddhavat Marg gali 1 Siddhavat Marg gali 1 10 8 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Shri Lumaeshwar Mahadev Shri Pataleshwar Mahadev Shri Ram Mandir Bhavand chak Shri Siddheshwar Mandir
Siddhavat Marg gali 1 Siddhavat Marg gali 1 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
399/1 400/1 635 706 708 709 710 711 711/1 712 713 717/1 719 760 1080 1164 1165 1167 1167/1 1168 1175/1
Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 Mahendra Marg Bhairavgarh gali
Shri Jaieshwar Mahadev Mandir Shri Badleshwar Mahadev Shri Siddanath Mandir Shri Bageshwar Mandir Shri Neelkantha Mandir
Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Shri Ganpati Mandir Shri Angareshwar Mandir Shri Tejiji ka Mandir Shri Radha Krishna Mandir
Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Lalbai Phoolbai Marg Urdupura Shri GarhKalika Mata Mandir Shri Siddheshwar Mandir Garhkalika Marg
Mahadev Garhkalika Marg Garhkalika Marg Garhkalika Marg Garhkalika Marg
Shri Ganesh ji Ka Mandir Shri Hanuman Mandir Shri Kedapati Hanuman Mandir
Shri Ram Mandir Chaturbhuja Chitragupta Marg Mandir
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51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Shri Ramjanardhan Marg Shri Chitragupta Mandir Shri Rameshwar Mandir Shri Ramji Ka Mandir Shri Mahaprabhu ki Baithak Shri Uttareshwar Mandir Shri Gangeshwar Mandir Shri Ganpati Mandir Shri Bharthahari Gupha Shri Smadhi Pir Matsyaendra Shri Shankarji ka mandir Shri Vishnu Chatushtika Shri Markpandeshwar Mahadev Shri Siveshwar Mandir Shri Ankureshwar Mandir Shri Kusuleshwar Mandir
Chitragupta Marg Chitragupta Marg
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1176 1177 1207/1 1209 1215 1228/1 1228/4 1229 1231 1232 1237/1 720/1 720/2 722/2 722/4 722/1 732 737/1 367/1 609 702
Mahadev Mangalnath Marg Mangalnath Marg Mangalnath Marg
Mahadev Mangalnath Marg Mahadev Mangalnath Marg Mangalnath Marg Bhartahari Marg Bhartahari Marg Okhaleshwar Marg Okhaleshwar Marg
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah 2 Rd.
Mahadev Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah 2 Rd. Mahadev Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah 2 Rd. Mahdev Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah 2 Rd. 2 2 3 3
Shri Shankar Mandir Shri Neelkantheshwar Mandir Shri Girnari Hanuman Mandir Shri Radha Krishan Mandir
Idgah Marg Lalbai Phoolbai Marg Mahavir Marg
Bhairu nala, Chousath yogini 3 Rd
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Shri Jareshwar Mahadev Mandir Sandipani Ashram
72 73 74 75 Zone 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21 27 29 41 63 64 65 66 70
Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Navdurga Mandir Shri Revanteshwar Mandir Shri Brahmeshwar Mandir
Ankpat marg Ravindranath Tagore marg
5 5 9
321 155 591 321
Magh 26, Magadh ji Marg
Mahadev Chandrashekhar Azad Marg 9 12
Shrinath Mandir, Dhaba Rd. Shri Badrinarayan Mandir Shri Baleshwar Mandir Shri Ram,ji ka Mandir, Gola Madhi Shri Kankateshwar Mahadev Ganesh Mandir nr Narsimha temple Shri Mahabaleshwar Mahadev
Chandrashekhar Azad Marg 8 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 Shankracharya Lakhirwadi Marg,
14 67 15 516
7, Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 47 Chandrashekhar Marg gali 11
15 514
Azad 12 277
19/1 Kanahya lal Mannana 18 89/1 Marg gali 3 58/6 Mahadji marg gali 5 12 543 Azad 12 124 16 501 18 550 17 428/1 14 613/1 15 514 24 495 12 514
Shri Mukhteshwar Mahadev, behind 27 Chandrashekhar Siddheshwar temple Marg Shri Rameshwar Rameshwar gali Mahadev, 5 Gopal Mandir Marg.
10 78 11 79 12 86 13 32
Shri Nupureshwar Mahadev, Dabri 17 Tilak Marg gali 7 Peetha Shri Shaureshwar Nardpatha Bambakhana Shri Rajsthaleshwar Bhagsipura Mahadev, 16/1 Shakracharya marg gali5 Mahadev, Shripal marg 6 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 2, Lalalajpat Rai marg gali 1 3/2 Mahadji Marg gali 4
Shri Ram mandir Ramji ki gali
14 102 Shri Ganpati mandir, Nagar kot 15 130 Shri Murli manohar Mandir
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16 114 Akhara Nagababa ki Talai 17 155 Shri Baleshwar JLakherwadi 18 198 Shri Sheetla Mata Mandir 19 199 Shri Vishveshwar Mahadev 20 203 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev 21 204 Shri Mahgateshwar Mahadev 22 203 Shri Saubhagyeshwar Mahadev 23 206 Shri Roopeshwar Mahadev 24 21 Zone 3 `1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 57 35 Shri Khandeshwar Shri Ventateshwar
Nazar Ali Marg, path 1 Mandir, Path 1 23/1 Nazar Ali Marg gali 1 27 Chandrashekhar Marg gali 11 27 Chandrashekhar Marg gali 2 23 262/1
Azad 12 249 Azad 12 124 15 210 12 278
13 Ramratan Sharma Marg 4 Jawahar Marg gali 3
Patal Bhairav ke pas , 141 12 394 Jawahar marg gali 2 15 542
Shri Brajeshwar lalji Mandir Sarafa Kanhaiyalal Mannana Marg (Purushotam Mandir)
24 Khichipur 01 Mahakal Marg 10/2 Tilak Marg
24 29 30 33 35 35
274 219 643 62/5 62/6 62/2 105/2 102/1 315

132 Shri Ram Mandir 37 38 65 42 52 32 Shri Mandir
Omkareshwar 151/5 Mahakal Marg Kot 151/6 Mahakal Marg 151/2 Mahakal Marg
Shri Mahadevji Rudra Sagar Chandradeteshwar Mahadev Shri Mahadev Shri Mahadev
Agasteshwar 52/1 Choubis Khamba 35 Marg Kankateshwar 49/1 Choubis Khamba 35 Marg 19 Choubis Khamba 35 Marg gali 4 Yogipura
Shri Gopal Mandir Trust
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10 33 11 45 12 46 13 48 14 62 15 44 16 81
Shri Venkateshwar Balaji 9 Choubis Khamba 35 Temple Marg gali 4 Yogipura Shri Dudheshwar 18 Choubis Khamba 35 Mahadev, Ramghat Marg gali 4 Yogipura Shri Damrukeshwar 11 Choubiskhamba 35 Mahadev Marg gali 4 yogipura Shri Swarnajaleshwar 17 Choubiskhamba 35 Mahadev Marg gali 4 Yogipura Shri Sangameshwar 11 Choubiskhamba 35 Mahadev Marg gali 4 Yogipura Shri Mahadev Graheshwar 20 Kshipra tat Marg 35 path 1
304 314 306 313 306 652 696 696/1 696/1/2 696/3 696/4 62/4 371
Shri Pishchamukteshwar 25 Kshipra tat Marg 35 Mahadev path 1
17 170 Shri Mankameshwar 25/1` Kshipra tat marg 35 Mahadev path 1 18 35 Shri Kukandeshwar 25/2 Kshipra tat marg 35 Mahadev path 1 Buddheshwar 25/3 Kshipra tat marg 35 path 1 Lokpaleshwar 25/4 Kshipra tat Marg 35 path 1 35 32
19 181 Shri Mahadev 20 215 Shri Mahadev 21 47 22 51
Shri Anadikalpeshwar 151/4 Mahakal Marg Mahadev Shri Swargdareshwar 15 Ahilyabai Marg Mahadev
23 109 Shri Panchayati Malav 14, 15, 16 Jaisinghpura 36 Prantiya Digamber Jain Marg 24 158 Shri Hanuman Mandir ji Ka 7 Jaisinghpura gali1 Marg 36
268 343 349
25 118 Shri Mandir char Bhuja 5 Jaisinghpura Marg gali 36 Radha Krishna Mandir 3
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26 124 Shri Ganpati Bajrang 1 Pala Marg Marghat Ramdev Ka mandir 27 123 Shri Hanuman Mandir 1 B Khurram sah Marg Hanuman Naka Zone 4 1 2 3 4 15401949 Shri Ram Mandir 15401950 Murli Manohar Mandir 15401951 Hanuman Mandir 15401952 Shri Ram Mandir Undasa Undasa Pawasa Pawas
36 34
1103 1166/1
54 54 54 54
252 253 254 255
12.3 Area of Fragmentation

The major reform to local administration in India resulted with the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992, restoring local self-government in the form of mandatory elections, and delegation of functions and finances articulated by SFC. But, functional decentralisation will remain on paper, if a corresponding and commensurate financial devolution is not made to different territorial governments. Beyond the creation of the democratically elected bodies at the level of municipalities, the progress on decentralization has, at best, been slow and tardy. No worthwhile decentralization of powers and responsibilities had occurred or is in sight. There exists no evidence that powers and responsibilities of local governments have, inde-acto terms, been expanded in accordance with Schedule XII. Far more
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disconcerting fact is the absence of clarity in respect of the functions of local governments.6 Although the state governments have enacted the conformity legislations incorporating the provisions of the Constitutional amendments, the formulation of rules and byelaws to put those provisions into effect has lagged behind. It is not clear if the recommendations of the finance commission of states have been acted upon, and if these have led to any improvement in the finances of local governments.
12.3.1 MC and UDA/ TCPD/ HB

There is a proper co-ordination between MC-UDA as well as other development agencies. It can be analysed from the successful conduction of Sinhastha two years back. More importantly, the T&CP makes planning decisions and recommendations, which are mostly accepted by the MC and only those recommendations are discussed which the MC feels is inimical to the future growth / development of the city. A similar relationship exists between MC and HB. Sometimes there emerge issues relating to Handing ,over-taking of assets between the MC and the UDA or HB.
12.3.2 Inter - Agency Issues

At present, together with the city corporations, there are state agencies also operating in the same urban space, independently of the ULB. These are the Urban Development Authority State Housing Board, the Town and Country Planning Department, etc. Similarly there are central government agencies. The activities of all these agencies impact on the same or the peripheral urban space, which affect the spatial pattern and future growth direction. The
Except in a highly aggregative manner, no commonly accepted or nationwide approach emerges from the reports of the SFCs. The SFCs have formulated the fiscal package for local bodies without having access to a clear statement on what the functional jurisdiction of local bodies is or will be for the period of their recommendations. Thus, the recommended package does not relate to the functions that the local bodies may perform over this period.
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functional jurisdictions of these agencies vis--vis the Municipal Corporations in respect of the main civic services are shown in Table 13-1
Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain
S. No 1 2 3 4
Sector Water Sanitation & Sewerage On Site Solid Waste Roads/ Bridges National State Local Drainage Slum Improvement City Planning Environment Public health
Planning and Design PHED PHED MC / UDA/ HB/NGOs MC GoI GoMP (PWD) MC/ UDA/ HB PHED/ MC/ UDA MC/ DUDA T & CP MPPCB/ EPCO MC
Construction PHED PHED MC/ UDA/ HB/ NGOs MC GoI/ GoMP (PWD) GoMP (PWD) MC/ UDA/ HB PHED/ MC/ UDA MC/ DUDA UDA/ HB MPPCB/ EPCO MC
Operation and maintenance PHED / MC PHED / MC Households MC GoI/ GoMP (PWD) GoMP (PWD) MC/ UDA/ HB PHED/ MC/ UDA MC/ DUDA MC (UDA/ HB) MPPCB/ MC MC
5 6 7 8 9
12.3.3 MC and PHED

PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995. Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staffs works under tile functional control of the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here which can be sorted out. The current arrangement between the MC and PHED is working and it is likely to improve in a better way in the coming years.
12.4 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation 12.4.1 Organisation Structure

The functioning of Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC) is governed by the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956 and amendments thereto. The organisational set up of UMC comprises of a Political Wing (Deliberative) and Executive Wing. The Deliberative Wing is an elected body of Councillors from different wards in the city and is headed by the Mayor. The Executive Wing is headed by the Commissioner and looks after the day-to-day functioning of the Corporation and assists the Deliberative Wing in the decision making process.
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12.4.1.1 Deliberative Wing
The Deliberative Wing of UMC is headed by the Mayor and overall functioning of the Corporation is governed by the Mayor-in-Council and the Departmental Advisory Committees constituted by the Speaker from amongst the Councillors other than the members of the Mayor-in-Council.7 The provisions contained in the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 regarding the constitution of Mayor-in-Council, election of a Speaker and formation of Advisory Committees are given under section 9. Under Section 18 of the Act, the Mayor and elected Councillors of the Corporation shall elect a Speaker from the elected Councillors. Under Section 37 of the Act, the Mayor-in-Council shall be constituted by the Mayor from amongst the elected Councillors within 7 days from the date of election of the Speaker.
C Co om mm miitttte ee es ss se ett u up pb by yU UM MC Cu un nd de er rM Ma ay yo or r--iin n--C Co ou un nc ciill
As per Section 403 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956, UMC has appointed an Appeal Committee to look into the appeals against an order passed by the Commissioner or an officer subordinate to the Commissioner. The Appeals Committee consists of the Mayor and four elected Councillors. Any aggrieved person may appeal against any order passed by the Commissioner or any Officer within 30 days from the date of such order. The Appeal Committee may for sufficient cause extend the period prescribed for appeal. When an appeal is made against an order, all proceedings to enforce such order and all prosecutions for breach thereof are suspended pending the decision on the appeal.
The Mayor-in-Council shall consist of the Mayor and ten members. The Mayor shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Mayor-in-Council and shall preside over meetings. The Mayor-in-Council may appoint one or more sub-committees from amongst its members and may refer to it any matter pending before it for inquiry and ask for report or opinion.
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W Wa ar rd dC Co om mm miitttte ee es s
According to Section 48-A of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the Ward Committees shall be constituted within 30 days from the date of election of the Speaker. Every elected Councillor representing a ward within the territorial area of a Wards Committee and two persons residing within the territorial area of such Committee shall be nominated as members by the Mayor. The persons shall be nominated on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Wards Committee and such persons shall not have voting rights in the meetings. The State Government has prescribed the duties, powers and the procedure for conducting the business of Wards Committees. These rules are summarised in the Annexure.
12.4.1.2 Functional Review of MiC and General Body
After civic elections, the Mayor-in-Council was constituted by the Mayor in June 2005 as per Section 37 of the Act. Similarly, the Speaker has constituted the following Advisory Committees to advise in the affairs of the department concerned. Housing, Environment and Public Works Department Water works Department Health and Medical Department Market Department Education department Women and Child Welfare Department Food and Civil Supplies Department Rehabilitation and Employment Department Revenue Department Law and General Administration Department
The member of the Mayor-in-Council have been made Member-in-Charge of each of the above departments and he is expected to convene the meeting of the Advisory Committee of the department concerned at least once in every two months and preside over such meetings. It is expected that the departmental proposals regarding the expenditure and developmental works shall be first discussed in the Advisory Committee and if approved, subsequently put to Mayor-in-Council or to other sanctioning authorities for sanction. The meetings of the Advisory Committees are held regularly and many times expenditure proposals up to Rs.10 lakh are directly sanctioned by the Mayor-inCouncil. Sometimes there appears to be lack of proper coordination between the two wings, which may be because of the composition of the Mayor-in-Council, and General Body as different parties rule these bodies. The Advisory Committees are functioning effectively and contribute effectively in the decision making process.
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There is no mechanism for monitoring the progress of capital works or other expenditure sanctioned by the Mayor-in-Council.
The organisation structure of the Deliberative Wing of UMC is presented in the enclosed .
Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing
Public Sphere Of Ujjain Mayor Chair Person Mayor in Council Appeal Committee Ward Committee Advisory Committee
Departments of MIC
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Housing, Environment and Public Works Department Water works Department Health and Medical Department Market Department Education department Women and Child Welfare Department Food and Civil Supplies Department Rehabilitation and Employment Department Revenue Department Law and General Administration Department
The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the executive wing. According to Section 69 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the entire executive power for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act vests in Commissioner and he shall also: Perform all the duties imposed or conferred upon him by the Act Prescribe the duties and exercise supervision and control over the acts and proceedings of all municipal officers and servants and subject to the rules or bye laws for the time
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being in force, dispose of all questions relating to the services of the said officers and servants and their pay, privileges and allowances. Take immediate action on occurrence of any accident or unforeseen event and report it to the Deliberative Wing of the Corporation and the costs if any, of such action and not covered by the current budget provision.
The various Departments under Municipal Commissioner have been divided amongst 2 Additional Municipal Commissioners. This deputation of power has been done under Sec 45 of the M.P.M Co Act. There are three Deputy Municipal Commissioners who are in charge of the central city functions of Finance, Engineering and the city planner deputed from the town planning department holds the central position as a coordinator to the front line administrative staff. The implementation of the decentralisation process is in progress and there is no clarity regarding the role of the Central and Divisional offices and the functions and powers. The organisation structure of the executive wing is presented in the enclosed Figure- 12-2.
Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC
Municipal Commissioner
Addl. Commissioner
Dy. Commissioner Departmental Heads
Dy. Commissioner Asst. Commissioner
Public Works Deptt. Health & Sanitation Deptt. Water Supply Deptt. Finance & Accounts Deptt General Administration Deptt. Revenue & Tax Deptt.
Zonal Officers
Technical Staff
Public Relation & Library Deptt.

Fire Brigade & Workshop Deptt. Law Section & Legal Cell Deptt. Planning & Development Deptt. Garden & Parks Deptt
Non technical Staff
Ward Officers
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12.4.1.3
Functions of the Central Office
The operations of the UMC are organised on functional basis headed by the Commissioner to whom the departmental heads at Central Office and Zonal Officers report. The functions of the Central Office are as under; Policy formulation Planning Direction, control and co-ordination of activities of the zones and other departments
The departments of UMC and their functions are detailed in Annexure
12.4.2 Zonal Offices

For the purpose of better administration and delivery of services to the public, the area within the UMC is divided in to 4 zones. The Zonal Officer, who reports directly to the Municipal Commissioner, heads the Zonal Office. The officers that assist the Zonal Officer in the dayto-day operations are; Officiating Engineer Public Works Officiating Engineer Water Supply Chief Health Inspector Senior Tax Collector Office Superintendent / Accounts Clerk
For effective functioning of Zonal Offices, the functions and the powers of the Commissioner are to the Zonal Officers in three stages. The decentralisation process is introduced in December 2001 and it is in transitory phase. It will require some time to streamline the functioning of the Zonal Offices and for providing adequate infrastructure, staff etc.
12.4.2.1 Functions of the Zonal Offices
The Zonal Offices will perform the following functions: Health and Sanitation Water Supply Property Tax assessments and Collection of taxes Lighting (Only Supervision) General Administration
12.4.3 Municipal Financial Powers

According to G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14th July, 2005; the powers and functions of the Mayor-in-Council are as under:
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Table 12-2Financial Powers
S No.
1 2 4 3
Authority
Municipal Commissioner Mayor Mayor-in-Council Corporation
Cities with more than 3 Cities with less than 3 lakh lakh Population Population
Up to Rs. 10 lakh Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not above Rs.25 lakh Exceeding Rs.25 lakh but not above Rs.1Crore Exceeding Rs.1 Crore Up to Rs.2 lakh Exceeding Rs.2 lakh but not above Rs 10 lakh. Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not above Rs 25 lakh. Exceeding Rs.25 lakh
Source: G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14th July, 2005
The financial powers described above shall be exercised only subject to the following conditions: There should be budget provisions in the sanctioned budget and the amount available in the relevant budget head for the work concerned. In the technical cases, there should be the technical obtained in the manner prescribed in these rules. Such works which are of the policy nature or relevant to the whole city, irrespective amount of expenses likely to be incurred therein, the prior approval of the council shall have to be obtained. The prior approval of the Corporation or the Council, as the case may be, shall have to be obtained for giving any grant or reward to any institution or person (excepting the employees). In the proposal for construction work in any ward, the recommendation/concurrence of the concerned ward councillor (if the office of the ward councillor in the concerned is not vacant), Mayor/Commissioner/Local member of Legislative Assembly/Local member of Parliament, shall be necessary. The tender shall be invited for construction work or purchase in accordance with the provisions of Works Manual and the recommendation of the Tender Committee prescribed in these rules shall be obtained thereon. Where the amount of expenditure exceed rupees one thousand and does not exceed rupees ten thousand, it shall be necessary to call at least three quotations and it shall be necessary for the sanctioning authority to ensure that the rate which is being sanctioned is not more than the prevailing market rate.
Provided that, prior to giving sanction, it shall be necessary for that sanctioning authority to ensure that the provision for the concerned expenditure exists in the budget. Provided further that the rate so sanctioned as per the quotation so called, shall be limited to the concerned work and shall not be used for any other work. Each authority shall give information to the authority senior to him within 15 days of the expenditure, exceeding fifty percent or more, of the maximum financial power vested in him.
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In case of exercise of the financial powers by the Mayor-in-Council or the Presidentin-Council, as the case may be, information in all relevant cases shall be submitted in the next meeting of the council. A proper communication system is necessary between the functional head at Central Office and the staff looking after the relevant function in the Zonal Office.
It is necessary to establish a proper Management Information System (MIS) between Central Office and Zonal Offices.
12.5 Key Observations and Issues

Key observations regarding municipal structure and functions are based upon discussions with a wide range of municipal authorities and elected councillors and secondary information available in the Corporation in the form of registers. The observations with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing and overall organization of the executive wing of the corporation are discussed under this section. The issues and program design elements with regard to functional departments of the executive wing are elaborated in the next section, based on a review of organization, systems and procedures of key functional departments.
12.5.1 Issues of Deliberative Wing

Key issues identified with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing are: Inappropriate representation in the MIC constituted by the Mayor includes members from the political party that have majority representation from opposition party in the General Body. This has resulted in occasions where there has been no consensus among the General Body and MIC regarding city-wide development projects aimed at improving delivery of civic services; Limited role of President of the General Body restricted only to presiding over meetings of the General Body. He does not have a significant direct role or powers in the decision-making process, although he is a leader of the largest party in the General Body; Absence of monitoring system for capital expenditure proposals sanctioned by Mayorin-Council or General Body; and
Ineffective functioning of the Wards Committees with regard to project identification and budget preparation due to inadequate deployment of staff to the Zonal offices.
12.5.2 Issues of Executive Wing

This section discusses key issues regarding the overall structure of the executive wing and its functioning. A detailed assessment of issues with regard to the organization, systems and procedures and associated issues and program design elements for key functions of the Corporation are presented in the following section. The key issues regarding the structure and functioning of the executive wing are:
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Several senior level posts lying vacant, many resulting from retirements, yet to be filled with appropriately qualified/experienced personnel; Very large span of control of the Municipal Commissioner almost all departmental and sectional heads report directly to the Commissioner, thereby hampering effective supervision and control over overall functioning of the Corporation; Ad hoc arrangements made to address vacancies in key posts, resulting in loading individuals with additional functions of varied nature; Piecemeal efforts towards decentralization process due to lack of appropriate quality and quantity of manpower and inadequate financial resources for establishing the Zonal offices decentralization not based on a clear reorganization plan; Inappropriately qualified persons placed as heads in zonal offices, and also in specialized sections such as town planning, traffic management, accounts and audits, etc. Inadequate co-ordination between various departments especially the assessment section to revenue section, town planning section to assessment section, water supply department to revenue section; Absence of a feedback and monitoring system with regard to capital expenditure proposals sanctioned by the competent authorities; Inadequate staff and infrastructure at Zonal office to execute decentralized functions; and Absence of an effective system/plan for communication of day-to-day transactions, between Zonal offices and central office.
12.5.3 Observations Regarding Creation of Zonal Offices

The Executive Engineers and Assistant Engineers belonging to Water Supply or Public Works Department have been posted at the Zonal Offices and are functioning as Zonal Officers. The main function of the Zonal Officer is control and supervision over the functional officers working under him and coordination with the Central Office He should possess considerable administrative experience and authority for effective control over the officers working under him. Hence, this position should be filled by Dy. Municipal Commissioner. Each Dy. Municipal Commissioner may be given charge of 3 4 zones, depending on the number of wards in each zone. The Zonal Offices have not been provided with adequate manpower for office administration as envisaged in the organisation structure. In the absence of adequate manpower with requisite skills and experience, the decentralisation of activities may not yield the expected results. Officers at Zonal level are mere dispenser of higher level authority orders. They dont possess adequate financial and execution powers.
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12.5.4 Key Financial Autonomy Issues

The limitations of Municipal Corporation is coming more and more to light against the background of inadequacy of finances for serving the needs of growing urban communities, though finance is not the only factor accounting for their unsatisfactory performance. With the present level of revenue and expenditure, even obligatory functions are being inadequately performed. Municipal services and amenities are chronically short of basic requirements. With the present level of funds at their disposal, UMC is incapable of meeting, leaving alone expanding, and existing facilities in their charge. Ugliness is the dominant external characteristic of the city. Fiscal autonomy largely depends upon the extent to which own resources are raised by the local bodies. It is a fact that level of resources that can be raised locally is restricted by narrow economic base of local areas. But the reluctance of local bodies to tax people and poor administrative capacity at the local level have also account for the poor financial position of local bodies. It has been examined empirically by the SFC as to what extent local bodies have exploited their own resources and also to what extent power to levy taxes and introduce changes in rates of taxes, is restricted by the state government. In a federal set-up some restrictions are inevitable. A highly decentralised tax system may distort the allocation of mobile resources or factors of production and stand in the way of creation of a domestic common market. Since self-effort to raise resources may be one of the criteria for determining devolution of resources from the state government to local bodies, the SFC has made efforts to collect such data from local bodies and also ascertain reasons for poor performance on this front.
12.6 Strategic Elements for Program Design

Some of the specific programs that UMC may have to undertake to address the issues identified above are:
12.6.1 Strategies for Deliberative Wing

Establishing a system to ensure proportionate representation of all political parties constituting the General Body in the MIC, in order to improve co-ordination between Advisory Committees set up by the General Body and Members-in-Charge of the MIC. This will require amendment of the Act and rules at the State level; Establishing a Monitoring Cell for collection of periodic information on developmental works sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and undertaken by the Wards Committees. Such a cell could be set up within the Public Works Department of UMC. The main function of this cell would be to collect periodic information regarding the proposals sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and reporting the progress of work to the MIC/General Body through the Municipal Commissioner; and
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Establishing an appropriate and effective organizational set-up at the Zonal office level, to support the Wards Committees in planning, decision-making and implementation of developmental works.
12.6.2 Strategies for Executive Wing

Regrouping of activities on functional basis in order to reduce the number of persons directly reporting to the Commissioner and establishing reportability through Deputy Municipal Commissioners and other departmental heads; Filling vacancies, especially at senior levels, with appropriately qualified personnel through fresh recruitment or by promoting experienced internal staff with appropriate training; Establishing a comprehensive municipal management information system (MMIS) that facilitates communication between Zonal offices and the central office, the MMIS needs to facilitate maintenance and management of functions related to all departments of the Corporation; Establishing full-fledged, well-equipped Zonal offices and appointing officials of the cadre of Deputy or Assistant Municipal Commissioners as Zonal Officers in the Zonal offices and ensuring right-sizing of staff at the Zonal offices based on a plan for executing the functions delegated to the Zonal offices.
12.7 Capacity Building

Capacity building in urban institutions is one area which is much talked about but has been relatively neglected in terms of action. The restructuring of the roles of the elected ULBs has to initially come about in the form of partnerships with the parastatals which have been handling a variety of services. The public service element needs to be made more professional and accountable to the people. Adoption of modern accounting systems, improved practices of budgeting and planning, effective use of wards committees and other means of peoples participation, and programme assistance should be put to use for improving urban governance Capacity building is required for developing communication and inter-personal skills among the people responsible for providing for the needs of the urban poor, for improving the level of services and satisfaction of the beneficiaries, and for providing coordinated services from a number of line agencies. Good urban management without adequate capacity is a misconception Training and development efforts are no longer viewed as peripheral to departmental goals. The human resources are treated as assets rather than as costs and training is seen in the government as an investment in future organizational capabilities. A two-pronged approach is suggested for the same, Firstly, to build capacity for making the administration and the public institutions more responsive. And, secondly to empower the citizens to create sustained pressure for change. The capacity building is not seen in isolation. The capacity building efforts are to be accompanied with administrative reforms. Administrative reforms efforts aim at:
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(a) Improvement of delivery system; and (b) Image building/correction of the public systems. The overall goal of the Capacity Building in Public Administration Programme will contribute significantly to the above objectives. Capacity Building needs to focus on the entire stakeholder department to cover areas of policy facilitation, system of restructuring, organization development, and training and knowledge management. It is required for good government which will bring efficiency and effectiveness of services and for good governance to deal with the empowering of more and more stakeholders and bringing in transparency and accountability in the various systems of delivery for city services.
12.7.1 Recommendation & Implementation Strategy

Before taking action on any recommended strategies there are certain issues that need to be resolved. Unless the department has answers to these no programme undertaken to build the capacities would be effective in principle. There is a need to conduct an extensive research programme to analyze the present setup. The authority at the highest level needs to ask and review the following issues: Is the present organizational structure ready to implement any development or training strategy? Are the roles and responsibilities made clear at all the levels of hierarchy, are the deliverables clear to employees in order to carry out their functions effectively? Is there any relevant pre-requisite for technical post or any provision of acquiring the skill if need be? Are Manuals and technical instruction guidelines in place and made available to relevant people? Is there any vision, a long term plan for the department apart from the short term plan made for the fiscal purpose? In the absence of a long term plan, how do the officials plan to achieve a holistic implementation of the already floated developmental exercises? Are the Discretionary and Obligatory Duties of the Corporation clearly formulated and defined? Has the Act been amended to suit the present setup and requirement? Can the department make provisions for a fixed tenure of the key officials so that the initiatives taken at the particular level does not suffer?
Unless there are answers to these issues it is in principal not possible to deliver an effective training and capacity building programme. It is very strongly recommended to undertake an in-depth organizational research to study the various vertical and horizontal levels of hierarchy. To chalk and design the roles and
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responsibilities at each level to enable the smooth transition of power when need comes. It would enable each employee to understand his/her role in clearer terms and carry out the responsibilities efficiently. It would be the second phase which would address the issue of training and capacity building. For smooth functioning and efficient execution of the assigned tasks any department would like to undertake training programmes in the following areas: Technical Skills Upgradation of existing skills Knowledge of Reforms and Innovations Behavioral Skills Employee Development Success Stories and Best Practices Miscellaneous In past there has been an assortment of training programmes that has taken place for the municipal personnel as follows: List of Training Programs for Ujjain Municipal Personnel
Training Module on Land Management. Training Module on Water Supply Management. Training Module on Public health. Training Module on Vital Statistics including Registration of Birth and Death. Training Module on Environment Management. Training Module on Solid Waste Management. Training Module on Urban Planning and Development. Training Module on Roads & Bridges Construction. Training Module on Fire Services. Training Module on Urban Poverty Alleviation. Training Module on Urban Transportation. Training Module on Community Participation. Training Module on Provision of Urban Amenities and facilities such as Parks, Gardens, and playgrounds. Training Module on Slum Improvement and Upgradation. Training Module on Municipal Finance and Resource Mobilization.
The training evaluation report of these programs further sums up to the fact that these training have not achieved the desired results and require efforts to obtain significant and sustained knowledge gain. As identified by most of the Corporation Employees, there are no clear guidelines available for carrying out such programmes and there is no mechanism available to nominate the employees for the same. These factors reiterate that fundamental need at UMC is in-depth study of the Organizational Structure and Capacity Mapping at all the levels.
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These programmes can also be broadly classified into the above mentioned categories. But it is apparent from this list that sufficient efforts have not been made and there is a need to make more concerted efforts in the field of training and development to arrive at more sustainable gains from it.
A Ac cttiio on nP Plla an n
Following are the steps that should be taken extensively at the department: HR Initiatives Prepare an organization chart based on personnel functions and assign appropriately qualified personnel to identified posts. Establish an HR Department/agency Formulate an HR policy incorporating key HR elements (rewards, incentives, training and career planning) Determine the areas of capacity building and training for the staff.
F Fo or rm ma attiio on no off a aF FO OC CU US SG Gr ro ou up p
A team of selected personnel would be constituted that will facilitate the process of training and capacity building. As it is not possible for the department to implement the training strategy without the professional help in the area and at the same time any outside agency would not be able to do justice unless the programme is developed jointly by a professional along with an internal department resource who has a detailed insight to the department.
R Re ev viie ew wo off T Tr ra aiin niin ng gN Ne ee ed ds s
A comprehensive exercise with the selected personnel would be undertaken to assess the training needs of the persons directly connected with the planning process. This stocktaking will develop a training strategy in consultation with other states carrying the similar range of activities hence facilitating the knowledge sharing and management. The training strategy will develop profile of participants, training design and training modules.
T Tr ra aiin niin ng gM Ma an nu ua all
A Training Manual is a set of guide lines, and instructions elaborating systems, procedures, processes, and techniques required to be applied in planning, formulating, implementing, and reviewing departmental training and development interventions by the organization. In government departments also there is a need to develop training manual to provide direction for formulating departmental training policy, implementation strategies, and programmes of action.
T Tr ra aiin niin ng gp plla an n
The need for a training plan is to meet the short-term/long-term requirements of an organization for improving the performance of valuable human resources at all levels. To be successful, training programmes should not be created in isolation, but structured in line with goals and the development plans of the individual/ organization. The training and development plan must be an integrated system of the HR development process and must be monitored periodically to measure progress.
W Wo or rk ks sh ho op pw wiitth hR Re es so ou ur rc ce eP Pe er rs so on ns s
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A team of resource persons will be constituted to develop resource and learning material for the training modules
T Tr ra aiin niin ng go off T Tr ra aiin ne er rs s
A critical mass of trainer will be developed at multi-levels. This group will in turn take care of the training down the line.
C Co on nd du uc cttiin ng gT Tr ra aiin niin ng g
Depending on the number of trainers a series of training of trainers programme will be conducted. The time frame of the same can be mutually decided by concerned personnel.
P Pe er riio od diic cR Re ev viie ew w
A team of experts and selected beneficiaries will conduct a mid-term review.

T Tr ra aiin niin ng gR Re eiin nffo or rc ce em me en ntt & &C Co on nttiin nu uiitty y
Ideally, training should have reference to earlier programmes and build on them. Trainees learn more when training is encapsulated and repeated with well-defined objectives concise and yet comprehensive. The other training and capacity building activities can be undertaken as per the Training process flow given in the chart and the action plan as listed: Broad Training Process Flow
Action Plan Indicators of Achievement Assessment of Indicators 3 Formation of Steering Group at the Project level Field trip organized to assess the training need Steering Group approves of the training strategy Knowledge and skills are reflected in the course organized by the trainer. Assessment of quality of modules on the basis of contents and Assumption (Risk) 4 The Project understand impact of TOT will be slow. The field level functionaries are able to articulate their actual needs to make the project successful
III. MODULE DEVELOPMENT To develop training modules on identified and agreed competence
Development of modules on identified needs for capacity building
Priority given by the Project. Effective networking
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1 2 I. BROAD OBJECTIVES Capacity development through training. II. IMMEDIATE Systematic approach introduced in OBJECTIVES identifying training needs by 2.1 To identify training trainers while designing and needs implementing training. To introduce systematic Recommendation/suggestion made training to identify by the participants and feed in to training needs of the development of training identified target group strategy. To develop training strategy as per the need
requirement at, Block and District level
processes by Project partners
amongst Project partners. Project partners take training as a serious business. Timely release of the fund for module development Availability of professionals Willingness to learn Selection of trainer Trained Trainers remained in post. Trainers get opportunity to demonstrate their learned behavior Availability of trainees Project able to sustain the focus and momentum of training
IV. PILOT TESTING To test the training module and its effectiveness V. TRAINING OF TRAINERS To develop critical mass of trainer at block/sector level
Course conducted for testing training modules
Incorporation of Feedback from participants for improved quality Identified trainers undergoes training
Selection of Trainers Collaborative development of training and resources amongst Trainers.
VI. TRAINING To conduct and facilitate training at various levels
Trainers conduct courses for identified client at various levels
Number of courses conducted and number of people trained
12.8 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview

In order to translate new policies and paradigm into practice, a framework of the objectives is to be prepared.8 It should clearly spell out economic, environmental, financial, social,
In the past, the solution to urban ills was often seen to lie in preventing further urban expansion. Now, the answer is thought to be greater investment in cities. The problem is not urbanisation itself but more the inability of some cities to afford the necessary infrastructure to keep pace with the rate of population change and increase in construction as
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constitutional and political objectives. With the ongoing economic liberalisation and devolution of power to local bodies, gone are the days of armchair professionals. Their insulation from the general masses and the political system may be catastrophic in the changing environment, where participatory decision making is becoming institutionalised. Among the professionals, who require expertise exercised with integrity, skills are necessary to strike a balance between the political process and service delivery. Ujjain Municipal governance is bound with the objective of better functioning, efficient and effective service delivery to the inhabitants of Ujjain City, especially to the disadvantage sections of the society as envisages in the recent policies and Good governance global agenda.
12.8.1 Local conditions

The settlement pattern of the city mainly concentrated in and around Mahakaal mandir core area, and recent new developments at the fringe of Municipal limits have come up as Institutional development towards South of the city. The percentage of population that commutes to work every day is 5 to 7% of the total. Ujjain being a prime religious centre and one of the oldest settlements of the state also enjoys potential for diverse economic and cultural development. Owing to the opportunities of the city location and available infrastructure as compared to other in the state not many firms have been established in the last few years, the traditional small scale industries are not getting the required boost in the corporation area. The local society although remarked as progressive in certain fields, actually not getting a favourable environment of flushing in the region.
12.8.1.1 Local Public life, Organisations and Media
Although as general perception local people of Ujjain are satisfied with the things going in the country in general, contradictorily many of them were quit dissatisfied with the, way
income rise. Many now argue that with adequate public and private investment and improved urban management, most cities should be able to improve their local environment and reduce their contribution to global environment degradation.
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things are going in Ujjain city. A very common conclusion can be drawn on the question of how things in the local community in five years from now would be, the answers were mostly much better and a few exclaimed no change. Regarding Social tension between people in the community the most prominent reason quoted are the; Differences in ethnicity and regionalism, Differences in religious beliefs, Differences in income, Differences in political opinions, Differences between residential areas, Differences between long-time residents & those who moved here recently Generally people trust each other, but they dont respect and observe legal rules (such as Traffic or tax regulations). Despite of small conflicts and agitation in and around, the city could not be judged as hostile. But in the past few years the trust within the people has decreased and so as the trust in local government. The power of civic organisation as always remained out of the city development scenario. The last few years have witnessed a crucial deficiency of drinking water in various parts of the city especially in summers, this issues was a major concern of the people of Ujjain. Last year there had been many public demonstrations. There are cases in which the local government decisions have been challenged in the court of law by the local residents and groups in the city. On the contrary the influence of the local residents on the decision making of the local government is absent to a greater extent. The role of civic organisations and local residents is limited in the decision making process of the local government, an increasing trend of the big business house and local private entrepreneurs is felt with the inception of the programme by UMC as Jankarya by Janbhagidari with external financial support from many interested business associations specially banks in the beautification of the city. A limited number of occasions can be identified in which a civil organisation participated in the preparation of a decision of local government, but certainly there are provisions in the book of rules of the Municipal Corporation by which through membership in a committee or subcommittee of the local government can be made. Recent cases has briefed that Municipal corporation is now taking steps forward to consult the experts of the respective fields and make the projects more implementation oriented. The Municipal Corporation also gives assistance in terms of financial or in kind support for civic societies working in the field of social and city level issues. But a clear symbiotic relationship lacks in the process as civic societies are neither asked and nor they are bothered of their role in any type of decision making in the government. This is clear from the fact that despite of the efforts of the corporation and media in the city there could not be done much with the privatisation or rendering of services to an external agency.
There are newspapers that, from time to time, give some coverage of public affairs in your municipal corporation which include coverage from regional to national level news. The medium of communication of majority of the city was claimed to be Hindi and so the Hindi news papers are more prominent in the city to name some is Dainik Bhaskar, nai Duniya, Dainik Jagran, Nav Bahrat etc, beside these many a evening news paper is also very famous in the region named Sandhya Prakas. A local news paper published in the city which regularly deals with city affairs is Swadesh.
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The news papers regularly publish the updates of the projects and programme of the local government and also the arguments and counter arguments of the councillors in the local assembly.9
12.8.1.2 Political structure and composition
UMC has 54 elected members. The BJP is the dominant party with a clear majority of 26 councillors, 28 councillors are Congress and the remaining five are independent candidates. In Ujjain, however, the Mayor represents the minority Congress party. The detailed composition of the council is as follow While the mayor is from Congress, the chair of the MiC who is elected from the majority of councillors is, not surprisingly, from the BJP. Given the fact that the ruling party at State level is BJP, the MiC chairmans position and role in UMC is rather more prominent than might ordinarily be expected. In Ujjain, although there are multi-level dynamics between the majority party, where the mayor commands neither a majority of members nor control over the MiC leadership, is a situation where all key decisions first require consultation with BJP members to gain quorum. This, in turn, means the process of achieving consensus is somewhat more protracted in UMC than elsewhere, although the result is a high level of political transparency. MiC members and State government on the one hand, and Congress and the mayor on the other, there tends to be consensus on most development matters.. There have been instances when the city-state dynamics have worked in favours of reform decisions.
In the view of the local representatives, now a days the influence of media cannot be ignored as it has become the part and parcel of the city governance [Media is been used for both the purpose, but the increasing role of media in decision making of local government cannot be ruled out completely, as a matter of fact Ujjain has a glorious history in terms of Journalism, as electronic media has entered our life the flash news of every single second from every walk of life is accessible by the common providing a better platform to the voice of the residents of the city and many a times canvases a real picture of what is happening, where, when and why, the sad part of the story is, the use of media by few influential individuals for their personal benefits in the name of public welfare which actually remarks the authenticity of the facts as questionable?]
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12.8.1.3 Municipal Decision-making
The cooperation from civil organisation and voluntary cooperation from residents in launching a program / project had never been that promising to the local government, in-fact the decisions of the local government are received with a bit of animosity rather than being supportive. Powerful vested groups in the society have incredible influence on the decision making of the local government on the other hand the ordinary citizens play a role of uninvolved critics. With the recent efforts under city consultation process have been initiated with the surveys conducted by municipal officials and local representatives in the respective wards [The problems are collected from each ward in a Prescribed forma,t by the ward
officers on regular basis. A new initiative of organizing Jan-sampark Abihyan has been under taken for the same purpose, it is proclaimed in the GOs of the authority UMC that the case will be looked upon, discussed and shall be solved in a week time], but the decision making process is quite slow [Very often the representatives of the local government emerge from their long meetings without having reached a decision] and
the solution to even generic nature as Water supply, sanitation and solid waste management were not resolved in many a cases except few. Generally speaking, the implementation part of decisions made by the local government is not very successful until and unless it is supported by the higher level government, one of the reasons could be the existence of partiality in the dealings with individual representatives The process of decision making generally takes a long path through various pipe lines as; Preparatory work undertaken by the Mayors Office. Pre-Consultation with authorities as the National Health and Safety Commission, the Land Registry Office, or ministries. The deliberation of the committees of the municipal council When the Mayor develops an opinion on the matter. Discussions and negotiations between the councilors. Discussions and negotiations with the people directly affected by the decision. The debate on the floor of the municipal council monthly Outstanding.
12.8.1.4 Municipal Policy Making
Lack of information, the councilors deem the proposal was insufficiently prepared Lack of time Some councilors try to prevent the adoption of a proposal through postponing the decision No agreement is reached in the assembly
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The mandatory sessions of the council is to meet every month, the year 2004 Ujjain council had a total of 18 sessions of which 6 were extraordinary. But the acts revealed by most officials of UMC is it was a general trend that the session of the assembly ended , suspended or cancelled because of lack of quorum. The reasons of several decisions postponed at almost every session were;
Some councilors or factions need more time to develop a firm opinion on the matter
Recently with the recommendations of SFC and financial and technical assistance from Asian development Bank, HUDCO, and ICLIE, local government have taken initiatives to prepare program, regulation, or action plan for basic services delivery, public sanitation and environmental protection programme. The general programme of the Corporation includes Programme on public education and health, Sports and cultural activities in the city. An action plan for traffic and transportation is also prepared by the external agency. The work of Computerisation is under process and the web site is likely to be launched in the near future for facilitating and informing citizens about the activities of the corporation. The administrative cost of local government office is regularly reviewed by the council and provisions are taken in to account for reducing it gradually. More recently a FOP for the infrastructure development in the city is under taken in the preparatory report formulated for the sanction of funding from ADB10 for the projects under different heads. Every three months the review of the functional and financial status of the Municipal Corporation is done by the head of the UADD Ujjain in presence of the departmental heads of UMC and concerned Dept. The corporation has also make up mind to privatize or contract out functions for the better service delivery to the citizens. Expression of interest for certain functions as computerization and data base management have been invited by the UMC. But the degree of privatisation is low as stated by the respondents as for many local hindrances in the system itself. The respondents believe that the privatisation initiatives by UMC yet not very promising in terms of reducing the number of local government employees infact many of them felt in most cases this is the reason for not achieving the objectives of privatisation of municipal services. Inability of councillor to set priorities regarding different types of issues is an issue; the reasons include the conflict within different groups of councillors and with municipal administration, given the present resources the unclear responsibilities assigned to the Municipal Corporation by the central and state are many that to, with restrictions of standards and norms imposed. The discretion of Municipal authorities in determining local
ADB grants 1500 cr aid to MP Jul 9, 2004 ..."The ADB has approved the developmental projects at Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior, Ratlam and Ujjain and Ujjain," Malayya told reporters here. ... Economic Times, India -
10
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development policies is little, the reason being lack of capacity in the Managerial and technical front, but the municipal restructuring is also not very easy.
12.9 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status

Objectives of good governance are to ensure that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision making over the allocation of development resources. The section in particular reviews the status of Ujjain Municipal Governance on the basis of certain parameters and indicatiors.11
12.9.1 Effectiveness
The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the local government and the quality and cost of services it provides. The financial resources available at Ujjain are 8% as the property tax and the government transfers constitute another half of the total revenue. The over all revenue has increased by 16.4% as compared to the expenditure by 11.3% in the year 2002-2003, showing a better financial performance. The recent collection and balance between the sources of income provides an indication on the viability, independence and control over resources of the local government, and thus its effectiveness. Predictability of transfers to the budget as effective tool for planning and implementation of institutional development or project planning and implementation lacks in the Ujjain
11
Effectiveness: Major source of Income, Predictability of transfers in local govt. Budget, Published performance delivery standards, Consumer satisfaction Survey, Existence of vision statement.
Equity: Citizens Charter: Right of access to basic services, % of Women Councilors, Pro-poor pricing policies for water, Incentives for informal businesses. Participation: Elected Council, Elected Mayor, Voter turnout and voter participation by Sex, Public forum, Civic Associations per 10,000 population. Accountability: Formal Publication (of contracts/tenders, budgets & accounts), Control by higher levels of Government, Codes of conduct, Facility for citizen complaints, Anti-corruption Commission, Disclosure of income/ assets, Independent audit
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Municipal Corporation. Moreover, is set on the criteria of arithmetic projections in the previous account heads by 10% increase every year. This imparts foul confidence of higher level of government in local government and consequently regular support for local development. The corporation does not have published performance delivery standards, mechanism that is required for the efficient delivery of key services. The presence of standards and benchmark is a first step towards realizing the delivery of services. It may also point to: Increased confidence of local population in the local government; Adherence of the government to equitable distribution of services; Popular public participation and influence over its administration.
On the same lines UMC also lacks frequent consumer satisfaction survey, infact few survey held up till now are done by outside development agencies. It becomes difficult to understand willingness of the local administration to receive critical feedback from the local population and also the willingness to modify existing systems for working with the local population, which is likely to enable them to be more effective. By asking for feedback from Local Population, the Administration is holding itself accountable to the people. UMCs process of formulating a vision statement implies a first step commitment of the local authority towards welfare and aspirations of its people. In principle, the vision statement exemplifies all the components of good governance like accountability, efficiency, equity, participation and security. A vision statement articulated in a participatory manner increases its accountability and ownership.
12.9.2 Equity
Mandated number of women councillors in UMC council indicates the gender equity in representation of women involved in municipal government decision-making processes as fundamental to promoting more equitable policies, plans and projects. It also indicates: Participation: Equal participation of the women is a fundamental human right. Accountability: Representation of women in the local government to improve the responsiveness of decision-making processes on specific women issues. Effectiveness: Policies, plans and projects to be more effective if the priorities of both men and women are equally and equitably addressed.
Recent reforms and interventions of Pro-poor pricing policies (Under process) for Urban Infrastructure services signifies commitment and measures undertaken by UMC for equitable distribution of basic services (water as the key service) to its entire people commensurate with their economical conditions, especially the poorer sections. Hawker zones in the various city locations for informal businesses shows the efforts of government in providing equal opportunities for informal businesses for the economic welfare of society. It may also work towards reducing corrupt practices in the government benefiting from such informal vending and provide security of employment to a large section of society.
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12.9.3 Participation
Elected Council12 indicates that the local population has had a role in identifying the personnel most suitable for governing the city as part of the council and therefore signified civil society participation. Elected Mayor indicates involvement/participation of the local population in decisionmaking. Effectiveness: The decisions of an Elected Mayor are more likely to be representative of the wishes of the local population, and hence the government is likely to be more effective Accountability: An elected Mayor is more likely to accountable to the population that he/she represents, than a nominated Mayor.
The lower voter turnout and voter participation by sex in the Municipal corporation election (2004) indicates lack of interest and involvement of the public in local government. Low participation in representative democracy may, however, be balanced by higher levels of participatory democracy. It may also indicate: Equity: womens inability to participate equally in formal elections. If disaggregated by income levels, it may also indicate the meaningfulness of voting to the urban poor. Effectiveness: strength of local governments development mandate; perceived relevance of elections results for affecting the quality of life in cities Accountability: at the extreme, indicator may suggest that elected officials are not accountable to the population.
The existence of Peoples forum indicates the availability of informal or formal mechanisms for the public to express their views and share their issues with peers. The vibrancy of associational life in a city, with larger numbers indicates greater vibrancy. Organized groups are vital for effective participation. It may also indicate:
12
An elected council is more likely to make decisions that are more representative of the wishes of the local population
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Equity: larger numbers indicate the existence of organizations representing the urban poor, women, minorities or other normally excluded groups. Accountability: civic organizations help ensure the accountability of local government, through the mobilization of people behind the issues that affect them; Effectiveness: the existence of many civic associations also facilitate the formation of partnerships for the delivery and/or maintenance of services Security: civic associations can foster a sense of community that can reduce the individual members vulnerability to crime and corruption and act as a social safety net
12.9.4 Accountability
The open flow of information is vital for good urban governance. Ujjain Municipal Corporation has made provisions for formal publication of information regarding contracts and budgets indicate the willingness of the local authority to be transparent in its activities and accountable for its decisions. It also indicates a greater confidence of people in the local government and integrity of auditing and monitoring. It may also indicate: Participation: willingness to involve the public in setting/debating budget priorities and in the evaluation of its procurement processes Equity and Effectiveness: publication of financial information to encourage participation in decision-making can not only help eliminate opportunities for corruption, but helps to ensure that scarce development resources are used most equitably and effectively.
Control by higher levels of Government to close local authorities or remove councillors at its discretion, councillors is likely to be more accountable upwards rather than downwards to their citizens. It may also indicate: Less effectiveness: possibly because the local authority does not have sufficient autonomy and resources to act, but also possibly because the local authority has not proved capable of carrying out its responsibilities Less Participation: if accountability is oriented upwards, a local authority may not feel it necessary or worthwhile to promote local participation in decision-making;
Facility for citizen complaints in public grievances cell indicates Ujjain Municipal Governments responsiveness towards integrity of officials and shows the willingness of the government to be responsive for the welfare of its citizens. Disclosure of income/ assets by the official and elected represented of the Municipal corporation is made as a provision in the rule of law, but for the unforeseen reasons never been practiced. Which imparts the accountability of the decision-makers in the government and their genuine interest in the welfare of the local people as questionable?
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UMCs published code of conduct signifies the governments commitment towards integrity of its officials. It may also motivate and enhance the behaviour of its official and help reduce corruption.
A regular independent audit made in the corporation after the adoption of double accounting system indicates the accountability of the local government towards its taxpayers and transparency in providing resources for development projects.
12.10 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies

Having the overview of the Municipal Governance, Structure, Procedures and Practices involved certain major issues are identified and respective Strategies can be formulated to design and implement programme and projects under JNNURM.
Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies
Issues The link between urban management and decentralisation on the one hand, and the district planning and governance on the other has not seen established in operational terms;
Strategies MCs require to coordinate with various authorities at the district, regional and state level for the purpose of planning and development to enable MCs to participate more meaningfully with DPC, DG, Zilla panchayats, etc; Clear demarcation of roles and functions between UMC and Parastatal Bodies
Programme/Projects
Responsible Agency GoMP
Implementing Agency GoMP
Review of Urban legal frame in a more comprehensive manner.
Revamping existing urban Planning laws & legislations, and Development control regulations to meet the current urban sector demands
DPC/UMC/T&CPD/ BDA/CPA
Private Consultant
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Coordination and rationalisation of interinstitutional relationship has to be effected for better result between the municipal authorities and Parastatal Bodies There are inconsistencies and inadequacies in the urban legal frame work e.g. municipal laws, town and country planning law,
GoMP
GoMP
district planning law, etc; Planning capacity, human resource development, financial management are not developed, as a result of which these are operating inefficient;
Overall there is lack of accountability and transparency;
Mcs may be facilitated with the posting of technical officers (Like Planners, engineers, resource planners, with or without support staff ect.) for one or a group of MCs for such time, in such a manner and conditions as may be mutually beneficial. Achieving Good governance status in terms of Accountability, Effectiveness, participation and equity.
Review of managerial, Technical gaps in UMC and strengthening project development and management mechanisms.
GoMP/UMC
UMC/Private consultants
Need assessment of personnel at different levels arising from
Project inputs from social planning agencies with proactive involvement of NGOs and CBOs
GoMP/UMC
Social Planning Institutes/ Private Consultant
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The city is not yet fully equipped to take up Physical Planning Actions in an integrated manner; Given the lack of experience in formulating and implementing poverty
GIS Survey and detailed Structural plans for city basic services and asset inventory.
Mandatory training and research programme for elected councilors and appointed officials Incentives to promote private participation and NGO in service delivery Awareness programme for private entrepreneurs regarding city administration and urban basic services. Awareness programme for Ujjain municipal officials regarding efficient working hours and responsiveness. Formulating EGovernance Programme Training and capacity building programme for employees of UMC to adopt modern tools and techniques.
GoMP/UMC
GoMP
UMC UMC
UMC UMC
GoMP/UMC
NGOs/ Planning and management institutions. UMC/Private sector UMC /Private Consultants/ Planning Institutions
GoI/GoMP GoMP/UMC
aIleviation programmes, the central/state programmes in this respect suffers from lack of data, convergence, quality of work and community participation; The city is more used to design and implement location-specific repair, maintenance and improvement works, rather than city-wide integrated systems development planning and execution; Absence of a relevant HRD programme.
new investment, method of recruitment and placement; subsequent restructuring if necessary.
Formulating a city Vision as shared perception of all stake holders of the city.
Formulation of a city Development strategies plan for Ujjain with detailed CIP and FOP
UMC
UMC/Private consultant
Functional reorganisation of and delegation of powers to the departments in the city is necessary to enable them to perform better.
Restructuring of existing organisational setup.
GoMP/UMC
UMC/Private consultant.
12.11 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence

IT solutions and Ward level Single Window for Clearances. Accounts of taxpayers and online payment facility is just one of the applications of computerization, the benefits are immense and can be as listed below Online tax-payment facility Tracking of files, grievances and applications. Increased accountability for delays and inaction. Data backup and retrieval. Improvement in Ward-Zone-Head office communications via conferencing facilities. Mayor- Public contacts via conferencing facilities and public address system
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Information disbursement via public address system/ publicly placed large screens Ward collection centers can be converted into single window clearing and information center for the citizens of the wards concerned. This should result in increased Tax collections Efficiency of operations Accountability Transparency Improved public image Public participation Accessibility of information Right to Information The Ward level Single Window should also act the window under the Right to Information Act. This would inculcate faith towards the Municipal Corporation and gain goodwill.
12.12 Conclusion
Summing up, all the salutary recommendations as well as the constitutional amendment clearly favours an unbundling of administration through decentralisation and is the very essence of good governance which enables the people to share in the development decisions as their own doing. While it is all very well to delineate the elements of good governance, there appears to be a looming chasm between the percept and the practice. The present changes in the political and administrative reforms have helped UMC in strengthening of the Functions, Finances for the Functions and Functionaries to a greater extent. This is reflected in the impact of institutional development, services and finances of UMC. Although examined with an increasing trend, the activities under institutional development still have not achieved the satisfactory levels. The recent Financial and other reforms of restructuring and reorganizing suggest an overall shift in the traditional mind set of the Government and the Governed. The decentralisation initiatives envisaged in the CAA in context to UMC can be concluded as, though local self government in Ujjain has deep regards to the objectives laid under the agenda and few reforms are taken in the direction they shall be rated as average, though the state may have higher index in comparison to the others. There is a wide scope an unmistakable opportunity for UMC to fundamentally rethink on how they function and how they intend to develop their localities. The Document intends to formulate Short term, Middle term and Long term strategies in institutionalising better functioning and services to city residents especially urban poor.
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13
H He er riit ta ag ge eM Ma an na ag ge em me en nt ta an nd dS St tr ra at te eg giie es s
The infrastructure developed at Ujjain, unlike any other city selected under JNNURM needs following Management Planning- Strategy- Execution- Maintenance Visitors and Tourism Plan Environment Plan Historic Environment Plan Traffic Plan Heritage Monument Protection and Revitalization Plan Land use Plan The Management Plan will act as a catalyst for various management initiatives to be implemented with a set timetable, as presented here.
13.1 Methodology and Data Sources

The Plan implementation has to ensure full integration of two crucial elements, viz., the process of consultation and the full involvement of all stakeholders especially the local community. The collection and full understanding of all available data relating to the broad spectrum of the sites significance.
13.2 Visitor Plan

A study of the visitor needs, expectations and movement to be undertaken. Visitor behaviour and the characteristics of visitor groups who come to Ujjain during various festivals and occasions should be studied from various sources such as consultation with the local community by holding discussion workshops and a visitor questionnaire survey. Reports and experience of Mela office and its officers is an important input into the making of Visitor Plan. Traffic and movement
Questionnaire and Survey
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Each festival or mela has its own rituals with the pilgrims following a predetermined path and halts. Congregations at different occasions as well as studies with the data existing either with Mela office, traffic police or Collectorate. The data collected from these sources as also actual observation should form an important element into the Visitor Plan.
13.3 Environment Plan

Water quality management Plan The environment Plan is closely related to the visitors movement and rituals. Conservation Plan The prime objective of the plan is to ensure the usefulness of the heritage in question and its adaptation to housing and activities in the knowledge that the protection of cities is under the auspices of urban management and cannot be limited only to aesthetic concerns. To be effective at all levels, the protection plan has the status of an urban development plan, thereby providing it with the legitimate authority to prescribe attributions and land use, traffic regulation, the breakdown of various types of economic endeavor while it defines the protection of ancient buildings and sets forth the rules for new construction. Depending upon the provisions and objectives all operational and financial instruments will be brought to bear in the application of restoration and urban development. The Conservation Plan has to go along with actions at different levels such as: Institutional Regulatory Financial Technical Cultural and Environmental
13.3.1 Institutional Measures

Authority in charge of framing the protection and revitalization plan. It is proposed that the protection and revitalization plan of Ujjain must be placed under the responsibility of the ULBs which, in conjunction with the State Government should fulfill the objectives of JNNURM. Heritage Cell, which should comprise of conservation architects and related professionals, should be established within Ujjain Municipal Corporation. The local authority cannot by itself take on the responsibility of implementing the conservation plan, as there are too many players on the scene. The management of the plan would therefore have a commission presided over by a representative of the State (Commissioner of Ujjain Division) that can bring under its wing different authoritiesterritorial, technical, professional, financial --- and assess the programmes and projects free from any direct pressures and constraints. In fact the aforesaid commission may even
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envisage an advance action plan in anticipation of its eventual completion and assess the operations involved in each case so that the results are not unduly delayed. Finally, agencies from outside municipality could also act in the name of the above commission and monitor the plan on a daily basis. This does not however mean abandoning the town, its elected body and its administration but rather supporting it. Periodic review by District Planning Commission presided over by State Minister in charge of the District. All institutes involved to find representation in the committee during review. Such a joint management backed by the State and working in accordance with the local authorities, can free them from the contradictions that they have to face on a daily basis. Similar management measures by the Sate have been taken up in six other cities like Goa, Hyderabad and Chandigarh. They provide us with sound examples to follow. The best approach appears to be a Centre for housing and heritage comprising one single entry point, an administrative, technical and financial counter.
13.3.2 Regulatory Measures

Heritage Regulations Heritage Regulations for the protection of heritage property are approved by the Government and are awaiting notification. The notification would provide statutory back up to the unnotified heritage properties. The framing of a protection and revitalization plan Starting with the heritage inventory, a plan of protection would be drawn up for the entire historical center providing a list of the buildings to be conserved, those which can be replaced and those which must be demolished. The regulations accompanying the plan would enumerate the prescriptions for restoration and for new construction and shall also determine the right to construct, reserve the plots, which are to remain free and designate land use. The plan would be sufficiently restrictive so as to foster restoration. The protection and revitalization plan sets forth the urban conditions of the project but not the project itself. Introduction of a permit for demolition
This permit concerns all building and not only the entire building but also the elements, which make it up and especially those subjected to trade. In case of buildings designated in the plan, the permit for demolition is automatically refused. These buildings, protected by the plan, are considered as a part of archaeology heritage and as such cannot be subjected to any form of commerce. Introduction of a declaration preceding any sale and a right to preemption This declaration provides the local authority with the right to pre-empt the property at the same price as that stipulated in the transaction after checking to see that it is conform in
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relation to similar properties. This procedure makes it possible to observe transactions, to purchase property and to control property prices. Increasing stringency of the building permit This document must set forth the provisions of restoration or of new construction and be followed by a certificate of completion and conformity. It is only upon receiving this certificate that the owner may use, rent out or sell the immovable property. Likewise it is necessary to expand the scope of building permits so as to encompass add-ons, transformations or any change in the use of a building. Introduction of enforcement of obligation This concerns the obligation, on the part of owners who have secured concessional financing, failing which the community would intervene and carry out the prescribed works and recover the expenses from the concerned owners over a time frame. Such a system is called for in prescribing works especially in buildings in peril or degradation posing danger to persons, property and patrimony. Clarification of property titles The authority must take necessary measures to enforce the clarification of property ownership titles and the obligation to have property sales registered immediately. The jurisdiction of successions is highly complex and thus the great number of non-liquidated successions raises problems of property title when filing for loans or subsidies. During a sale the transfer of property requires that a contract be drafted. The validation as official title can take anywhere from 3 to 4 years. Moreover, the sale of individually held property is subject to a tax of 10% of its value. Whether successions or simple transfer has not been reported to the administration. Thus property often remains in the name of a deceased head of household or former owner. Sanctions For the sanctions to be effective they should be perceived as being strict or perhaps even disproportionate to the offence committed. Experience shows that such an attitude drastically reduces breach of laws whereas week sanctions or leniency leads to lack of respect for laws and also instills a competitive climate of willful non-compliance with the law. Apart from refusing aid and subsidies to contraveners, the best sanctions seem to be those which bring a stay on the work as well as those which block the use of property until the measures recommended by the permit are strictly observed. Financial and Taxation Measures Direct Subsidies to Owners
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The essence of any subsidy is that, in return, the beneficiary renders the required services which, in the present case, is restoration. The rate of subsidy granted should be proportionate to the restoration carried out, to the owners resources and also to public use, whether functional or conservational. Subsidies can also vary according to the value of the building in order to encourage priority-based restoration. For subsidies to be granted, the work must conform to stipulations. Subsidies are usually granted upon completion of work though in the meantime bridging loans may be granted. The subsidies which can be envisaged are as follows: Direct municipal subsidy to owners This subsidy is granted to the owners of protected buildings who occupy their house or in certain conditions to those who let out their house. The source of financing is the restoration fund which is fed from the repair cell levied on recent and vacant buildings. Subsidies paid to owners who occupy their property: Grand conditions should depend upon the aggregate income of the entire family with a ceiling on works. Subsidies paid to owners who let out their property: the subsidy would be granted at a single rate, e.g. 20% and increase to 40% of the total cost of works if the owner agrees to rent at a rate below market. Subsidies for works of architectural value The subsidies from the Madhya Pradesh department of archaeology could be increased to 50% of the prescribed work in order to provide an incentive to restore the buildings earmarked for conservation. Financing must be secured from the archaeology fund and other partners in the field of international projects. Subsidies for the renovation of water tanks Water supply and connection to the sewage system constitute a hindrance to restoration. The renovation of water tanks and the connection of sanitary installations must also receive appropriate funding. Subsidies can be obtained within the framework of projects run jointly with the European Union, the World Bank or private partners. Loans at special rates and conditions for restoration work It is the scissor effect in other words the spread between rates applied, which produces the desired effects. The greater the spread the greater the stimulus to restoration. The difference can be obtained either through an adjustment introduced by the consortium of banks dealing with the old city or an interest subsidy on lending. The term of the loan must be as long as needed to accommodate the repayment capacity of the applicants. The community can plan for the creation of a subsidy fund in order to help a maximum number of such owners who do not have margin as required by the bank sector.
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Low interest rate loans for restoration Loans with an interest rebate are an incentive to the owners. The interest subsidy can be based upon the current regulations for HUDCO Bank lending. The Initial loan In the agreement by HUDCO with conservation of individual residents of heritage residences at Ahemedabad, the initial interest rate, irrespectively of the amount borrowed at the minimum current interest rate; the 11.5% rate was reduced. Take into account, in the calculation of debt carrying capacity, the income of all families living in the home even though they are not titleholders. The example can be followed in case of Ujjain. Including the purchase price of the house in the case of a purchase restoration loan and extending loans to a period of 15 years without increasing interest rate, is proposed. Exemption from entry rights and initiation fees Determine the total annual amount of restoration loans to be granted permitting the reduction of interests through a subsidy and set the conditions for the granting of this funding. The interest rebate Interest rebate should be designed so as to incite on a priority basis occupant owners to restore their houses and also to give incentives to renting owners whose houses are vacant, to preserve their patrimony. A 50% subsidy applied to a loan ceiling of Rs 500,000 would permit lending at 5.75%. Subsidy source would be the Restoration Fund. Up front subsidy financing for the first two years could be secured through an Asia Urbs project with the European Union. A Rs 10,000,000 fund for the subsidies would be enough for the financing of 360 loans for annum. Taxation of recent buildings and vacant housing As in Mumbai, a restoration tax should be levied on residential and commercial buildings less than 25 years old and vacant building. The tax base could be the net rental value as calculated in compliance with the current letting rate. Taxation rates would vary according to the category of the building, e.g. 10% of the rental value for property less than 25 years of age and for buildings vacant for more than 12 consecutive months the tax would be progressive: 30% the first year, 40% the second year and 50% the third year. The tax proceeds would be paid into the Restoration Fund. The average rental value of Rs 2,500 levied on 100,000 properties would yield Rs 25,000,000. The tax on vacant property is estimated at Rs 750 per annum and when levied on 3,000 housing units (5% of the total) would yield Rs 2,250,000. Te funds would allow for the financing of roughly 500 restorations per annum via direct subsides and subsidized interest loans. Exemption of land tax for restored old buildings
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The exemption of land tax on restored buildings for a period of fifteen years from the time of completion of restoration work is a strong incentive. Land tax should continue to apply to other buildings and could be adjusted in conformance with all the tax bases with the letting rate as stipulated in texts of law regardless of the age and status of the building. This could partly compensate the loss of tax income due to exemptions. Tax benefits Owner-leaser have at present the possibility of deducing expenses incurred on their property from their rental income. Owner occupants can deduct interest paid on loans from their taxable income. This mechanism can be strengthened by permitting owners to deduce the cost of work with no limit specified from the totality of their taxable income. Such a measure would incite wealthy owners to carry our major work. This tax benefit would be subjected to an authorization by the State which levies the taxes and to strict control measures regarding the work performed. The exclusion of restored buildings from the base of calculation of taxes on wealth for 10 or 15 years would also be strong incentive. Exemption from measures of the Rent Act of 1995 for restored buildings Restored buildings must be given the same status as new buildings in so far as for 15 years following completion of works they are out of the field of application of the law. This means that the rent rate would be set by agreement with the possibility of modulating it in accordance with the economic parameters of the market and other financial parameters. This would also mean exemption from the obligation to maintain in the rented property the heirs or beneficiaries of the lessee. The yearly rental increase could be indexed to inflation or to another relevant economic index. To avoid abuse it would be advisable to keep the obligation of a written lease contract and to apply the rules of protection of the lessee throughout the duration of the lease especially concerning advance notice including in the event of the sale of the property. The rehabilitation lease The leasing of houses in exchange for financing the work and for a token rental fee, or progressive overtime, is practiced in Ahmedabad. The extension of this practice would make it possible to create social housing via NGOs with the return of the rehabilitated property to the owner at the end of the lease. In this case the leaseholder-organization would benefit from the same subsidies and loans as private leasers. Constitution of land and property stock This is a public land policy the purpose of which is to acquire buildings and plots of land so as to be able to put low cost buildings on the market. This property could be transferred to building organization, public or private whose role it is to restore buildings for exemplary social and heritage reasons. Given the potential demands of the community in this regard it
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would be justified to transfer the property for a symbolic sum in exchange for full ownership or in the form of a loan against an obligation to perform. Training craftsmen as well as financing of material Craft industries are often penalized by the loss of traditional know-how and the high cost of traditional materials or suitable replacements. In Europe whereas for every two men employed in restoration work there is only one needed for new construction. It therefore seems that if the public authority adopts a long-term policy of restoration, it could create local as well as long-lasting jobs for artisans. The money spent on training them becomes negligible if compared to the benefits reaped from it. As for raw materials, an adjustment in the sale price in accordance with bulk purchase of such goods can change the economics of the transaction and also guarantee the use of quality building materials.
13.3.3 Environmental Measures

Public amenities in the heritage core of the city It is important to enhance the image of the inner city in the eyes of the inhabitants and to regulate their use so as to conserve the residential life there, to restore and enhance both the facilities and housing in the inner city. These are measures that must be included in a comprehensive and far-reaching urban policy where enhancement is to be achieved, not in a piecemeal fashion but on the basis of ensembles having structural and social unity and which consequently are fragile. Doors, bird feeders poles, water tanks and wells, temples and street paving must be restored and some plots must be cleared to reduce density. Highlighting the major monuments of the city The renovation of ordinary heritage houses alone is not enough for highlighting of the city. Moreover, whatever be the distinctive cultural assets of India as compared to other countries, long-term attractiveness cannot depend solely upon the picturesque character of a town teeming with market and upon the hustle and bustle on the roads. Sooner or later both visitors and inhabitants themselves will become more demanding and want to see improvements, which keep pace with trends seen internationally. Thus the enhancement of the leading monuments and sites of the city appears to be inseparably linked to the restoration of the houses.
The restoration of the streets with wooden houses and the clearing of their surroundings would provide Ujjain with an incomparable set of buildings to play a major urban role. The development of the chowks could become the center of attraction and prestige of the city. The highlighting of Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra would return these great works to their splendour.
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13.3.4 Control of Traffic

The re-routing of traffic, the building of car parks at the periphery of the inner city to provide traffic relief to the historical centre, to reduce pollution and to set aside wide areas for pedestrians and shops are already indispensable. At present we see that a number of cities have begun routing traffic away from their historical centres and reducing the amount of space allotted to cars for, even at very high costs, the efforts dedicated to improve traffic circulations can only be insignificant when compared to increasing demands. The number of vehicles increases by 2% per annum in western Europe whereas the space that can be devoted to them in historical centres can only be increased very marginally. Thus we realize that it is impossible to wed a stable mass, i.e. the space in the centre, with a mass under constant growth, i.e. that required by the increase in the number of cars. Massive investment and works to solve the problem from rearing its ugly head again very soon. Thus one would be fighting a losing battle if seriously trying to satisfy the needs of motor vehicle traffic in historical centres especially in so far as Ujjain, the growth in the number of vehicles increases periodically, given the low current level of vehicle ownership. This situation has led cities such as Rome to prohibit the access of vehicles of non-residents to fully one-half the area of the city centre, i.e. an area of 700 hectares. The city of Riga, Latvia has prohibited cars from the city centre, acting swiftly before their limited numbers increase. Cities in France are demolishing central car parks to keep cars at a distance and others in Germany are prohibiting the building of parking in office and commercial buildings to avoid attracting cars. It would be interesting if the city of Ujjain is to draw inspiration from these examples, stop cutting new roads and shut down motor vehicle traffic in its historic centre, introducing a system of entrances and exits which do not cross the centre.
13.3.5 Other Innovative interventions

Model Street Restoration: Facades of new development could be heritage sensitive and respect the vernacular of the city. Heritage Fund: Heritage building identification can be followed by important heritage awareness-raising campaign. Establishment of Heritage Fund where donations can be accepted would be formed under the Heritage Cell of the UMC this fund can be used for providing matching grant of an amount equal to that contributed by the owner, for restoration purposes. Heritage Walk: a guided tour along the interested street stretches of the town that would be preserved can be organized. The rich heritage of the city could be highlighted to tourists and create better awareness among the local residents.
Historic City Signage System: An integrated signage scheme for all the Kshetras of the town should be taken up to convey information of historical relevance of the city so as to guide the tourists and inhabitants to major heritage sites. The signage system is envisaged as an important support to the special heritage image of the town. Tourism information maps, fixed indorrs at arrival points like the Railway Station, Bus Stand and Tourism Information Centre. The information contained will be about heritage sites, landmarks, shopping and services. It should also include a key plan of the city and its immediate environs. The idea is to help the visitor to locate interesting places to visit and gather essential information before entering the town.
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Heritage Plaques: information plaques fixed outside the heritage buildings on the historical and architectural background of the heritage buildings will be provided.
13.4 PPP programme

Innovative projects with the objective of preserving the heritage resources are being thought of in colloboration with the private sector in the PPP format.
13.4.1 Development of Sandipani Ashram

Ancient importance of Sandipani Ashram The fact that ancient Ujjain apart from its political and religious importance, enjoyed the reputation of being a great seat of learning as early as the Mahabharata period is borne out by the fact that, Lord Krishna and Sudama received regular instruction in the ashram of Guru Sandipani. The area near the ashram is known as Ankapata, popularly believed to have been the place used by Lord Krishna for washing his writing tablet. The numerals 1 to 100 found on a stone are believed to have been engraved by Guru Sandipani. The Gomti Kunda referred to in the Puranas was the source of water supply to the ashram in the olden days. An image of Nandi, belonging to the Shunga period, is to be found near the tank. The followers of Vallabha sect regard this place as the 73rd seat of the 84 seats of Vallabhacharya where he delivered his discourses throughout India. Need for the Project development As ancient importance of center of learning is align with the Sandipani ashram, it portrays the immense opportunity for developing the Ashram as a famous tourist spot in the Ujjain city through the ppp. This development could bring the value of the Krishna to the people and also realize the ancient learning culture of the India. Project features Hall of values Universal values for humankind presented through audio-animatronics and light and sound presentations from the life of Krishna. Giant screen for multi media presentation Multi media presentation portraying the student life of Sandipani Ashram where Krishna, Balaram and Sudama , couple with other students went through the learning process. Garden of learning
Replicated model of the Sandipani Ashram is to be developed where people go through the actual ancient learning process by staying there for couple of days and hence could experience ancient student life. Project structure The following diagram describes the structure of the PPP project.
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PPP Project structure
UMC Iskon trust Vaishnav trust
Rehabilitate, operate and maintaining agreement
Executive committee
The stakeholders of the project are UMC, Iskon and Vaishnav trust shall enter in to a contract through the rehabilitate, maintain, and operate agreement. UMC shall make available required land on lease and both the trust shall make required investment. An executive committee shall be formed with members from the members from both trusts and UMC .This executive committee shall be then empowered with the authorized power to develop, maintain and operate the Sandipani Ashram.
13.4.2 Heritage walk

Ujjain has a long ancient history and strong architectural and urban character. With this characteristics city can portray the opportunity for developing the program with the aim of getting the city to the people. Acute need for a holistic approach to the conservation and preservation of the resources at Ujjain is realized. This can be resolved by fostering the awareness of resources among the people .Heritage walk is the most effective tool or program undertaken with the aim of preservation of the heritage resources by fostering the resources awareness. Project features heritage heritage shall be heritage
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The heritage walk need not only be a walk but could be a holistic experience. It can start with a half hour special slide show running through pages of citys history unfolding its birth to present time.The main activity would comprise a heritage walk through a pre-determined route guided by a well informed and knowledgeable guide briefing the participants about structures of religious and heritage importance. Other activities involved would comprise illumination of monuments, city heritage award etc. Project structure The following diagram describes the ppp structure of the projects UMC with the assistance from the NGO, shall set up the heritage cell. Main objectives of heritage cell are to create basic awareness amongst the citizens, promote traditional built forms, support participatory action programmes and to co-ordinate efforts of different disciplines, stakeholders and authorities. UMC and NGO shall enter in to a contract through management and operate agreement and formed the heritage cell. Heritage cell will comprising the members from the UMC, NGO and some respected citizen from the city. This heritage cell shall be entrusted with the authority to organize the program. NGO shall make available required investment and UMC shall cooperate in organizing different program.
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14
14.1 Project Identification and Costing
C Ca ap piit ta all I In nv ve es st tm me en nt tP Plla an n
High priority investment for the city of Ujjain, for two submissions of Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission, JNNURM under (I. Urban infrastructure and Governance; II. Basic services to Urban Poor) are identified and estimated cost for each of the core service sectors of UMC based on a rapid assessment of the levels and status of urban basic services discussed in Technical review of City basic Infrastructure and future demand (normative)supply gap assessment, using unit costs. Unit costs adopted are based on estimates of similar projects planned/executed by UMC in consultation with the respective departments. Basis for Project Identification Projects identified under each of the core service sectors are broadly categorized as: Projects for system/infrastructure augmentation; Projects for system/infrastructure refurbishment; and Other developmental projects with special consideration on heritage, includes: Built Heritage conservation projects & Environmental conservation
14.1.1 Projects for System and Infrastructure Augmentation

The projects for system and infrastructure augmentation are derived based on a broad demand-supply gap assessment for each of the service sectors, except for sewerage and fire services, where detailed project specifications and estimates are worked out by PHED and UMC respectively. The forecast population for the planning horizon (2021) used for demand estimation is 6,88,000. The norms adopted are based on sector norms derived from various sources including the PHED, GoMP for water supply and CPHEEO for solid waste management. In sectors like roads and street lighting, the norms for surface type of roads, streetlight spacing and composition of streetlight fixtures are assumed based on existing levels of service so as to improve the level of service from the current levels. In case of sewerage, detailed cost estimates worked out by PHED on the basis of the sewerage master plan are adopted, while in case of fire services, UMCs proposals for augmentation and modernization of the fire fighting and rescue systems are adopted.
14.1.2 Projects for System and Infrastructure Refurbishment

Projects for system and infrastructure refurbishment are derived based on a quick assessment of system conditions and discussions with local authorities. Such projects are aimed at ensuring optimal and efficient utilization of existing infrastructure systems.
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14.1.3 Other Developmental Projects

Other developmental projects include projects other than those from core service sectors. Such projects are identified based on lists and/or reports prepared by UMC and Ujjain Development Authority This includes the city level facilities like Parks, Sports stadium, over bridges, subways, parking and tourism and recreational facilities. Environmental conservation projects like Kshipra river conservation and improvement of water bodies in Ujjain etc. Heritage related projects include those mentioned in the chapter 3 and other required projects.
14.2 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing

W Wa atte er rS Su up pp plly y
The total investment requirement for the water supply sector is estimated at about Rs. 4138.10 Lakh. The investment requirement is estimated for various components of water supply system, including Storage facility (ESR), pipeline for clear water transmission, internal distribution network and installation of water meters. The investment requirement for leak detection and rectification in the transmission mains and internal distribution system is also estimated. A summary of projects and corresponding capital investment requirement for augmentation and refurbishment of the water supply system is presented in Table 14-1
Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project
Sl.
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 B 1
Component
Norm
Gap
Unit of Gap
MLD MLD Km
Unit Cost
Investment Required Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices

0.00 0.00 240 Rs/Capita 98 Rs/ Capita 137 Rs /Capita 1651.52 675
100%
280.00 3,547.52 -LS 0
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System Augmentation Source 135 lpcd development & R.W. transmission Treatment facility 100% of water drawn Clear water - do transmission Storage facility 35 % of water drawn Distribution 60 % of network road length Water Meters 100% Sub-Total System Augmentation System RefurbishmentLeak reduction in -RW transmission mains
10%
ML Kms
941
2 3 4
Leak reduction in internal distribution system Repairs to water treatment plants
----
LS LS
522.21 68.37 0.5
Implementing Agency
Drive for -regularization of illegal connections and conversion of PSPs to community taps, etc. Sub-Total System Refurbishment Grand Total Water Supply UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
LS
590.58 4138.10
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
S Se ew we er ra ag ge ea an nd dS Sa an niitta attiio on n
Some of the Sewerage projects are analysed and adopted from the internal sewerage scheme for Ujjain city prepared by Public Health Engineering Department for Ujjain. The project costs are escalated by 6 per cent to derive the costs at 2005-06 prices. In addition to the underground sewerage scheme, the investment requirement for construction of public toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets is also estimated. Table 14-2 presents a summary of the component-wise investment requirement estimated for sewerage and sanitation.
Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation
Sl.
Component
Norm
Gap
Unit of Gap
Unit Cost
Investment Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices
A 1
Implementing Agency
Grand Total (Sewerage & Sanitation) UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
15200.00
T Th he e tto otta all iin nv ve es sttm me en ntt r re eq qu uiir re em me en ntt ffo or r tth he eo ov ve er ra alll s se ew we er ra ag ge ea an nd ds sa an niitta attiio on nc co om mp po on ne en ntt c co om me es s o u t t o b e R s . 1 5 2 0 0 L a c s . out to be Rs.15200 Lacs.
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Underground Sewerage Scheme (based on PHEDs Project Report) System --LS * 8291.76 Augmentation *Includes investment requirement for construction of public toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets System --LS * 6908.24 Refurbishment
S Stto or rm mW Wa atte er rD Dr ra aiin na ag ge e
The investment components for storm water drainage include upgradation of kutcha (unlined) drains to pucca (lined) drains and construction of new roadside tertiary storm water drains. In addition, investment requirement for improving ten major water bodies in Ujjain is also considered in under the environmental improvement head.The water bodies improvement proposal is also expected to enhance the flood absorption capacity of the water bodies. The unit cost adopted for the costing of storm water drains is Rs. 800 per running meter for a brick-and-cement-lined drain section of 0.45 m x 0.45 m, as per the PWD Schedule of Rates of Madhya Pradesh. The unit cost for upgrading unlined - kutcha drains to lined - pucca drains is Rs. 600 per running meter for a similar cross-section. The cost of construction of new drains is estimated on the unit rate of Rs.1400 per running meter.
Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage.
Sl.
Component
Norm
Gap Unit Unit Investment of Cost Required Gap Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices
Pucca 205 100 Kms Kms 6 14 1962.00 5950.00
1 2
Upgradation of existing drains Drains New Drains
100% Drains
Drain length equivalent to 130% of road length
Implementing Agency
Grand Total UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
7912.00
S So olliid dW Wa as stte eM Ma an na ag ge em me en ntt
The current rate of solid waste generation in UMC is about 150 tons per day. The waste generation rate is estimated to grow at the rate of 4 gpcd per annum, as experienced during the last two decades. Assuming a linear growth trend at 4 gpcd per annum, the waste generation rate in 2021 is estimated to be about 456 gpcd [416+ (4*(2005-2021)]. The total municipal solid waste generated in 2021 by a projected population of 6,88,000 is estimated to be about 300 tons per day.
Major components of capital investment in solid waste management are primary and secondary collection infrastructure (dustbins and vehicles) for collection and transportation of solid waste, and a sanitary disposal facility. The norms adopted for estimation of demand in terms of these components are based on the CPHEEO norms of 1999-2000. Capital investment requirement is estimated for infrastructure requirement to collect and transport total waste generated in 2021. In addition, investment requirement for setting up a sanitary engineered waste disposal facility and for improvements to the workshop is also estimated. Community participation and training of conservancy workers play a major role in ensuring efficient solid waste management. The cost for creating community awareness and training
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of conservancy workers is also incorporated in the capital investment requirement for solid waste management. Table 14-4 presents the summary of capital investment requirement for improving infrastructure for and facilitating efficient solid waste management.
Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management
Sl.
Component
NormNo. per Ton of Waste
GapNos.
Requirement
Unit Cost
Investment Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices 425 62 400 340 50 5 9 0.15 0.115 0.5 0.165 0.175 16.5 14 10 12 2.25 25.48 50 0.07 63.75 7.13 200 56.1 8.75 82.5 126 140 36 4.5 76.44 50 23.8
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Infrastructure & Vehicle Requirement Containerized 3.75 1125 handcarts Containerized 0.25 75 tricycles Community bins 3.75 1125 GI Body Bin (600 l) Skip cotainer (2500 l) 16 GVW Tipper 16 GVW compactor vehical 4.5 cum. skips for construction waste Skip lifters
0.05 0.01
15 3
14 3 2 3 1 340
C D
LS LS
500 150
Grand Total Solid Waste Management
4004.97
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Small vans for 0.01 3 hospital waste collection Incineration 0.01 3 plants Bulldozers/ 1 1 wheel-dozers Asphalt /concrete 0.85 255 for flooring at the waste storage depots Sub-Total Infrastructure & Vehicles Composting and 100% of landfill Facilities waste generated Improvement to -workshop Community -awareness & training
1033
2.4
874.97 2480
Implementing Agency
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Source: Health Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
R Ro oa ad ds sa an nd d ttr ra an ns sp po or rtta attiio on n
The investment requirement under roads is estimated for projects including construction of new roads and upgradation of existing BT roads, water bound macadam and earthen roads. The municipal corporation is responsible for construction of city-level roads (including master-plan proposals for new roads and widening of existing roads and provision of missing links), while the construction of internal roads is the responsibility of colonizers/land developers. The proposals for new roads and widening need to be arrived at based on a comprehensive traffic and transportation study including a traffic volume-capacity analysis. However, in order to estimate the investment requirement on roads, it is assumed that the current per capita road length would remain static over the planning horizon (2021) and the additional road length required for future population is determined accordingly. In case of road upgradation, the composition of municipal roads by surface type is used as the basis for identifying road upgradation projects. Based on the adopted norm of 1.04 meters of road length per capita (existing level), the total road length required by 2021 works out to 795.6 kms - about 400 kms in addition to the existing 395 kms of municipal roads. The road upgradation and new formation requirement by type of surface are derived based on the assumed composition of municipal roads by surface type. The unit costs adopted are based on the Schedule of Rates of the PWD, Madhya Pradesh. The unit costs adopted are Rs. 60 lakh per km for construction of concrete roads, Rs. 20 lakh per km for hot-mix bitumen surfaced roads, and Rs. 165 per sq.m. for water bound macadam roads. The existing average road width of 8 meters is adopted to arrive at the unit rate per running kilometer. Table 14-5 presents the norms adopted for the estimation of new road formations and for ascertaining the upgradation requirements and
Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads
Sl.
Component
Norm-
Unit
A 1 B
For Estimating Total Road Length Total Road Length 1.04 meters per capita For Estimating Upgradation requirement
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Table 14-6 presents the summary of the capital investment requirement to achieve the adopted norms.
1 2 3 4
Concrete Black topped Water bound macadam Earthen/others
40 60 0 0
% of total municipal road length % of total municipal road length % of total municipal road length % of total municipal road length
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and Transportation 15.6 ii)
Sl.
A 1 2 3
Component
Gap Kms
Unit Cost
Investment Required Rs. Lakh - 2005-06 Prices

km km km 60 20 40 1,125.00 200 720.00 2,045.00 60 40 6512.5 6512.5 13,025.00 15070.00
B 1 2
Road Surface Upgradation Black topped to 19 concrete WBM to black 10 topped Earthen to black 18 topped Sub-Total Road Upgradation New Road Construction Concrete 108.54 Black topped 162.81
Implementing Agency
Sub-Total New Roads Grand Total Roads UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
T Tr ra an ns sp po or rtta attiio on n
Under traffic and transportation it has been proposed to introduce an improved and augmented bus based transport system with some innovative measures. A full fledged BRTS may not be feasible immediately given the town size. A total of Rs.2500 lacs have been proposed to improve transportation facilities in the city and construction of bus terminals etc.
Table 14-6 ii: Capital investment Requirement forTranspotation
Sl.
A 1
Component
Unit Cost
Implementing Agency
Transportation BRTS (with 19 innovative techniques) Grand Total UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
2500.00 2500.00
S Sttr re ee ett L Liig gh httiin ng g
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Investment Required Rs. Lakh 2005-06 Prices
The Municipal Corporation executes the installation of streetlight poles, including the wiring through the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). The cost of the material and installation is borne by the Municipal Corporation. The cost of pole installation and wiring payable to MPSEB by the Corporation is Rs. 4,206 per pole. The cost adopted for provision of lighting fixtures with all fittings is Rs. 5,000 for a high power sodium-vapor type of fixture and Rs. 4,000 for a fluorescent tube light fixture (based on local market prices). At the aggregate level, the number of streetlights provided in Ujjain appears to be adequate with respect to road length, with an average spacing of around 20 meters, compared to a norm of 25 meters. However, about one-fifth of the total lighting fixtures are ordinary bulbs, which need to be replaced with better illuminating and cost-effective fixtures. Also the streetlight fixtures in some areas need to be upgraded to high power fixtures. Table 14-7 presents a summary of norms adopted for ascertaining the demand-supply gap and Table 14-8 presents a summary of the unit costs adopted and estimated investment requirement for improving street lighting.
Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting
Sl.
Component
Norm-
Unit
A 1 B 1 2 3
For Estimating Number of Poles Total Number of Poles 25 meters For Estimating Upgradation Requirement High Power Fixtures 33% Fluorescent Tube Lights 67% Bulbs 0%
average street light spacing % of total street lights % of total street lights % of total street lights
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting
Sl.
Component
GapNos.
Unit Cost
Investment Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices A 1 2 B 1 2 3 Street Light Fixture Maintenance Tube Lights to High Power Fixtures Tube Lights Sub-Total Fixture Upgradation New Poles High Power Fixtures Tube Lights Central Lighting 4,500 2,500 0.05 0.014 225 35 260 500 450 25
2500 3000 50
0.2 0.15 0.5
Implementing Agency
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
F Fiir re eS Se er rv viic ce es s
The Fire Services Department of the Municipal Corporation lacks appropriate and modern equipment and infrastructure for fire fighting and rescue operations. The department has prepared a list of equipment and vehicles required for modernization of fire services. The
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Sub-Total New Poles Grand Total Street Lights UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
975 1235
Municipal Corporation also plans to establish sub-stations at three strategic locations so as to enable timely response to emergency situations. Table 14-9 presents the requirements of the Fire Service Department as per its own proposal.
Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services
Sl Item/ Description
A 1 2 3 4 5 Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment Rescue Van Fire Water Tenders small Fire Water Tenders
Number Required
1 10 -2 4 5 10
Unit Rate
15 10 12 10 LS
Estimated Amount
Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices 30 40 60 100 150
Water laury Advanced Fire-fire Equipment (Hose Pipes, Search Lights, Gas Cutters, Generators, Life Jackets, Wireless Sets, etc.) Sub-Total A B Others 1 Fire Hydrants at Different Locations 2 Establishment of Sub-Fire Stations 3 Shifting of Main Fire Station on the Main Road Sub-Total B Grand Total Fire Services Implementing Agency
380 LS LS LS 100 100 480 UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
--
Source: Fire Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
O Otth he er rD De ev ve ello op pm me en ntta all P Pr ro ojje ec ctts s ((C Ciitty y lle ev ve ell F Fa ac ciilliittiie es s))
Ujjain is a major Pilgrimage center and a potential tourist destination of Madhya Pradesh renowned all over the world. Keeping in mind the future population pressure and growing demand of urban space the city authorities through public consultation identified the problem and potential area of the city with need an immediate renewal one in the very core of the city Mahakaal and Ramghat area and in various other locations which demand a revamp before the next Singhast 2016. Development of traditional Sports Identification of traditional sports and their development is one of the important areas that the CDP addresses. An extensive program of developing akharas (a mud filled pits with pahalwan instructors) and propagating the use of such facilities should be taken up. The akharas were constructed with indigenous technology by mixing local mud, oil, sandalwood, sawdust etc. was mixed in a predetermined ratio as filling. The exercises included wrestling, malkham etc. and the body building traditions included massage of the body and yoga. There were various padhatties that were followed for these sports. Character building and respect for the teacher was an integral element of these sports. This is a comparatively less expensive sport and apart from good training programs does not require expensive instruments like health clubs. There is currently no active policy to pursue this program in the new development. Hostels for the serious students, housing for ustads and other facilities are
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UJJAIN
suggested in the development program. Other sports arenas to be developed include areas along the bank and does not actually include active construction. Making lawns along the slopes with clearing in the centre like an amphitheatre is suggested. Project Summary Item 1 Akharas Work Description Amount Rs lakh in
Designing and construction of the 1200 infrastructure of 4 such facilities with emphasis on different sports type including hostels, Stadium, pits etc. other Trained teachers and their accompanying staff 250 salaries for five years 50 Total 1500
2 3
Teachers and personals
Misc. for running the institutions
AGENCIES 1 2 Sports Authority of Operation and Management/ Financing India/UMC/UDA Private etc. Sponsorship Financing
The Tables 14-10 & 14-11 gives the gist of the identified area of investment and intervention with the investment required.
Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities
Sl.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Component
New Construction for Public facilitation Bridges Subway Parking Upgradation of 132 existing Parks Working Women Hostel Old Age Home Sports facilities ( Stadiums,Hostels) Grand Total investment Implementing Agency
Investment Required
112.5 5100 110 425 560 300 300 1500 8407.50 UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
O Otth he er rP Pr ro ojje ec ctts s
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UJJAIN
Apart rom the above, a sum of Rs. 2333 lakhs has been allocated for the following activities H He er riitta ag ge e
training, capacity building GIS Mapping with the assistance of National Instittute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.
The Heritage projects have been already discussed in the Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 of this report.Following is the summary of all the earlier mentioned projects.Table 14-11 gives the overall investment required in the Heritage sector as well as in Environmental Improvement.
S Su um mm ma ar riiz ze ed dH He er riitta ag ge ep pr ro ojje ec ctts s
S.no Project details 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Project summary-bh-svt-1/1 Project summary- bh-mn-1/2 Project summary-bh-kb-1/3 Project summary-bh-gk-1/4 Project summary-bh-vdch-1/5 Project summary bh-bg-1/6 Project summary- bh-spa-1/7 Yantra mahal- jspk-ym-8/1 project summary prau- bh-1/ds 1 Project summary pragyv- vuk-12/ds 1 Proposal summary fm-mkk-7/ds1 Project summary-kdr-kdsk/5/ds1 Project summary- hc-mkk/gk/bk/ytk- /res/1 Project summary-mk-mkk-2/1 Project summary gd-gk-3/1 Project summary-harp-mmk-2/3
Rs. In lacs 26.0 12.0 44 .0 18.0 13 18.7 98.0 64.00 7710.0 6755.0 1100.0
1150.0 10600.0 149.0 150.0 120.0
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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Project summary rjmp-bk-1/3 Project summary- cgmp-bk-2/4 Project summary- kp-vuk-12/1 Project summary- rkm-bk-2/6 Project summary- cy-nkrk-13/1 Project summary- bnm-nkrk-13/2 Project summary nkkr- nkrk-13/3 Project Summary KS-GH-10/1 Total
72.0 73.0 505.0 14.0 9.0 3.4 4.6 1120.00 29784.00
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Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development and Heritage conservation
Sl
Item/ Description
Quantity Required
Unit Rate
Estimated Amount
Unit Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices

A. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Heritage conservation and Urban renewal Beautification of Squares, Landscaping and street furnitures for road, Plantation, etc. Under Ground cabling of street lights. Kshir Sagar Stadium Kalidas Udyan, Kattik mela and Someshwer Thirth Mukti Dham (Chakra Tirath) Summarized Heritage projects Development of Akharas Renovation of Grand Hotel Restoration of Palace Kothi Tourist Information System Conservation of Chaurasi Mahadev Sub Total B 1 2 Environmental Improvement Restoration and Rejuvenation of 10 Water Bodies Environmental upgradation and Study and conservation of Kshipra River and Rejuvenation of Ghats Sub Total Grand Total
LS LS
600 100 300 40 50 29784 1500 300 2000 2000 1000 37674
LS (As per DPR)
5000 10000 15000 52674
B Ba as siic cs se er rv viic ce es s tto oU Ur rb ba an nP Po oo or r
With the focused attention to integrated development of Basic Services to the Urban Poor in Ujjain city, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery through convergence of other already existing universal services of the Government for education, health and social security.
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UJJAIN
Care has been taken to see that the urban poor are provided housing near their place of occupation. Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that the Basic Services to the Urban Poor created in the cities, are not only maintained efficiently but also become self-sustaining over time. The project has intended to ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfil deficiencies in the Basic Services to the Urban Poor and Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor. Table 14-12 presents the capital investment required for the basic services to urban poor in Ujjain city with the gap to the present level status.
Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC
Sl.
Component
Norm
Gap
Unit of Gap
Unit Cost
Investment Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices A. 1 2 Slum Improvement and rehabilitation project, (Integrated development of Slums ) Housing 5000 H/H Roads a. New Proposed Road 7.5 b. Upgradation of Existing 42 Road Water supply distribution 400 line Sewerage/ Sanitation a. Sewerage system b. Individual Toilets to H/H 10000 Drainage a. upgradation 45 b. New Construction 18 Environmental improvement/ solid waste management Street Lighting 250 +700 Civic Amenities, community hall, child care center. Convergence of health, education and social security schemes for the urban poor. Operation and maintenance of assets created under these components. Grand Total Investment 9618 1.0 Km Km H/H 20.00 12.50 5000 150 525 1230.76
4 5
0.05 Km Km LS
500 565 569 150 123.00 500 50
8 9 10 11
LS LS
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation.
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12
4% of the Project Cost
255.24
14.3 Total Capital Investment Requirement

Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise
2% 2%0% 7% 3% 12% Water supply Sewerage and sanitation 8% 3% Solid waste mgmt Roads - ULB owned Storm Drains Street lightning 12% Fire Service Heritage,Urban renewal and environment improvement Basic service to urban poor City basic facilities 6% 1% 0% Traffic transportation and bus terminal development Workshop upgradation Others
44%
The total estimated capital investment requirement for providing basic services for the population of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain by the year 2011 works out to about Rs. 123772.63 Lakh (at 2005-06 prices). Simhasta 2016. Table 14-13 presents the summary of sector-wise investment requirement for the core service sectors. The largest share is enjoyed by heritage and conservation (44%). Sewerage and sanitation (12%) accounts for the estimated investment required in UMC. This is primarily due to the proposed underground sewerage system. Water supply, which accounts for about 3.3% per cent of the total estimated investment requirement, is constituted mainly by system Distribution works for the 2021 population. Investment in storm water drains, which accounts for about 6.4% per cent of the estimated investment requirement, is constituted primarily by investment for construction of new tertiary drains and upgradation of kutcha to pucca drains. The share of roads in the total estimated investment is about 12.2% per cent. About 13.57 per cent of the investment in roads is for road upgradation from black-topped to concrete surface and earthen to black-topped surface, while the remaining 86.43 per cent is towards the construction of new black-topped roads. Solid Waste Management (3.2%), street lighting (1%) and fire services together account for only about 4 per cent of the total estimated investment requirement.
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The major thrust area is concentrated to be Basic services to urban poor constituting an overall 8% per cent of the total investment and City level facilities 8.28 per cent keeping in mind the demand of the city for the forth coming Simhasta 2016.
Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC
Sl.
Sector/ Component
Investment Requirement- Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices 3,547.52 590.58 4,138.10 8,291.76 6,908.24 152,00.00 5,950.00 1,962.00 7,912.00 874.97 1780.00 1350.00 4004.97 2,045.00 13,025.00 15,070.00 2500.00 260.00 975.00 1235.00 380.00 100.00 480.00 200.00 52674.00 9618.00 8407.50 2333.10 123772.6
Share in Total/ Grand Total
Water Supply a System Augmentation (S.A) b System Refurbishment (S.R) Total Water Supply Sewerage & Sanitation a System Augmentation (S.A) b System Refurbishment(S.R) Total Sewerage & Sanitation Storm Water Drains a Construction of New Drains (S.A.) Upgradation of existing Drains (S.R.) Total Storm Water Drains Solid Waste Management a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) b Sanitary Engineered Disposal Facility (S.R) c Improvement to workshop and Community awareness & training (S.R.) Total Solid Waste Management Roads a Upgradation of Roads (S.R.) b Construction of New Roads (S.A.) Total Roads Traffic management and Bus Terminal development Street Lighting a Upgradation of Lighting Fixtures(S.R.) b Installation of New Poles (S.A.) Total Street Lighting Fire Services a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) b Others (S.R.) Total Fire Services Work Shop Upgradation Heritage conservation ,Urban Renewal and Environment improvenment Basic Services to Urban Poor City Public facilities Other Grand Total Investment Requirement
3.3%
12.30%
6.4%
3.2%
6 7
12.2% 2%
1%
11 12 13
7.8% 6.8% 1.9% 100%
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9 10
0.4% 0.2% 42.6
14.4 Financing Plan

The Project is proposed to be financed with assistance from GoI and State Government of Madhya Pradesh and a share of Ujjain Municipal Corporation on 80:10:10 basis under the national level Jawaharlal Nehru Urban renewal Mission.Out of the total estimated investment of Rs.123772.6, The GoI shall disseminate Rs. 99018.10 Lakh as its share to the state level Nodal agency and then with prior approval of projects through the procedures set under the project financial and technical arrangements for the project funds shall be made available to UMC to implement the projects. GoMP will further sub-lend a sum of Rs. 12377.26 lakh and the proceeds of the GoI assistance to the Ujjain Municipal Corporation in a mix of soft loan and grant/grant cum loan as per stated terms under the mission. The remaining amount of about Rs 8664.08 Lakh (7% of the Investment) will be contribution of beneficiaries of area improvement facilities and Ujjain municipal own resources. The balance 3% (3713.18 lakh) will be contributed by Financial Institution This amount will finance the cost of city basic infrastructure services Part A, basic services to urban poor under Part B and the costs of Design and Construction Supervision consultants and incremental administration under Part C. The proposed financing plan is summarized in Table 14-14.
Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan
Financing Options
Government of India, GOI (Grant) Government of Madhya Pradesh, GoMP (Grant/soft loan/ Grant cum loan) Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Local resources including NGOs, Trusts and Pvt Sector. Financial Institutions Capital Market Off-shore Financing Total
Estimate of additional Percentage Resources

99018.104 12377.26 8664.08 3713.18 123772.63 100% 80% 10% 7% 3%
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15
15.1 Overview
I In nv ve es st tm me en nt tS Su us st te en na an nc ce eP Plla an n
The investment sustenance of the Ujjain Municipal Corporation is assessed using a Financial Operating Plan (FOP) model, which is essentially a forecast of the local bodys finances based on certain realistic assumptions relating to revenue generation and expenditure, in order to assess impacts of proposed investments. The capital investments required for the identified 7-year high priority interventions (HPI) are to be initiated from FY 2005-06. The FOP is worked out for three scenarios, viz.
1. Base Case; 2. Full HPI; and 3. Sustainable HPI.
In the base case scenario, the finances of the UMC are forecast in a do nothing wherein the revenue account of the ULB is forecast based on certain realistic assumptions. Since the FOP model is developed to ascertain the HPI investment sustaining capacity, the base case scenario is developed assuming that there will be no new capital account transactions this will indicate the UMCs capacity to generate revenue surpluses to service capital expenditure. In the full HPI scenario, the estimated investment for HPI is phased over the FOP horizon and the implications of this investment in terms of external borrowings required and resultant debt service commitment and additional operation and maintenance expenditure are worked out to assess their impact on the municipal finances. This scenario also takes into consideration the additional revenue generation potential due to large-scale investments in water supply and sewerage projects and the applicable funding structure for capital works. The outcome of this scenario will indicate the extent of fiscal support required by the municipality to sustain the identified HPI. The sustainable HPI scenario is worked out when the full HPI scenario indicates inability of the municipality to sustain the full identified investment. In this case, the identified investment is sized down through an iterative process to assess the maximum investment sustainable by the municipality. The criteria for assessment of investment sustenance are a positive year-to-year closing balance of the municipal account. The outcome of this scenario will give an indication of the actual level of investment sustainable by the municipality without any additional external support. This section elucidates the major assumptions and basis for forecast of the municipal finances for the FOP plan period, the impact of undertaking full HPI on the overall municipal fund and actual investment sustainable by the ULB. The FOP horizon is determined so as to assess the impact of full utilization of the High priority sectoral investment. The proposed capital investments are phased over a 7-year period from FY 2005-06 to 2011-12, implying that the last loan/Grant draw down would occur in FY 2011-12. Considering a 7-year moratorium period adopted, the maximum debt
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UJJAIN
servicing commitment will fall in year 2012-13. The FOP is thus worked out for the period 2005-06 to 2021-21. In the absence of final financial data for FYs 2005-06, 2004-05 is considered as the base year and the finances are estimated / forecast for the period 2005-06 to 2020-2021.
15.2 Key Assumptions

The FOP is based on a whole range of assumptions related to income and expenditure. These are critical to ascertain the investment sustenance and would also provide a tool to test certain specific policy decisions regarding revenue and expenditure drivers on the overall municipal fiscal situation. This section elucidates the key assumption adopted for the three FOP scenarios.
15.2.1 Revenue Account

The following section details out the basic assumptions adopted for forecasting income and expenditure. Assumptions for Forecasting Income and Expenditure The assumptions and working sheets for forecasting municipal income and expenditure for the three scenarios base case, full investment and sustainable investment - are presented in Tables below. The assumptions adopted are primarily based on past trends (5-year average growth trend or 5-year compound annual growth rate - CAGR, whichever is lower), subject to minimum and maximum annual growth rate ceilings.13
13
In case of recurring items of income and expenditure, a CAGR would be more appropriate, while in case of nonrecurring items, the average growth rate would be a better representation. However, to be on a conservative side, the lower of the two growth rates are adopted for forecasting items of income and higher growth rate figures are adopted for forecasting items of revenue expenditure, subject to minimum and maximum ceilings of 5 and 15 per cent respectively.
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UJJAIN
15.2.1.1 Municipal Taxes
The primary tax sources, viz. property tax, water tax/charge and consolidated tax are forecast based on assumptions on the base (number of assessments) and basis (tax demand per assessment) and the collection efficiencies. In addition to the above taxes, provision is also made for estimating income from sewerage tax/charge, subject to implementation of the proposed sewerage scheme.
((ii))
P Pr ro op pe er rtty yT Ta ax x
Number of Assessments In case of property tax, the total number of property tax assessments in 2004-05 as per UMC records adopted as the base.The number of properties in UMC has increased from 41746 to 72113 at a CAGR of 10.66 per cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. A nominal growth rate of 1.73 per cent (equivalent to forecast population growth rate of 1.5 per cent during 2005-06 to 2020-21) is adopted for forecasting the number of property tax assessments. Tax Demand per Assessment The average annual property tax demand per assessment in 2004-05 is 358.23 Rs. The same demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2010-11 and is assumed to be revised once in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum. Collection Efficiency The average property tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 29.15 per cent and 24 & 42 per cent of arrears and current tax demands respectively. It is assumed that UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent and 75 per cent against arrears and current tax demand respectively.
Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax
Sl. Description
1 2 3 4 5 Annual growth in number of assessments (%) Annual growth in ARV of new assessments (%) Average ARV per Property (Rs. Per Annum) Tax Rate (% of ARV) Periodic increase in ARV (%) 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16
Current Level
--579 6-10 5 ----
Assumptions Base Case Full HPI Sustainable Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario
1.5 3 579 1.5 3 579 10 30 30 30 30 30 30 1.5 3 579 10 30 30 30
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UJJAIN
2020-21 6 Collection Performance (% of Demand) Arrears Current Growth in revenue from propertyrelated taxes 29.15 24 42 13.19
30
30
30
50 85 10
50 85 10
50 85 10
((iii))
W Wa atte er rT Ta ax x//C Ch ha ar rg ge es s
Number of Assessments There are about 45,403 registered house service connections in UMC, which accounts for only about 58.89 per cent of the property tax assessments. In addition, as reported by UMC officials, there are an estimated 15,000 unauthorized house service connections. For the base case scenario, it is assumed that the 15,000 unauthorized connections would be regularized in 2006-07, thereby increasing the number of HSCs to 77,099 (83.76 per cent of the number of property tax assessments). In the absence of additional investment in water supply, the number of water tax/charge assessments is assumed to stagnate at the 2004-05 level. At a nominal regularization fee of Rs. 1,000 per connection, the income from regularization accruing to UMC would be Rs. 150.00 Lakh. In the full investment scenario, it is assumed that due to augmentation of the water supply network, UMC would cover 90 per cent of the property tax assessments through house service connections (HSCs) in a phased manner by 2007-08. Tax Demand per Assessment The average monthly water tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 126.82. The same demand per assessment is adopted for 2001-02 to 2002-03 and is assumed to be revised once in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum. Collection Efficiency
The average water tax collection efficiency during 2000-901 to 2004-05 was 24.38 per cent and only 11 per cent of arrears and 43 per cent current tax demands respectively. It is assumed that UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent and 75 per cent against arrears and current tax demand respectively.
Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges
Sl. Description
1 % water connections to property tax assessments
Current Level
58.89
Assumptions Base Case Full HPI Sustainable Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario
58.89 80 66.2
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UJJAIN
2 3
Avg monthly water charge per connection (Rs.) Periodic revision in water charges 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2020-21 Collection Performance (% of Demand) Arrears Current Growth in income from water charges (% p.a)
60
60
60/120
60/100
----24.38 85.71 61.11 9.51
30 30 30 30
30 30 30 30
30 30 30 30
50 75 5.54
50 75 5.54
50 75 5.54
((iiii))
C Co on ns so olliid da atte ed dT Ta ax x
Number of Assessments The number of assessments for consolidated tax is the same as that for property tax, and the same is adopted for future years. Tax Demand per Assessment The average annual consolidated tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 159.47. The same demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2007-08 and is assumed to be revised once in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2007-08, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum. Collection Efficiency The average consolidated tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 13.52 per cent and 6 per cent of arrears and 37 Per cent current tax demands respectively. It is assumed that UMC would maintain a 50 per cent collection performance against arrears demand and gradually increase its collection performance to 75 per cent against current tax demand.
((iiv v))
S Se ew we er ra ag ge eT Ta ax x//C Ch ha ar rg ge e
UMC does not levy a sewerage tax/charge currently. Hence this tax is not considered in the base case scenario. However, if the sewerage scheme, envisaged as part of the CIP is implemented, it is assumed that UMC would levy a sewerage charge. Number of Assessments The ultimate number of assessments for sewerage charge, or the number of sewerage connections is assumed at 75 per cent of the total water connections. It is assumed that the 75 per cent coverage will be achieved in three annual phases of 25 per cent each beginning from 2006-07. From FY 2005-06 onward, a proportion of 75 per cent will be maintained.
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UJJAIN
Tax Demand per Assessment An average monthly sewerage tax/charge demand of Rs. 100 per connection from FY 200607 is assumed to compute the demand from sewerage tax/charge. The sewerage tax/charge is assumed to be revised by 30 per cent once in five years, beginning from 2007-08, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum. Collection Efficiency A collection efficiency of 50 per cent of the current demand of sewerage tax/charge is assumed for the first year of the levy of the charge, i.e. 2006-07. From 2008-09 onward, a collection efficiency of 50 per cent and 75 per cent of the arrears and current demands respectively, is assumed.
Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges
Sl. Description
1 2 3 % drainage connections to PT assessments Avg. monthly drainage charge per connection (Rs.) Periodic revision in drainage charges 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2020-21 Collection Performance (% of Demand) Arrears Current Growth in income from drainage charges (% p.a)
Current Level
-
Assumptions Base Case Full HPI Sustainable HPI Scenario Scenario Scenario
60 50 30 50
4 5 6 7
--------100
30 30 30 30
30 30 30 30
30 30 30 30
50 75 -100
50 75 -100
50 75 -100
((v v))
O Otth he er rT Ta ax xe es s
The CAGR of income from all taxes forecast based on the above assumptions for the period 2000-01 to 2004-05 works out to 9.92 per cent, against the actual 5-year CAGR of 26 per cent during 1996-97 to 2000-01.
N No on n--T Ta ax xS So ou ur rc ce es s
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UJJAIN
Other relatively insignificant taxes like wheel tax, cinema tax, entry tax, etc. are forecast to grow at a nominal rate of 10-15% per cent per annum, as against a CAGR of 4.3 per cent. The very low CAGR in realization from other taxes is due to the decrease in the Assigned revenues of cinema and passenger tax came into effect only in 2000-01. However, based on reports that entry tax would not be levied from FY 2001-02, the income from other taxes is forecast based on the 2000-01 realization.
The non-tax sources of revenue income, viz. municipal own sources, compensation and assigned revenue and revenue grants are forecast based on past trends.
The establishment expenditure of UMC has grown at a CAGR of about 7.22 per cent during the last five years. The same growth rate 7%-8% per cent per annum is assumed for forecasting establishment expenditure.
C Co on nttiin ng ge en nc cy y//O O& &M ME Ex xp pe en nd diittu ur re e
The expenditure incurred by UMC in operation and maintenance and minor repairs of its infrastructure systems and properties has grown at a CAGR of 22.58 percent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. This high growth is primarily due to inappropriate booking of expenses by UMC in terms of capital and revenue items. It is likely that some capital expenditure items have been accounted under revenue account. A nominal growth rate of 15 per cent per annum is assumed to forecast operation and maintenance and contingency expenditure. Employee Terminal Benefits, Pensions, etc. Expenditure on employee terminal benefits and pensions has grown at a CAGR of 16.34 per cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. The same growth rate of 16.34 per annum is adopted for forecasting expenditure under this head.
Table 15-4 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure
Sl.
1
Description
General Administration & revenue Collection Allowance to Elected Rep. Overall General Administration Tax Collection Expenses Pensions and Gratuities Contribution to Provident Fund Total-General Admin. & Revenue Collection Municipal Services General Expense Water Supply Sewerage & Sanitation Solid Waste Management Public Works (Roads, Drains & Bldgs) Street Lighting Public Health (Medical) Education Other Services & Misc. Total- Municipal Services
Current Level
8.51 29.24 23.49 -20.92 43.45 9.26 -16.83 -36.42 5.4 --4.6 32.35
Assumption Scenarios)
5 15.00 15 15 14.97 20 9.26 15 15 5 5 15.00
(All
three
Debt Servicing The outstanding debt liability of UMC as on 31st March 2005 was reported to be nil. The additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at 3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14.
305
UJJAIN
However, the disbursements will start in 2006-07 itself. The interest payments are made assumed to be made concurrently without any moratorium. Clearing of Non-debt Liability The outstanding non-debt liability of UMC is primarily in the form of power charges due to Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). According to information collected from the office of MPSEB in Ujjain, the outstanding power charges due from UMC is Cleared. But UMC officials claim that some reconciliation had been carried out based on MPSEB dues to UMC in the form of property tax and there was no outstanding amount due to MPSEB. Thus this amount is not considered in the forecast of expenditure. Based on the above assumptions, the CAGR of total revenue expenditure for the period 200506 to 2020-21 works out to about 9.06 per cent, against the actual CAGR of 13.4 per cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. Additional Recurring and Debt Servicing Expenditure due to CIP
((ii)) A Ad dd diittiio on na all R Re ec cu ur rr riin ng gE Ex xp pe en nd diittu ur re e
The capital investments envisaged as per the CIP are bound to impose additional establishment and O&M expenditure on UMC. Such additional expenditure is estimated based on percentage of capital costs as estimated by the consultants from their experience in other projects. The percentages thus adopted are presented in Table 15-5
Table 15-5: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP
Sl.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sector
Water Supply Sewerage & Sanitation Solid Waste Management Roads Storm Water Drains Street Lighting Fire Services Others
Recurring Expenditure as % of Capital Cost

2.5 2.00 8.00 1.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.50
C Ca ap piitta all I In nc co om me e
Grants UMC receives project-related capital grants from GoMP for specific schemes like provision of basic services and environment improvement in slums, NRY and SJSRY, flood relief, sinhastha etc. The CAGR of such grants during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 31.62 per cent. However, a nominal 5-10% per cent increase is assumed while forecasting receipts in the form of capital grants. In addition to the above regular capital grants, the FOP has a provision for incorporating GoI and GoMP grants for funding large capital investments under the JNNURM Project, especially in the water, Sewerage, Road and sanitation sectors. Loans
306
UJJAIN
Capital income in the form of loans is forecast based on phased capital investment identified as part of the CIP. It is assumed that regular scheme-based capital grants received by UMC would be used to fund the identified CIP, and UMC would mobilize the balance amount to fund the capital investment through loans. The additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at 3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14. However, the disbursements will start in 200607 itself. The interest payments are made assumed to be made concurrently without any moratorium.
C Ca ap piitta all E Ex xp pe en nd diittu ur re e
The capital expenditure in the base case scenario is assumed to be equivalent to the receipt of capital grants on the basis that all capital receipts would be applied only for capital works.
15.3 Investment Phasing

In the investment case scenarios, the identified CIP capital investment of Rs. 123772.6 Lakh at 2005-06 prices is phased over 7 years in consultation with UMC officials and based on UMCs cash flows. The investment phasing schedule is presented below in Table-15-7 and the investment figures at current prices and at escalated prices at 6 per cent per annum are presented in Table-15-8. A summary of investment in augmentation and refurbishment of different works in different sectors has been given below :
Table 15-6 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment
Sl.
Sector
Total Investment
Investment Phasing %
200708 200809 200910 201011 201112
A. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30 20 20
20 30 20
20 50 20
20 20
10 20
9 10
20 20
20 20
10 20
10 25
10 15
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UJJAIN
Rs. Lakh 2006(2005-06 07 prices) System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works Water Supply 590.58 Sewerage & 6,908.24 Sanitation Solid Waste 3130 Mgmt Roads 2045 20 Storm water 1962.00 20 Drain Street Lighting 260 Fire Services 100 Heritage,Urban 22890.00 Renewal and Enviromental improvement Basic services 3292.7 30 to urban Poor City Basic 2102 Facilities
10 10 10 20 20
20 50 50 20 20
20 20 20 20 20
25 20 20 20 10
25 -
10
11
12 13
Trafic Transportation and Bus Terminal Development Workshop upgradation Others Sub-Total A
2500
10
30
20
20
20
200.00 443.00 46424.0 10
20 10 -
20 20 -
20 20 -
20 20 -
20 20 -
B. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12
Systems Augmentation Works Water Supply 3547.52 Sewerage & 8,291.76 Sanitation Solid Waste 874.97 Mgmt Roads ULB 13025 owned Storm water 5950.00 Drain Street Lighting 975 Fire Services 380 Heritage,Urban 29,784.00 Renewal and Enviromental improvement Basic services 6325.3 to urban Poor City Basic 6305 Facilities Trafic 0 Transportation and Bus Terminal Development Others 1889.46 Sub-Total B 77348.635 Grand Total 123772.63 Investment
25 25 25 20 20 10
25 25 50 20 20 20 30 20
25 20 25 20 20 20 50 30
25 20 25 35 30 40
10 15 25 30
20
20 25 25
20 25 25
10 25 25
15 25 25
15
10
10
20
30
30
Table 15-7 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
A. 1 2 3
118.1 3454.1 1565.0
118.1 1381.7 626.0
147.7 1381.7 626.0
147.7 0.0
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UJJAIN
Sl.
Sector
Total Investment Phasing % Investment Rs. Lakh 2006-07 2007-08 (2005-06 prices) System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works Water Supply 590.6 59.1 Sewerage & Sanitation 6908.2 690.1 Solid Waste Mgmt 3130.0 313.0
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12 13 B. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12 13
1265.06 3098.63
188.94 12146.96 20377.42
188.94 16767.1 29100.99
377.89 18744.59 27757.74
566.84 23460.72 32369.21
566.84 7066.06 13307.9
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UJJAIN
Roads ULB 2045.0 owned Storm Drains 1962.0 Street Lighting 260.0 Fire Services 100.0 Heritage ,Urban Renewal and environment Improvement 22890.0 Basic services to urban Poor 3292.7 City Basic Facilities 2101.9 Trafic Transportation and Bus Terminal Development 2500.0 Workshop Upgradation 200.0 Others 443.6 Sub-Total A 46424.0 Systems Augmentation Works Water Supply 3547.52 Sewerage & Sanitation 8291.76 Solid Waste Mgmt 874.97 Roads ULB owned 13025 Storm Water Drains 5950 Street Lighting 975 Fire Services 380 Heritage ,Urban Renewal and environment Improvement 29784 Basic services to urban Poor 6325.3 City Basic Facilities 6305.63 Trafic Transportation and Bus Terminal Development 0 Workshop 0 Others 1889.46 Sub-Total B 77348.635 Grand Total Investment 123772.63 Escalated Cost 158078.68
409.0 392.4
409.0 392.4 78.0 20.0
409.0 392.4 52.0 30.0
409.0 392.4 52.0 50.0
409.0 196.2 52.0
196.2 26.0
4578.0 987.8 658.5 448.0
4578.0 658.5 448.0
4578.0 329.3 448.0
4578.0 329.3 560.0
4578.0 329.3 336.0
500.0 40.0 44.4 8230.5 886.88 2072.94 218.74 2605
500.0 40.0 88.7 12333.9 886.88 2072.94 437.48 2605 1190 195 114
500.0 40.0 88.7 9013.2 886.88 1658.35 218.74 2605 1190 195 190
500.0 40.0 88.7 8908.5 886.88 1658.35
500.0 40.0 88.7 6241.8
44.4 1833.6
829.17
3256.25 2082.5 292.5
1953.75 1487.5 292.5
76
2978.4 1265.06 1265.06 1855
5956.8 1265.06 1855
8935.2 632.53 1855
11913.6 948.8 1855 948.8 987.5
3,284.55
22,896.07
34,659.74
35,043.51
43,317.30 18,877.51
15.4 Results of FOP

Based on the above assumptions, the FOP is worked out for three cases, in order to assess the investment sustaining capacity of UMC.
B Ba as se eC Ca as se e
UMC receives substantial income from State/Central Government in the form of grants and aids during Sinhastha. A lot of citys develop works and refurbishment works are completed uring this time, reducing the burden during others. Hence in spite of low collection efficiency with regard to property and water, the town has been able to maintain its assets and maintain the pace of its development works. The FOP for the base case is worked out without considering the identified CIP investment. The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP, i.e. 2020-21 would be Rs. 25881.4 Lakh.
F Fu ulll I In nv ve es sttm me en ntt S Sc ce en na ar riio o
In the full investment scenario, the entire estimated investment of the CIP is loaded on the FOP as capital expenditure, as per the investment phasing presented in Table 15-7, 15-8 and the additional recurring and debt servicing expenditure are considered under revenue expenditure. The entire FOP is presented as annexures. The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP 2020-21 in the full investment scenario would be minus Rs. 13069 Lakh, indicating that UMC would be able to sustain this investment after taking into account the O&M expenses etc. While certain stress years are observed during the JNNURM implementation years (2007-08 to 2010-11), the value of the deficit is small and cane be met through contingencies by reducing the expenditure proposed under the Others category. UMC plans to undertake significant significant reforms in taxation, aimed at full cost-recovery and improve its tax and charges collection efficiency, and introduction of new taxations, which will also assist in investment sustenance.
310
UJJAIN
16
16.1.1 Financial
P Pr ro oj je ec ct tI Im mp pa ac ct ts sa an nd dP Po olliic cy yI In nt te er rv ve en nt tiio on ns s
16.1 Project Benefits and Impacts

A financial analysis was undertaken for direct revenue-generating components, i.e. water supply, sewerage and SWM. However, since water supply sub-projects are primarily rehabilitation works, the sub-projects do not translate as monetary benefits. Sewerage projects are proposed in the view of environmental improvement and currently no pilot ULB levies a sewerage charge Hence, in view of the plausible tariff applicable initial connection and monthly rent sewerage projects indicate either negative cash flows. A similar scenario is experienced in case of solid waste management project, where there is no history of tariffs. Hence, all sub-projects identified have a strong economic rationale but indicate poor financial returns. On a stand-alone basis, none of the projects are financially viable but at the municipal/local-level, the municipal fund bears the financial burden of sub-project cash flows. However, municipal funds are not robust enough to bear the entire HPI cost sizing of sub-projects is imperative for sustenance. The socioeconomic survey shows that there was willingness to have piped water connections and pay for them. However, the willingness to pay was generally low as a result of present inadequate level of water supply services, low water tariffs and reliance on alternative sources. The affordability analysis shows that the proposed tariffs for water supply and sewerage surcharge are within the generally acceptable limits.14
16.1.2
Economic
The economic rationale is based on three key principles: (a) basic human requirements for urban services, both for social development and for economic activity; (b) the contribution of
14
As per the surveys conducted under IUDMP Project Report 2002
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UJJAIN
efficient and integrated urban services to sustainable economic development and poverty reduction; and (c) prioritization of need and cost effective (least cost) solutions All sub-projects have a strong economic rationale since they provide minimum acceptable standards for basic living conditions and assist in removing existing constraints on social development and economic growth. Similarly, all sub-projects shall be detailed and designed along sound principles of priority need; consultation and targeting; demand management and rehabilitation before new investment. Alternatives considered in sub-project design included types of wastewater treatment process, sites and location and design of sewer network; and sites and type of solid waste disposal process. In all cases the most appropriate technical and least cost solution was preferred. Basic services to urban poor are a key focus area under JNNURM since most areas would experience severe water distribution inadequacy. While the UMC continues to implement projects to supply water to the City wide network, reduction of UFW and ground water recharge are key recommendations for water augmentation. Without the sewerage/sanitation, solid waste and drainage components, the prevailing unhygienic and unacceptable living conditions will continue.
16.1.3
Social
The project is designed to maximize the number of poor beneficiaries, aimed specifically at improving conditions in under-served areas. The project should benefit all notified slum population (50 percent of the City population). It will extend or improve the service delivery to previously under-served areas, particularly for poor settlements. The combination of project components will lead to sustained poverty reduction through demonstrable health, livelihood benefits. Institutional components of the project should empower and lead to demonstrable improvement in Quality of Life of Citizens of Ujjain. Awareness of affected population in particular the poor will be increased and improved through dedicated education programs, thereby increasing the quality of dialogue and informed participation between communities and local government. Proposed changes in planning processes involving slum networking will enable the participation of community (especially poor communities) in planning, construction and O&M. Indirect benefits will be available to residents of the project to the People of Ujjain, through improved living conditions, a healthier living environment and the prospect of improved health status of the population. This and the prospect of accelerated economic development should increase employment and raise living standards. The capacity-building initiatives should lead to a more efficient, effective and responsive state and local government, better able to understand and respond to the needs of the population, especially the poor. Negative impacts will be minimized in requiring minimum resettlement or loss of productive or non-productive assets. A social impact assessment shall be carried out for identified subprojects and translated as a risk mitigation matrix. The sub-project minimizes other negative impacts on poor men and women such as an increased cost for services (time and money), unemployment and health risks.
312
UJJAIN
16.1.4
Environmental Examination
The proposed Project is fundamentally aimed at environmental improvement in the urban areas, and as such, the overall impact should be beneficial to the urban population and their environment. The Project will thus contribute significantly to achieving one of its overall objectives, which is to improve the living conditions and thus well-being of the urban poor. The urban population and particularly the urban poor, will run less risk of incurring infectious diseases through exposure to waste and contaminated water. On the basis of an initial evaluation, the proposed project is unlikely to result in any direct adverse environmental impacts. Adverse impacts relate almost entirely to the construction phase, and particular attention will need to be paid to ensuring that contractors comply with good engineering practice and avoid creating unnecessary inconvenience to the public during construction. Thus, on the assumption that the construction process is well managed, the short-term negative impacts of the project will be far outweighed by the major positive impacts of a more sanitary urban environment. An evaluation of whether the proposed waste and wastewater disposal sites projects will require preparation of a detailed EIA will need to be made by the proposed executing agency in the period leading up to loan negotiation and effectiveness, based on requirements by GoI. A risk mitigation matrix captures the prospective environmental risks and the associated mitigation measures.
16.2 Policy Interventions

Institutional Arrangements: Institutions at the State-level and local-level play an important role in project implementation. At the State-level, the State Steering committee and State Nodal agency would manage infrastructure investments and institutional development. At the local-level, the project UMC would undertake Mandatory and optional reforms as prescribed under the mission for the selected Urban local Bodies (say Double entry accounting, egovernance MIS, GIS mapping for the improvement in tax rationalization, expenditure control and resource base enhancement) with in the suggested time frame. Resource Mobilization and Expenditure Control: Analyses indicate that sub-project viability is dependent on equity contributions (ULB and customer) Since the cash flow at the municipal fund level determines investment sustenance, it is imperative that adequate resources are mobilized to meet sub-project sustenance. Hence, prior to project implementation, it is pertinent that Ujjain Municipal Corporation shall undertake resource mobilization drives including but not limited to enhancing the tax base, raising tariffs and taxes, enhancing the water connection database (detecting illegal/unauthorized connections), and planning for accurate management information systems to capture the demand for revenue. Water charge enhancement and revisions are proposed on a nominal and pragmatic basis, with due consideration to the prevailing political environment; a similar approach was adopted while recommending sewerage charges and connection fees. Expenditure controls on establishment, staff salary and pensions, and maintenance and repairs are key to long-term sustainability of Mission sub-projects.
313
UJJAIN
17
D De ev ve ello op piin ng ga aV Viis siio on nf fo or rt th he eC Ciit ty y
The development plan is an evolving plan for accomplishing vision. Developing strategies to achieve Ujjain vision will necessarily involve additional planning processes designed to systematically identify components of major themes and the complex interaction between them. The development plan sets the stage for more comprehensive planning necessary to complete strategy.
17.1

Objectives
Strengthen the physical, social and cultural participation of citizens Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be physically, socially and culturally active. Poverty alleviation and slum up-gradation Initiate up-gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of Ujjain so that the city becomes slum free by 2021. Manage growth Balance modest growth with environmental sustainability and community values. Protect & enhance air, water and land quality Restore and protect air, land and water quality to support a healthy local ecosystem for plants, animals and people. Support economic development Take a leadership role in the promotion of a strong and growing local and regional economy. Enhance public safety Engage in problem solving partnerships with the community. Increase emergency preparedness Develop and implement a comprehensive emergency preparedness strategy involving emergency services, municipal staff, business and community associations. Enhance the Cultural and Heritage image of Ujjain through better tourism infrastructure. Develop the city of Ujjain with all tourism facilities and provide the city with all required infrastructure. Enhance transportation alternatives Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan, design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety.
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The city of Ujjain has a strong, vibrant and attractive identity, delivered by building on the strengths of its community, heritage, culture and religious strengths. The ambitions of its citizens for 2021 are: The year 2021 will be an year when: People and Communities are included, services are accessible and vulnerable people are supported to be safe, healthy and have choice and independence to improve their opportunities in life. There is support and enthusiasm for a vibrant Local Economy, where investment and innovation are invited and welcomed, where there is a well-balanced housing market that provides housing for all, and where the heart of the holy city, the core area will be revitalized. The advantages of Ujjain as a Pilgrim Centre are complemented by excellent local transport and traffic arrangements providing easy, safe and affordable movement throughout the city. The administration has responsibilities for Culture, Heritage and Religious feelings, and it makes every effort, with partners, to offer exciting high quality life and facilities for all. The Environment and Heritage are protected, promoted and enhanced, therefore increasing even further its attractiveness as a place to live and work.
Vision statement
To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre maintaining its great religious and cultural image providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks of life. Ujjain will be Knowledge centre
Pilgrim centre Environmentally sustainable Beautiful and self reliant A city with Better quality of life to all sectors of the society
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Sewerage and sanitation Vision and goals Sewerage and sanitation Need Ujjain city does not have a sewage collection and disposal system. Septic tanks used by some houses are inadequately designed and the partly treated effluent from these tanks flows to the open drains. The indiscriminant disposal of sewage, waste from dry latrines or open defecation is common in several areas. The collection of night soil and its disposal to water channels still exists in the city. The absence of appropriate sanitation or a sewage collection and disposal system pollutes the river Kshipra (revered as a holy river by millions) and exposes the city population and numerous pilgrims to high environmental and public health risks. 2010 Healthy Community 2015 2020 Building a self sustained sewerage system equipped to cater the peak population flow at city festive occasions
100 % coverage of the Improving on population. the basic Infrastructure Incorporation gaps. of efficient system to Environmental maintain and upgradation of operate the city. assets. Incorporating Regular Cost monitoring effectiveness and for the reviewing of sustenance of the the project. performance of the system.
Major issues
No underground sewerage system
Strategies
Installation of city level Sewerage system System Management Improvements
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Strengths
The issues regarding Sewerage and Sanitation have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban services
Aim : To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply network so as to provide water for all. Water supply Vision goals Need and Water supply Ujjain city is presently supplied with 90 mld of treated water. Ujjain will need a total of 107 mld of water production capacity to fulfil the requirement of 2021 population with a per capita supply rate of 135 lcpd. 2010 Efficient and Effective coverage of distribution with accessibility to each and every House hold of Ujjain city. 2015 Full Cost recovery of the investment made. 2020
Conservation of the water resource and Reduction in the real cost of water Regular through monitoring better and demand reviewing of management. Presently Ujjain has Capacity the water adequacy up to building of the performance 2020 but the city needs institution to of the optimisation of existing cater to the system. system through rising replacement of old demands of distribution pipes of future inadequate size, envisaged. rehabilitation of old Designing pro equipment and additional poor water service reservoirs to policy for poor optimise the water supply of the city. service in terms of quantity, pressure and 100% metered Connections. duration. Inadequacy in supply coverage Lack of networking water
Major issues
interlinked
Strengths Strategies
The city has adequate water till 2020 Optimisation of Existing Water Supply System
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Water Supply Distribution Expansion Making water compulsory meters
The issues regarding water supply have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban services
Drainage system Vision goals Need and Storm water There is no planned storm water disposal system in the city. Small and medium surface drains constructed along the roads carry household wastewater and discharge it to open areas or small water courses like Hanuman nallah, Sombaria nallah, etc. These nallahs in turn discharge to the river Kshipra. None of the city nallahs are capable of carrying storm water and overflow immediately after heavy rain. Further, due to construction activities without proper regard to the drainage there are several disruptions in the alignment leading to stagnation of water in residential and business areas. The situation is aggravated due to dumping of solid waste in the drains, blocking the 2010 Design and development of city Drainage master plan. Control on the disposal of Untreated waste water to the surface water resources. 2015 Integration of tertiary Household drains Connections. O& M, Training and capacity building 2020
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flow There are about 12 major flood prone areas in the city like Somwaria, Kartik Chowk, Begampura, Singpuri,Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jasingpura,Awantipura, Ramghat, Indore Gate, Indira Nagar and K D Gate. These suffer an unhygienic environment during the monsoon. Major issues Poor condition of drains Improper maintenance Strengths Strategies Satisfactory coverage Construction Renovation of Drains and
System Management Improvements Solid Waste Management Vision goals Need and Solid waste management 2010 2015 80% Coverage 2020 100%coverage
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In Ujjain the main source 70% of waste generation is Coverage from households, hotels and market. Waste generated from hospital and clinics, which could be toxic/hazardous in nature, is currently not separated from domestic waste. There are no industries in the area hence the problem of industrial waste is nonexistent. Solid waste generated in civil area is not segregated into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable category. Waste is collected in open
trolleys/tractors daily in the morning hours.
Major issues
No provision segregation Existing system open
of
dumping
Provision to collect infectious biomedical and hazardous waste separately as per law Improve working conditions for sanitary workers through better equipment and material, and more effectives procedures Improve transportation by mechanisation and enhancing workshop facilities Improve from dumping landfill final disposal uncontrolled to sanitary
Roads and Transportation
Need
Like all other cities the road network in the old city area, with little or no scope for widening, is quite inefficient and inadequate for the present day traffic. Moreover, there is a very high degree
Better connectivity to all parts of the city.
Building road infrastructure to cater rapid transport Decongesting Cost system the pressure recovery of owing to the core areas of the assests increasing created with
Encouraging local public transport system
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Vision goals
and Roads andTransportation
2010
2015
2020
of pedestrian traffic, commercial activities including the informal sector, absence of any organised parking space make the situation worse. Though some traffic management measures in the form of banning of heavy vehicles, one-way operation etc. are in place, but due to lack of strict enforcement measures it fails to give any relief to the core area.
the city.
O& M congestion in capacity the city. Constructing building of roads to suit Institution. the local traffic and city environment.
Major issues
Absence of of public transport system (like BRTS etc.) and poor quality of service and associated infrastructure (like bus terminals and tempo stops) Absence of a comprehensive and scientific traffic management system
Good percentage of road Coverage . Decongestion of the CBD and old city area. Widening and Strengthening of Road Structures and Removal of Encroachments. Introduction of an Integrated transportation system Introduction of public
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transport system
The issues regarding Roads and Transportation have been discussed in detail with the chapter on Roads and Transportation
Urban Poor Vision goals Need and Urban poor A large slum population in Ujjain, some of which are as yet, unidentified squatters without any legal standing or secure tenure, translate into miserable and unhealthy living conditions, which affects the slum dwellers economic productivity and cumulatively, that of the city as a whole. The absence of water supply, disposal of human waste and garbage collection may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban services has traditionally been a municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important to examine characteristics of slums and slum population in Ujjain, and most importantly, the level of access to basic services and how best Municipal The absence of water supply, disposal of human waste and garbage 2010 Integrated slum infrastructure development: for sewerage and water supply Deliver quality services to city urban poor, effectively and efficiently. 2015 100 % coverage of population with access to water supply and roads 2020 Integrating slum dwellers in the city development mainstream and enhancing their social and economic base through local employment generation.
Major issues
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collection may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums Strengths Many of the slums have been provided with basic services earlier . Involvement of NGOs for speedier implementation of the SNP. Explore options for private sector participation in this project Evolve strategies for provision of housing for the Economically Weaker Sections to accommodate the urban poor in proximity to major industrial areas, commercial hubs etc., by reserving adequate lands for EWS housing. Channelise all programs and activities of various government agencies for the urban poor through the Special Purpose Vehicle. Motivate private sector to participate in slum upgradation projects.
Strategies
The issues regarding urban poor and slums have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban poverty and slums
People of Ujjain have given their significant contribution in the preparation of this development plan and the aim is to make this plan come true.
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City Development Plan Ujjain
Annexure
Annexure 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution Urban planning including town planning Regulation of land use and construction of buildings Planning for economic and social development Roads and bridges Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management Fire services Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Slum improvement and upgradation Urban poverty alleviation Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation grounds and electrical crematoriums Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.
City Managers Association Madhya Pradesh
Annexure 2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation

Matters to be provided for By Corporation: (1) The Corporation shall make adequate provision, by any means or measures which it may lawfully use or take, for each of the following matters, namely:-
(a) Lighting public streets, places and buildings. (b) Cleaning public streets, places and sewers and all spaces not being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public, whether such spaces are vested in the corporation or not; removing noxious vegetation, and abating all public nuisances; (c) Disposing of night soil and rubbish and, if so deemed desirable, preparation of compost manure from night soil and rubbish; (d) The maintenance of the fire-brigade for extinguishing fire, and protection of (life) [Substituted by Section 3(2) of the M.P. Act 13 of 1961] and property when fires occur; (e) Regulating or abating dangerous or offensive trades or practices; (f) Removing obstructions and projections in public streets and places, and in spaces not being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public whether such spaces are vested in the Corporation or the Government; (g) Establishing and managing cattle ponds; (h) Securing or removing dangerous buildings or places; (i) Acquiring and maintaining, changing and regulating places for the disposal of the dead and disposing of unclaimed dead bodies and dead bodies of paupers; (j) Constructing, altering and maintaining public streets, culverts and Corporation boundary markets, latrines, urinals, drains, sewers and providing public facilities for drinking water; watering public streets and places; (k) The management and maintenance of all municipal water works and the construction and maintenance of new work and means for providing a sufficient supply of suitable water for public and private purposes; (l) The erection in proper and convenient situations on municipal land of water closets, closet accommodation, urinals, and other conveniences for the public and the maintenance and the cleansing of the same; (m) The construction and the maintenance of public market and slaughter houses and the regulation of all markets and slaughter houses; (n) *[Omitted by M.P. Act No. 13 of 1961.] (o) The maintenance of an ambulance service;
(p) Naming streets and numbering houses; (q) Registering births, marriages and deaths; (r) Public vaccination; (s) Establishing and maintaining primary schools; (t) Taking measures to prevent the out-break, spread or recurrence of infectious diseases; (u) The maintenance of municipal office and of all public monuments and other property vested in the Corporation; (v) Provision of traffic signs; (w) Printing and publishing such annual reports and returns on the administration of the Corporation as the Government may by general or special order, require the Corporation to submit; (x) The maintenance of Public Park, gardens, recreation grounds, public places and open spaces in existence and vested in the Corporation; (y) Fulfilling any obligation imposed by this Act or any other law for the time being in force; (z) Construction and maintenance of veterinary dispensaries.
(2) No suit for damages or for specific performance shall be maintainable against the Corporation or any officer or council or thereof, on the ground that any of the duties specified in sub-section (1) have not been performed. Matters which may be provided for by Corporation at its discretion - In addition to the other powers and duties, conferred or imposed on it by or under this Act or any other Act for the time being in force, the Corporation may in its discretion provide from time to time either wholly or partly for all or any of the following matters, namely:-
(a) Reclaiming healthy localities, laying out, whether in areas previously built upon or not, new public streets, and acquiring land for that purpose, including plots of land for building on such streets; (b) Constructing, establishing or maintaining public parks or gardens, library, museums, halls, theatres, stadiums, offices, sarais, rest houses and other public buildings; (c) Constructing and maintaining residential quarters for municipal officers and servants; (d) Construction, maintenance and cleansing of washing and bathing places; (e) Furthering educational objects other than the establishment and maintenance of primary schools and making grants to educational institutions; (f) Planting and maintaining road side and other trees; (g) Taking a Census and granting rewards for information tending to secure the correct
registration of vital statistics; (h) Making a survey; (i) The destruction or the detention of ownerless dogs or stray pigs, or detention of animals causing nuisance; (j) Securing or assisting to secure suitable places for the carrying on offensive trades or practices; (k) Supplying, constructing and maintaining pipe and other fittings for the supply of water to private premises from water-works maintained by the Corporations; (l) Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes, and other appliances on or for the use of private premises for receiving and conducting the sewage thereof into sewers under the control of the Corporation; (m) Fairs and exhibitions, or athletics or games competitions or tournaments; (n) Constructing and maintaining such roads and buildings and other Government works as the Government may transfer to the Corporation; (o) Organisation and management of chemical or bacteriological laboratories for the examination on analysis of water, food or drugs, for the detection of disease or for researches connected with public health; and (p) The construction and maintenance in the public streets of drinking fountains for human beings and water - troughs for animals; (q) The prevention of cruelty to animals; (r) The playing of music in squares, gardens or other places of public resort; (s) The construction, purchase, organization, maintenance or management of tramways or motor transport facilities for the conveyance of the public; (t) Preparation and presentation of address to persons of distinction; (u) Prevention of vagrancy; establishing and maintaining poor houses; (v) Establishing and maintaining a farm or factory for the disposal of sewage; (w) Organization and maintenance of maternity homes and infant welfare centres; (x) The organization, maintenance or management of institutions, for the care and training of blind, deaf, dumb or otherwise disable persons; (y) Swimming pools, public wash houses, bathing places, and other institutions designed for the improvement of public health; (z) Dairies of farms within or without the city for the supply, distribution and processing of milk or milk products, for the benefit of the residents of the city;
(aa) Establishment and control of gwala colonies and cattle pans within or without the city: (bb) The purchase of any undertaking for the supply of electric energy or gas or starting or subsidizing of any such undertaking; (cc) The acquisition and maintenance of grazing grounds within or without the city; (dd) Granting rewards for information regarding the infringement of any provisions of this Act or of any other Acts, the enforcement of which is entrusted to the corporation by regulation or standing order there under; (ee) The construction and maintenance of sanitary stables for animals or vehicles, or garages; (ff) measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city (gg) The regulation of lodging houses, and boarding houses in the city; (hh) The grant of loans for building purposes or for purchase of conveyance to municipal officers and servants, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed [by bylaws] by the corporation; (ii) Any other measures for the welfare of municipal servants; (jj) contribution towards any public fund raised for the relief of human sufferings within the city or for the public welfare; (kk) Establishing and maintaining pre-primary schools; (ll) Establishing and maintaining public hospitals and dispensaries and carrying out other means necessary for public medical relief; (mm) Any other matter likely to promote the public health, safety or convenience of the public. (nn) Urban planning including town planning; (oo) Regulations of land-use and construction of buildings; (pp) Planning for economic and social development; (qq) Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects; (rr) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded; and (ss) Urban poverty alleviation.
Annexure 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation Taxes to be imposed under this Act.- (1) For the purpose of this Act, the Corporation shall, subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in this behalf, impose in the whole or in any part of the Municipal Area, the following taxes, namely:(a) A tax payable by the owners of buildings or lands situated within the city with reference to the gross annual letting value of the buildings or lands, called the property tax, subject to the provisions of Sections 135, 136 and 138. (b) A water tax, in respect of lands and buildings to which a water supply is furnished from or which are connected by means of pipe with municipal water works. (c) A general sanitary cess, for the construction and maintenance of public latrines and for removal and disposal of refuse and general cleanliness of the city. (d) A general lighting tax, where the lighting of public streets and places is undertaken by the corporation. (e) A general fire tax, for the conduct and management of the fire service and for the protection of life and property in the case of fire. (f) A local body tax on the entry of such goods as may be declared by the State Government by notification in the official Gazette into the municipal area for consumption use or sale therein at a rate not exceeding four percent of the value of goods. (6) In addition to the taxes specified in sub-section (1), the Corporation may, for the purpose of this Act, subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in this behalf, impose any of the following taxes, namely:(a) A latrine or conservancy tax payable by the occupier or owner upon private latrines, privies or cesspools or open premises or compounds cleansed by Corporation agency; (b) A drainage tax, where a system of drainage has been introduced; (c) A tax on persons exercising any profession or art or carrying on any trade or calling within the city. (d) A tax payable by the owners on all or any vehicles or animals used for riding, driving draught or burden or on dogs, where such vehicles, animals or dogs are used within the city, whether they are actually kept within the city or not; (e) A toll on vehicles and animals used as aforesaid entering the city but not liable to taxation under clause (d). (f) Fees on the registration of cattle sold within the city; (g) Market dues on persons exposing goods for sale in any market or in any place belonging to or under the control of the Government or of the Corporation;
(h) A betterment tax on properties whose value may have improved as a result of town planning scheme undertaken by the Corporation; (i) A tax on pilgrims resorting periodically to a shrine within the limits of the Corporation; (j) A tax on persons occupying, houses, buildings or lands within the limits of the Corporation according to their circumstances and property; (k) A toll on new bridge constructed by the Corporation; (l) A tax on advertisements other than advertisements published in newspapers; (m) A tax on theatres, theatrical performances and other shows for public amusement; (n) A terminal tax on goods or animals exported from the limits of the Corporation; and (o) Any other tax which the State Government has power to impose under the Constitution of India, with the prior approval of the State Government. 133-A (3). The State Government shall every year pay to each Corporation from the Consolidated Fund of the State a grant-in-aid approximately equal to the extra duty realized under sub-section (1) in respect of the property situated within the area of each such Corporation after making such deductions on account of cost of collection as the State Government may determine. 135. Imposition of Property-Tax - Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the tax under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of Section 132 shall be charged, levied and paid, at the rate not less than six percent and not more than ten percent of the annual letting value, as may be determined by the Corporation for each financial year. 136. Exemptions - The property tax levied under section 135 shall not be leviable in respect of the following properties, namely:(a) Buildings and lands owned by or vesting in (i) The Union Government; (ii) The State Government; (iii) The Corporation; (b) Buildings and lands the annual value of which does not exceed six thousand rupees in case of Municipal area having population of one lakh or above and four thousand eight hundred rupees in case of Municipal area having population below one lakh. Provided that if any such building or land is in the ownership of a person who owns any other building or land in the same city, the annual value of such building or land shall for the purposes of this clause, be deemed to be the aggregate annual value of all buildings or lands, owned by him in the city;
(c) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for educational purposes including schools, boarding houses, hostels and libraries if such buildings and lands or portions thereof are either owned by the educational institutions concerned or have been placed at the disposal of such educational institutions without payment of any rent; (d) Public parks and play grounds which are open to the public and building and land attached thereto if the rent derived there from is exclusively spent for the administration of parks and play grounds to which they are attached; (e) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for public worship or public charity such as mosques, temples, churches, dharamshalas, gurudwaras, hospitals, dispensaries, orphanages, alms houses, drinking water fountains, infirmaries for the treatment and care of animals and public burial grounds, or other places for the disposal of the dead : Provided that the following building and lands or portions thereof shall not be deemed to be used exclusively for public worship or for public charity within the meaning of this section, namely:(i) Buildings in or lands on which any trade or business is carried on unless the rent derived from such buildings or lands is applied exclusively to religious purposes or to public charitable institutions aforesaid; (ii) Buildings or lands in respect of which rent is derived and such rent is not applied exclusively to religious purposes or public charitable institutions aforesaid.; (f) Buildings and lands owned by widows or minors or persons subject to physical disability or mental infirmity owing to which they are incapable of earning their livelihood, where the main source of maintenance of such widows or minors or persons is the rent derived from such buildings and lands: Provided that such exemption shall, relate only to the first [twelve thousand rupees] of the annual value of such buildings and lands.]1 [(g) buildings and lands owned by freedom fighters, retired members or Defence Services and their widows during their life time if they are exempted from income tax. (h) buildings and lands owned by blind persons, abandoned women and mentally incapacitated persons. (i) buildings and lands in occupation of owner for his residence shall be exempted from property tax to the extent of fifty percent.]
Substituted / Inserted by M.P. Act No. 18 of 1997. Published in M.P. Gazette (Extraordinary) dt. 21.4.97.
Annexure-4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees Construction of new roads and drains as necessary and repair and maintenance of the roads, drains already constructed. To provide water supply and new pipe connections Sanitation To give necessary recommendation for all type of licenses Collection of tax, fee, rate etc. To prepare and execute the schemes of market, development and beautifications. National Programme Execution of Programme relating to health, women and child welfare, destitute pensions, handicapped and to run the homes for old age persons. To remove the encroachments and unauthorised constructions. To arrange for lighting of streets. Supervision of school up to primary standard and hospitals up to primary health centres. Development and maintenance of gardens, squares and public places. Activities relating to libraries, Reading Rooms and Sports. Works relating to control of food adulteration. Supervision of public distribution system. Plantation and betterment of environment. Other functions allotted by the Corporation
Powers of Wards Committees
Sanctioning of an amount up to Rs.50,000/- for the execution of functions as given above. Sanction may be granted only if the amount is available in the relevant head of Budget. Information of every such sanction given by the Wards Committee in which expenditure of more than Rs.25,000/- is involved, shall be communicated to the Standing Committee/Mayor-in-Council within 15 days from the date of sanction. Inspection and supervision of any work. General Administrative Control over the officers and employees working under the Wards Committee.
Procedure of Conduct of Business
There shall be a separate office of every Wards Committee, and incharge thereof, under whom all the officers and employees of wards committee shall work. The officer incharge shall be responsible for all the works of the Wards Committee. The date of meeting of Wards Committee shall be fixed by its Chairman and meetings shall be invited at least once in every 15 days. The quorum for the meeting shall be of the total number of its members. The necessary Officers and employees shall be made available to the office of the Wards Committee by the Municipal Commissioner for the performance of the functions of the Wards Committee. The Wards Committee shall take decisions by majority of votes and in the case of equality of votes, the Chairman shall have casting vote. The in charge of the office of the Wards Committee shall attend every meeting and may give his suggestions, but he shall not have right to vote. Wards Committee shall be empowered to invite any officer of the Corporation for giving suggestions in its meetings.
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers Association Madhya Pradesh
Budget Allotment for the Wards Committee
The Corporation shall provide in the budget of every financial year, the proposed income and expenditure for the territorial area of the Wards Committee. Every Wards Committee shall prepare and send its proposals to the Municipal Commissioner in the month October for next financial year, showing head wise proposed income and expenditure, and the Commissioner shall submit consolidated proposals to the Standing Committee/Mayor-in-Council.
Annexure-5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers

First Stage
All proposals relating new construction work, repairs and maintenance under the budget head Public Works, Planning and Water Supply. For this purpose following powers are given: Sanction of expenditure proposals up to Rs. 50,000/-. The administrative and financial sanction will be given by the Ward Committee and technical sanction will be given by the Divisional Engineer. After obtaining approval of the Ward Committee, the will be sent to the Commissioner for financial arrangements Disconnection of illegal water connections, regularisation of illegal water connections and provision of new water connections Permanent advance of Rs. 5000/- will be given to Divisional Officer for petty works in the zone. For execution of work from this advance, proposal from the Councilor and his certificate after completion of the work is necessary. Divisional Officer shall give information relating to the work taken up from this sum in the meetings of the Ward Committee. The Divisional Officer shall prepare a plan and cost estimate for the expenditure proposals exceeding Rs.50,000/- and present it to the Ward Committee. The proposal will be forwarded to the Commissioner for sanction along with the comments of the Divisional Officer and Ward Committee. After obtaining sanction from the Commissioner, the proposal will be forwarded for the technical and administrative sanction. After completion of all formalities, the Divisional Officer will take necessary steps for implementation. The work relating to advertisements, tender notice and publication will be handled by the Public relation Section at Central Office. The Commissioner will give powers regarding the contracts to the Divisional Officer. The annual rates for the construction and repair works, purchase of materials will be decided by the Central Office. The Divisional Officer/Ward Committee is empowered to make purchases at these rates subject to their financial powers. The powers under Section 80, 82, 83, 85, 136, 138, 140, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 317, 322, 323 to 346, 363, 366 to 391 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers. The powers relating to health, sanitation and food adulteration under Section 190 to 219, 355 to 358 and 361 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers. The powers relating to tax assessments and collection under Section 173 to 178 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers. The daily receipt of taxes and the other receipts will deposited by the Divisional Officer in the bank and the report of daily collection under different heads will be sent to the Central Office. The powers relating to building permissions under Section 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, 309, and 310 of The Madhya Pradesh Munocipal Corporaton Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers. Presently, Zonal Office will give building permissions for residential constructions up to 1500 sq. ft. only. The Divisional officer will undertake site visit and forward his report along with comments to Central Office in case of building permissions for residential construction exceeding 1500 sq.ft. and commercial purpose.
The powers relating to removal of illegal constructions and encroachments under Section 302,307,322 and 323 of the Madhya pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Chairman of the Wards Committee. The Divisional Officer will be responsible for Lighting, maintenance of parks and gardens, maintenance of libraries and sports grounds, tree planting, preparation of proposals for area development and supervision of primary schools. These functions will be performed by the Divisional Officer on his discretion or under the instructions of higher authorities, public representatives and by public demand.
Second Stage
Implementation of Government Schemes like old age pension, handicapped and destitute pension etc. Building permissions for the construction of commercial complexes and other big constructions Tax assessment and collection of all taxes. Classification of receipts. Mutation of property. Preparation of zonal budget and submission to the Central Office for inclusion in annual budget. Proposed arrangements for funding of the budgeted expenditure. Decentralisation of stores and vehicles.
Third Stage
For achieving total functional decentralisation, the powers of the Commissioner relating to implementation, regulation etc. will be given to Ward Committee and Divisional Officer. All Ward Committees will function independently under the supervision of Central Office. Proposals will be referred to Central Office for policy and financial matters only.
Annexure 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office

Departments / Sections Functions
1. General Dept./Section
Mayors Office, Commissioners office, Dy. Commissioners Office, Public Relations, Treasury, General Section, Security, Records, Law Section, Accounts, Establishment Section, Accountant, Audit, License, Rikshaw Section, Tax Assessment, Education Department and Library.
Adm.

2. Health / Sanitation
3.Water Supply
4. Public Works Stores, Work Shop, DM
All functions like appointments, transfers, preparation of pay bills, promotions, preparation of seniority list, annual increments, leave encashment and maintenance of service books and files relating to Establishment of permanent officers and employees. All functions relating to release of advertisements and hoardings. Printing and stationery Allotment of quarters to municipal staff. Registration of births and deaths, issue of birth and death certificates. Issue of mutation and other Certificates on the basis records maintained by the Corporation. Preparation of Annual Budget Payment of bills as per different heads of expenditure. Maintenance of Advance Register and Classification. Payment of pension, gratuity etc. to the retired employees. Audit Issue and renewal of licenses, rickshaw licenses etc. and receipt of fees thereof. Removal of encroachments. Running of schools and libraries under UMC. Implementation of various Government Schemes like payment of pension to destitute, social security pension, old age pension, girls welfare scheme, SJSRY Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Collection and disposal of garbage within the municipal limits. Running of ayurvedic and homeopathic dispensaries. Public vaccination Prevention of out-break, spread of infectious diseases. Running of dharamshalas. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Provision of potable water to the public Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply services Provision of new connections for water supply as per rules. Regularisation of illegal water connections. Checking of water meters. Implementation of water supply scheme Operation and maintenance of water treatment plants and analysis of water samples. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of the Commissioner. Checking and passing of bills for payment Laying of new pipe lines for distribution Coordination with PHED authorities regarding the water supply designed for UMC. Construction of roads, culverts etc. and commercial complexes within the municipal limits Repairs and maintenance of roads, culverts etc. and commercial complexes constructed by the UMC Development Works under various Government schemes in municipal wards and schemes proposed by the Member of Parliament and Legislators under the funds made available to them for carrying out development work within the constituencies. Running and maintenance of municipal vehicles.

5. Revenue

6. Fire brigade
7. Lighting
Supply of water through tankers. Recovery of Market Fees on daily/monthly basis from municipal markets Recovery of rent etc. from shops Mutation and transfer of lease Recovery of land, colony and development fees. Sanctioning of building plans and permission for commencement of work. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Collection of property tax, water tax, compulsory water tax, consolidated tax for health; fire and lighting, development tax and show tax. Collection of lease rent on municipal Lands given on lease. Collection of rent from slum dwellers who have been allotted pattas by the Collector. Collection of miscellaneous taxes. Collection of service charges on Central Government properties. Maintenance of various records regarding tax collection Preparation of DCB statement. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Attending fire calls within the municipal limits and outside and prevention of fire. Imparting training regarding prevention and control of fire. Activities regarding catching of stray animals. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over expenditure. Repairs and maintenance of street lights within municipal limits. Activities relating to provision, repairs and maintenance of lighting facilities to municipal buildings. Provision of lighting arrangements during fairs and festivals and special functions. Upgradation of lighting fixtures within municipal limits. Purchase of electrical materials and fixtures. Supply of electrical material to Divisional Offices as per the requirements received from them. Checking and passing of all electricity bills received from M.P.E.B. for power supply to UMC at different places. Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control of expenditure. Coordination with M.P.E.B. for the erection of electricity poles within the municipal limits. Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of Commissioner.
Annexure 7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06) Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation (Renowned City persons & Senior Citizens)
Sr. No. 1 2 3. 4. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Name Shri Satyanarayan Jatiya Shri Shivnarayan Jagirdar Ms. Soni Meher Shri. Azad Yadav Shri Awantilal Jain Shri Babulal Jain Shri Manohar Beragi Shri Shiva Kotwani Shri Diwakar Natu Shri Mahaveer Prasad Vashistha Shri Mohan Yadav Shri Rajhujursingh Gowr Shri Bamshanker Joshi Shri Beerendra Kawadiya Shri Mahendra Gadiya Disingnation Member of Parliament M.L.A. Mayor Ujjain Chair Person Senior Citizen Ex. Minister Secretary Dist. President Chairman Ex. M.L.A. Chairman Ex. Chairman President Industrial area Leader Member Divisional Railway Advisiory Committee Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Cousiler Ward Cousiler Ward Cousiler Ex. Mayor Ex. Mayor Ex. Chair Person Ex. Wice Mayor Ex. Counsilor Collector & Distt. Megistrate Beurochief Corspondent Corspondent Corspondent Beurochief Corspondent Corspondent Orgnisation Ujjain Ujjain South UMC UMC Freedem fighter, Ujjain Govt. of M.P. Pradesh Congress Committee B.J.P., Ujjain Simhast Development Authority Ujjain Ujjain Devlopment Authority Ujjain Devlopment Authority Ujjain B.J.P., Ujjain Ujjain
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Shri Rajendra Washistha Shri Ravi Ray Shri Devbrat Yadav Shri Anant Narayan Meena Shri Ram Bhagwat Smt. Indira Trivedi Shri Madanlal Lalawat Shri Prakash Chittora Shri Prakash Choube Shri Jai Prakash Joonwal Shri Neeraj Mandloi Shri Anil Mehta Shri Abhay Jain Shri Dharmendra Sikarwar Shri Sandeep Pandla Shri Kirti Rana Shri Tiwari Shri Sachin Goyal
Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Municipal Ujjain Distt. Ujjain
Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation Corporation
Awantika News Paper Naiduniya News Paper Naw Bharat News Paper City Channel, Ujjain Bhasker News Paper Ind. Star News Channel, Ujjain N.D. T.V., Ujjain
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Shri Sachin Kasliwal Representative Shri Veerendra Bhardwaj Shri Shubh Karan Sharma Shri I.V. Mulle Shri J.P. Tyagi Shri Manaklal Giriya Shri A.I. Kara Shri B.R. Sarfaraj Shri S.K. Shriwastava Shri Ashok Jain Shri Dawarkadhish Choudhari Shri Shrikant Veshampayan Shri Kedar Bansal Shri Suresh Chopara Shri Ashok Jain Shri Krashna Chowrasia Shri Basant Chowrasia Shri M. Rizwani Shri Farid Khan Kureshi Shri R.S. Rawat Shri B. K. Sharma Shri. Rajesh jain
Beurochief Corspondent Corspondent Administrator Executive Eng. Executive Eng. President Father Sinior Citizen Doctor Social Worker Advocate Architect Secretary Member President President Member Executive Eng. Asst. Comm. Dy. Comm. Asstt. Engineer Municipal Commissioner
Loklakshy News Paper Sahara News, Ujjain Madhayanchal News Paper Shri Mahakal Temple M.P. Housing Board M.P.E.B., Ujjain Chamber of Commerce, UJN Katholik Charch, Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Fertiliser Union, Ujjain Loding Matadore, Union Transport Union Ujjain Hansraj Dhannalal Trust Hansraj Dhannalal Trust Municipal Corporation Ujjain Municipal Corporation Ujjain Municipal Corporation Ujjain Municipal Corporation Ujjain Municipal Corporation Ujjain
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06) Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
Sr. No . 1. 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Name Disingnation Orgnisation
Ms. Soni Meher Shri Azad Yadav Shri Rahul Lot Smt. Sugan Rathore Smt. Komal Bai Bhati Shri Sushil Kumar Choursiya Smt. Deepkuwar Sisodiya Smt. Shantaban Bese Shri Annatnarayan Meena Shri Gajndra Sakalecha Shri Sonu Gehlot Shri Abdull Gaffar Smt. Shashikala Joshi Shri Salim Kabadi Smt. Kalawati Yadav Shri Sunil Kachhaway Shri Ravi Ray Shri Prakash Sharma
Mayor Chair Person Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler
Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Smt. Varsha Sugandhi Shri Girish Shastri Smt. Rekha Ora Smt. Pravina Ben Patal Shri Kailash Singh Bisen Shri Satyanarayan Chouhan Shri Mehtab Shah lala Shri Sunil Goyal Shri Rameshwar Dubey Shri Mohammd Jawad Kurashi Smt. Seraj bee Shri Bhagwansingh Gaud Smt. Geeta Bai Choudhari Smt. Shashi Chandel Shri Ram Bhagwat Smt. Leela Junwal Smt. Rajni Kotwani Shri Jeetendra Tilkar Shri Atmaram Malviya Shri Radheshyam Verma Shri Ramsingh Sikarwar Shri Sanjay Mehata Shri Ramnarayan Kuwal Shri Santosh Yadav Shri Jaisingh Darabar Shri Vijay Jonwal Shri Amit Shrivastava Shri Davvrat Yadav Shri Rajendra Vashistha Shri Shalendra Veenu Kushwaha Shri Babulal Vaghela Shri Shil Lashkari Shri Charansingh Gil Shri Vijay Agrawal Shri Babulal Jain Shri Rajesh Jain
Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Ward Counsiler Elderman Elderman Elderman Elderman Municipal Commissioner
Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain Municipal Corp. Ujjain
Sr. No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Name Disingnation Orgnisation
Shri Shailesh Vyas Shri Hemant Sen Shri Vishvas Sharma Shri Anilsingh Chandel Shri Kumar Narendra Choukse Shri Tarun Sen Shri Shailendra Kulmi Shri Prekash Triwadi Shri Dharmandra Singh Shri Shadab Ansari Shri Sandeep Pandla
City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent
Naiduniya News Paper Bhaskar News Paper Awantika News Paper Agnipath News Paper Chouthasansar NewsPaper Free Prass Sandhya Dainik News Paper Samachar Line Dota com Naw Bharat News Paper S.R. Chainnal City Chainnal
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Shri Dinesh Sisodia Representetive Representetive Representetive Representetive Representetive Representetive Representetive
City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent City Correspondent
Madhyanchal News Paper Vikram Dershan News Paper Prajaduta News Paper Nirnayak News Paper Malwa Kranti News Paper Aksharvishve News Paper Matikimahima News Paper Amar Shaym News Paper
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Auto Mobile Sangh Industrialist Association Chamber of Comm. Power Lum Association Plastic Association Transport Association Patni Bazar Association Freeganj Marchant Association Sarafa Association Mandi Samiti President President President Secretary Secretary President President President President President Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain
Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Name Smt. Sudha Baheti Shri Sanjay Agrawal Dr. V.S. Uveja Shri S. Vaishampayan Shri Tulsidas Ji Dr. Nemichand Ji Jain Shri Anand Ji Bangar Shri Bharat Jain Shri Sanjay Triwadi Shri K.L. Sonhare Shri Shiv Soni Shri Prakash Jain Shri Sanjay Khandalwal Shri Navin Jain Smt. Urmila Nirkhe Shri Mukesh Harbhajanka Shri Bhagwan Khandegar Prof. Jagdish Palsaniya Disingnation President President Director & Principal Orgnisation
Lions Club, Surbhi, UJN Lions Club, Classic, UJN Mahakal Institute of Technology & Science Architect Ujjain Vastu Vid Ujjain President Lions Club, Metri, UJN Member Lions Club, UJN Charterpresident Ujjain Enginer & Architect Ujjain Training Officer I.T.I. Ujjain Secretary Sarafa Association President Daulat Gunj Merchant Asso. Ujjain Secretary Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN President Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN President Bhumika Sa. Sanstha, UJN Vice President Lions Club, Holicity, UJN State Co-ordinater Ravidas Mahasangh, UJN Reader, Civil Engg. Civil Engg. Club., UJN Dept
As a part of formulating City Development Plan for Ujjain City, a series of meetings of city stake holder were organised by Municipal Corporation of Ujjain. The valuable suggestions from the participants are summarised below. Develop the city of Ujjain with all Religious tourism facilities and provide the city with all required infrastructure. Initiate up gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of Ujjain so that the city may reduce pressure by 2021.
To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply network so as to provide water for all. Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be physically, socially and culturally active. Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan, design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety. Regular monitoring and reviewing of the performance of the system which shall be shaped. Explore options for private sector participation in this project and Motivate private sector to participate in slum upgradation projects. Purification of Shipra River. Purification of Shipra River and linking project with Narmada River. Development of Dewas Gate Bus Stand, Krashi Upaj Mandi and other important Trade Centre of city. City core Area has remained as prime agenda, as the city activities concentrate in and around the Mahakal Temple and Shipra river city ghats which needs immediate refurbishment and upgradation. Over Bridges and Underpass is also need for the city as existing infrastructure is in dilapidated condition city need to count on the issue. The over congested area are short of proper parking space which need to be catered immediately and effectively through innovative and cost effective mechanisms The over all Assets created under the project should suffice the need of the city even in the peek festive occasions, where population is at times 5 folds. Most of the suggestions have been undertaken and incorporated in formulating the vision and setting objectives for the city development for 2021.
City development plan Ujjain
Annexure 8: Ujjain City Development Plan Financial Operating Plan

Particulars (Receipts) Opening Balance Revenue Receipts Tax Receipts Property Tax Consolidated Tax Miscellaneous Tax Water Charges Income from Municipal Property Income from Municipal land and assets Income from Market Fees,Service Charges and Penalties License Income Income from Advertising Income from Map sanctiomning etc. Miscellaneous Income Revenue Transfer Octroi Compensation Stamp Duty Transfers Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Total Revenue Receipt Capital Receipts PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.) SFC & Basic Services Grant Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA JNNURM Receipts JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies, Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) Total- Capital Receipts Total Income 2000-01 Actual 0 2001-02 Actual 145.18 2002-03 Actual -462.06 2003-04 Actual 28.43 2004-05 Actual 471.52 2005-06 Actual -415.94 2006-07 Estd. 431.19 2007-08 531.55 2008-09 -140.22 2009-10 2010-11
Rs Lakh -390.53 -154.52
I A 1 2 3 4 B 1 2 C 1 2 3 4 D1 1 2 3
148.94 63.05 6.14 492.01 44.60 74.66 119.37 2.48 26.03 112.37 913.60 45.73 168.17 2217.15
165.10 67.28 14.16 462.68 41.18 79.81 57.11 1.66 25.73 65.20 889.20 39.98 154.51 2063.60
205.89 81.99 9.37 356.51 53.59 70.16 66.60 2.17 37.44 100.94 1227.34 12.83 165.60 2390.43
223.24 88.17 8.94 314.44 45.40 69.12 119.22 4.88 39.92 60.34 843.28 54.60 238.34 2109.89
245.58 96.47 10.38 298.50 41.87 56.86 84.43 4.26 41.51 52.56 1170.43 64.80 202.53 2370.18
315.04 111.51 12.35 378.28 45.18 87.56 32.86 2.23 107.46 35.48 1354.30 170.34 214.94 2867.53
335.00 122.00 16.20 435.02 40.17 80.00 36.93 1.50 135.00 84.48 1350.00 137.55 350.00 3123.85
400.00 265.00 31.50 559.61 70.70 80.00 41.80 10.00 190.00 80.60 1696.00 150.00 350.00 3925.22
460.00 296.80 36.82 789.42 76.81 88.00 43.89 11.00 230.00 85.07 1865.60 165.00 367.50 4515.91
529.00 332.42 43.06 926.63 83.61 96.80 46.08 12.10 279.25 89.91 2052.16 181.50 385.88 5058.40
608.35 372.31 50.40 1068.35 91.06 106.48 48.39 13.31 339.99 95.17 2257.38 199.65 405.17 5655.99
D2
248.48 149.54 229.96 0.00
150.46 119.00 66.04 13.25
179.72 193.02 81.51 902.50
196.99 154.27 330.76 3590.86
325.63 206.51 445.29 1502.75
175.41 194.36 697.43 565.90
184.18 233.06 610.00 0.00 2881.73
193.39 250.00 729.36 0.00 18951.0 108.45 20232.2 24157.4
203.06 275.00 838.76 0.00 27063.9 713.21 29094.0 33634.9
213.21 302.50 964.58 0.00 25814.7 1018.53 28313.5 33426.4
223.87 332.75 1109.27 0.00 30103.4 971.52 32740.8 38485.9
628.0 2845.1
348.8 2412.4
1356.8 3747.2
4272.9 6382.8
2480.2 4850.4
1633.1 4500.6
3909.0 7032.8
Particulars (Expenditure) III E 1 2 F 1 2 3 4 5 6 Revenue Expenditure Admin &Establishment Expenditure Establishment & salary General Administration O & M Expenditure Lighting Water Works Health Public Works & Roads Workshop &Stores Miscellaneous Total- Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure water Supply Road construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Total- Capital Expenditure Total Expenditure Revenue Account Capital Account Overall Status of Municipal Fund Closing balance
2000-01 Actual
2001-02 Actual
2002-03 Actual
200304 Actual
2004-05 Actual
2005-06 Actual
200607 Estd.
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11 Rs.Lakh
1344.42 49.53 116.37 733.12 93.09 67.00 73.13 59.46 2536.12
1620.93 57.40 141.00 652.62 79.75 43.61 75.56 56.57 2727.44
1416.51 66.39 184.65 738.94 114.31 43.34 128.04 74.63 2766.81
1551.73 92.84 215.30 590.48 145.33 77.54 125.13 90.22 2888.57
1721.24 135.14 232.67 637.77 455.95 35.74 146.97 177.05 3542.53
1891.07 141.93 247.78 534.68 183.09 48.61 153.20 92.15 3292.51
2025.87 72.06 309.73 561.41 21.97 149.12 175.02 104.89 3420.08
2170.74 78.69 387.16 589.48 224.64 161.94 200.03 119.47 3932.16
2326.46 88.71 483.95 618.96 52.67 178.17 228.70 136.14 4113.75
2493.86 96.94 604.93 649.91 57.36 298.50 261.57 155.21 4618.29
2673.84 105.97 756.16 762.39 62.60 766.25 299.26 177.04 5603.51
G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
32.01 13.12 0.00 50.90 17.75 50.05
137.51 8.60 0.00 27.30 22.07 96.67
266.29 83.14 0.00 0.00 47.08 93.37
796.91 1622.00 18.00 22.49 413.27 178.44
783.43 835.56 10.00 53.13 329.99 183.18
0.00 141.25 0.00 10.26 43.56 165.92
0.00 166.15 0.00 10.77 45.94 182.51 3098.6 8.4 3512.4 6932.4 -296.2 396.6 100.4 531.6
0.00 195.70 0.00 11.31 48.46 200.76 20377.4 63.4 20897.0 24829.2 -6.9 -664.8 -671.8 -140.2
36.81 230.79 0.00 11.88 54.96 220.84 29101.0 142.0 29771.4 33885.2 427.2 -677.5 -250.3 -390.5
42.33 272.50 0.00 12.47 58.08 242.92 27757.7 216.9 28572.1 33190.4 494.6 -258.6 236.0 -154.5
48.68 322.09 0.00 13.09 61.40 267.22 32369.2 304.3 33350.5 38954.1 141.6 -609.8 -468.1 -622.6
163.8 2700.0 -319.0 464.2 145.2 145.2
292.2 3019.6 -663.8 56.6 -607.2 -462.1
489.9 3256.7 -376.4 866.9 490.5 28.4
3051.1 5939.7 -778.7 1221.8 443.1 471.5
2195.3 5737.8 -1172.4 284.9 -887.5 -415.9
361.0 3653.5 -425.0 1272.1 847.1 431.2
Particulars (Receipts) Opening Balance Revenue Receipts Tax Receipts Property Tax Consolidated Tax Miscellaneous Tax Water Charges Income from Municipal Property Income from Municipal land and assets Income from Market Fees, Service Charges and Penalties License Income Income from Advertising Income from Map sanctioning etc. Miscellaneous Income Revenue Transfer Octroi Compensation Stamp Duty Transfers Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Total Revenue Receipt Capital Receipts PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.) SFC & Basic Services Grant Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA JNNURM Receipts JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies, Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) Total- Capital Receipts Total Income
2011-12 -622.64
2012-13 562.21
2013-14 1022.14
2014-15 1619.21
2015-16 2443.03
2016-17 3897.43
2017-18 4035.72
2018-19 6380.22
2019-20 8725.95
2020-21 Rs.Lakh 10995.64
I A 1 2 3 4 B 1 2 C 1 2 3 4 D1 1 2 3 D2
699.60 416.98 59.02 1412.88 99.20 117.13 50.81 14.64 415.00 100.88 2483.11 262.35 512.44 6644.0 235.07 366.03 1275.66 0.00 12376.35 1132.92 15386.0 22030.1
804.54 467.02 69.14 1437.32 108.13 128.84 53.35 16.11 507.77 107.08 2731.42 301.70 563.68 7296.1 246.82 402.63 1467.00 0.00
925.22 523.06 81.03 1462.19 117.90 141.72 56.02 17.72 622.64 113.82 3004.57 346.96 620.05 8032.9 259.16 442.89 1687.05 0.00
1064.01 585.83 95.01 1487.48 128.61 155.90 58.82 19.49 765.01 121.14 3305.02 399.00 682.05 8867.4 272.12 487.18 1940.11 0.00
1170.41 656.13 111.42 1513.21 144.31 171.49 67.64 22.41 850.94 130.30 3635.53 418.95 716.15 9608.9 285.72 535.90 2063.72 3770.40
1287.45 734.87 130.72 2001.21 162.11 188.64 77.79 25.77 947.37 140.21 3999.08 439.90 751.96 10887.1 300.01 589.49 2196.16 1577.89
1416.19 823.05 153.39 2035.83 182.32 207.50 89.45 29.64 1055.66 150.94 4398.99 461.90 789.56 11794.4 285.72 648.44 2338.16 0.00
1557.81 921.82 180.03 2071.05 205.25 228.25 102.87 34.08 1177.34 162.56 4838.89 484.99 829.04 12794.0 300.01 713.28 2490.47 0.00
1713.60 1032.43 211.34 2106.88 231.31 251.07 118.30 39.20 1314.17 175.15 5322.77 509.24 870.49 13896.0 315.01 784.61 2653.94 0.00
1884.95 1156.33 248.14 2143.33 261.39 276.18 147.88 45.08 1439.37 188.80 5855.05 534.70 914.01 15095.2 330.76 823.84 2786.64 0.00
2116.5 9412.6
2389.1 10422.0
2699.4 11566.8
6655.7 16264.6
4663.5 15550.6
3272.3 15066.7
3503.8 16297.7
3753.6 17649.5
3941.2 19036.4

Particulars (Expenditure) III E 1 2 F 1 2 3 4 5 6 Revenue Expenditure Admin &Establishment Expenditure Establishment & salary General Administration O & M Expenditure Lighting Water Works Health Public Works & Roads Wiorkshop &Stores Miscellaneous Total- Revenue Expenditure G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Capital Expenditure Water Supply Road construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Total- Capital Expenditure Total Expenditure Revenue Account Capital Account Overall Status of Municipal Fund Closing balance 2867.35 115.86 3075.43 126.71 3299.21 138.61 3539.89 151.66 3731.51 147.91 3934.14 220.83 4148.48 179.16 4375.23 191.31 4615.18 204.34 4826.43 217.74 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 Rs. Lakh
945.21 800.51 68.44 1086.25 342.49 202.04 6428.13
1181.51 840.53 74.97 1139.37 392.06 230.65 7061.24
1476.88 882.56 82.28 1195.04 448.94 263.43 7786.96
1846.10 926.69 90.49 1253.35 514.19 300.98 8623.37
2215.33 973.02 157.12 1693.20 575.94 337.54 9831.57
2658.39 1021.67 500.87 1877.37 586.21 453.77 11253.26
3190.07 1072.76 145.73 1414.22 618.74 398.85 11167.98
3828.08 1126.39 107.96 1492.04 649.67 438.34 12209.02
4593.70 1182.71 89.70 1573.78 682.16 481.76 13423.32
5512.44 1241.85 93.00 1659.41 716.26 529.46 14796.58
15.21 381.12 0.00 13.75 64.93 293.94 13307.90 340.23 14417.08 20845.21 215.92 968.94 1184.85 562.21
17.49 451.42 0.00 14.44 68.67 323.33 0.00 1016.03 1891.38 8952.63 234.86 225.07 459.93 1022.14
110.11 535.18 0.00 15.16 72.66 355.66 949.19 2037.97 9824.93 245.93 351.13 597.07 1619.21
118.13 635.04 0.00 15.92 76.90 391.23 882.36 2119.58 10742.94 243.99 579.83 823.82 2443.03
876.60 2327.07 0.00 24.74 504.39 430.35 815.52 4978.67 14810.24 -222.67 1677.07 1454.40 3897.43
861.77 1603.74 0.00 58.44 413.04 473.39 748.68 4159.07 15412.33 -366.19 504.48 138.29 4035.72
3.46 928.66 0.00 16.71 84.68 520.73 0.00 1554.24 12722.22 626.42 1718.08 2344.50 6380.22
3.81 1059.67 0.00 17.55 89.17 572.80 0.00 1742.99 13952.01 584.96 1760.77 2345.73 8725.95
4.19 1209.92 0.00 18.43 93.90 630.08
4.61 1382.27 0.00 19.35 98.59 661.58
1956.51 15379.83 472.64 1797.05 2269.69 10995.64
2166.40 16962.98 298.62 1774.84 2073.46 13069.10
Annexure 9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP Contribution of Revenue and Expenditure Heads to Total
Particulars (Receipts) I A 1 2 3 4 B 1 2 C 1 2 3 4 D1 1 2 3 Revenue Receipts Tax Receipts Property Tax Consolidated Tax Miscellaneous Tax Water Charges Income from Municipal Property Income from Municipal land and assets Income from Market Fees,Service Charges and Penalties License Income Income from Advertising Income from Map sanctiomning etc. Miscellaneous Income Revenue Transfer Octroi Compensation Stamp Duty Transfers Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Total Revenue Receipt Capital Receipts Grants- Water Supply Grants- Other Infrastructure SFC & Basic Services Grant Central/State/District Grants for Development / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA JNNURM JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies, Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) Total- Capital Receipts 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 In Percentage
6.72 2.84 0.28 22.19 2.01 3.37 5.38 0.11 1.17 5.07 41.21 2.06 7.58 100.00
8.00 3.26 0.69 22.42 2.00 3.87 2.77 0.08 1.25 3.16 43.09 1.94 7.49 100.00
8.61 3.43 0.39 14.91 2.24 2.94 2.79 0.09 1.57 4.22 51.34 0.54 6.93 100.00
10.58 4.18 0.42 14.90 2.15 3.28 5.65 0.23 1.89 2.86 39.97 2.59 11.30 100.00
10.36 4.07 0.44 12.59 1.77 2.40 3.56 0.18 1.75 2.22 49.38 2.73 8.54 100.00
10.99 3.89 0.43 13.19 1.58 3.05 1.15 0.08 3.75 1.24 47.23 5.94 7.50 100.00
10.72 3.91 0.52 13.93 1.29 2.56 1.18 0.05 4.32 2.70 43.22 4.40 11.20 100.00
10.19 6.75 0.80 14.26 1.80 2.04 1.06 0.25 4.84 2.05 43.21 3.82 8.92 100.00
10.13 6.54 0.81 17.38 1.69 1.94 0.97 0.24 5.07 1.87 41.08 3.80 8.48 100.00
10.35 6.50 0.84 18.12 1.64 1.89 0.90 0.24 5.46 1.76 40.14 3.88 8.28 100.00
10.59 6.48 0.88 18.60 1.58 1.85 0.84 0.23 5.92 1.66 39.29 3.97 8.11 100.00
D2
39.57 23.81 36.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
43.14 34.12 18.94 3.80 0.00 0.00 100.00
13.25 14.23 6.01 66.52 0.00 0.00 100.00
4.61 3.61 7.74 84.04 0.00 0.00 100.00
13.13 8.33 17.95 60.59 0.00 0.00 100.00
10.74 11.90 42.71 34.65 0.00 0.00 100.00
4.71 5.96 15.61 0.00 73.72 0.00 100.00
0.96 1.24 3.60 0.00 93.67 0.54 100.00
0.70 0.95 2.88 0.00 93.02 2.45 100.00
0.75 1.07 3.41 0.00 91.17 3.60 100.00
0.68 1.02 3.39 0.00 91.94 2.97 100.00
Particulars (Expenditure) III E 1 2 F 1 2 3 4 5 6 Revenue Expenditure Admin &Establishment Expenditure Establishment & salary General Administration O & M Expenditure Lighting Water Works Health Public works & Roads Wiorkshop &Stores Miscellaneous Total- Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Water Supply Road Construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Total- Capital Expenditure
2000-01
200102
2002-03
200304
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
200809
20092010-11 10 In Percentage
53.01 1.95
59.43 2.10
51.20 2.40
53.72 3.21
48.59 3.81
57.44 4.31
59.23 2.11
55.20 2.00
56.55 2.16
54.00 2.10
47.72 1.89
4.59 28.91 3.67 2.64 2.88 2.34 100.00 19.54 8.01 0.00 31.07 10.83 30.55 0.00 0.00 100.00
5.17 23.93 2.92 1.60 2.77 2.07 100.00 47.07 2.94 0.00 9.34 7.55 33.09 0.00 0.00 100.00
6.67 26.71 4.13 1.57 4.63 2.70 100.00 54.36 16.97 0.00 0.00 9.61 19.06 0.00 0.00 100.00
7.45 20.44 5.03 2.68 4.33 3.12 100.00 26.12 53.16 0.59 0.74 13.54 5.85 0.00 0.00 100.00
6.57 18.00 12.87 1.01 4.15 5.00 100.00 35.69 38.06 0.46 2.42 15.03 8.34 0.00 0.00 100.00
7.53 16.24 5.56 1.48 4.65 2.80 100.00 0.00 39.13 0.00 2.84 12.07 45.96 0.00 0.00 100.00
9.06 16.42 0.64 4.36 5.12 3.07 100.00 0.00 4.73 0.00 0.31 1.31 5.20 88.22 0.24 100.00
9.85 14.99 5.71 4.12 5.09 3.04 100.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.05 0.23 0.96 97.51 0.30 100.00
11.76 15.05 1.28 4.33 5.56 3.31 100.00 0.03 0.78 0.00 0.04 0.18 0.74 97.75 0.48 100.00
13.10 14.07 1.24 6.46 5.66 3.36 100.00 0.04 0.95 0.00 0.04 0.20 0.85 97.15 0.76 100.00
13.49 13.61 1.12 13.67 5.34 3.16 100.00 0.04 0.97 0.00 0.04 0.18 0.80 97.06 0.91 100.00
G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Particulars (Receipts) I A 1 2 3 4 B 1 2 C 1 2 3 4 D1 1 2 3 Revenue Receipts Tax Receipts Property Tax Consolidated Tax Miscellaneous Tax Water Charges Income from Municipal Property Income from Municipal land and assets Income from Market Fees,Service Charges and Penalties License Income Income from Advertising Income from Map sanctiomning etc. Miscellaneous Income Revenue Transfer Octroi Compensation Stamp Duty Transfers Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax Total Revenue Receipt D2 Capital Receipts Grants- Water Supply Grants- Other Infrastructure SFC & Basic Services Grant Dev. Grants / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA JNNURM JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies, Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) Total- Capital Receipts
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
In Percentage 10.53 6.28 0.89 21.27 1.49 1.76 0.76 0.22 6.25 1.52 37.37 3.95 7.71 100.00 16.49 21.32 62.19 0.00 0.00 80.44 7.36 100.00 11.03 6.40 0.95 19.70 1.48 1.77 0.73 0.22 6.96 1.47 37.44 4.14 7.73 100.00 16.49 21.32 62.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 11.52 6.51 1.01 18.20 1.47 1.76 0.70 0.22 7.75 1.42 37.40 4.32 7.72 100.00 16.49 21.32 62.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.00 6.61 1.07 16.77 1.45 1.76 0.66 0.22 8.63 1.37 37.27 4.50 7.69 100.00 16.49 21.32 62.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.18 6.83 1.16 15.75 1.50 1.78 0.70 0.23 8.86 1.36 37.84 4.36 7.45 100.00 5.14 6.45 19.24 69.17 56.65 0.00 0.00 100.00 11.83 6.75 1.20 18.38 1.49 1.73 0.71 0.24 8.70 1.29 36.73 4.04 6.91 100.00 8.77 10.69 32.57 47.96 33.83 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.01 6.98 1.30 17.26 1.55 1.76 0.76 0.25 8.95 1.28 37.30 3.92 6.69 100.00 16.23 20.36 63.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.18 7.21 1.41 16.19 1.60 1.78 0.80 0.27 9.20 1.27 37.82 3.79 6.48 100.00 16.40 19.98 63.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.33 7.43 1.52 15.16 1.66 1.81 0.85 0.28 9.46 1.26 38.30 3.66 6.26 100.00 16.57 19.61 63.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.49 7.66 1.64 14.20 1.73 1.83 0.98 0.30 9.54 1.25 38.79 3.54 6.05 100.00 16.42 19.42 64.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Particulars (Expenditure) III E 1 2 F 1 2 3 4 5 6 Revenue Expenditure Admin. &Establishment Expenditure Establishment & salary General Administration O & M Expenditure Lighting Water Works Health Public works & Roads Wiorkshop &Stores Miscellaneous Total- Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Water Supply Road Construction Stadium & Swimming pool Construction Drainage work for small localities Other/Misc. Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Total- Capital Expenditure 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 In Percentage
44.61 1.80
43.55 1.79
42.37 1.78
41.05 1.76
37.95 1.50
34.96 1.96
37.15 1.60
35.84 1.57
34.38 1.52
32.62 1.47
14.70 12.45 1.06 16.90 5.33 3.14 100.00
16.73 11.90 1.06 16.14 5.55 3.27 100.00
18.97 11.33 1.06 15.35 5.77 3.38 100.00
21.41 10.75 1.05 14.53 5.96 3.49 100.00
22.53 9.90 1.60 17.22 5.86 3.43 100.00
23.62 9.08 4.45 16.68 5.21 4.03 100.00
28.56 9.61 1.30 12.66 5.54 3.57 100.00
31.35 9.23 0.88 12.22 5.32 3.59 100.00
34.22 8.81 0.67 11.72 5.08 3.59 100.00
37.25 8.39 0.63 11.21 4.84 3.58 100.00
G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.11 2.64 0.00 0.10 0.45 2.04 92.31 2.36 100.00
0.92 23.87 0.00 0.76 3.63 17.09 0.00 53.72 100.00
5.40 26.26 0.00 0.74 3.57 17.45 0.00 46.58 100.00
5.57 29.96 0.00 0.75 3.63 18.46 0.00 41.63 100.00
17.61 46.74 0.00 0.50 10.13 8.64 0.00 16.38 100.00
20.72 38.56 0.00 1.41 9.93 11.38 0.00 18.00 100.00
0.22 59.75 0.00 1.08 5.45 33.50 0.00 0.00 100.00
0.22 60.80 0.00 1.01 5.12 32.86 0.00 0.00 100.00
0.21 61.84 0.00 0.94 4.80 32.20 0.00 0.00 100.00
0.21 63.81 0.00 0.89 4.55 30.54 0.00 0.00 100.00
Annexure 10: Ujjain City Development Plan Schedules to FOP

Particular (Receipts) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Income from Municipal Taxes Conservancy/ Light/ Fire Tax Property Tax Water Tax Development Tax Cinema Tax Tax under Special Rule (education cess) Service Fees Income from Entry Tax Sub Total -1 Income from Municipal Properties Lease Income from Municipal Land Truck Terminus Income fromGardens Income from Swimming Pools Rent on Community Halls Hiring of Equipments ( health Workshop Firebrigade) Shops and Stadiums Premiums on shops Income from lodges Gumtian Sub Total -2 2000-01 Actual 2001-02 Actual 2002-03 Actual 2003-04 Actual 2004-05 Actual 2005-06 Actual 2006-07 Est. 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Rs. Lakh
63.05 148.94 492.01 0.00 3.21 0.00 2.15 0.78 710.14
67.28 165.10 462.68 0.00 2.77 4.93 5.86 0.60 709.22
81.99 205.89 356.51 0.00 2.13 6.85 0.00 0.39 653.76
88.17 223.24 314.44 0.00 0.01 7.71 0.72 0.50 634.79
96.47 245.58 298.50 0.00 0.93 9.00 0.00 0.45 650.93
111.51 315.04 378.28 0.00 0.94 11.07 0.00 0.34 817.18
122 335.00 435.02 0.00 1.00 15.00 0.00 0.20 908.22
265.00 400.00 559.61 0.00 1.00 30.00 0.00 0.50 1256.11
296.8 460.00 789.42 0.00 1.05 35.27 0.00 0.50 1583.04
332.42 529.00 926.63 0.00 1.10 41.46 0.00 0.50 1831.11
372.31 608.35 1068.35 0.00 1.16 48.74 0.00 0.50 2099.40
B1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.73 0.00 1.53 4.05 0.96 1.55 22.29 0.61 11.88 0.00 44.60
1.39 0.00 0.62 4.00 0.84 2.31 14.73 13.82 3.47 0.00 41.18
1.76 0.00 1.75 1.69 0.89 0.66 18.54 17.49 10.81 0.00 53.59
0.26 0.00 0.43 3.97 1.63 0.46 17.84 8.46 12.35 0.00 45.40
2.05 0.00 1.40 3.76 0.69 0.47 19.51 4.82 9.17 0.00 41.87
2.05 0.00 1.22 5.04 0.00 0.56 29.92 0.55 5.84 0.00 45.18
2.00 0.00 0.50 5.00 0.00 0.42 25.00 3.25 4.00 0.00 40.17
3.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 1.00 2.70 40.00 5.00 12.00 0.00 70.70
3.15 0.00 2.10 5.25 1.02 2.84 44.00 5.25 13.20 0.00 76.81
3.31 0.00 2.21 5.51 1.18 2.98 48.40 5.51 14.52 0.00 83.61
3.47 0.00 2.32 5.79 1.35 3.13 53.24 5.79 15.97 0.00 91.06
Particular (Receipts) B2 1 2 Income from Markets Market Rent Daily Market Sitting Sub Total -3 License Income Income from License Income from Excise Sub Total -4 Income from Advertising Advertising Hoarding Sub Total -5 Income from Map Sanctioning etc Map Sanctioning Compounding Colony Development Sub Total -6 Miscellaneous Income Income from Encroachment Other Income Penalty income under Municipal Corporation Act Income from Auction Saving Income From Form Selling Ration Card Income Road Cutting Charges Income from Slaughter Houses Bank Interest
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
0.00 74.66 74.66
0.00 79.81 79.81
0.00 70.16 70.16
0.00 69.12 69.12 114.52 119.22 0.00 119.22
0.00 56.86 56.86
0.00 87.56 87.56
0.00 80.00 80.00
0.00 80.00 80.00
0 88.00 88.00
0 96.80 96.80
0 106.48 106.48
C1 1 2
84.87 34.50 119.37
57.11 0.00 57.11
66.60 0.00 66.60
84.43 0.00 84.43
32.86 0.00 32.86
36.93 0.00 36.93
41.80 0.00 41.80
43.89 0.00 43.89
46.08 0.00 46.08
48.39 0.00 48.39
C2 1
2.48 2.48
1.66 1.66
2.17 2.17
4.88 4.88
4.26 4.26
2.23 2.23
1.50 1.50
10.00 10.00
11.00 11.00
12.10 12.10
13.31 13.31
C3 1 2 3
12.84 12.48 0.71 26.03
13.89 11.63 0.21 25.73
19.80 14.40 3.24 37.44
21.15 15.21 3.56 39.92
24.25 17.26 0.00 41.51
40.03 61.21 6.22 107.46
45.00 45.00 45.00 135.00
60.00 80.00 50.00 190.00
75.00 100.00 55.00 230.00
93.75 125.00 60.50 279.25
117.19 156.25 66.55 339.99
C4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
34.46 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.35 26.21 1.33 49.54
50.26 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.31 11.87 0.97 1.13
33.78 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.20 39.78 0.89 25.97
30.87 0.00 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.23 3.12 0.81 20.80
21.16 0.00 5.76 0.00 0.00 0.17 16.09 0.66 8.72
0.00 0.06 7.66 0.00 0.75 0.21 3.14 0.71 22.95
23.28 0.00 6.40 0.00 0.85 2.50 4.25 0.75 46.45
25.60 0.00 6.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 24.00 1.50 21.50
28.16 0.00 6.30 0.00 1.05 1.02 24.00 1.53 23.01
30.98 0.00 6.62 0.00 1.10 1.04 24.00 1.56 24.62
34.08 0.00 6.95 0.00 1.16 1.06 24.00 1.59 26.34

Sub Total-7 Particular (Receipts) Government Loans, Transfers and Grants Octroi Compensation Passenger Tax Compensation Stamp Duty State Finance Commission Grant Road Construction & Maintenance Slum Area Improvement & Development Basic Services Planning Water Supply Planning PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Income for W/S Scheme Other Grants/Singhastha 2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra Nagrai Vikas) Receipts under JNNURM - Receipt from GoI - Receipt from GoMP Loan for JNNURM from FI Sub Total -8 Total Receipts 112.37 2000-01 65.20 2001-02 100.94 2002-03 60.34 2003-04 52.56 2004-05 35.48 2005-06 84.48 2006-07 80.60 2007-08 85.07 2008-09 89.91 2009-10 95.17 2010-11
D1+D2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
913.60 168.17 45.73 229.96 93.39 56.15 0.00 0.00 248.48 0.00 0.00
889.20 154.51 39.98 66.04 82.35 36.65 0.00 0.00 150.46 0.00 13.25
1227.34 165.60 12.83 81.51 170.53 22.49 0.00 0.00 179.72 0.00 902.50
843.28 238.34 54.60 266.80 154.27 0.00 63.96 0.00 196.99 0.00 3590.86
1170.43 202.53 64.80 41.53 149.74 56.77 403.76 0.00 325.63 0.00 1502.75
1354.30 214.94 170.34 340.96 113.97 80.39 356.47 0.00 175.41 0.00 565.90
1350.00 350.00 137.55 150.00 233.06 0.00 460.00 0.00 184.18 0.00 0.00 2478.90 309.86 92.96 5870.28 7032.81
1696.00 350.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 0.00 529.36 0.00 193.39 0.00 0.00 16301.94 2037.74 611.32 22443.51 24048.97
1865.60 385.00 172.50 230.00 275.00 0.00 608.76 0.00 203.06 0.00 0.00 23280.79 2910.10 873.03 30940.94 32921.65
2052.16 423.50 198.38 264.50 302.50 0.00 700.08 0.00 213.21 0.00 0.00 22206.19 2775.77 832.73 29974.72 32407.89
2257.38 465.85 228.13 304.18 332.75 0.00 805.09 0.00 223.87 0.00 0.00 25895.37 3236.92 971.08 34570.69 37514.41
13
1755.48 2845.13
1432.44 2412.35
2762.52 3747.18
5409.10 6382.77
3917.94 4850.36
3372.68 4500.63
Particulars (Receipts) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21 Rs. Lakh
Income from Municipal Taxes Conservancy/ Light/ Fire Tax 416.98 Property Tax 699.60 Water Tax 1412.88 Development Tax 0.00 Cinema Tax 1.22 Tax under Special Rule (education cess) 57.30 Service Fees 0.00 Income from Entry Tax 0.50 Sub Total -1 2588.48 Income from Municipal Properties Lease Income from Municipal Land Truck Terminus Income fromGardens Income from Swimming Pools Rent on Community Halls Hiring of Equipments ( health Workshop Firebrigade) Shops and Stadiums Premiums on shops Income from lodges Gumtian Sub Total -2 Income from Markets Market Rent
467.02 804.54 1437.32 0.00 1.28 67.36 0.00 0.50 2778.02
523.06 925.22 1462.19 0.00 1.34 79.19 0.00 0.50 2991.50
585.83 1064.01 1487.48 0.00 1.41 93.10 0.00 0.50 3232.32
656.13 1170.41 1513.21 0.00 1.48 109.45 0.00 0.50 3451.18
734.87 1287.45 2001.21 0.00 1.55 128.67 0.00 0.50 4154.24
823.05 1416.19 2035.83 0.00 1.63 151.26 0.00 0.50 4428.46
921.82 1557.81 2071.05 0.00 1.71 177.82 0.00 0.50 4730.71
1032.43 1713.60 2106.88 0.00 1.80 209.05 0.00 0.50 5064.25
1156.33 1884.95 2143.33 0.00 1.89 245.76 0.00 0.50 5432.75
B1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.65 0.00 2.43 6.08 1.56 3.28 58.56 6.08 17.57 0.00 99.20
3.83 0.00 2.55 6.38 1.79 3.45 64.42 6.38 19.33 0.00 108.13
4.02 0.00 2.68 6.70 2.06 3.62 70.86 6.70 21.26 0.00 117.90
4.22 0.00 2.81 7.04 2.37 3.80 77.95 7.04 23.38 0.00 128.61
4.43 0.00 2.95 7.39 2.60 4.18 89.64 7.39 25.72 0.00 144.31
4.65 0.00 3.10 7.76 2.86 4.60 103.09 7.76 28.30 0.00 162.11
4.89 0.00 3.26 8.14 3.15 5.06 118.55 8.14 31.12 0.00 182.32
5.13 0.00 3.42 8.55 3.47 5.56 136.33 8.55 34.24 0.00 205.25
5.39 0.00 3.59 8.98 3.81 6.12 156.78 8.98 37.66 0.00 231.31
5.66 0.00 3.77 9.43 4.19 6.73 180.30 9.88 41.43 0.00 261.39
B2 1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

2 Daily Market Sitting Sub Total -3 Particulars (Receipts) License Income Income from License Income from Excise Sub Total -4 Income from Advertising Advertising Hoarding Sub Total -5 Income from Map Sanctioning etc Map Sanctioning Compounding Colony Development Sub Total -6 Miscellaneous Income Income from Encroachment Other Income Penalty income under Municipal Corporation Act Income from Auction Saving Income From Form Selling Ration Card Income Road Cutting Charges Income from Slaughter Houses Bank Interest Sub Total-7 117.13 117.13 2011-12 128.84 128.84 2012-13 141.72 141.72 2013-14 155.90 155.90 2014-15 171.49 171.49 2015-16 188.64 188.64 2016-17 207.50 207.50 2017-18 228.25 228.25 2018-19 251.07 251.07 2019-20 276.18 276.18 2020-21
C1 1 2
50.81 0.00 50.81
53.35 0.00 53.35
56.02 0.00 56.02
58.82 0.00 58.82
67.64 0.00 67.64
77.79 0.00 77.79
89.45 0.00 89.45
102.87 0.00 102.87
118.30 0.00 118.30
147.88 0.00 147.88
C2 1
14.64 14.64
16.11 16.11
17.72 17.72
19.49 19.49
22.41 22.41
25.77 25.77
29.64 29.64
34.08 34.08
39.20 39.20
45.08 45.08
C3 1 2 3
146.48 195.31 73.21 415.00
183.11 244.14 80.53 507.77
228.88 305.18 88.58 622.64
286.10 381.47 97.44 765.01
329.02 419.62 102.31 850.94
378.37 461.58 107.42 947.37
435.13 507.74 112.79 1055.66
500.39 558.51 118.43 1177.34
575.45 614.36 124.36 1314.17
633.00 675.80 130.57 1439.37
C4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
37.49 0.00 7.29 0.00 1.22 1.08 24.00 1.62 28.18 100.88
41.23 0.00 7.66 0.00 1.28 1.10 24.00 1.66 30.15 107.08
45.36 0.00 8.04 0.00 1.34 1.13 24.00 1.69 32.27 113.82
49.89 0.00 8.44 0.00 1.41 1.15 24.00 1.72 34.52 121.14
54.88 0.00 8.86 0.00 1.48 1.17 25.20 1.76 36.94 130.30
60.37 0.00 9.31 0.00 1.55 1.20 26.46 1.79 39.53 140.21
66.41 0.00 9.77 0.00 1.63 1.22 27.78 1.83 42.29 150.94
73.05 0.00 10.26 0.00 1.71 1.24 29.17 1.87 45.25 162.56
80.36 0.00 10.78 0.00 1.80 1.27 30.63 1.90 48.42 175.15
88.39 0.00 11.31 0.00 1.89 1.29 32.16 1.94 51.81 188.80
Particulars (Receipts) Government Loans, Transfers and Grants Octroi Compensation Passenger Tax Compensation Stamp Duty State Finance Commission Grant Road Construction & Maintenance Slum Area Improvement & Development Basic Services Planning Water Supply Planning PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Income for W/S Scheme Other Grants/Singhastha 2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra Nagrai Vikas) Receipts under JNNURM - Receipt from GoI - Receipt from GoMP Loan for JNNURM from FI Sub Total -8 Total Receipts
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
D1+D2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2483.11 512.44 262.35 349.80 366.03 0.00 925.85 0.00 235.07 0.00 0.00 10646.32 1330.79 399.24 17510.99 20897.14
2731.42 563.68 301.70 402.27 402.63 0.00 1064.73 0.00 246.82 0.00 0.00 0 0 5713.26 9412.56
3004.57 620.05 346.96 462.61 442.89 0.00 1224.44 0.00 259.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6360.68 10421.99
3305.02 682.05 399.00 532.00 487.18 0.00 1408.11 0.00 272.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7085.49 11566.77
3635.53 716.15 418.95 585.20 535.90 0.00 1478.51 0.00 285.72 0.00 3770.40 300.00 0.00 11726.38 16564.64
3999.08 751.96 439.90 643.72 589.49 0.00 1552.44 0.00 300.01 0.00 1577.89 0.00 0.00 9854.49 15550.62
4398.99 789.56 461.90 708.10 648.44 0.00 1630.06 0.00 285.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8922.76 15066.72
4838.89 829.04 484.99 778.91 713.28 0.00 1711.56 0.00 300.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9656.67 16297.74
5322.77 870.49 509.24 856.80 784.61 0.00 1797.14 0.00 315.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10456.06 17649.52
5855.05 914.01 534.70 899.64 823.84 0.00 1887.00 0.00 330.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11245.00 19036.44
13
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 E1 Establishment and Salaries 1 General Administration 103.31 2 Revenue 66.62 3 Fire Services 30.63 4 Lighting 6.26 5 Water Works 377.10 6 Health 408.56 7 Market 50.00 8 Dharamshalla 6.74 9 Garden 34.81 10 Public Works Department 51.59 11 Workshop & Stores 10.40 12 Public Education 7.79 13 Labour 38.77 Payment of Employee Pension 14 & Gratuity 151.84 Difference of 5th Pay 15 Commission 0.00 Sub Total -1 1344.42 E2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Office Expenditure Printing & Stationery Public Relations & Magazine Printing/( Sinhanstha 2004) Court Expenditure Welcome Expenditure TA and Medical Reimbursement Building Electricity Billing Renovation & Modernization of Departments Zonal Office Modernization Sub Total -2
2001-02 112.67 70.78 34.76 6.87 385.97 415.39 51.00 8.21 36.84 55.94 10.74 8.14 49.02 205.28 169.32 1620.93
2002-03 116.02 74.31 34.41 7.95 385.15 298.30 52.00 9.14 41.72 64.21 12.07 7.87 49.55 263.81 0.00 1416.51
2003-04 96.71 64.73 38.50 8.37 416.54 493.11 55.64 9.17 33.24 55.50 14.48 7.45 50.54 207.75 0.00 1551.73
2004-05 108.24 75.73 39.66 8.62 444.08 552.71 63.70 9.45 44.85 70.50 14.91 7.67 58.72 222.40 0.00 1721.24
2005-06 114.23 77.12 41.29 8.89 488.40 598.23 64.21 9.61 45.21 73.58 15.13 7.87 60.23 287.07 0.00 1891.07
2006-07 116.51 80.98 43.35 9.51 522.59 646.09 68.70 10.38 48.83 79.47 16.34 8.26 66.25 308.60 0.00 2025.87
2007-08 118.84 85.02 45.52 10.18 559.17 697.78 73.51 11.21 52.73 85.82 17.65 8.68 72.88 331.75 0.00 2170.74
2008-09 121.22 89.28 47.80 10.89 598.31 753.60 78.66 12.11 56.95 92.69 19.06 9.11 80.17 356.63 0.00 2326.46
2009-10 123.65 93.74 50.19 11.65 640.19 813.89 84.17 13.07 61.51 100.10 20.58 9.57 88.18 383.37 0.00 2493.86
2010-11 126.12 98.43 52.70 12.47 685.01 879.00 90.06 14.12 66.43 108.11 22.23 10.04 97.00 412.13 0.00 2673.84
15.28 11.91 1.20 1.11 0.13 18.15 1.00 0.75 49.53
11.55 19.42 0.98 1.21 0.08 20.56 2.00 1.60 57.40
19.86 19.55 0.66 2.05 0.71 21.08 2.10 0.38 66.39
24.72 30.06 0.57 2.63 1.57 26.79 4.00 2.50 92.84
10.49 86.18 0.37 2.39 0.24 26.47 5.00 4.00 135.14
9.76 64.21 1.22 3.04 0.22 27.22 36.26 0.00 141.93
10.25 21.51 1.28 3.34 0.24 29.94 5.50 0.00 72.06
10.76 23.66 1.35 3.68 0.27 32.94 6.05 0.00 78.69
11.30 26.02 1.41 4.05 0.29 36.23 6.66 2.75 88.71
11.86 28.62 1.48 4.45 0.32 39.85 7.32 3.03 96.94
12.46 31.49 1.56 4.90 0.35 43.84 8.05 3.33 105.97
F1 1 2
Particulars (Expenditure) Lighting Department Street Lighting Bills Payable of Lighting Liabilities Sub Total -3 Water Works MPSEB Bills for Electricity City Water Distribution Arrangement Temporary Water Distribution (Tubewells, etc.) Maintenance of WTP Maintenance of Pump Houses Increase in O&M owing to augmentation Sub Total -4 Health Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha 2004 Purchase of Medicine for Hospital Expenses on Clearing & Dusting Expenses on Clearing Contract Sub Total -5 Gardening Expenses on Garden Maintenance Sub Total -6 Public Works Department Road Repairs Existing Exp
2000-01 116.37 0.00 116.37
2001-02 141.00 0.00 141.00
2002-03 184.65 0.00 184.65
2003-04 215.30 0.00 215.30
2004-05 232.67 0.00 232.67
2005-06 247.78 0.00 247.78
2006-07 309.73 0.00 309.73
2007-08 387.16 0.00 387.16
2008-09 483.95 0.00 483.95
2009-10 604.93 0.00 604.93
2010-11 756.16 0.00 756.16
F2 1 2 3 4 5 6
320.94
281.56
405.69
378.89
341.92
357.41
375.28
394.04
413.75
434.43
456.16
412.18
371.06
333.25
211.59
295.85
177.27
186.13
195.44
205.21
215.47
226.25
0.00 733.12 652.62 738.94 590.48 637.77 534.68 561.41 589.48
0.00 618.96
0.00 649.91
79.98 762.39
F3 1 2 3 4
0.00 1.15 3.79 83.25 88.19
0.00 0.38 6.18 66.64 73.20
0.00 0.71 6.33 96.45 103.49
5.82 2.30 10.24 109.05 127.41
309.26 0.46 5.66 120.98 436.36
163.47 0.38 2.97 3.32 170.14
0.00 0.40 3.19 3.49 7.08
200.00 0.42 3.43 3.66 207.51
25.00 0.44 3.69 3.84 32.97
26.25 0.46 3.97 4.04 34.71
27.56 0.48 4.26 4.24 36.55
F3 1
4.90 4.90
6.55 6.55
10.82 10.82
17.92 17.92
19.59 19.59
12.95 12.95
14.89 14.89
17.13 17.13
19.70 19.70
22.65 22.65
26.05 26.05
F4 1
33.27
23.52
12.88
21.12
11.19
16.77
116.13
127.75
140.52
154.58
170.03

Particulars (Expenditure) Incremental from projects Repairs of Public Conveniences Drainage Work Bridge Construction Dustbin Construction & Repairing Maintenance of Ponds & Wells Maintenanceof Markets Parking & Traffic Signals Stadium & Community Maintenance Maintenance of swimming pools Liabilities Solid Waste Management Sewerage Strom Water Drainage augmentation Heritage Sub Total -7 Workshop Mainatenance of vehicle/vehicle repairs(B135+B140) Material Purchase Sub Total -8 Stores Purchase of diesel/ oil Liabilities Sub Total -9 Miscellaneous Expenditure Miscellaneous Revenue expenditure Expenditure on Municipal 2000-01 0.00 27.64 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.25 0.49 3.57 1.42 0.00 2001-02 0.00 12.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.10 4.46 2.69 0.00 2002-03 0.00 22.77 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.45 0.00 5.61 0.66 0.00 2003-04 0.00 41.61 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.55 0.63 5.17 7.91 0.00 2004-05 0.00 18.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 1.00 0.25 3.93 1.25 0.00 2005-06 1.07 20.92 0.00 5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 1.50 0.00 2006-07 1.18 21.34 0.00 6.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 1.58 0.00 2007-08 1.29 21.77 0.00 6.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 2008-09 1.42 22.20 0.00 6.69 0.38 1.10 0.69 3.42 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 2009-10 1.57 22.64 0.00 7.03 0.40 1.21 0.76 3.76 1.82 0.00 0.00 104.74 2010-11 56.54 1.72 23.10 0.00 7.38 0.42 1.33 0.84 4.14 1.91 0.00 0.00 164.96 29.00 304.88 766.25
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
67.00
43.61
43.34
77.54
35.74
48.61
149.12
161.94
178.17
298.50
F5 1 2 F6 1 2
15.74 2.11 17.85 55.28 0.00 55.28
16.04 0.60 16.64 58.92 0.00 58.92
39.88 4.86 44.74 83.30 0.00 83.30
34.93 4.46 39.39 85.74 0.00 85.74
20.57 6.19 26.76 120.21 0.00 120.21
11.33 5.90 17.23 135.97 0.00 135.97
12.46 6.20 18.66 156.37 0.00 156.37
13.71 6.50 20.21 179.82 0.00 179.82
15.08 6.83 21.91 206.79 0.00 206.79
16.59 7.17 23.76 237.81 0.00 237.81
18.25 7.53 25.78 273.48 0.00 273.48
F7 1 2
0.00 0.04
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.36
0.00 0.01
0.00 0.96
0.73 0.87
0.74 0.91
0.76 0.96
0.77 1.01
0.79 1.06
0.81 1.11

Particulars (Expenditure) Elections Fire Casualty Expenses on Stray Animals Public Education School Rent Sport Activities Deduction of Employees GPF & workers Society payment Consultancy for Planning Assignments Sub Total -10 Capital Expenditure New pipelines WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) New Tubewells and handpumps Road Constructions Construction of main roads / Singhstha 2004 Stadium and Swimming pool construction/refurbishment Drainage for Small Localities Purchase of Electric Items (Singhstha 2004) Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha 2004) Gardens and Entertainment Parks Plantation & environmental Development Market Development Development of Ponds Community Halls, Library, etc. Slaughter Houses Bridges Public Convenience 2000-01 17.08 0.18 1.38 0.00 0.67 40.03 0.08 59.46 2001-02 2.13 0.36 2.30 0.00 0.18 51.41 0.19 56.57 2002-03 6.51 0.00 1.21 0.00 2.64 62.71 1.20 74.63 2003-04 10.58 1.65 0.63 0.00 1.41 74.01 1.93 90.22 2004-05 86.74 1.81 1.31 0.00 0.40 85.31 0.52 177.05 2005-06 2.95 0.01 0.18 0.00 10.12 75.37 1.92 92.15 2006-07 3.10 0.01 0.21 0.00 11.13 86.68 2.11 104.89 2007-08 3.25 0.01 0.24 0.00 12.25 99.68 2.32 119.47 2008-09 3.41 0.01 0.27 0.00 13.47 114.63 2.56 136.14 2009-10 3.59 0.01 0.31 0.00 14.82 131.82 2.81 155.21 2010-11 3.77 0.01 0.36 0.00 16.30 151.60 3.09 177.04
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
32.01 0.00 0.00 13.12 0.00 50.90 11.17 0.00 1.39 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.00 0.00
85.81 0.00 51.70 8.60 0.00 27.30 12.00 0.00 8.32 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.00
41.19 172.66 52.44 40.55 42.59 0.00 21.27 0.00 20.36 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.00 0.00
189.73 607.18 0.00 87.88 1534.12 18.00 22.49 196.10 197.28 10.46 3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.00
2.86 780.57 0.00 46.22 789.34 10.00 53.13 179.35 138.16 7.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 107.78 33.47 10.26 29.81 0.10 4.13 0.99 8.37 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 129.34 36.82 10.77 31.30 0.10 4.54 1.04 8.79 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 155.20 40.50 11.31 32.87 0.10 5.00 1.09 9.23 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 0.00 0.00 186.24 44.55 11.88 34.51 0.10 5.50 1.15 9.69 0.19 0.00 1.72 0.00 0.00
11.50 0.00 0.00 223.49 49.00 12.47 36.23 0.10 6.05 1.20 10.17 0.19 0.00 1.81 0.00 0.00
13.23 0.00 0.00 268.19 53.90 13.09 38.05 0.10 6.65 1.26 10.68 0.20 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00

Particulars (Expenditure) Construction Development of Graveyards Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure for Projects under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Sub Total -11 Total- Expenditure 2000-01 3.16 50.05 2001-02 0.00 96.67 2002-03 2.46 93.37 2003-04 3.68 178.44 2004-05 1.92 183.18 2005-06 0.00 165.92 2006-07 0.00 182.51 3098.63 8.37 118.70 2654.82 146.04 2873.48 140.45 2907.26 614.20 3502.77 566.30 4108.83 219.74 3512.25 3346.22 6766.30 2007-08 0.00 200.76 20377.4 63.39 20701.3 24633.5 2008-09 2.11 220.84 29101.0 141.96 29530.6 33644.3 2009-10 2.32 242.92 27757.74 216.90 28288.12 32906.42 2010-11 2.56 267.22 32369.2 304.30 33015.2 38618.7
Particulars (Expenditure)
2011-12
201213
201314
201415
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21 Rs. Lakh
E1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Establishment and Salaries General Administration Revenue Fire Services Lighting Water Works Health Market Dharamshalla Garden Public Works Department Workshop & Stores Public Education Labour Payment of Employee Pension & Gratuity Difference of 5th Pay Commission Sub Total -1 Office Expenditure Priniting & Stationery Public Relations & Magazine Priniting/( Singhstha 2004) Court Expenditure Welcome Expenditure TA and Medical Reimbursement Building Electricity Billing Renovation & Modernisation Zonal Office Modernisatn
128.64 103.35 55.33 13.34 732.96 949.32 96.36 15.25 71.74 116.76 24.01 10.55 106.70 443.04 0.00 2867.35
131.21 108.52 58.10 14.28 784.26 1025.26 103.11 16.47 77.48 126.10 25.93 11.07 117.37 476.26 0.00 3075.43
133.84 113.94 61.00 15.27 839.16 1107.28 110.32 17.79 83.68 136.19 28.00 11.63 129.11 511.98 0.00 3299.21
136.52 119.64 64.05 16.34 897.90 1195.86 118.05 19.21 90.37 147.09 30.24 12.21 142.02 550.38 0.00 3539.89
139.25 125.62 67.26 17.16 942.80 1255.66 123.95 20.17 94.89 154.44 32.36 12.82 156.22 588.91 0.00 3731.51
142.03 131.90 70.62 18.02 989.94 1318.44 130.15 21.18 99.64 162.16 34.63 13.46 171.84 630.13 0.00 3934.14
144.87 138.50 74.15 18.92 1039.44 1384.36 136.65 22.24 104.62 170.27 37.05 14.13 189.03 674.24 0.00 4148.48
147.77 145.42 77.86 19.87 1091.41 1453.58 143.49 23.35 109.85 178.78 39.64 14.84 207.93 721.44 0.00 4375.23
150.72 152.69 81.75 20.86 1145.98 1526.26 150.66 24.52 115.34 187.72 42.42 15.58 228.72 771.94 0.00 4615.18
153.74 160.33 85.84 21.90 1180.36 1602.57 155.18 25.25 121.11 197.11 44.54 16.36 251.60 810.54 0.00 4826.43
E2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
13.08 34.63 1.63 5.39 0.39 48.22 8.86 3.66
13.73 38.10 1.72 5.92 0.43 53.04 9.74 4.03
14.42 41.91 1.80 6.52 0.47 58.35 10.72 4.43
15.14 46.10 1.89 7.17 0.52 64.18 11.79 4.87
15.90 34.57 1.99 7.88 0.57 68.68 12.97 5.36
16.69 99.11 2.09 8.67 0.63 73.48 14.27 5.89
17.53 48.40 2.19 9.54 0.69 78.63 15.69 6.48
18.40 50.82 2.30 10.49 0.76 84.13 17.26 7.13
19.32 53.36 2.42 11.54 0.84 90.02 18.99 7.85
20.29 56.03 2.54 12.12 0.92 96.32 20.89 8.63

Particulars (Expenditure) Sub Total -2 2011-12 115.86 201213 126.71 201314 138.61 201415 151.66 2015-16 147.91 2016-17 220.83 2017-18 179.16 2018-19 191.31 2019-20 204.34 2020-21 217.74
F1 1 2
Lighting Department Street Lighting Bills Payable of Lighting Liabilities Sub Total -3 Water Works MPSEB Bills for Electricity City Water Distribution Arrangement Temporary Water Distribution (Tube well etc.) Maintenance of WTP Maintenance of Pump Hses Increase in O&M owing to augmentation Sub Total -4 Health Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha 2004 Purchase of Medicine for Hospital Expenses on Clearing & Dusting Expenses on Clearing Contract Sub Total -5 Gardening Expenses on Garden Maintenance Sub Total -6
945.21 0.00 945.21
1181.51 0.00 1181.51
1476.88 0.00 1476.88
1846.10 0.00 1846.10
2215.33 0.00 2215.33
2658.39 0.00 2658.39
3190.07 0.00 3190.07
3828.08 0.00 3828.08
4593.70 0.00 4593.70
5512.44 0.00 5512.44
F2 1 2 3 4 5 6
478.96
502.91
528.06
554.46
582.18
611.29
641.86
673.95
707.65
743.03
237.56
249.44
261.91
275.00
288.75
303.19
318.35
334.27
350.98
368.53
83.98 800.51
88.18 840.53
92.59 882.56
97.22 926.69
102.08 973.02
107.19 1021.67
112.55 1072.76
118.17 1126.39
124.08 1182.71
130.29 1241.85
F3 1 2 3 4
28.94 0.51 4.58 4.45 38.48
30.39 0.53 4.93 4.67 40.52
31.91 0.56 5.30 4.91 42.67
33.50 0.59 5.69 5.15 44.94
6.40 0.62 11.01 117.23 135.26
340.19 0.65 6.08 130.05 476.97
85.82 0.68 5.98 5.41 97.89
45.06 0.72 6.28 5.68 57.73
23.65 0.75 6.59 5.96 36.96
23.65 0.79 6.92 6.26 37.63
F3 1
29.95 29.95
34.45 34.45
39.61 39.61
45.56 45.56
21.86 21.86
23.90 23.90
47.83 47.83
50.23 50.23
52.74 52.74
55.37 55.37

Particulars (Expenditure) F4 1 Public Works Department Road Repairs Existing Exp Incremental from projects Repairs of Public Conveniences Drainage Work Bridge Construction Dustbin Construction & Repairing Maintenance of Ponds & Wells Maintenanceof Markets Parking & Traffic Signals Stadium & Community Maintenance Maintenance of swimming pools Liabilities Solid Waste Management Sewerage Strom Water Drainage augmentation Heritage Sub Total -7 Workshop Mainatenance of vehicle/vehicle repairs(B135+B140) Material Purchase Sub Total -8 Stores Purchase of diesel/ oil Liabilities Sub Total -9 2011-12 201213 201314 201415 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
187.04 118.74 1.90 23.56 0.00 7.75 0.44 1.46 0.92 4.55 2.01 0.00 155.67 230.95 31.14 320.13 1086.25
205.74 124.68 2.09 24.03 0.00 8.13 0.46 1.61 1.01 5.01 2.11 0.00 152.48 242.49 33.40 336.13 1139.37
226.31 130.91 2.29 24.51 0.00 8.54 0.48 1.77 1.12 5.51 2.22 0.00 148.02 254.62 35.79 352.94 1195.04
248.94 137.46 2.52 25.00 0.00 8.97 0.51 1.95 1.23 6.06 2.33 0.00 142.13 267.35 38.32 370.59 1253.35
266.37 445.31 2.70 45.77 0.00 9.42 0.53 2.14 1.29 5.95 8.70 0.00 134.63 294.08 87.20 389.12 1693.20
285.02 467.57 2.89 19.87 0.00 9.89 0.56 2.36 1.35 4.52 1.38 0.00 113.33 287.40 272.67 408.57 1877.37
304.97 159.12 3.09 26.25 0.00 10.38 0.59 2.59 1.42 6.36 1.44 0.00 112.99 308.96 47.05 429.00 1414.22
326.32 167.08 3.31 27.56 0.00 10.90 0.62 2.85 1.49 6.68 1.52 0.00 111.74 332.13 49.40 450.45 1492.04
349.16 175.43 3.54 28.94 0.00 11.44 0.65 3.14 1.57 7.02 1.59 0.00 109.42 357.04 51.87 472.97 1573.78
373.60 184.20 3.79 30.39 0.00 12.02 0.68 3.30 1.65 7.37 1.67 0.00 105.86 383.81 54.46 496.62 1659.41
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
F5 1 2 F6 1 2
20.07 7.91 27.98 314.51 0.00 314.51
22.08 8.30 30.38 361.68 0.00 361.68
24.29 8.72 33.00 415.94 0.00 415.94
26.72 9.15 35.87 478.33 0.00 478.33
40.17 9.61 49.78 526.16 0.00 526.16
23.66 10.09 33.75 552.47 0.00 552.47
28.05 10.60 38.65 580.09 0.00 580.09
29.45 11.13 40.58 609.09 0.00 609.09
30.93 11.68 42.61 639.55 0.00 639.55
32.47 12.27 44.74 671.53 0.00 671.53

Particulars (Expenditure) F7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Miscellaneous Expenditure Miscellaneous Revenue expenditure Expenditure on Municipal Elections Fire Casualty Expenses on Stray Animals Public Education School Rent Sport Activities Deduction of Employees GPF & workers Society payment Consultancy for Planning Assignments Sub Total -10 Capital Expenditure New pipelines WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) New Tubewells and handpumps Road Constructions Construction of main roads / Singhstha 2004 Stadium and Swimming pool construction/refurbishment Drainage for Small Localities Purchase of Electric Items (Singhstha 2004) Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha 2004) Gardens and Entertainment Parks Plantation & environmental Development 2011-12 201213 0.84 1.22 4.15 0.01 0.48 0.00 19.72 200.49 3.74 230.65 201314 0.86 1.29 4.36 0.01 0.55 0.00 21.69 230.56 4.12 263.43 201415 0.87 1.35 4.58 0.02 0.63 0.00 23.86 265.14 4.53 300.98 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
0.82 1.17 3.95 0.01 0.42 0.00 17.93 174.34 3.40 202.04
0.89 1.42 11.64 0.02 0.70 0.00 26.25 291.66 4.98 337.54
0.91 1.49 95.41 0.02 0.77 0.00 28.87 320.82 5.48 453.77
0.93 1.56 4.81 0.02 0.84 0.00 31.76 352.90 6.03 398.85
0.94 1.64 5.05 0.02 0.93 0.00 34.94 388.19 6.63 438.34
0.96 1.72 5.30 0.02 1.02 0.00 38.43 427.01 7.29 481.76
0.98 1.81 5.56 0.02 1.07 0.00 42.27 469.72 8.02 529.46
15.21 0.00 0.00 321.83 59.29
17.49 0.00 0.00 386.20 65.22
20.11 0.00 90.00 463.43 71.75
23.13 0.00 95.00 556.12 78.92
208.70 667.90 0.00 639.54 1687.53
3.15 858.63 0.00 735.47 868.27
3.46 0.00 0.00 845.79 82.87
3.81 0.00 0.00 972.66 87.01
4.19 0.00 0.00 1118.56 91.36
4.61 0.00 0.00 1286.34 95.93
13.75 39.95 0.10 7.32 1.33
14.44 41.95 0.10 8.05 1.39
15.16 44.04 0.10 8.85 1.46
15.92 46.25 0.10 9.74 1.54
24.74 225.52 246.60 10.23 1.61
58.44 206.25 172.70 10.74 1.69
16.71 48.56 0.11 11.27 1.78
17.55 50.99 0.11 11.84 1.87
18.43 53.53 0.12 12.43 1.96
19.35 56.21 0.12 13.05 2.06

Particulars (Expenditure) Market Development Development of Ponds Community Halls, Library, etc. Slaughter Houses Bridges Public Convenience Construction Development of Graveyards Recommendation work for all ward members Expenditure for Projects under JNNURM Repayment of Loan Sub Total -11 Total- Expenditure 2011-12 11.22 0.21 0.00 1.99 0.00 0.00 2.81 293.94 13307.90 340.23 14020.75 20448.87 201213 11.78 0.23 0.00 2.09 0.00 0.00 3.09 323.33 0.00 1016.03 1422.47 8483.72 201314 12.37 0.24 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.00 3.40 355.66 0.00 949.19 1392.68 9179.64 201415 12.98 0.25 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.00 3.74 391.23 700.00 882.36 2066.40 10689.8 2015-16 13.63 0.26 0.00 2.42 0.00 0.00 4.12 430.35 0.00 815.52 1775.00 11606.57 2016-17 14.32 0.27 0.00 2.54 0.00 0.00 4.53 473.39 0.00 748.68 1693.56 12946.81 2017-18 15.03 0.29 0.00 2.67 0.00 0.00 4.98 520.73 0.00 0.00 622.12 11790.10 2018-19 15.78 0.30 0.00 2.80 0.00 0.00 5.48 572.80 0.00 2019-20 16.57 0.32 0.00 2.95 0.00 0.00 6.03 630.08 0.00 2020-21 17.40 0.33 0.00 3.09 0.00 0.00 6.33 661.58 0.00
679.52 12888.54
742.41 14165.72
779.52 15576.10
Annexure 11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 1 2 C1 1 2 C2 1
Particulars (Receipts) Income from Municipal Taxes Conservancy/ Light/ Fire Tax Property Tax Water Tax Development Tax Cinema Tax Tax under Special Rule (education cess) Service Fees Income from Entry Tax Income from Municipal Properties Lease Income from Municipal Land Truck Terminus Income fromGardens Income from Swimming Pools Rent on Community Halls Hiring of Equipments ( health Workshop Firebrigade) Shops and Stadiums Premiums on shops Income from lodges Gumtian Income from Markets Market Rent Daily Market Sitting License Income Income from License Income from Excise Income from Advertising Advertising Hoarding
2005-06 to 2014-15 12% 15% 15% 0% 5% 18% 0% 0%
Sinhastha Years
2015-16 to 2019-20 12% 10% 10% 0% 5% 18% 0% 0%
5% 0% 5% 5% 15% 5% 10% 5% 10% 0%
5% 0% 5% 5% 10% 10% 15% 5% 10% 0%
0% 10%
0% 10%
5% 0%
15% 0%
10%
15%

Particulars (Receipts) Income from Municipal Taxes Sub Total -5 Income from Map Sanctioning etc Map Sanctioning Compounding Colony Development Miscellaneous Income Income from Encroachment Other Income Penalty income under Municipal Corporation Act Income from Auction Saving Income From Form Selling Ration Card Income Road Cutting Charges Income from Slaughter Houses Bank Interest Government Loans, Transfers and Grants Octroi Compensation Passenger Tax Compensation Stamp Duty State Finance Commission Grant Road Construction & Maintenance Slum Area Improvement & Development Basic Services Planning Water Supply Planning PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance Income for W/S Scheme Other Grants/Singhastha 2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra Nagrai Vikas) 2005-06 to 2014-15 Sinhastha Years 2015-16 to 2019-20
C3 1 2 3 C4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 D1+D2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
25% 25% 10%
15% 10% 5%
10% 10% 5% 2% 5% 2% 0% 2% 7%
10% 10% 5% 2% 5% 2% 5% 2% 7%
10% 5% 10% 5% 5% 5% 5% 0% 5% 0% 0%
10% 5%
10% 5% 10% 0% 0% 5% 3% 0% 3% 0% 0%

Particulars (Expenditure) E1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 E2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 F1 1 2 F2 1 2 3 Establishment and Salaries General Administration Revenue Fire Services Lighting Water Works Health Market Dharamshalla Garden Public Works Department Workshop & Stores Public Education Labour Payment of Employee Pension & Gratuity Difference of 5th Pay Commission Office Expenditure Priniting & Stationery Public Relations & Magazine Priniting/( Singhstha 2004) Court Expenditure Welcome Expenditure TA and Medical Reimbursement Building Electricity Billing Renovation & Modernisation of Departments Zonal Office Modernisation Lighting Department Street Lighting Bills Payable of Lighting Liabilities Water Works MPSEB Bills for Electricity City Water Distribution Arrangement Temporary Water Distribution (Tubewells, etc.) 2005-06 to 2014-15 2% 5% 5% 7% 7% 8% 7% 8% 8% 8% 8% 5% 10% 8% 0% Sinhstha Years 2015-16 to 2019-20 2% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 7% 5% 10% 7% 0% 2020-21 to 2024-25 2% 5% 5% 5% 3% 5% 3% 3% 5% 5% 5% 5% 10% 5% 0%
5% 10% 5% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
15%
5% 5% 5% 10% 10% 7% 10% 10%
5% 5% 5% 5% 10% 7% 10% 10%
25% 5%
20% 5%
20% 5%
5% 5%
5% 5%
5% 5%

Particulars (Expenditure) E1 4 5 6 F3 1 2 3 4 Establishment and Salaries Maintenance of WTP Maintenance of Pump Houses Increase in O&M owing to augmentation Health Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha 2004 Purchase of Medicine for Hospital Expenses on Clearing & Dusting Expenses on Clearing Contract Sub Total -5 Gardening Expenses on Garden Maintenance Public Works Department Road Repairs Existing Exp Incremental from projects Repairs of Public Conveniences Drainage Work Bridge Construction Dustbin Construction & Repairing Maintenance of Ponds & Wells Maintenanceof Markets Parking & Traffic Signals Stadium & Community Maintenance Maintenance of swimming pools Liabilities Solid Waste Management Sewerage Strom Water Drainage augmentation Heritage Workshop 2005-06 to 2014-15 Sinhstha Years 2015-16 to 2019-20 2020-21 to 2024-25
5% 5% 8% 5%
10% 8% 8%
5% 5% 5% 5%
0% 5% 5% 5%
F3 1 F4 1
15%
22%
5%
5%
10% 10% 2% 2% 5% 5% 10% 10% 10% 5% 0%
7% 7% 5% 2% 5% 5% 10% 5% 5% 5% 0%
7% 7% 5% 2% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 0%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 F5
10%
15% 10%

Particulars (Expenditure) E1 1 2 F6 1 2 F7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 G Establishment and Salaries Mainatenance of vehicle/vehicle repairs(B135+B140) Material Purchase Stores Purchase of diesel/ oil Liabilities Miscellaneous Expenditure Miscellaneous Revenue expenditure Expenditure on Municipal Elections Fire Casualty Expenses on Stray Animals Public Education School Rent Sport Activities Deduction of Employees GPF & workers Society payment Consultancy for Planning Assignments Capital Expenditure New pipelines WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) New Tube wells and hand pumps Road Constructions Construction of main roads / Singhstha 2004 Stadium and Swimming pool construction/refurbishment Drainage for Small Localities Purchase of Electric Items (Singhstha 2004) Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha 2004) Gardens and Entertainment Parks Plantation & environmental Development Market Development Development of Ponds Community Halls, Library, etc. Slaughter Houses 2005-06 to 2014-15 10% 5% Sinhstha Years 15% 2015-16 to 2019-20 5% 5% 2020-21 to 2024-25 5% 5%
15% 0%
10% 0%
5% 0%
2% 5% 5% 5% 15% 5% 10% 15% 10%
10%
2% 5% 5% 5% 10% 5% 10% 10% 10%
2% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 10% 10% 10%
15% 0% 0% 20% 10% 5% 5% 0% 10% 5% 5% 5% 10% 5%
20% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 25%
15% 0% 0% 15% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 10% 5%
10% 0% 0% 15% 5% 5% 5% 0% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

Particulars (Expenditure) E1 Establishment and Salaries Bridges Public Convenience Construction Development of Graveyards Recommendation work for all ward members 2005-06 to 2014-15 0% 0% 10% 10% Sinhstha Years 2015-16 to 2019-20 0% 0% 10% 10% 2020-21 to 2024-25 0% 0% 5% 5%

Ujjain CDP - Final

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City Development Plan For Ujjain

Ujjain Municipal Corporation

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

Ujjain: its landscape and people ..................................................................................25

Heritage Significance of Ujjain ....................................................................................38

Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature ......................................44

Approach for Development ..........................................................................................55

Conservation and Development Proposals..................................................................86

Urban Planning and land Use Management.............................................................137

Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage ....................................147

Poverty and Slums.......................................................................................................155

City Infrastructure and Services Review ..................................................................168

SWOT analysis: ...................................................................................................................174

Roads & Transportation.............................................................................................193

SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................201 City Environment ........................................................................................................204

Technical Review Municipal Finance........................................................................216

Heritage Management and Strategies .......................................................................270 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

Capital Investment Plan .............................................................................................282 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4

Investment Sustenance Plan .......................................................................................299 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4

Investment Phasing ...............................................................................................307

Project Impacts and Policy Interventions .................................................................311 16.1 16.2

Developing a Vision for the City ................................................................................314 17.1

Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits ................................................................142

Table 4 Capital Account of UMC..........................................................................................223

Annexure -5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

C Ciit ty ya as sa an nO Or rg ga an niic cE En nt tiit ty y

1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain

1.2 JNNURM Programme

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

1.3 Focus Areas

1.4 Mission Objectives

1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

1.6 Selection of Ujjain City

1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain

1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach

1.9.1 The Contents of City Development Plan

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process

1.9.2 Ujjain a religious, historic and heritage city:

1.9.3 Goals and objectives of development of the identified areas

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

1.9.4 Comprehensive Study approach

Heritage Group of Buildings

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

1.10 Concept and Methodology

Sustainable City Competitiveness Managability

O Ob bjje ec cttiiv ve es so off C Ciitty yD De ev ve ello op pm me en ntt P Plla an n

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

U Uj jj ja aiin n: : iit ts s lla an nd ds sc ca ap pe ea an nd dp pe eo op plle e

Figure 2-1 Location of Ujjain

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises

2.2 Archaeological landscape

Figure 2-2 Panoramic view of Ram Ghat

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

2.3 Historical landscape

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME