1. What are complex sentences, subordinate clauses and matrix clauses?

2 examples A complex sentence consists of only one main clause and has one or more subordinate clauses functioning as an element of the sentence. E.g. Although I admire her reasoning, I reject her conclusions. A subordinate clause is a clause within the complex sentence which functions as its element. A matrix clause is the superordinate clause minus its subordinate clause. E.g. I'll lend you some money, if you dont have any money on you. 2. Give an example of a complex sentence containing a subordinate finite clause. I can't go out with you because I am studying this evening. 3. Give an example of a complex sentence containing a subordinate nonfinite clause. nowing my temper, I didn't reply. 4. Give an example of a complex sentence containing a subordinate verbless clause. Although always helpful, he was not much li!ed. 5. ist four structural subclasses of subordinate nonfinite clauses. Give one example "o#infinitive, bare infinitive, #ed participle, #ing participle. e.g. $eaving the room, he tripped over the mat. !. Give an example of a subordinate verbless clause introduced b" with or without. %ithout you at my side, I'm not willing to study. #. What are t$o possible clause%t"pes for subordinate verbless clause? &xamples '( )*+ e.g & "hough somewhat edgy, she said she would stay a little longer. '()*+,,( )*' e.g & .ary sat in the front seat, her hands in her lap. '()*+A-. Give an example of a subordinate verbless clause $ith a subordinator and $ithout a sub.ect. %hile at college, he was a very good student. ')(*+A/. ist five $a"s in $hich a subordination ma" be indicated 0five formal subordinators( (ubordinators )single#word, multi#word and correlative subordinators+, wh#elements, relative pronoun that, subject#operator inversion, the absence of a finite verb. 11. ist five single $ord subordinators2 after, because, since, if, while 11. ist five multi $ord subordinators2 but that, provided that, so that, as far as, in case 12. ist five correlative subordinators2 as...so, so...that, hardly...when, the...the, whether...or

13.Which subordinator is used to introduce a subordinate infinitive clause $ith a sub.ect? &xample2 /01. E.g & It would be an absurd idea for them to !ill the elephant. 14. ist five marginal subordinators2 if only, even if, every time )that+, the moment )that+, because of the fact that 15. ist four operators that permit sub.ect%operator inversion in conditional clauses2 had, were, could, should. E.g. %ere she here, she would support the motion. 1!. ist 3 t"pes of subordinate clauses that have no indicator of subordination. 2 ex. 2. nominal that#clauses & I suppose )that+ I can use your phone. 3. 4ero relative clauses & I can't find the note you sent me. 5. some comment clauses 1#.Give an example of an adverbial clause in $hich the simple present tense is used to express future2 %hen she arrives, the band will play the 6ational Anthem. 1-.Give an example of a nominal clause in $hich the simple present tense is used to express future2 In a few minutes I'll as! him what he $ants tomorrow. 1/.Which tense is used for present3future time reference in h"pothetical conditional clause? "he past tense. If they were alive, they would be moving around. 21.Which tense is used for past time reference in h"pothetical conditional clause? "he past perfect tense. If they had invited him to the party, he would have come. 21.When do $e use the present sub.unctive? &xample? its used in that# clauses )especially in Am.eng+, even if the matrix verb is past, after verbs, adjectives, or nouns that express a necessity, plan, or intention for the future. E.g.we insisted that they leave at once. 22.When do $e use the past sub.unctive? &xample? its used in formal style in hypothetical conditional clauses and in other construction with hypothetical meaning. E.g. I wish she were married. 23.When do $e use the 4putative4should? &xample? its used extensively )esp. in 7ritish eng+ in that#clause to convey the notion of a 8putative9situation, which is recogni4ed as possibly existing or coming into existence. E.g. Im surprised that he should feel lonely. 24.When do $e use the present perfect in the main clause containing a temporal since%clause? &xample? A temporal since#clause generally re:uire the present perfect in the matrix clause when the whole construction refers to a stretch of time up to )and potentially including+ the present. E.g. I have lost ten pounds since I started betting.

25.When do $e use the simple past in the since%clause? &xample? "he simple past is used when the since#clause refers to a point of time mar!ing the beginning of the situation. E.g. (he has been tal!ing since she was one year old. 2!. When do $e use the present perfect in the since%clause? %hen the since clause refers to a period of time lasting to the present. E.g .ax has been tense since he's been ta!ing drugs. 2#.&xplain the contrast in 5he" $al6ed out $hen 7 gave3had given the lecture. "he first one means 9as soon as I started giving the lecture9or 9during the time I was giving the lecture9. "he second one means 9after the lecture was over9. 2-.What is direct speech? ;irect speech purports to give the exact words that someone utters or has uttered in speech or writing. E.g. ;avid said to me after the meeting, 'in my opinion, the candidate has exaggerated a little'. 2/.What is indirect speech? Indirect speech conveys a report of what has been said or written, but does so in the words of a subse:uent reporter. E.g. ;avid said to me after the meeting that in his opinion the candidate had exaggerated a little. 31.What is bac6shift in indirect speech? If the time of reporting as expressed as later than the time of the utterance, there is generally a change of verb forms. "his change is termed bac!shift. 'I am tired', she said. <= (he said she was tired. 31.5enses that are used in indirect speech instead of present, past, present perfect, past perfect? >resent <= past? past <= past or p. perfect, present perfect <= past perfect? past perfect <= past perfect. 32.What other changes are necessar" in indirect speech? ,hange in pronouns or nouns )'I'll be good', he promised <= he promised that he'd be good+? adjusting the references to time or place )now<=then, here<=there, etc+ 33.Which forms are used to express indirect statements, 8uestions, exclamations and directives? Indirect statements & subordinate that# clause? indirect :uestions & subordinate wh#:uestion or if#clause? indirect exclamation# subordinate wh#:uestion? indirect directive & subordinate that# clause or to#infinitive clause )without subject+ 34.What happens $ith modal auxiliaries in indirect speech? If there is change in time reference, a modal auxiliary is bac!shifted from present tense forms to past tense forms even if these don't normally indicate past time in direct speech. 'I won't pay another penny', I said <= I said that I wouldn't pay another penny. 35.Which form ma" be used instead of must in the past in indirect speech? It may be replaced with had to. '@ou must be in by 2A tonight', she told him. (he told him that he had to be in by 2A that night.

3!.What is free indirect speech? It is a form of indirect speech, but the reporting clause is omitted, and the potentialities of direct#speech sentence structure are retained )e.g. direct :uestions and exclamations, vocatives, tag :uestions, interjections+. E.g.(o that was their plan, was itB 3#.What is free direct speech? It is a form of direct speech, but it is merged with the narration without any overt indication by a reporting clause of a switch to speech. E.g. %hy didnt I stay at homeB 3-. $hat is transferred negation? It is common in informal style. It is the transfer of the negative from a subordinate clause, where semantically it belongs to the matrix clause. I dont thin! its a good idea )i.e. I thin! it isnt good idea+ 5C. ist 5 matrix verbs that allo$ transferred negation. 7elieve, thin!, imagine, appear, seem. DA. ist 4 s"ntactic functions of subordinate clauses and 1 example2 subject & "hat we need a larger car has become obvious? directEindirect object? subjectEobject complement? adverbial. D2. ist 4 ma.or categories of subordinate clauses2 nominal, adverbial, relative and comparative. D3. ist / t"pes of nominal clauses2 that#clauses, wh#interrogative clauses, yesEno and alternative interrogative clauses, exclamative cl., nominal relative cl., to#infinitive cl., #ing cl., bare infinitive cl. and verbless clauses. E.g. "hat he is drun! is obvious. )that#cl. functioning as subject+. D5. ist 5 s"ntactic functions of that%clauses2 subject, ;0, (,, appositive, adjectival complementation. DD. Give examples of the extraposed sub.ect that%clause and that%clause $ith optional that. "he extraposed subject that#clauseF It is obvious that he is drun!. "hat#clause with optional thatF It's a pity )that+ you don't !now 1ussian. DG. ist 4 s"ntactic functions of $h%interrogative clauses2 (, ;0, (,, Appositive. "he problem is who will water my plants when I am away. )funct. as (,+ DH. Give an example of $h%clause functioning as sub.. complement, $ith sub..%oper. inversion2 "he problem is who can we get to replace her. DI. ist 5 s"ntactic functions of "es%no and alternative interrogative clauses2 (, ;0, (,, Appositive, >repositional complement. DJ. Which subordinators are used to introduce subordinate "es%no 8uestions? %hether or if. ;o you !now whetherEif the ban!s are openB DC. 9o$ are subordinate alternative interrogative clauses formed? "hey are formed with correlatives whether...or or if...or. "hey didn't say whether it will rain or be sunny. 51. ist 3 s"ntactic contexts in $hich whether can be used, but if cannot. 2. when introducing a subject clause )%hether she li!es the present is clear to me+

3. %hen introducing a infinitive clause )I don't !now whether to see my doctor today+ 5. %hen it is followed directly by or not )%hether or not+ G2. ist 3 s"ntactic functions of subordinate explanative clauses2 2. extraposed subject )It is incredible how fast she can run+? 3. direct object )I remember what a good time I had at your party+? prepositional complement G3. ist 5 s"ntactic functions of nominal relative clauses2 (, ;0, I0, (,, 0,. 53.Give examples of nom.rel. clauses $ith a specific and nonspecific meaning specific meaningF I too! what was on the !itchen table )'...that which was one...'+ nonspecific meaningF I'll send whatever is necessary )'...anything that is necessary...'+ GD. Give an example of clause that ma" be ambiguous bt$. nominal rel. and interrogative interpr. %hat she wrote was mystery. 1el. <= (he wrote a mystery story? Interrog.<= I don't !now what she wrote. GG. ist 4 s"ntactic functions of subordinate to%infinitive clauses2 (, ;0, (,, Appositive. ExF It is out of the :uestion to be neutral in this conflict. GH. Give an example of a sub.ect to%infinitive clause $ith its o$n sub.ect2 /or your country to be neutral in this conflict is out of the :uestion. GI. ist 5 s"ntactic functions of subordinate ing%clauses2 (, ;0, (,, Appositive, Adjectival complementation GJ. Give ex. of ing%clauses $ithout sub.ect and $ith a sub.ect2 withF I object to Kohn's receiving an invitation. %ithoutF Le enjoys playing practical jo!es. GC. Give ex. of ing%clauses $hen the sub.ect is a personal pronoun, and $hen a sub.ect is a name2 ::2 I object to his receiving an invitation.? nameF I object to Kohn's receiving an invitation. HA. ist 3 s"ntactic functions of subordinate bare infinitive clauses2 (, (,, 0,.%hat the plan does is )to+ ensure a fair pension for all. )func. as (,+ "hey made her pay for the damage. )funct. as 0,+ H2. Give an example of subordinate verbless clause2 A friend in need is a friend indeed. !2.What are 2 main functions of adv.clause? - semantic t"pes of adv.cl. Adjunct and disjunct. "ypesF clauses of time, cl.of place, cl.of condition, cl.of concession and contrast, cl.of exception, reason clauses, purpose cl, result cl., comment cl., clauses of similarity and comparison H5. ist - subordinators that ma" introduce cl.of time. 2 examples% finite and non%finite. After, once, since, when, until, while, as, as soon as. /initeF %ait until you're called. 6on#finiteF ,ompete your wor! as soon as possible.

!4.Give 2 examples of adv.clauses of place $ith specific and non%spec. meaning2 (pec.F %here the fire had been, we saw nothing but ruins. 6on#specF "hey went wherever they could find a wor!. HG. ;irect condition? &x.of conditional clause expressing a direct cond. A direct condition means that the situation in the matrix clause is directly contingent on the situation in the cond.clause. If you put the baby down, she'll scream. HH. What are the most common subordinators for conditional clause? 2 examples% finite and non%finite 7f and unless. <inite2 7f you put the baby down, she'll scream. =on finite2 >nless otherwise instructed, you should leave by the bac! exit. HI. ?pen condition? 0pen conditions are neutralF they leave unresolved the :uestion of fulfillment or unfulfilment of the condition, and hence also the truth of the proposition expressed by the matrix clause. If ,olin is in $ondon, he is undoubtedly staying in Lilton. HJ. 9"pothetical condition? It conveys the spea!er's belief that the condition will not be fulfilled )for future conditions+, is not fulfilled )for present condition+, or was not fulfilled )for past conditions+, and hence the probable or certain falsity of the proposition is expressed by the matrix clause. "hey would be here with us if they had time. If you had listened to me, you wouldn't have made so many mista!es. HC. 9o$ can a future h"pothetical condition be expressed? 2. was to or were to followed by the infinitive )If it wasEwere to rain, the ropes would snap.+ 3. should followed by the infinitive )If a serious crisis should arise, the public would have to be fully informed.+ IA. Give examples of a conditional clause $ithout a subordinator and a neg.cond.clause2 cond.cl. F Lad I !nown, I would have written before. 6eg.cond.clF Mnless he comes, he would be punished. I2. @hetorical cond.clB It gives the appearance of expressing an open condition, but )li!e rhetorical :uestions+, they actually ma!e a strong assertion. If they're Irish, I'm the pope? Le's ninety, if he's a day. I3. ist 3 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce concessive clauses2 although, whereas and even if. Although he had just joined, he was treated li!e all the others. 6o goals were scored, though it was an exciting game. I5. Give an example of a concessive cl. $ith fronted predication2 6a!ed as I was, I braved the storm. ID. Give an example of a conditional%concessive cl.2 Even if you disli!e ancient monuments, %arwic! ,astle is worth of visiting. IG. Give an example of an alternative conditional%concessive cl.2 Le's getting married, whether or not he finds a job.

IH. Give an example of a universal conditional%concessive cl.2 (tand perfectly still, wherever you are. II. ist 3 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce clauses of contrast2 whereas, while, whilst. Kohn teaches physics, while Kane teaches chemistry. I ignore them, whereas my husband is always worried about what they thin! of us. IJ. ist 3 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce clauses of exception2 but that, except that, save that. I pay, except that I don't have any money with me. 6othing would satisfy the children but that I place her on my lap. IC. ist 5 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce reason clauses2 because, since, as, for, seeing )that+ JA. Which relationships ma" be expressed b" reason clauses? "he relationship may be that of cause and effect )the perception of an inherent objective connection e.g.he's thin because he hasn't eaten enough+, reason and conse:uence )the spea!er's inference of a connection e.g.she watered the flowers because they were dry+ , motivation and result )the intention of an animate being that has a subse:uent result, e.g.you'll help me because you're my friend+, or circumstance and conse:uence )a combination of reason with a condition that assumed to be filled or about to be filled e.g.since the whether has improved, the game will be held as planned+ J2. ist 3 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce purpose clauses in order to, so as to, so that. E.g. students should ta!e notes )so as+ to ma!e revision easier. "hey left the door open )in order+ for me to hear the baby. J3. ist 2 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce result clauses so that and so. E.g. we paid him immediately, so )that+ he left contended. J5. ist 2 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce clauses of similarit" as and li!e. E.g. please do as I said. JD. ist 3 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce clauses of comparison as if, as though, li!e. E.g. she loo!ed as if she is getting better. E.g. she treated as though I were a stranger. JG. 9o$ are clauses of proportion introduced? 7y 8as9with or without correlative 8so9or by the fronted correlative 8the...the9followed my comparative forms. E.g. as she grew disheartened, )so+ her wor! deteriorated. the more she thought about it the less she li!ed it. JH. ist 2 subordinators that ma" be used to introduce clauses of preference What are comment clauses and $hat are their characteristics? 1ather than, sooner than. E.g. theyll fight to the finish sooner than surrender. JI. ist 5 t"pes of comment clauses and their characteristics are parenthetical disjuncts. "hey may occur initially, finally and medially and

thus generally have a separate tone unit. E.g. ingston, as you probably !now is the capital of Kamaica. 2. li!e the matrix of a main clause )there were no other applicants, I believe, for that job.+ 3. a nominal relative clause )what was more upsetting, we lost all our luggage.+ 5. to infinitive clause as style disjunct )Im not sure what to do, to be honest+ D.#ed clause as style disjunct )stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning+ G.an adverbial finite clause )introduced by 8as9& I'm wor!ing the night shift, as you !now.+ JJ. What are sentential rel.cl? thef refer bac! to the predicate or predication of a clause, or to a whole clause or sentence, or eve to a series of sentences. Eg.things then improved, which surprises me. JC. What are absolute cl? they are non#finite and verbless adverbial clauses that have an overt subject but are not introduced by a subordinator. E.g. lunch finished, the guest retired to the lounge. CA. What is dangling participle? It is participle with an unidentified subject )the subject can't be found in the sentence+ e.g. driving to ,hicago last night, a sudden thought struc! me )I was driving+ C2. ist 3 case in $hich the attachment rule does not appl" the clause is a style disjunct and the I of the spea!er is the implied subject. E.g. putting it mildly, you have caused us some inconvenience. "he implied subject is the whole of matrix clause e.g. Ill help you if necessary )if it is necessary+ C3. What are suplementive cl? adverbial participle and verbless clauses without subordinator are supplemented clausesF they dont signal specific logical relationships, but such relationships are generally clear from the context. E.g. Kulia, being a nun, spent much of her time in prayer. )since she was a nun+ C5. What are comparative cl? in a comp. ,lause a preposition expressed in the matrix clause is compared with a preposition stressed in the subordinate clause. E.g. john is healthier than his sister )is+. CD. What is the comparative el.in comparative cl.? the clause element that specifies the standard is the comparative element. E.g. john is healthier than his sister )is+. CG. ist 4 t"pes of comparison 2.comparison of e:uivalence E.g. john is healthy as his sister )is+. 3. comparison of non#e:uivalence. E.g. john is healthier than his sister )is+. 5. comparison of sufficiency e.g. don is sensitive enough to understand your feelings. D. comparison of excess e.g. .ary was too polite to say anything about my clothes. CH. ist 4 clause functions of the comp%element (, ;0, (,, Adverb e.g.she !nows more history than most people )!now+ & functioning as ;0 CI. Give an example of ellipsis in comparative clauses james and susan often go to plays but james enjoys the theater more than susan does. )i.e. enjoy the theater+

CJ. &xplain ambiguit" in 9e loves his dog more than his children 2. 9...more than his children love dog93. 9more than he loves his children9 CC. What is ellipted in2 7 get up later than 7 should )than I should get up+A 7Bll en.o" it more than last "ear )than I enjoyed it last year+A 7 am slimmer. )than I was+